MECHANICAL SERVICES

IN BUILDINGS

BUILDING SERVICES-II
LECTURE-9
24-12-2021
ZAIN ZULFIQAR
 HVAC

H.V.A.C – Heating, Ventilation and Air

Conditioning

The HVAC regulates:

• Room Temperature
• Humidity
• Air Quality
• Air Flow
Boiler

Chiller
OBJECTIVE OF HVAC
• The objective of HVAC are to control the
temperature of air inside the designated “Air
Conditioned" space along with
• control of moisture,
• filtration of air and
• containment of air borne particles and
• finally control of the movement of air or draught.

Air conditioning has changed over the years from just

cooling of a space to the effective control of all the above
parameters.
• The three central functions of heating,
ventilating, and air-conditioning are
interrelated, providing thermal comfort,
acceptable indoor air quality, within
reasonable installation, operation, and
maintenance costs.
• HVAC systems can provide ventilation,
reduce air infiltration, and maintain pressure
relationships between spaces.
• How air is delivered to, and removed from
spaces is known as room air distribution
HEATING:

•There are different types of standard heating

systems.

•Central heating is often used in cold climates to

heat private houses and public buildings.

•Such a system contains a boiler, furnace, or

heat pump to heat water, steam, or air, all in a
central location.
• Heat is distributed throughout building using
heated water, steam or air flow.

• In the case of water and steam, heat is typically

distributed throughout the building using
radiators, which are mounted on the walls or
embedded in the floor.

• Heated air is distributed through ductwork

systems, which return air through metal or
fiberglass ducts.

• Air supply is filtered to remove dust and pollen.

•A central heating system provides warmth to
the whole interior of a building.

•When combined with other systems in order to

control the building climate, the whole system
may be a HVAC (heating, ventilation and
air conditioning) system.

•Central heating differs from local heating in

that the heat generation occurs in one place,
such in a house or a mechanical room in a large
building (though not necessarily at the "central"
geometric point).
•The most common method of heat generation
involves the combustion of fossil fuel in a
furnace or boiler.

•Increasingly, buildings utilize solar-powered

heat sources, in which case the distribution
system normally uses water circulation.
CENTRAL HEATING UNIT
COMPONENTS OF A HEATING SYSTEM:
•Gas supply lines (sometimes including a
propane tank), oil tank and supply lines.

•Boiler (or a heat exchanger for heating) —

heats water in a closed-water system
•Pump — circulates the water in the closed
system
•Radiators — wall-mounted panels through
which the heated water passes in order to
release heat into rooms
VENTILATION:

Ventilation is the process of removing and

replacing air within a space, in order to provide
high indoor air quality.

This includes oxygen replenishment and the

removal of moisture, odors, smoke, dust and
carbon dioxide.

Mechanical ventilation methods can

include extractor fans and recirculation fans;
passive methods include openable
windows, louvers and vents.
PURPOSE OF VENTILATION:

•To remove unpleasant smells and excessive

moisture,
• Introduce outside air, and to keep interior
building air circulating.
•To prevent stagnation of the interior air.
•To maintain the thermal balance.
•To control the concentration of bacteria and
keep the balance in humidity.
TYPES OF VENTILATION:

a.Mechanical or forced ventilation:

•through an air handling unit or direct injection to
a space by a fan.

•A local exhaust fan can enhance infiltration or

natural ventilation, thus increasing the ventilation
air flow rate.

b.Natural ventilation:
•occurs when the air in a space is changed with
outdoor air without the use mechanical systems,
such as a fan.
AIR CONDITIONING:

•Air conditioning and refrigeration are provided

through the removal of heat.

•It is the process of treating air so to control

simultaneously its temperature, humidity,
purity, and distribution to meets the
requirement of the conditioned space.
• In summer, air conditioners extract heat
from inside the home and transfer it
outside. The systems typically use a
vapor compression cycle.

• This cycle circulates a refrigerant, a

material that increases in temperature
significantly when compressed and cools
rapidly when expanded.
•The inside mechanical equipment, called the air-
handling unit, houses the evaporator coil, the
indoor blower, and the expansion valve. The
controls and ductwork for circulating cooled air to
the house complete the system.
 Typical AHU
components:
1 - Supply duct
2 – Fan
compartment
3 - Flexible
connection
4 - Heating
and/or cooling
coil
5 - Filter
compartment
6 - Return and
fresh air duct

An air handling unit is used for the heating and cooling

of air in a central location
AIR CONDITIONING EQUPMENT:

The main system components of the central

cooling plant are the:

•Chiller
•Air Handling Unit (AHU)
•Cooling Tower
•Pumps
The chiller will usually be located either in
the basement or on the roof and this
depends on what type of chiller is used.
Roof top chillers are usually “Air cooled”
whereas basement chillers are usually
“Water cooled” but they both perform the
same function which is to generate cold
water for air conditioning. The only
difference is how the chiller discards the
unwanted heat.
•Chillers:
• In large commercial and institutional buildings,
devices used to produce cool water are called
chillers.
•The water is pumped to air handling units to
cool the air.
•They use either mechanical refrigeration
processes or absorption processes.
•Mechanical refrigeration chillers may have one
or more compressors.
•Condensers :

•Condensers are heat exchangers that are

required to reject heat that has been removed
from the conditioned spaces.
•Condensers can be either air-cooled or water-
cooled.
•Water-cooled condensers often rely on rooftop
cooling towers for rejecting heat into the
environment.
•Cooling towers are heat removal devices used to
transfer process waste heat to the atmosphere.

•A cooling tower is a heat rejection device, which

extracts waste heat to the atmosphere though the
cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature.

•The smallest cooling towers are designed to handle

water streams of only a few gallons of water per
minute supplied in small pipes, while the largest
cool hundreds of thousands of gallons per minute.
COOLING TOWER
THANKS 