GS. TS.

NGUYỄN VIẾT TRUNG (chủ biên)

KS. NGUYỄN ĐỨC TOẢN

THUẬT NGỮ

XÂ Y DỰ NG H ẦM
ANH - VIỆT
(CÓ GIẢI NGHĨA)
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling
and Underground Works
English - Vietnamese

NHÀ XUẤT BẢN XÂY DỰNG

HÀ NỘI - 2005
i
Publisher:
Nhà xuất bản Xây dựng (Construction Publisher)
37 Lê Đại Hành, Hà Nội, Việt Nam

Author:
Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung
Organization: The University of Communications
and Transport in Hanoi (UCT)
Position: Chief of Urban Transport Works
Section; Director of Centre for Engineering
Experiment
Address: Room 308, Building A6, UCT, Cau
Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam
Tel: (84-4) 766.40.51
Email: viettrungng@yahoo.com; or
nguyenviettrung@uct.edu.vn
Website: http://www.uct.edu.vn/city-bridge-section/index.htm

Co-Author:
Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
Underground Structures Department
Institute of Transport Science and Technology
(ITST)
No. 1252 Lang Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
Tel: +84-4-766.48.13
E-mail: ngdtoanhanoi@yahoo.com ; or
toan_ngd@itst.gov.vn
Web: www.itst.gov.vn

ii
 LỜI NÓI ĐẦU
(Cho lần xuất bản thứ nhất)

Cuốn sách này được biên soạn nhằm phục vụ các sinh viên và
kỹ sư xây dựng hầm tra cứu các thuật ngữ chuyên ngành Hầm khi
tham khảo các tài liệu tiếng Anh. Nội dung sách đã được biên soạn
trên cơ sở tham khảo nhiều tài liệu in và tài liệu tải xuống từ trên
mạng Internet.

Sách được biên soạn lần đầu, chắc không tránh khỏi thiếu sót,
Nhà xuất bản và các tác giả xin trân trọng đón nhận và cám ơn mọi
ý kiến phê bình sách của bạn đọc. Các góp ý xin gửi về địa chỉ Nhà
xuất bản Xây dựng, 37 Lê Đại Hành, Hà Nội hoặc gửi về địa chỉ
email: viettrungng@yahoo.com.

Người biên soạn

iii
 PREFACE
(For the First Edition)

The aim of this book is to present a guide for the Vietnamese

tunnel students and engineers when studying and exploring the
technical literature in English language about tunnelling and
underground construction. Plenty of published and Internet-
downloaded documents have been referred to and cited from in the
preparation of this publication.

The book is worked out for the first time, therefore weaknesses
and shortcomings are unavoidable. The Publisher and the authors
will be very pleased and grateful to receive necessary corrections
and valuable suggestions from the readers. All the comments please
send to the Construction Publisher, No. 37, Le Dai Hanh Street,
Hanoi City, Vietnam. Otherwise, direct emails should be addressed
to: viettrungng@yahoo.com.

The Authors*

*
It is hoped that the information provided in this book will be disseminated to
tunnel engineers throughout the country. We sincerely wish that the Vietnamese
tunnel engineers will soon become more involved and integrated into the
international tunnelling community.
iv
 LỜI NÓI ĐẦU
(Cho lần bổ sung và sửa chữa này)

Sau khi cuốn sách này được Nhà xuất bản Xây dựng ấn hành vào tháng 8 năm
2005, chúng tôi thấy có nhu cầu phải bổ sung và sửa chữa để có thể phục vụ bạn đọc
tốt hơn.

Các thuật ngữ trước đây chưa có giải nghĩa và/hoặc ví dụ nay được bổ sung
cho đầy đủ rõ ràng, một số lỗi về trình bày đã được sửa chữa. Ngoài ra, một lượng
khá lớn các thuật ngữ mới đã được thêm vào, tăng thêm hơn 1.500 mục từ so với con
số gần 2.600 ban đầu, kèm theo giải nghĩa và/hoặc ví dụ tương ứng, nâng tổng số
mục từ lên hơn 4.000.

Nội dung sách trong lần chỉnh sửa này cũng đề cập đến một dải vấn đề rộng
hơn trong các phương pháp xây dựng hầm đã biết - cùng các kỹ thuật bổ trợ đi kèm
(kể cả một số thuật ngữ liên quan đến cơ đất và nền móng), bao quát nhiều giai đoạn
và khía cạnh trong ngành xây dựng hầm, từ khâu khảo sát, thiết kế, quản lý thi công
và an toàn công trường, đến vận hành, bảo trì và sửa chữa/khôi phục hầm. Bởi vậy,
nó không chỉ là một danh mục thuật ngữ đơn thuần, mà còn có tính chất của một sổ
tay.

Mặc cho mọi nỗ lực của các tác giả, chắc chắn sẽ vẫn có những điều chưa
hoàn thiện. Các tác giả xin trân trọng đón nhận và cám ơn mọi ý kiến phê bình sách
của bạn đọc. Các góp ý xin gửi về địa chỉ Email của GS. TS. Nguyễn Viết Trung:
viettrungng@yahoo.com, hoặc Email của KS. Nguyễn Đức Toản:
ngdtoanhanoi@yahoo.com.

Cuối cùng, lần chỉnh sửa này mới chỉ là bản tham khảo, chưa được tái bản
chính thức. Hy vọng rằng sẽ được phép của Nhà xuất bản Xây dựng cho tái bản cuốn
sách này vào thời gian thích hợp. Xin trân trọng cám ơn Nhà xuất bản Xây dựng.

Người biên soạn

Tháng 4 năm 2006

Acknowledgement

The two authors would like to express their gratitude and apologize to many
colleagues, authors and publishers for having made exemplary citations from their
publications yet having not opportunity to ask them to kindly grant us permission for
that quotations.

v
 1
Aa
"A" line = border line of excavation /ei lai/ n
®−êng "A": A dimensional line in a tunnel, inside of
which rock projections are not permitted: Lµ mét
®−êng biªn trong hÇm, mµ bªn trong biªn ®ã kh«ng
cho phÐp cã phÇn nh« ra nµo cña ®¸.
AASHTO (American Association of State
Highway and Transportation Officials)
/”'merik”n ”,sousi'ei‘n ”v steit 'haiwei “nd
,tr“nsp˜:'tei‘n ”'fi‘lz/ abbr Héi C¸c Viªn chøc
Giao th«ng vµ §−êng bé Liªn bang Mü: Beginning
in 1993 with the Sixteenth Edition, material
specifications and test methods are published by
AASHTO each year: B¾t ®Çu tõ n¨m 1993 víi LÇn
xuÊt b¶n thø M−êi s¸u, c¸c quy ®Þnh kü thuËt vÒ vËt
liÖu vµ c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p thÝ nghiÖm ®−îc xuÊt b¶n
hµng n¨m bëi AASHTO o AASHTO recommends,
for use in most situations, an average maintained
illumination on tunnel walls of 5 footcandles. These
values are based on a wall reflectance factor of at
least 70%: §èi víi hÇu hÕt c¸c tr−êng hîp, AASHTO
®Ò nghÞ sö dông mét ®é räi s¸ng duy tr× trung b×nh
trªn t−êng hÇm lµ 5 fut nÕn (104 lux). C¸c gi¸ trÞ nµy
dùa trªn mét hÖ sè ph¶n x¹ cña t−êng hÇm Ýt nhÊt lµ
70%.
AASHTO compaction = compaction test
(moisture-density test) /ɑ:∫tou k”m'p“k‘n/ n thÝ
nghiÖm ®Çm nÐn theo AASHTO: A laboratory
compacting procedure whereby a soil at a known
water content is placed in a specified manner into a
mold of given dimensions, subjected to a compactive
effort of controlled magnitude, and the resulting unit
weight determined. The procedure is repeated for
various water contents sufficient to establish a
relation between water content and unit weight: Lµ
mét quy tr×nh ®Çm nÐn trong phßng thÝ nghiÖm nhê
®ã mét lo¹i ®Êt víi mét hµm l−îng n−íc ®· biÕt ®−îc
®−a theo ®óng quy c¸ch vµo mét khu«n cã kÝch th−íc
cho tr−íc, råi ®−îc ®Çm nÐn víi c«ng ®Çm ®−îc kiÓm
so¸t, sau ®ã x¸c ®Þnh träng l−îng ®¬n vÞ cña ®Êt.
Thñ tôc nµy ®−îc lÆp l¹i ®èi víi nhiÒu hµm l−îng
n−íc kh¸c nhau ®ñ ®Ó lËp ra mét mèi quan hÖ gi÷a
hµm l−îng n−íc vµ dung träng.
abandonment = decommissioning (closure)
/ə'bændənmənt dikə'mi∫niη 'klouʒə/ n sù ®ãng
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
cöa c«ng tr−êng, sù dêi bá mét c«ng ®Þa: The
engineered closure of a well, borehole, or other
subsurface monitoring device sealed with plugging
materials. Decommissioning also includes the
planning and documenting of all associated
activities: Lµ sù ®ãng cöa theo thiÕt kÕ cña mét
giÕng, lç khoan, hay thiÕt bÞ theo dâi d−íi ngÇm kh¸c
®−îc bÝt tr¸m b»ng c¸c vËt liÖu chÌn nót. ViÖc ®ãng
cöa c«ng tr−êng còng bao gåm c¶ viÖc lªn kÕ ho¹ch
vµ lËp hå s¬ ®èi víi mäi ho¹t ®éng cã liªn quan
kh¸c.
abrasion /ə'breiʒn/ n sù mµi mßn: A rubbing
and wearing away (ISRM): Lµ mét sù mµi/chµ x¸t vµ
mßn ®i (Theo Héi c¬ häc ®¸ quèc tÕ) o The
mechanical wearing, grinding, scraping or rubbing
away (or down) of rock surfaces by friction or
impact, or both (ASTM): Lµ sù bµo mßn, nghiÒn,
n¹o, hay chµ x¸t mßn ®i vÒ mÆt c¬ häc cña c¸c bÒ
mÆt ®¸ bëi ma s¸t hoÆc t¸c ®éng lùc, hoÆc c¶ hai
(Theo Héi vËt liÖu vµ thÝ nghiÖm Mü).
abrasive /”'breisiv/ adj tÝnh mµi mßn: Any
rock, mineral, or other substance that, owing to its
superior hardness, toughness, consistency, or other
properties, is suitable for grinding, cutting,
polishing, scouring, or similar use: BÊt kú lo¹i ®¸,
kho¸ng vËt, hay chÊt nµo kh¸c, mµ nhê tÝnh cøng,
tÝnh bÒn dai, tÝnh ®ång nhÊt/®Æc ch¾c, hay nhê c¸c
tÝnh chÊt kh¸c cña chóng, chóng trë nªn thÝch hîp
cho viÖc nghiÒn, c¾t, t¹o nh½n, tÈy s¹ch, hay c¸c môc
®Ých sö dông t−¬ng tù kh¸c.
abrasiveness /”'breisivnis/ n ®é [tÝnh] mµi mßn:
The capability one material has of causing wear of
another by rubbing or grinding: Lµ kh¶ n¨ng mét
vËt liÖu cã thÓ g©y ra sù mßn cho vËt liÖu kh¸c b»ng
c¸ch cä x¸t hay mµi o The property of a material
to remove matter when scratching and grinding
another material (ISRM): Lµ tÝnh chÊt cña mét vËt
liÖu cã thÓ ph¸ vì vËt chÊt khi cµo vµ nghiÒn vËt liÖu
kh¸c (Theo Héi c¬ häc ®¸ quèc tÕ) o Abrasiveness
is a time dependent parameter for drill bit wear; it
depends on the mineral composition of the rock,
which drill bit wear is proportional to: TÝnh mµi
mßn lµ mét th«ng sè phô thuéc thêi gian ®èi víi sù
mµi mßn mòi khoan; nã phô thuéc vµo thµnh phÇn
kho¸ng vËt cña ®¸, mµ ®é mµi mßn mòi khoan tû lÖ
víi nã (xem b¶ng).
Table: Hardness and abrasiveness of Igneous rocks
(B¶ng: §é cøng vµ ®é mµi mßn cña c¸c lo¹i §¸ macma)
Hard and abrasive Intermediate Less abrasive Decomposed
(Cøng vµ mµi (Trung b×nh) (Ýt mµi mßn) (Ph©n hñy)
mßn)
Rhyolite Olivine basalt Andensite Serpentine
 2
Aplite Dacite Basalt “Red” basalt
Felsite Danite Trachyte Kaolinized
Granodiorite Olivine gabbro Dolerite granite
Pegmatite Quartz diorite Diorite
Quartz porphyry Gabbro
Granite Syenite
absorbed water /əb'sɔ:bd 'wɔ:tə/ n n−íc hót thu:
Water held mechanically in a soil or rock mass and
having physical properties not substantially different
from ordinary water at the same temperature and
pressure: Lµ n−íc ®−îc gi÷ l¹i mét c¸ch c¬ häc
trong mét khèi ®¸ hay ®Êt vµ cã c¸c tÝnh chÊt vËt lý
kh«ng kh¸c nhiÒu so víi n−íc ban ®Çu ë cïng nhiÖt
®é vµ ¸p suÊt.
absorption /”b's˜:p‘n/ n sù hÊp thu, sù hót thu,
sù hÊp thô: Absorption may be defined as the ability
of concrete to draw water into its voids. Also the
increase in weight of concrete resulting from the
penetration of water into the concrete: Sù hÊp thô cã
thÓ ®Þnh nghÜa lµ kh¶ n¨ng cña bªt«ng cã thÓ hót
n−íc vµo trong c¸c lç rçng cña nã. Còng lµ l−îng
t¨ng khèi l−îng cña bªt«ng g©y bëi sù th©m nhËp
cña n−íc vµo bªn trong bªt«ng o The assimilation
of fluids into interstices, e.g., water loss from
unstable grout when injected into porous rock, or
movement of chemical grout into sand: Lµ sù ®ång
nhÊt hãa cña chÊt láng vµo c¸c khe hë, vÝ dô nh−, sù
mÊt n−íc cña mét lo¹i v÷a kh«ng æn ®Þnh khi b¬m
vµo nÒn ®¸ rçng xèp, hoÆc sù di chuyÓn cña v÷a hãa
häc vµo trong nÒn c¸t.
absorption loss /”b's˜:p‘n lɔs/ n l−îng mÊt hÊp
thô: Absorption is the assimilation of fluids into
interstices. Absorption loss is that part of
transmitted energy (mechanical) lost due to
dissipation or conversion into other forms (heat,
etc.): HÊp thu lµ sù ®ång hãa cña c¸c chÊt láng vµo
c¸c kÏ hë. L−îng mÊt hÊp thu lµ phÇn n¨ng l−îng
truyÒn (c¬ häc) bÞ mÊt ®i do ph©n t¸n hoÆc chuyÓn
hãa thµnh c¸c d¹ng kh¸c (nhiÖt, v.v…).
accelerate /”k'sel”reit/ v gia tèc, t¨ng tèc; thóc
®Èy ninh kÕt: Normally accelerated concrete mixes
develop compressive strength of 40 psi immediately
upon setting and 150 psi within 30 minutes. (These
values are for information only): B×nh th−êng th×
hçn hîp bªt«ng ®−îc thóc ®Èy ®«ng cøng sÏ ph¸t
triÓn c−êng ®é nÐn kho¶ng 3 kg/cm2 ngay khi ®ang
ninh kÕt vµ 10 kg/cm2 trong vßng 30 phót. (C¸c con
sè nµy chØ cã tÝnh th«ng tin).
accelerated aging /”k'sel”reitid 'eidʒiη/ n sù
l·o hãa t¨ng tèc: Deteriorating a material at a
faster-than-normal rate by subjecting the material to
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
specified accelerated test conditions: Lµm suy tho¸i
mét vËt liÖu víi mét tèc ®é nhanh h¬n b×nh th−êng
b»ng c¸ch ®−a vËt liÖu vµo nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn thÝ
nghiÖm ®−îc gia tèc theo quy ®Þnh.
accelerator /”k'sel”reit”/ n chÊt gia tèc; phô gia
t¨ng ®«ng cøng; chÊt thóc ®Èy ninh kÕt: A material
that increases the rate at which chemical reactions
would otherwise occur (ASTM): Lµ mét chÊt mµ nã
lµm t¨ng tèc ®é t¹i ®ã c¸c ph¶n øng hãa häc cã thÓ
x¶y ra theo mét h−íng kh¸c (theo ASTM) o
Powder or liquid admixture that accelerates the
reaction of cement, especially to shorten the time of
setting and increase the rate of early strength
development in shotcrete. Different formulations and
dosages can be used to regulate the rate of this
reaction which, in shotcrete, can achieve initial set
in a few minutes or less: Lµ chÊt phô gia d¹ng bét
hay láng ®Ó lµm t¨ng tèc ph¶n øng cña xim¨ng, ®Æc
biÖt lµ ®Ó lµm rót ng¾n thêi gian ninh kÕt vµ t¨ng tèc
®é h×nh thµnh c−êng ®é sím cho bªt«ng phun. Cã
thÓ dïng c¸c thµnh phÇn vµ liÒu l−îng kh¸c nhau ®Ó
®iÒu chØnh tèc ®é ph¶n øng nµy, mµ trong bªt«ng
phun cã thÓ ®¹t ®−îc sù b¾t ®Çu ninh kÕt trong vµi
phót hoÆc Ýt h¬n o The pneumatic delivery and the
need to obtain adhesion to wet surfaces and to
remain in place thereafter on vertical and overhead
surfaces require the use of shotcrete accelerators to
prevent slough and sag: Sù phun bªt«ng b»ng khÝ
nÐn vµ nhu cÇu ph¶i ®¹t ®−îc sù dÝnh b¸m vµo bÒ
mÆt −ít vµ sau ®ã æn ®Þnh t¹i chç trªn c¸c bÒ mÆt
®øng vµ ®Ønh trÇn ®ßi hái cÇn ph¶i cã phô gia thóc
®Èy ninh kÕt ®Ó tr¸nh t¹o vòng nh·o vµ chïng vâng
bªt«ng.
acceptance test /”k'sept”ns test/ n thÝ
nghiÖm ®Ó chÊp thuËn: A test conducted to determine
whether an individual lot of materials conforms to
specifications or to determine the degree of
uniformity of the material, or both: Lµ mét thÝ
nghiÖm tiÕn hµnh ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh xem mét l« vËt liÖu
nµo ®ã cã tu©n thñ tiªu chuÈn kü thuËt hay kh«ng,
hoÆc ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh møc ®é ®ång nhÊt cña khèi vËt
liÖu, hoÆc c¶ hai môc ®Ých trªn.
access /'“kses/ n cöa vµo, ®−êng ®i vµo; sù ®Õn
gÇn; sù cho vµo: Possibility of gaining entry into a
place or system. Possibility of gaining first-hand
information. Also, physical point of entry: Lµ kh¶
n¨ng tiÕp cËn ®−îc vµo mét n¬i hay mét hÖ thèng
nµo ®ã. Lµ kh¶ n¨ng cã ®−îc th«ng tin trùc tiÕp.
§ång thêi còng lµ mét ®iÓm thùc thÓ ®Ó ®i vµo o
The construction site is easy/difficult of access:
§−êng vµo c«ng tr−êng dÔ/khã ®i o access road:
 3
con ®−êng dÉn ®Õn mét n¬i, mét ®Þa ®iÓm, v.v… o
The design of tunnel ventilation system also involves
provisions for emergency access and egress, and it
will weigh heavily in the layout and design of any
undersea tunnel: Sù thiÕt kÕ hÖ thèng th«ng giã cho
hÇm còng bao gåm viÖc cung cÊp c¸c lèi vµo vµ lèi
tho¸t khÈn cÊp, vµ nã sÏ chiÕm tû träng lín trong bè
trÝ vµ thiÕt kÕ bÊt kú ®−êng hÇm nµo d−íi biÓn.
access shaft /'“kses ‘ɑ:ft/ n giÕng tiÕp cËn:
Temporary access shafts are commonly provided to
allow entry of personnel and occasionally equipment
to the interior of an immersed tunnel: Ng−êi ta
th−êng lµm c¸c giÕng tiÕp cËn t¹m thêi ®Ó cho phÐp
®−a ng−êi vµ ®«i khi lµ thiÕt bÞ xuèng kh«ng gian bªn
trong cña mét hÇm d×m.
access tunnel /'“kses 'tʌnl/ n hÇm tiÕp cËn:
Passage from surface to areas of underground
excavation. See also "adit": Lµ lèi ®i xuèng tõ mÆt
®Êt tíi c¸c khu vùc ®µo d−íi ngÇm.
access zone /'“kses zoun/ n ®o¹n ®−êng tiÕp cËn
vµo hÇm: That portion of the open approach of the
highway immediately preceding the tunnel facade or
portal: Lµ mét phÇn cña ®o¹n tiÕp cËn lé thiªn cña
®−êng cao tèc ®i ngay phÝa tr−íc mÆt tiÒn cña hÇm
hoÆc cæng hÇm.
accessibility /æk,sesi'biliti/ n kh¶ n¨ng tiÕp cËn:
Degree of potential for access. Often used relevant
to use of physical systems by the disabled.
Underground systems may improve or worsen
accessibility: Lµ møc ®é cã thÓ tiÕp cËn ®−îc.
Th−êng dïng thÝch hîp cho viÖc sö dông c¸c hÖ
thèng thiÕt bÞ bëi nh÷ng ng−êi tµn tËt. C¸c hÖ thèng
ngÇm cã thÓ c¶i thiÖn hoÆc lµm xÊu ®i kh¶ n¨ng tiÕp
cËn.
accident /'“ksid”nt/ n tai n¹n: An unplanned
incident resulting in personal injury or acute ill
health: Lµ mét biÕn cè x¶y ra kh«ng l−êng tr−íc lµm
cho con ng−êi bÞ th−¬ng hoÆc bÞ tµn tËt nghiªm
träng.
accident prevention officer /'“ksid”nt pri'ven‘n
'˜fis”/ n c¸n bé phßng chèng tai n¹n lao ®éng: The
Contractor shall have on his staff at the Site an
officer dealing only with questions regarding the
safety and protection against accidents of all staff
and labour. This officer shall be qualified for his
work and shall have the authority to issue
instructions and shall take protective measures to
prevent accidents: Nhµ thÇu ph¶i cã mét c¸n bé cña
m×nh t¹i C«ng tr−êng chuyªn tr¸ch vÒ c¸c vÊn ®Ò an
toµn vµ phßng ngõa tai n¹n cho tÊt c¶ nh©n viªn vµ
lao ®éng. C¸n bé nµy cÇn cã chuyªn m«n v÷ng vÒ
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
c«ng viÖc cña m×nh, cã quyÒn ®−a ra chØ dÉn vµ thùc
hiÖn c¸c biÖn ph¸p phßng ngõa ®Ó tr¸nh x¶y ra tai
n¹n.
accident report /'“ksid”nt ri'p˜:t/ n b¸o c¸o
x¶y tai n¹n: In tunneling, when an accident in which
anyone is injured occurs, an accident report must be
processed: Khi mét tai n¹n trong lµm hÇm x¶y ra mµ
cã ng−êi bÞ th−¬ng, mét b¸o c¸o tai n¹n cÇn ®−îc viÕt
ra ®Ó xö lý (gi¶i quyÕt) o Usually it is prepared by
the Contractor, and copies go to the owner,
sometimes through the inspector or the inspection
staff, which reviews it and attaches its own
comments if any seem indicated: Th−êng th× b¸o c¸o
nµy ®−îc Nhµ thÇu viÕt, vµ b¶n sao sÏ göi tíi chñ
®Çu t−, ®«i khi th«ng qua kü s− gi¸m s¸t (cña T− vÊn)
hay ®éi ngò gi¸m s¸t, hä sÏ kiÓm tra vµ kÌm theo
nh÷ng nhËn xÐt cña riªng m×nh nÕu thÊy cÇn thiÕt.
accuracy /'“kjur”si/ n ®é chÝnh x¸c; tÝnh chÝnh
x¸c: A minimum accuracy of 1:25000 may be
specified for the primary survey of construction of
underwater tubes: Cã thÓ quy ®Þnh mét ®é chÝnh x¸c
tèi thiÓu lµ 1:25000 ®èi víi viÖc kh¶o s¸t ban ®Çu
cho sù x©y dùng c¸c hÇm d−íi n−íc.
ACI (American Concrete Institute) /”'merik”n
'k˜nkri:t 'institju:t/ abbr ViÖn Bªt«ng Mü: The
code portion of the Building Code Requirements for
Reinforced Concrete ACI 318-89 covers the proper
design and construction of buildings of reinforced
concrete. Because the ACI Building Code is written
as a legal document so that it may be adopted by
reference in a general building code, it cannot
present background details or suggestions for
carrying out its requirements or intent: PhÇn quy
ph¹m cña Quy chuÈn X©y dùng - C¸c yªu cÇu ®èi víi
Bªt«ng Cèt thÐp ACI 318-89 nh»m ®Ò cËp vÊn ®Ò
thiÕt kÕ vµ thi c«ng ®óng ®¾n c¸c c«ng tr×nh b»ng
bªt«ng cèt thÐp. V× Quy ph¹m X©y dùng ACI ®−îc
viÕt nh− lµ mét tµi liÖu ph¸p lý ®Ó nã cã thÓ ®−îc ¸p
dông nhê tham chiÕu ®Õn trong mét quy ph¹m x©y
dùng chung, nªn nã kh«ng thÓ tr×nh bµy c¸c chi tiÕt
hay c¸c khuyÕn nghÞ cã tÝnh dÉn nhËp trong viÖc ®−a
ra c¸c yªu cÇu hoÆc môc tiªu cña nã.
acid water /'“sid 'w˜:t”/ n n−íc cã tÝnh axÝt:
Acid water inflow into a tunnel may deteriorate the
concrete: Dßng n−íc ngÇm cã tÝnh axit ch¶y vµo
hÇm cã thÓ lµm cho bªt«ng bÞ h− háng.
acidic rock /'“sidik r˜k/ n ®¸ axÝt: Usually
refers to an igneous rock carrying a high (greater
than 65%) proportion of silica: Th−êng chØ lo¹i ®¸
macma cã hµm l−îng silic ®i«xit cao (trªn 65%).
 4
acoustic emission /ə'ku:stik in'tru:ʒn/ n ph¸t
x¹ ©m thanh: Sounds, both audible and subaudible,
that are generated when a material undergoes
irreversible changes, such as cracking in concrete;
provides the basis for a nondestructive monitoring
technique: C¸c ©m thanh, c¶ nghe thÊy vµ kh«ng
nghe thÊy, mµ chóng ®−îc t¹o ra khi mét vËt liÖu tr¶i
qua nh÷ng thay ®æi kh«ng phôc håi ®−îc, ch¼ng h¹n
nh− nøt trong bªt«ng; cung cÊp c¨n cø cho mét kü
thuËt theo dâi kh«ng ph¸ hñy o A term in rock
mechanics indicating seismic radiation from
dynamic formation of a microcrack: Mét thuËt ng÷
trong c¬ häc ®¸ ®Ó chØ sù ph¸t sãng ®Þa chÊn tõ mét
sù h×nh thµnh cã tÝnh chÊt ®éng häc cña mét vi khe
nøt.
acoustic intrusion /ə'ku:stik in'tru:ʒn/ n sù
x©m ph¹m [x©m nhËp] vÒ ©m thanh: Negative
alteration of noise level: Lµ sù thay ®æi bÊt lîi cña
møc ®é ån.
acquisition (land) /,“kwi'zi‘n/ n sù thu nhËn, sù
tiÕp nhËn, sù ®¹t ®−îc (mÆt b»ng, ®Êt): Under the
condition where right-of-way acqusition costs for
highways exceed cost of tunnel construction and
operation, then tunnel construction may be
warranted: Khi mµ gi¸ thµnh chi cho viÖc gi¶i phãng
mÆt b»ng däc theo d¶i ®Êt dµnh cho ®−êng v−ît qu¸
gi¸ thµnh x©y dùng vµ vËn hµnh hÇm, th× viÖc lùa
chän ph−¬ng ¸n x©y dùng hÇm lµ hîp lý.
acrylamide /”'kril”maid/ n acrylamid:
Acrylamide is a water-soluble monomer which
undergoes delayed polymerisation after injection
into unstable or porous ground or permeable rocks.
The acrylamide solution has low viscosity and
penetrates well into fine-pored materials. The
insoluble polyacrylamide gel formed is effective in
reducing permeability and in stabilising soils:
Acrylamid lµ mét monome tan trong n−íc mµ nã tr¶i
qua qu¸ tr×nh trïng hîp g©y trÔ sau khi ®−îc b¬m
vµo trong ®Êt kh«ng æn ®Þnh hay rçng hoÆc c¸c ®¸
thÊm n−íc. Dung dÞch acrylamid cã ®é nhít bÐ vµ
xuyªn thÊm tèt vµo c¸c vËt liÖu cã ®é rçng nhá. Keo
polyacrylamid kh«ng tan cã hiÖu qu¶ trong viÖc
gi¶m tÝnh thÊm vµ æn ®Þnh hãa c¸c lo¹i ®Êt.
activator /'æktiveitə/ n chÊt ho¹t hãa: A material
that causes a catalyst to begin its function: Lµ mét
vËt liÖu mµ nã khiÕn cho mét chÊt xóc t¸c b¾t ®Çu
chøc n¨ng cña nã.
active earth pressure /“k'tiv ə:θ 'pre∫ə(r)/ n ¸p
lùc ®Êt chñ ®éng: Earth pressure is the pressure or
force exerted by soil on any boundary. Active earth
pressure is the minimum value of earth pressure.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
This condition exists when a soil mass is permitted to
yield sufficiently to cause its internal shearing
resistance along a potential failure surface to be
completely mobilized: ¸p lùc ®Êt lµ ¸p lùc hoÆc lùc
t¸c dông bëi ®Êt lªn mét biªn bÊt kú. ¸p lùc ®Êt chñ
®éng lµ gi¸ trÞ nhá nhÊt cña ¸p lùc ®Êt. §iÒu kiÖn
nµy tån t¹i khi mét khèi ®Êt ®−îc cho phÐp biÕn d¹ng
®ñ ®Ó khiÕn cho søc kh¸ng c¾t bªn trong cña nã däc
theo mét mÆt ph¸ ho¹i tiÒm tµng ®−îc huy ®éng mét
c¸ch hoµn toµn.
active center cutter /“k'tiv sent” kʌt”/ n b¸nh
c¾t chñ ®éng trung t©m (TBM): An independently
driven cutting wheel in the centre of the main cutting
wheel. Independent rotational speed and direction of
rotation of the active center cutter. Prevents the
blockage of the cutting wheel through increased
speed of the center tools: Lµ mét vµnh c¾t ch¹y ®éc
lËp n»m gi÷a vµnh c¾t chÝnh cña m¸y khoan hÇm.
Cã tèc ®é quay vµ chiÒu quay ®éc lËp. Tèc ®é cao
cña khèi thiÕt bÞ trung t©m nµy ng¨n ngõa sù m¾c kÑt
cña toµn bé vµnh c¾t lín.
active fault /“k'tiv f˜:lt/ n ®øt g·y ho¹t ®éng: A
fault that is likely to have another earthquake
sometime in the future. Faults are commonly
considered to be active if they have moved one or
more times in the last 10,000 years. The best
solution to the problem of putting a tunnel through
an active fault is - don’t: Lµ mét ®øt g·y cã thÓ sinh
ra ®éng ®Êt trong t−¬ng lai. C¸c ®øt g·y th−êng ®−îc
xem lµ ®ang ho¹t ®éng nÕu chóng ®· tõng chuyÓn
®éng mét hoÆc vµi lÇn trong vßng 10.000 n¨m qua.
Gi¶i ph¸p tèt nhÊt lµ kh«ng nªn x©y dùng hÇm qua
mét ®øt g·y ®ang ho¹t ®éng.
active state of plastic equilibrium /“k'tiv steit
'plæstik ,i:kwi'libriəm/ n tr¹ng th¸i c©n b»ng dÎo
chñ ®éng: Plastic equilibrium obtained by an
expansion of a mass: Lµ tr¹ng th¸i c©n b»ng dÎo cã
®−îc bëi sù gi·n në cña mét khèi ®Êt ®¸.
active reinforcement /“k'tiv ,ri:in'f˜:sm”nt/ n bé
phËn gia cè ®Êt chñ ®éng: Reinforcing element that
is prestressed or artificially tensioned in the rock
mass when installed: Lµ bé phËn gia c−êng mµ trong
khi l¾p ®Æt sÏ ®−îc t¹o dù øng lùc hoÆc kÐo c¨ng mét
c¸ch nh©n t¹o trong khèi ®¸.
activity /“k'tiviti/ n chØ sè ho¹t ®éng: The ratio of
plasticity index to clay content for a clayey soil; a
high activity generally indicates a high proportion of
montmorillonite: Lµ tû sè gi÷a chØ sè dÎo vµ hµm
l−îng sÐt ®èi víi mét lo¹i ®Êt chøa sÐt; mét chØ sè
ho¹t ®éng cao nãi chung chøng tá cã mét l−îng lín
montmorillonit.
 5
activity index for silica fume /“k'tiviti 'indeks fɔ:
'silikə fju:m/ n chØ sè ho¹t ®éng cho bät/muéi
®i«xit silýc: The activity index for silica fume is the
ratio (in percent) of the compressive strength of
standard mortar bars, prepared with 90% plus 10%
silica fume by mass, to the compressive strength of
standard mortar bars made from cement only (Ref
Norwegian Standard NS 3045): ChØ sè ho¹t ®éng
cña bät ®i«xit silýc lµ tû sè (tÝnh theo phÇn tr¨m)
gi÷a c−êng ®é nÐn cña c¸c thµnh v÷a tiªu chuÈn -
®−îc chÕ t¹o b»ng 90% xim¨ng céng víi 10% bät
®i«xit silýc - víi c−êng ®é nÐn cña c¸c thµnh v÷a tiªu
chuÈn chØ ®−îc lµm tõ xim¨ng (Tham kh¶o Tiªu
chuÈn Na Uy NS 3045).
Activity Value /“k'tiviti 'v“lju:/ n gi¸ trÞ
ho¹t tÝnh, chØ sè ho¹t ®éng: Highly expansive soil
having an Activity Value (the ratio of Plasticity
Index AASHTO T90/Percent Clay Size AASHTO
T88) greater than 1.0 is an unsuitable material and
it shall be disposed off: Lo¹i ®Êt nµo cã ChØ sè Ho¹t
®éng (lµ tû sè gi÷a ChØ sè DÎo x¸c ®Þnh theo
AASHTO T90/PhÇn tr¨m Cì h¹t SÐt AASHTO T88)
lín h¬n 1,0 sÏ bÞ coi lµ vËt liÖu kh«ng phï hîp vµ nã
sÏ ph¶i ®−îc th¶i bá.
adapt /”'d“pt/ n thÝch nghi: It is impractical,
both technically and economically, to light a tunnel
interior as brightly as the open road. As a result, it
takes the motorist's eye longer to adapt from light to
dark than from dark to light: SÏ lµ kh«ng thùc tÕ, c¶
vÒ mÆt kü thuËt lÉn mÆt kinh tÕ, ®Ó chiÕu s¸ng bªn
trong hÇm ®ñ s¸ng nh− ë trªn ®−êng bªn ngoµi. Do
vËy, m¾t ng−êi l¸i xe sÏ cÇn nhiÒu thêi gian h¬n ®Ó
thÝch nghi tõ ¸nh s¸ng vµo bãng tèi, so víi ®i tõ bãng
tèi ra ¸nh s¸ng.
adaptability / pliability /ə,dæptə'biliti/
,plaiə'biləti/ n tÝnh [dÔ] thÝch nghi: Possibility for a
tunnelling machine to be adapted to other type of
work: Lµ kh¶ n¨ng cña mét m¸y ®µo hÇm cã thÓ
dïng ®−îc cho mét d¹ng c«ng viÖc kh¸c.
adaptation /,“d“p'tei‘n/ n sù thÝch nghi, sù
®iÒu tiÕt: The process by which the sensitivity of the
retina of the eye adjusts to more or less light than
that to which it was adjusted during a period
immediately preceding: Lµ qu¸ tr×nh mµ nhê ®ã ®é
nh¹y cña vâng m¹c m¾t tù ®iÒu chØnh nhiÒu hay Ýt
víi sù thay ®æi ¸nh s¸ng so víi t×nh tr¹ng s¸ng mµ
m¾t ®· ®−îc ®iÒu tiÕt trong mét kho¶ng thêi gian
ngay tr−íc ®ã.
adaptation point /,“d“p'tei‘n p˜int/ n ®iÓm,
vÞ trÝ thÝch nghi (cña m¾t l¸i xe khi vµo hÇm): The
point on the road where the adaption of the eye of a
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
motorist approaching a tunnel begins to be
influenced by the presence of the dark tunnel
entrance: Lµ ®iÓm (vÞ trÝ) trªn ®−êng mµ t¹i ®ã sù
®iÒu tiÕt cña m¾t ng−êi l¸i xe ®ang ch¹y tíi hÇm b¾t
®Çu bÞ ¶nh h−ëng (t¸c ®éng) bëi sù hiÖn diÖn cña
cæng hÇm tèi sÉm.
adapter ring /ə'dæptə riη/ n vßng ®Öm nèi: A
ring, typically made of steel, which serves to mate
the microtunneling machine to the first pipe section.
This ring is intended to create a waterproof seal
between the machine and the spigot of the first joint:
Lµ mét vßng th−êng lµm b»ng s¾t, cã nhiÖm vô khíp
nèi m¸y ®µo hÇm nhá víi ®o¹n èng ®Çu tiªn. Vßng
nµy sÏ gióp t¹o nªn mét mèi tr¸m kÝn n−íc gi÷a m¸y
®µo vµ ®Çu nèi cña mèi nèi ®Çu tiªn.
additive /'“ditiv/ n chÊt thªm, chÊt phô gia: Liquid
or powder substances which may be added
separately during production of the concrete mix
and have an influence on certain concrete
properties: Lµ c¸c chÊt láng hoÆc bét mµ chóng cã
thÓ ®−îc cho thªm vµo mét c¸ch riªng rÏ trong qu¸
tr×nh chÕ t¹o hçn hîp bªt«ng vµ cã ¶nh h−ëng ®Õn
mét sè tÝnh chÊt cña bªt«ng o There are some
types of additives used for concrete work, such as
water reducer, superplasticizer, special dust
suppressant, etc.: Cã mét sè lo¹i phô gia dïng trong
c«ng t¸c bªt«ng, nh− phô gia gi¶m n−íc, phô gia
siªu dÎo, chÊt gi¶m bôi ®Æc biÖt, v.v…
ADECO-RS = Analysis of Controlled
Deformation in Rocks and Soils // n ph©n tÝch biÕn
d¹ng ®−îc kiÓm so¸t cña ®Êt ®¸ (phương pháp làm
hầm của Ý).
adhesion /”d'hi:ʒn/ n sù b¸m dÝnh; lùc b¸m
dÝnh; sù cè kÕt; lùc cè kÕt; lùc hót ph©n tö: Bond of
unlike materials, such as bond of grout to rock joint
surfaces, tunnel liner surfaces, or rock particles: Lµ
sù liªn kÕt cña c¸c vËt liÖu kh«ng gièng nhau, ch¼ng
h¹n nh− liªn kÕt cña v÷a víi c¸c bÒ mÆt khe nøt cña
®¸, víi c¸c bÒ mÆt vá hÇm, hay víi c¸c h¹t ®Êt ®¸ o
Adhesion of shotcrete on the rock may be inadequate
locally: Sù dÝnh b¸m cña bªt«ng phun vµo ®¸ cã thÓ
kh«ng ®ñ mét c¸ch côc bé o Necessary adhesion is
most easily obtained by proper cleaning of the
surfaces to be shot and by the addition of silica fume
into the mix: TÝnh dÝnh b¸m cÇn thiÕt th−êng ®¹t
®−îc mét c¸ch dÔ dµng nhÊt nhê lµm s¹ch bÒ mÆt
®−îc phun vµ nhê cho thªm bät silica vµo hçn hîp
o A well-designed mix should produce adhesion
strength on the order of 180 psi (13 kg/cm2): Mét
cÊp phèi thiÕt kÕ tèt ph¶i t¹o ra ®−îc c−êng ®é dÝnh
b¸m 180 psi (13 kg/cm2).
 6
adit /'“dit/ n ®−êng vµo, lèi vµo; lß b»ng, lß nèi
vØa; hÇm tiÕp cËn: A short transverse tunnel
connecting two parallel tunnels or an entry from the
face of the slope to a side-hill tunnel: Lµ mét hÇm
ngang ng¾n nèi hai hÇm song song, hoÆc lµ mét lèi
vµo (mét hÇm) ®i tõ mÆt m¸i dèc tíi mét hÇm xuyªn
qua bªn ®åi o Also, a short length of horizontal or
sub-horizontal tunnel driven from the surface to the
main tunnel to enable more headings to be driven or
to provide permanent access to the tunnel: Còng
®−îc ®Þnh nghÜa lµ mét ®o¹n ng¾n cña hÇm n»m
ngang hay gÇn n»m ngang ®−îc ®µo tõ mÆt ®Êt ®Õn
hÇm chÝnh nh»m cho phÐp t¹o ®−îc nhiÒu g−¬ng ®µo
h¬n, hoÆc nh»m cung cÊp mét lèi vµo vÜnh cöu dÉn
xuèng hÇm chÝnh.
adjoining property /”'dʒ˜ini– 'pr˜p”ti/ n tµi s¶n
kÕ bªn: If an emergency occurs affecting the safety
of life or of the Works or of adjoining property, the
Engineer may instruct the Contractor to execute all
such work or to do all such things as may be
necessary to abate or reduce the risk: NÕu mét t×nh
tr¹ng khÈn cÊp x¶y ra ¶nh h−ëng tíi an toµn tÝnh
m¹ng hay an toµn cho C«ng tr×nh hoÆc an toµn cña
tµi s¶n kÕ bªn dù ¸n, T− vÊn cã thÓ chØ dÉn Nhµ thÇu
thùc thi mäi c«ng viÖc hay mäi ®iÒu cÇn thiÕt ®Ó lo¹i
bá hoÆc gi¶m bít rñi ro.
admixture /”d'mikst∫”/ n chÊt hçn hîp, chÊt
pha trén, phô gia: Admixtures are substances
introduced into a batch of concrete, during or
immediately before its mixing, in order to alter or
improve the properties of the fresh or hardened
concrete or both: Phô gia lµ c¸c chÊt ®−îc ®−a vµo
mét mÎ trén bªt«ng, trong khi hay ngay tr−íc khi
trén, nh»m thay ®æi hoÆc c¶i thiÖn c¸c tÝnh chÊt cña
bªt«ng t−¬i hay bªt«ng ®· ®«ng cøng hoÆc c¶ hai o
In general, the changes brought about in the
concrete by the use of admixtures are affected
through the influence of the admixtures on
hydration, liberation of heat, formation of pores and
the development of the gel structure: Nãi chung,
nh÷ng thay ®æi trong bªt«ng nhê dïng phô gia ®Òu bÞ
t¸c ®éng th«ng qua sù ¶nh h−ëng cña phô gia lªn
qu¸ tr×nh thñy hãa, gi¶i phãng nhiÖt, t¹o lç rçng vµ
sù ph¸t triÓn cÊu tróc keo (gel) o It should be
remembered that admixtures are not intended to
replace good concreting practice and should not be
used indiscriminately: Nªn nhí r»ng phô gia kh«ng
ph¶i lµ ®Ó nh»m thay thÕ cho kü thuËt chÕ t¹o bªt«ng
®óng ®¾n, vµ chóng kh«ng ®−îc phÐp sö dông mét
c¸ch bõa b·i.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
admixture for shotcrete /”d'mikst∫” f˜:
∫˜tkri:t/ n phô gia cho bªt«ng phun: MEYCO
TCC766 is a high performance liquid admixture for
shotcrete to impart instant workability loss and
accelerated setting in shotcrete to achieve a low
rebound without reduction in final strength: MEYCO
TCC766 lµ mét phô gia láng tÝnh n¨ng cao dïng cho
bªt«ng phun ®Ó cho phÐp x¶y ra mÊt nhanh tÝnh c«ng
t¸c vµ t¹o sù ®«ng kÕt nhanh trong bªt«ng phun
nh»m ®¹t ®−îc ®é bËt n¶y thÊp mµ kh«ng lµm gi¶m
c−êng ®é cuèi cïng.
adsorbed water /æd'sɔ:bd 'wɔ:tə/ n n−íc hót
b¸m: Water in a soil or rock mass attracted to the
particle surfaces by physiochemical forces, having
properties that may differ from those of pore water
at the same temperature and pressure due to altered
molecular arrangement; adsorbed water does not
include water that is chemically combined within the
clay minerals: Lµ n−íc trong mét khèi ®Êt hay ®¸
®−îc hót b¸m vµo bÒ mÆt c¸c h¹t ®Êt ®¸ b»ng c¸c
lùc hãa lý, cã c¸c tÝnh chÊt cã thÓ kh¸c so víi tÝnh
chÊt cña n−íc lç rçng ë cïng mét nhiÖt ®é vµ ¸p suÊt
do sù thay ®æi vÒ s¾p xÕp ph©n tö; n−íc hót b¸m
kh«ng bao gåm n−íc ®−îc kÕt hîp mét c¸ch hãa häc
vµo bªn trong c¸c kho¸ng vËt sÐt.
adsorption /æd'sɔ:p∫n/ n sù hót b¸m: The
process by which molecules of a substance form a
thin film on the surface of a solid. Distinguished
from absorption, in which the foreign substance
penetrates the body of the absorbing material: Lµ
qu¸ tr×nh qua ®ã c¸c ph©n tö cña mét chÊt t¹o thµnh
mét mµng máng trªn bÒ mÆt cña mét chÊt r¾n. Ph©n
biÖt víi sù hÊp thô, trong ®ã mét chÊt l¹ x©m nhËp
vµo bªn trong mét vËt liÖu cã tÝnh hót thu.
advance /”d'vɑ:ns / n sù tiÕn tíi; ®é lín b−íc
®µo, ®é tiÕn s©u; v tiÕn lªn: The distance excavated
during a given time (shift or day) in tunnelling,
drifting, or in raising or sinking a shaft: Lµ chiÒu dµi
®µo ®−îc trong mét kho¶ng thêi gian nhÊt ®Þnh (ca
hoÆc ngµy) trong khi ®µo hÇm, khai lß, hay khi n©ng
hay h¹ mét giÕng ®øng o When approaching
suspected mixed face conditions, an exploratory hole
should be drilled 2.4 to 3.0 meters beyond the
normal depth so as to obtain advance warning: Khi
®µo hÇm tiÕn tíi mét khu vùc ®Þa chÊt nghi ngê cã sù
xen lÉn gi÷a ®Êt yÕu vµ ®¸ cøng, cÇn ph¶i khoan mét
lç th¨m dß s©u h¬n chiÒu s©u b−íc ®µo b×nh th−êng
tõ 2,4 ®Õn 3,0 mÐt nh»m nhËn ®−îc th«ng tin c¶nh
b¸o vÒ kÕt qu¶ ®µo tiÕn cña hÇm o As a tunnel
advances from full face rock to a mixed face,
methods of operation must usually be radically
 7
revised: Khi mét ®−êng hÇm ®−îc ®µo tõ mét nÒn ®¸
theo ph−¬ng ph¸p toµn tiÕt diÖn tiÕn qua mét nÒn cã
g−¬ng ®µo hçn hîp, th−êng th× ph¶i thay ®æi ®¸ng kÓ
c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p thi c«ng.
advance heading /”d'vɑ:ns 'hediη/ n g−¬ng
®µo tiÕn tr−íc: Where the tunnel is excavated in
sections, a heading within the final cross section,
constructed ahead of other parts of the tunnel: Khi
hÇm ®−¬c ®µo thµnh nhiÒu mÆt c¾t nhá, th× ®ã lµ mét
g−¬ng ®µo n»m trong ph¹m vi mÆt c¾t ngang thiÕt kÕ,
®−îc thi c«ng tiÕn tr−íc c¸c phÇn kh¸c cña hÇm.
advance path /”d'vɑ:ns pɑ:θ/ n b−íc tiÕn: Speed of
advance of a pipe jack or other trenchless
installation through the ground, generally expressed
as either millimetres per minute or metres per day:
Lµ tèc ®é tiÕn lªn cña mét c«ng t¸c kÝch ®Èy èng
hoÆc mét c«ng viÖc thi c«ng kh«ng ®µo r·nh kh¸c
qua lßng ®Êt, nãi chung ®−îc biÓu thÞ b»ng milimet
trªn phót hoÆc mÐt trªn ngµy.
advance per round /”d'vɑ:ns p”: raund/ n ®é
lín b−íc ®µo, ®é tiÕn s©u trong mét chu tr×nh ®µo
hÇm: Each advance along the tunnel length (per
round) shall be approved by the Engineer prior to
commencement of excavation operations: Mçi b−íc
®µo däc theo chiÒu dµi hÇm (trong mét chu tr×nh)
ph¶i ®−îc chÊp thuËn cña T− vÊn tr−íc khi b¾t ®Çu
c¸c ho¹t ®éng ®µo.
advance rate /”d'vɑ:ns reit/ n tèc ®é ®µo hÇm;
tèc ®é ®µo cña m¸y: Speed of advance of pipe
jacking or other TT method, usually expressed as
either millimeters per minute (inches per minute) or
meters per day (feet per day): Lµ tèc ®é tiÕn lªn cña
viÖc kÝch ®Èy èng hoÆc ph−¬ng ph¸p kh«ng ®µo r·nh
kh¸c, th−êng biÓu thÞ b»ng sè milimÐt trªn phót hoÆc
sè mÐt trªn ngµy.
advance speed /”d'vɑ:ns spi:d/ n tèc ®é ®µo hÇm;
tèc ®é ®µo cña m¸y: For maintaining the pressure on
the face, the quantity of discharged soil and advance
speed of the shield machine (40mm/min) was
controlled．The screw conveyor muck discharging
gate left fully open: Ng−êi ta kiÓm so¸t khèi l−îng
®Êt ®µo th¶i vµ tèc ®é tiÕn lªn cña khiªn ®µo
(40mm/ph) ®Ó duy tr× ¸p lùc lªn g−¬ng hÇm. Khi ®ã,
cöa x¶ ®Êt th¶i cña b¨ng t¶i xo¾n cÇn ®Ó më hoµn
toµn.
advancement /”d'vɑ:nsm”nt/ n sù tiÕn tíi; ®é
lín b−íc ®µo hÇm: In the test process of shield
construction, lining stresses, transverse and
longitudinal surface settlements, and earth pressures
around the tunnel were simultaneously measured
during advancement of the shield at a centrifugal
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
acceleration of 25g. The lining stress at the crown
elevation was well predicted by Terzaghi's loosening
earth pressure. I was confirmed that the shield
construction process was successfully simulated in a
centrifuge: Trong qu¸ tr×nh thÝ nghiÖm thi c«ng b»ng
khiªn, øng suÊt vá hÇm, lón bÒ mÆt theo chiÒu däc vµ
ngang, vµ ¸p lùc ®Êt xung quanh hÇm ®−îc ®o ®¹c
mét c¸ch ®ång thêi trong qu¸ tr×nh tiÕn lªn cña
khiªn ®µo víi mét gia tèc h−íng t©m lµ 25g. øng
suÊt vá hÇm t¹i cao ®é vßm ®· ®−îc dù b¸o tèt b»ng
thuyÕt ¸p lùc ®Þa tÇng Terzaghi. §· x¸c nhËn ®−îc
r»ng qu¸ tr×nh thi c«ng b»ng khiªn ®· ®−îc m«
pháng thµnh c«ng trong mét m¸y ly t©m.
advancing slope grouting /”d'vɑ:nsiη sloup
'grautiô/ n b¬m v÷a kiÓu ®Èy tiÕn ngang dÇn: A
method of grouting by which the front of a mass of
grout is caused to move horizontally, for example,
through preplaced aggregate, by use of a suitable
grout injection sequence: Lµ mét ph−¬ng ph¸p b¬m
v÷a trong ®ã diÖn phÝa tr−íc cña mét khèi v÷a ®−îc
®Èy tiÕn lªn theo chiÒu ngang, vÝ dô, ®Ó ®i qua mét
khèi cèt liÖu ®· ®æ s½n, b»ng c¸ch ¸p dông mét tr×nh
tù b¬m v÷a thÝch hîp.
aerial photograph /'e”ri”l 'fout”gr:f/ n ¶nh
hµng kh«ng: Detailed interpretation of aerial
photographs can be helpful to the tunnel designer.
Some of the features that can be readily recognized
are topography, drainage patterns, vegetation, land
use and potential construction material sources:
ViÖc ph©n tÝch chi tiÕt c¸c bøc ¶nh hµng kh«ng cã
thÓ h÷u Ých cho nhµ thiÕt kÕ hÇm. Mét sè ®Æc ®iÓm
cã thÓ dÔ dµng nhËn thÊy lµ ®Þa h×nh, c¸c s¬ ®å tho¸t
n−íc, th¶m thùc vËt, sö dông ®Êt vµ c¸c nguån vËt
liÖu tiÒm n¨ng cho thi c«ng.
aerial photograph analysis /'e”ri”l 'fout”grɑ:f
”'n“l”sis/ n ph©n tÝch ¶nh hµng kh«ng: A
professional engineer is often experienced in a wide
variety of field data collection methods including
detailed geologic mapping, aerial photograph
analysis, helicopter reconnaissance, subsurface
exploration with SPT borings/CPT and trenches,
geophysical refraction and downhole surveys,
laboratory testing, evaluation of construction
excavations and foundations, and installation and
interpretation of geotechnical instrumentation. He
may also perform construction monitoring,
excavation and tunnel mapping, foundation
inspection, field design consultation, and regulatory
interaction for numerous important civil projects:
Mét kü s− chuyªn nghiÖp (P.E) th−êng cã kinh
nghiÖm vÒ mét lo¹t c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p thu thËp d÷ liÖu
 8
hiÖn tr−êng nh− vÏ b¶n ®å ®Þa chÊt chi tiÕt, ph©n tÝch
¶nh hµng kh«ng, kh¶o s¸t b»ng trùc th¨ng, kh¶o s¸t
nÒn b»ng khoan SPT/CPT vµ ®µo hµo, ph¶n x¹ ®Þa
vËt lý vµ kh¶o s¸t hè s©u, thÝ nghiÖm trong phßng,
®¸nh gi¸ hè ®µo thi c«ng vµ mãng, vµ l¾p ®Æt vµ
ph©n tÝch kÕt qu¶ ®o ®¹c ®Þa kü thuËt. Anh ta còng
cã thÓ thùc hiÖn gi¸m s¸t thi c«ng, vÏ b¶n ®å hè ®µo
vµ hÇm, kiÓm tra mãng, t− vÊn thiÕt kÕ hiÖn tr−êng,
vµ xö lý c¸c vÊn ®Ò luËt ph¸p cho hµng lo¹t dù ¸n
d©n dông quan träng.
aerosols /'eərəsɔlz/ n hçn hîp khÝ gas: Multi-
phase systems of air and other gases with finely
dispersed solids or liquids: Lµ c¸c hÖ nhiÒu pha cña
kh«ng khÝ vµ c¸c lo¹i khÝ kh¸c cã c¸c chÊt láng hoÆc
r¾n ph©n t¸n mÞn trong ®ã.
ageing = aging /'eidʒiη/ n sù l·o hãa, sù hãa giµ:
the process of growing older and showing the effects
of increasing age; the cumulative effects of time on
the properties of materials or substances: Lµ qu¸
tr×nh giµ dÇn vµ thÓ hiÖn c¸c triÖu chøng/hËu qu¶
cña tuæi thä t¨ng lªn; lµ c¸c t¸c ®éng tÝch lòy cña
thêi gian lªn c¸c tÝnh chÊt cña c¸c chÊt hay c¸c vËt
liÖu.
agglomerate /ə'glɔmərit/ n khèi kÕt tô, ®¸ kÕt tô:
A breccia composed largely or entirely of fragments
of volcanic rocks: Lµ mét lo¹i vôn cÊu t¹o phÇn lín
hoÆc toµn bé tõ c¸c m¶nh vì (d¨m kÕt) cña ®¸ nói
löa.
aggregate /'“grig”t/ n khèi kÕt tËp; cèt liÖu;
khèi c¸c kho¸ng vËt h×nh thµnh mét lo¹i ®¸:
Granular ingredients in concrete or shotcrete such
as sand, gravel, crushed stone: Lµ c¸c thµnh phÇn
d¹ng h¹t trong bªt«ng th−êng hay bªt«ng phun nh−
c¸t, sái, ®¸ nghiÒn o Aggregate is much cheaper
than cement and maximum economy is obtained by
using as much aggregate as possible in concrete. Its
use also considerably improves both the volume
stability and the durability of the resulting concrete:
Cèt liÖu rÎ h¬n nhiÒu so víi xim¨ng, vµ tÝnh kinh tÕ
tèi ®a sÏ nhËn ®−îc nhê dïng cµng nhiÒu cèt liÖu
cµng tèt trong bªt«ng. Sù sö dông cèt liÖu còng c¶i
thiÖn rÊt lín c¶ tÝnh æn ®Þnh thÓ tÝch vµ ®é bÒn cña
bªt«ng nhËn ®−îc o For best result, aggregate
dampness of 3 to 6% (essentially saturated) should
be maintained: Tèt nhÊt, ph¶i duy tr× ®é Èm cho cèt
liÖu tõ 3 ®Õn 6% (c¬ b¶n lµ b·o hßa).
agitation /'“dʒitei‘n/ n sù [trén, khuÊy]: The
mixing and homogenization of slurries or finely
ground powders by either mechanical means or
injection of air: Lµ sù hßa trén vµ lµm ®ång nhÊt
hãa c¸c lo¹i bïn/v÷a hay bét ®Êt mÞn b»ng c¸c
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
ph−¬ng tiÖn c¬ khÝ hoÆc b»ng c¸ch b¬m kh«ng khÝ
vµo.
agitator /'“dʒiteit”/ n tay trén (m¸y TBM): Mixing
arm with drive unit installed in the bottom section of
the shield in front of the suction pipe. Used to agitate
the bentonite suspension containing excavated
material. The agitator avoids sedimentation and
clogging of cohesive ground (e.g. clay) in the bottom
section of the shield in front of the grip and the
suction pipe: Lµ c¸nh tay trén cã bé truyÒn ®éng l¾p
t¹i phÇn ®¸y cña khiªn ®µo t¹i phÝa tr−íc èng hót.
Dïng ®Ó trén dung dÞch bent«nÝt cã chøa vËt liÖu
®µo. Tay trén nµy gióp tr¸nh ®−îc sù l¾ng ®äng vµ
t¾c nghÏn cña ®Êt dÝnh (v.d sÐt) t¹i phÇn ®¸y cña
khiªn ®µo t¹i phÝa tr−íc bé kÑp vµ èng hót.
agitator car /'“dʒiteit” kɑ:/ n xe trén bªt«ng:
Concrete rail transportating equipment which mixes
concrete by rotation of a drum-type car body with
helical shaped fins attached to the interior of the
car: Lµ thiÕt bÞ vËn chuyÓn bªt«ng (th−êng ch¹y trªn
ray) dïng ®Ó trén bªt«ng nhê sù quay cña mét th©n
xe h×nh trèng cã c¸c s−ên khuÊy h×nh xo¾n èc g¾n
bªn trong thïng xe o Lining concrete is
transported to the site to enable placing within the
determined time after mixing. It should be
transported by a method that prevents segregation of
material and mixture with foreign ingredients.
Agigator cars shall be basically used for concrete
transportation: Bªt«ng vá hÇm ®−îc chë ®Õn c«ng
tr−êng ®Ó ®óc/®æ trong vßng mét thêi gian quy ®Þnh
sau khi trén. Nã ph¶i ®−îc chë b»ng mét ph−¬ng
tiÖn sao cho tr¸nh ®−îc sù ph©n tÇng vËt liÖu vµ lµm
lÉn t¹p chÊt. Ng−êi ta chñ yÕu dïng c¸c xe cã thïng
trén cho môc ®Ých nµy.
agitator tank /'“dʒiteit” t“η/ n thïng trén v÷a:
An open tank or hopper which is equipped with
rotating mixing elements, used to maintain the mixed
condition of the grout prior to its injection: Lµ mét
thïng hoÆc phÔu hë ®−îc trang bÞ c¸c bé phËn trén
quay, dïng ®Ó duy tr× tr¹ng th¸i ®· ®−îc trén cña
mét lo¹i v÷a tr−íc khi tiÕn hµnh b¬m v÷a.
air auger /e” '˜:g”/ n m¸y khoan dïng khÝ
nÐn: Since the drilling of holes for rock bolts
accounts for a large percentage of a work cycle,
efficient drilling machines such as drifters, leg
hammers and air augers etc. should be selected. Air
auger is suitable for drilling holes in soft rock and
soils. It is manually operated, and as such it is used
for drilling holes in tunnels with a small section and
small work space: V× viÖc khoan c¸c lç bul«ng neo
chiÕm mét phÇn lín cña mét chu kú lµm viÖc, nªn
 9
ph¶i lùa chän mét m¸y khoan hiÖu qu¶ trong sè c¸c
lo¹i m¸y nh− bóa khoan lín, bóa khoan cã ch©n vµ
m¸y khoan khÝ Ðp. M¸y khoan khÝ Ðp phï hîp víi
viÖc khoan lç trong ®Êt ®¸ mÒm. Nã ®−îc vËn hµnh
b»ng tay, do vËy ®−îc dïng t¹i nh÷ng hÇm cã mÆt
c¾t nhá vµ kh«ng gian lµm viÖc hÑp.
air blast /e” 'bla:st/ n thæi khÝ; luång xung
khÝ: Electorostatic precipitators for tunnel
construction ideally suit for improving environment
of tunnel excavating site. The main body exhibits
90% dust collecting efficiency by adopting a high-
efficiency dust collecting unit. It is of an energy
saving type with less requirements for air blast
power: M¸y läc bôi tÜnh ®iÖn cho thi c«ng hÇm phï
hîp lý t−ëng víi viÖc c¶i thiÖn m«i tr−êng cho ®Þa
®iÓm lµm hÇm. M¸y läc chÝnh cã hiÖu suÊt hót bôi
90% nhê dïng mét bé phËn hót bôi hiÖu suÊt cao.
Nã thuéc d¹ng tiÕt kiÖm n¨ng l−îng víi Ýt yªu cÇu vÒ
n¨ng l−îng ®Ó thæi s¹ch bé läc o Rockbreaking by
blasting creates ground vibrations, air blast, noise
and flyrock. Control of these impactss in an urban
environment is critical to minimise damage to
structures as well as annoyance to neighbours. In
every blast a portion of the total blast energy
escapes into the atmosphere. The temporary
overpressure (pressure above atmosphere) produced
by the explosion is emitted as a wave which travels
at the speed of sound. The arrival of this wave at any
point may be sensed as noise, or shaking or rattling
of loose objects: Ph¸ ®¸ b»ng næ m×n t¹o ra chÊn
®éng ®Êt, luång xung khÝ, tiÕng ån vµ ®¸ bay. KiÓm
so¸t c¸c t¸c ®éng nµy trong m«i tr−êng ®« thÞ lµ rÊt
quan träng ®Ó gi¶m thiÓu h− h¹i cho c¸c c«ng tr×nh
còng nh− phiÒn hµ ®Õn xung quanh. Trong mçi có
næ, mét phÇn trong tæng n¨ng l−îng næ sÏ tho¸t vµo
kh«ng khÝ. Sù qu¸ ¸p t¹m thêi sinh ra bëi vô næ ®−îc
ph¸t ra d−íi d¹ng sãng truyÒn ®i víi vËn tèc ©m
thanh. Sù ®i tíi cña sãng nµy t¹i ®iÓm bÊt kú cã thÓ
®−îc c¶m nhËn nh− lµ tiÕng ån, hay sù rung l¾c hoÆc
kªu l¹ch c¹ch cña c¸c vËt rêi.
air bubble /e” 'bʌbl/ n bät/bãng khÝ: The air
bubble created by forceful cross ventilation allowed
personnel a small working area safe from fire but
close to the fire scene. Just outside the bubble,
however, the force of the ventilation created a
blowtorch effect. As a result, responders could spend
only a limited time fighting the fire before the next
rotation took over: Bät khÝ t¹o bëi th«ng giã ngang
c−ìng bøc ®· gióp t¹o cho nh©n viªn cøu hé mét
diÖn tÝch lµm viÖc nhá an toµn ®èi víi löa nh−ng vÉn
®ñ gÇn ®¸m ch¸y. Tuy nhiªn, ngay phÝa ngoµi bøc
mµn khÝ, lùc cña luång khÝ th«ng giã l¹i t¹o ra hiÖu
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
øng ®Ìn hµn. Do ®ã, nh©n viªn cøu hé chØ cã thÓ
ch÷a ch¸y trong mét thêi gian h¹n chÕ tr−íc khi ®éi
tiÕp theo thay ca.
air-entraining admixture /e”-in'treiniô
”d'mikst∫”/ n phô gia cuèn khÝ: A material that
creates microscopic air bubbles in concrete, mortar,
or cement paste during mixing; used to increase the
workability and frost resistance of the mixture: Lµ
mét vËt liÖu mµ nã t¹o ra c¸c bong bãng khÝ siªu nhá
trong bªt«ng, v÷a x©y, hoÆc hå xim¨ng trong khi
trén; dïng ®Ó lµm t¨ng tÝnh c«ng t¸c vµ tÝnh chÞu
b¨ng gi¸ cho hçn hîp.
air-entraining agents /e”-in'treiniô 'eidʒ”nt/ n
chÊt t¹o bät, phô gia cuèn khÝ (bªt«ng): These
admixtures improve the durability of concrete, in
particular its resistance to the effects of frost and de-
icing salts. The beneficial effects of entrained air are
produced in two ways: first, by disrupting the
continuity of capillary pores and thus reducing the
permeability of concrete, and second, by reducing
the internal stresses caused by the expansion of
water on freezing: Nh÷ng phô gia nµy n©ng cao ®é
bÒn cña bªt«ng, ®Æc biÖt lµ søc chèng chÞu t¸c ®éng
cña c¸c muèi s−¬ng gi¸ vµ tan b¨ng. T¸c dông cã Ých
cña kh«ng khÝ cuèn vµo ®−îc t¹o ra theo hai c¸ch:
mét lµ, b»ng c¸ch ph¸ vì sù liªn tôc cña c¸c lç rçng
mao dÉn nhê ®ã gi¶m ®−îc tÝnh thÊm cña bªt«ng;
hai lµ, gi¶m nhá néi øng suÊt g©y bëi sù gi·n në cña
n−íc khi ®ãng b¨ng.
air content /e” 'kɔntent/ n hµm l−îng khÝ: The
volume of air voids in cement paste, mortar, or
concrete, exclusive of pore space in aggregate
particles, usually expressed as a percentage of total
volume of the paste, mortar, or concrete: Lµ thÓ tÝch
c¸c lç rçng khÝ trong hå xim¨ng, v÷a x©y, hoÆc
bªt«ng, kh«ng kÓ c¸c lç rçng trong c¸c h¹t cèt liÖu,
th−êng ®−îc biÓu diÔn b»ng sè phÇn tr¨m cña tæng
thÓ tÝch cña v÷a, v÷a x©y, hay bªt«ng.
air gun /e” gʌn/ n sóng thæi khÝ; thiÕt bÞ b¬m
bªt«ng khÝ nÐn: A steel cylindrical-shaped vessel
with gates for dropping concrete into it and with air
connections and discharge pipe connections. After
the gun is charged, the concrete is forced through
the discharge pipe by air pressure: Lµ mét thïng
thÐp h×nh trô cã c¸c cöa ®Ó rãt bªt«ng vµo ®ã vµ cã
c¸c èng nèi dÉn khÝ còng nh− c¸c èng nèi x¶ khÝ. Sau
khi sóng ®−îc n¹p bªt«ng, bªt«ng sÏ ®−îc tèng ra
ngoµi qua èng x¶ nhê ¸p lùc kh«ng khÝ.
air inlet /e” 'inlet/ n miÖng khÝ vµo, lç n¹p kh«ng
khÝ: Controlling the direction of air flow in a tunnel
system is very important. Fire protection technical
 10
air inlet and outlet systems and ventilation and
smoke extraction lines are generally approved by the
construction authorities: KiÓm so¸t h−íng giã thæi
trong mét hÖ thèng hÇm lµ rÊt quan träng. C¸c hÖ
thèng miÖng n¹p khÝ vµ x¶ khÝ kü thuËt chèng ch¸y,
còng nh− c¸c ®−êng th¶i khãi vµ th«ng giã nãi chung
sÏ ®−îc quyÕt ®Þnh bëi bªn cã thÈm quyÒn x©y dùng.
air legs /e” legz/ n c¸c ch©n chèng ch¹y b»ng khÝ
nÐn: Air-activated, long pipe jacks used for
positioning light drills and maintaining pressure on
the drills during the drilling operation. Also known
as "feed legs": Lµ c¸c kÝch h×nh èng dµi ho¹t ®éng
b»ng khÝ nÐn dïng ®Ó chèng ®ì c¸c m¸y khoan nhÑ
vµ duy tr× ¸p suÊt khÝ nÐn trong m¸y khoan trong qu¸
tr×nh vËn hµnh m¸y khoan. Cßn gäi lµ “ch©n ch×a”.
air lock /e” l˜k/ n nót kh«ng khÝ, khoang khÝ
nÐn: A compartment in which air pressure can be
equalized to the compressed air inside a shield-
driven tunnel as well as the outside air to permit
passage of men and material: Lµ mét khoang trong
®ã ¸p suÊt kh«ng khÝ cã thÓ ®−îc hiÖu chØnh c©n
b»ng víi khÝ nÐn bªn trong mét hÇm ®µo b»ng khiªn
còng nh− kh«ng khÝ bªn ngoµi ®Ó cho phÐp vËn
chuyÓn ng−êi vµ vËt liÖu.
air loss /e” l˜s/ n sù mÊt khÝ nÐn: Compressed air is
used in tunneling to counteract positive hydrostatic
pressure below rivers or waterways or in porous soil
below groundwater level. Particle size distribution
will affect the permeability of the soil and potentially
the rate of air loss. Air loss can be mitigated by
properly balancing the pressure with the hydrostatic
pressure. The volume of air required is generally
estimated to be 20 cfm/ft2 of face and must consider
required ventilation for the workers. Air loss can
also be mitigated by keeping the concrete lining as
close to the face as practical: KhÝ nÐn ®−îc dïng
trong lµm hÇm ®Ó chèng ®ì ¸p lùc n−íc d−¬ng bªn
d−íi s«ng hay ®−êng thñy hoÆc trong ®Êt xèp bªn
d−íi mùc n−íc ngÇm. Thµnh phÇn cÊp phèi h¹t cña
®Êt sÏ ¶nh h−ëng ®Õn tÝnh thÊm cña ®Êt vµ cã thÓ
®Õn c¶ tèc ®é mÊt khÝ nÐn. Sù mÊt khÝ nÐn cã thÓ
®−îc h¹n chÕ b»ng c¸ch ®iÒu chØnh c©n b»ng mét
c¸ch hîp lý ¸p suÊt khÝ nÐn víi ¸p lùc n−íc. ThÓ tÝch
khÝ yªu cÇu nãi chung ®−îc −íc tÝnh kho¶ng
0,3m3/phót/m2 g−¬ng hÇm vµ ph¶i tÝnh ®Õn sù th«ng
giã cÇn thiÕt cho c«ng nh©n. MÊt khÝ nÐn cßn cã thÓ
h¹n chÕ b»ng c¸ch duy tr× viÖc l¾p ®Æt vá hÇm
bªt«ng cµng gÇn víi g−¬ng ®µo cµng tèt.
air mortar /e” 'm˜:t”/ n v÷a cuèn khÝ: The
annular void between the lining and the ground shall
be grouted with air mortar or other materials
suitable for the void conditions so that the lining can
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
directly support the ground. Backfill grouting shall
be executed as soon as possible after the lining
concrete has become strong enough to resist the
grouting pressure. The grouting sequence and
grouting pressure should be determined so as not to
disturb the ground, and cause unsymmetrical or
excessive loads to act on the lining: Lç rçng h×nh
èng gi÷a vá hÇm vµ khèi ®Êt ®¸ ph¶i ®−îc b¬m lÊp
b»ng v÷a kÕt cøng ngoµi trêi hoÆc lo¹i vËt liÖu kh¸c
thÝch hîp víi t×nh tr¹ng lç rçng ®Ó vá hÇm cã thÓ
trùc tiÕp chèng ®ì khèi ®Êt ®¸. ViÖc b¬m v÷a lÊp
nhÐt ph¶i lµm cµng sím cµng tèt sau khi bªt«ng vá
hÇm ®· ®ñ cøng ®Ó chÞu ®−îc ¸p lùc b¬m v÷a. Tr×nh
tù vµ ¸p lùc b¬m v÷a ph¶i quyÕt ®Þnh sao cho kh«ng
g©y ph¸ ho¹i ®Êt ®¸, kh«ng t¹o ra c¸c t¶i träng bÊt
®èi xøng hoÆc qu¸ lín t¸c dông lªn vá hÇm.
air outlet /e” 'autlet/ n miÖng khÝ ra, lèi tho¸t
(x¶) khÝ: The MELOCHEVILLE tunnel is made of 18
caissons lying directly on rock. Three ventilation
shafts (one air outlet and two air intake shafts)
ventilate the tunnel. The two traffic lanes are
separated by a central support structure forming the
first ventilation shaft (air outlet). The ventilation
equipment housed at the sites includes: air intake
dampers, louvres, filter fans, activated carbon and
final filter air outlet control systems, vent monitoring
equipment: HÇm Melocheville ®−îc lµm tõ 18 ®èt
hÇm ®Æt trªn nÒn ®¸. Ba giÕng th«ng giã (mét giÕng
x¶ khÝ vµ hai giÕng n¹p khÝ) lµm nhiÖm vô th«ng giã
cho hÇm. Hai lµn giao th«ng ®−îc ph©n chia bëi mét
kÕt cÊu chèng ®ì ë gi÷a t¹o thµnh giÕng th«ng giã
thø nhÊt (lèi tho¸t khÝ). C¸c thiÕt bÞ th«ng giã l¾p t¹i
hÇm nµy gåm cã: bé chèng rung cöa n¹p khÝ, cöa
giã, qu¹t läc, hÖ thèng ®iÒu khiÓn cöa x¶ khÝ cã bé
läc cacbon vµ läc cuèi cïng, thiÕt bÞ theo dâi th«ng
giã.
air placer /e” 'pleisə/ n m¸y ®æ bªt«ng b»ng
khÝ nÐn: Concrete placing equipment incorporating
a pressure vessel with sealing door or valve.
Concrete is moved from the vessel to point of
placement through the placing pipe by the
introduction of compressed air into the vessel: Lµ
thiÕt bÞ ®æ bªt«ng ¸p dông mét thïng ¸p suÊt cã cöa
kÝn vµ van ®iÒu khiÓn. Bªt«ng ®−îc vËn chuyÓn tõ
thïng nµy tíi vÞ trÝ ®æ qua mét èng ®æ bªt«ng b»ng
c¸ch ®−a khÝ nÐn vµo bªn trong thïng.
air pollution /e” p”'lu:‘n/ n sù « nhiÔm kh«ng khÝ:
Chemical contaminants which are released directly
into the air by a source or are formed in the
atmosphere as a result of secondary chemical
reactions: C¸c hãa chÊt g©y « nhiÔm ®−îc x¶ trùc
tiÕp vµo kh«ng khÝ tõ mét nguån hoÆc ®−îc t¹o thµnh
 11
trong khÝ quyÓn do kÕt qu¶ cña c¸c ph¶n øng hãa
häc thø cÊp.
air ring /e” ri–/ n vµnh ph©n phèi khÝ: Perforated
manifold ring inside the nozzle of wet-mix shotcrete
equipment through which high pressure air is
introduced into the material flow: Lµ mét vßng nhiÒu
mÆt cã khÝa r·nh n»m bªn trong mét vßi phun cña
thiÕt bÞ phun bªt«ng kiÓu trén −ít, mµ qua ®ã kh«ng
khÝ ¸p suÊt cao ®−îc phôt vµo trong dßng bªt«ng.
air scrubber /e” 'skrʌbə/ n m¸y läc h¬i/khÝ trong
m¸y TBM: The full length of the back-up equipment
(loading system) is 80 m from the rear of the TBM,
and it is pulled by the TBM while boring. The system
is rolling on rails placed directly behind the TBM.
Included in the back-up system are repair tool
compartment, flexi-cable drum, TBM power pack,
electric equipment and transformers, air scrubber
and suction ventilation to the bore head: Tæng chiÒu
dµi cña thiÕt bÞ hç trî (hÖ thèng chÊt t¶i) lµ 80m kÓ
tõ phÝa sau m¸y TBM, vµ ®−îc kÐo ®i bëi m¸y TBM
trong qu¸ tr×nh khoan hÇm. HÖ thèng nµy ch¹y trªn
ray ®Æt ngay phÝa sau TBM. Trong hÖ thèng hç trî
cã bè trÝ buång dông cô söa ch÷a, tang c¸p mÒm, bé
cung cÊp ®iÖn cho TAM, thiÕt bÞ ®iÖn vµ m¸y biÕn
¸p, m¸y läc khÝ vµ èng hót th«ng giã tíi ®Çu m¸y
khoan.
air slugging /e” 'slʌgi–/ n sù nhåi khÝ nÐn: Air
slugging is the introduction of compressed air into
the concrete pump line or slick line to assist in the
placement and compaction of concrete in irregularly
shaped openings, such as voids in the tunnel arch or
around the flanges of steel tunnel supports: Lµ sù
®−a khÝ nÐn vµo trong èng b¬m bªt«ng hay èng ®æ
bªt«ng ®Ó hç trî viÖc ®æ vµ ®Çm bªt«ng trong c¸c
vïng cã h×nh d¹ng ®Æc biÖt, ch¼ng h¹n c¸c lç rçng
bªn trªn vßm hÇm hay xung quanh c¸c b¶n c¸nh cña
c¸c thanh thÐp h×nh chèng ®ì hÇm.
alignment /”'lainm”nt/ n sù xÕp th¼ng hµng, sù
s¾p hµng; bè trÝ tuyÕn (®−êng, hÇm): The alignment
of a tunnel should be straight, if possible, to
facilitate construction. If curves are used, they
should have the biggest radii possible: TuyÕn ®−êng
hÇm cÇn ph¶i th¼ng, nÕu cã thÓ ®−îc, ®Ó t¹o dÔ dµng
cho thi c«ng. NÕu dïng c¸c ®−êng cong th× chóng
ph¶i cã b¸n kÝnh lín nhÊt cã thÓ o Each traverse
may be several miles along and approximates the
future tunnel alignment. Survey points in the tunnel
must be installed with appropriate intervals, taking
into account the alignment, the size of cross section
and gradients of the tunnel: Mçi ®−êng chuyÒn tr¾c
®¹c cã thÓ dµi vµi kil«mÐt vµ ®i gÇn trïng víi tuyÕn
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
hÇm t−¬ng lai. C¸c ®iÓm ®o ®¹c trong hÇm ph¶i
®−îc lËp t¹i nh÷ng kho¶ng c¸ch thÝch hîp, cã xÐt ®Õn
h−íng tuyÕn hÇm, kÝch th−íc mÆt c¾t ngang vµ ®é
dèc cña hÇm.
alignment error /”'lainm”nt 'er”/ n sai sè vÒ
tuyÕn: The required alignment error of 1:40000 has
to be absorbed by the permisible tolerance, such as
inability of the construction forces to keep the
tunneling equipment on the indicated alignment: Sai
sè ®Æt ra vÒ tim hÇm 1:40000 cÇn ph¶i ®−îc c©n
nh¾c xÐt ®Õn dung sai cho phÐp, vÝ dô nh− kh¶ n¨ng
cña ®éi ngò thi c«ng kh«ng thÓ chØnh gi÷ ®−îc thiÕt
bÞ lµm hÇm theo ®óng h−íng tuyÕn ®· ®Þnh.
alkali /'“lk”lai/ n chÊt kiÒm: Salts of alkali
metals, specifically sodium and potassium, occurring
in constituents of concrete and mortar; usually
expressed in chemical analyses as the oxides Na2O
and K2O: Lµ c¸c muèi cña c¸c kim lo¹i kiÒm, ®Æc
biÖt lµ kali vµ natri, cã mÆt trong c¸c thµnh phÇn
cña bªt«ng vµ v÷a; th−êng ®−îc thÓ hiÖn trong c¸c
ph©n tÝch hãa häc nh− lµ c¸c «xit Na2O vµ K2O.
alkali-aggreagate reaction /'“lk”lai-'“grig”t
ri:'æk∫n/ n ph¶n øng kiÒm-cèt liÖu: A chemical
reaction between alkalies (sodium and potassium)
from portland cement or other sources and certain
constituents of some aggregates that can cause
abnormal expansion and cracking of concrete or
mortar under certain service conditions: Lµ ph¶n
øng hãa häc gi÷a c¸c chÊt kiÒm (natri vµ kali) tõ
xim¨ng Poocl¨ng hoÆc c¸c nguån kh¸c víi mét sè
thµnh phÇn cña cèt liÖu, cã thÓ g©y ra sù tr−¬ng në
bÊt b×nh th−êng vµ nøt bªt«ng hoÆc v÷a d−íi nh÷ng
®iÒu kiÖn lµm viÖc nhÊt ®Þnh.
alkali feldspar /'“lk”lai 'feldsp:/ n fenspat kiÒm:
Group of feldspars composed of mixtures, or mixed
crystals, of potassium feldspar (KAlSi3O3) and
sodium feldspar (NaAlSi3O8). (See "feldspar"): Lµ
nhãm c¸c kho¸ng fenspat cÊu thµnh tõ c¸c hçn hîp,
hoÆc c¸c tinh thÓ hçn hîp, cña fenspat kali vµ
fenspat natri.
allowable bearing value (allowable soil pressure)
/ə'lauəbl 'beəriη 'vælju:/ n gi¸ trÞ ¸p lùc chÞu t¶i
cho phÐp cña ®Êt: The maximum pressure that can be
permitted on foundation soil, giving consideration to
all pertinent factors, with adequate safety against
rupture of the soil mass or movement of the
foundation of such magnitude that the structure is
impaired: Lµ ¸p lùc lín nhÊt cã thÓ cho phÐp t¸c
dông lªn ®Êt d−íi nÒn mãng, cã xÐt ®Õn mäi nh©n tè
liªn quan, víi ®é an toµn ®ñ ®Ó chèng l¹i sù ph¸
 12
ho¹i cña khèi ®Êt hoÆc sù chuyÓn dÞch cña mãng víi
®é lín khiÕn cho kÕt cÊu bÞ g©y h¹i.
allowance /ə'lauəns/ n chiÕt khÊu; tiÒn bæ sung:
Additional resources included in an estimate to
cover the cost of known but undefined requirements
for an activity or work item. Allowances are
included in the Base Cost: Lµ c¸c nguån lùc bæ sung
®−îc bao gåm trong mét dù to¸n ®Ó tÝnh ®Õn chi phÝ
cho c¸c yªu cÇu ®· biÕt nh−ng ch−a ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh
®èi víi mét ho¹t ®éng hoÆc h¹ng môc c«ng viÖc. C¸c
kho¶n bæ sung ®−îc gép trong Gi¸ c¬ së cña dù ¸n.
alluvial aquifer /ə'lu:vjəl 'ækwifə/ n tÇng phï sa
ngËm n−íc: A water-bearing deposit of
unconsolidated material (sand and gravel) left
behind by a river or other flowing water: Lµ mét
trÇm tÝch chøa n−íc cña vËt liÖu ch−a cè kÕt (c¸t vµ
sái) ®Ó l¹i phÝa sau bëi mét con s«ng hay dßng n−íc
ch¶y kh¸c.
alluvium /ə'lu:vjəm/ n båi tÝch, ®Êt phï sa:
General term for sediments of gravel, sand, silt,
clay, or other particulate rock material deposited by
flowing water, usually in the beds of rivers and
streams, on a flood plain, on a delta, or at the base
of a mountain: Lµ thuËt ng÷ chung cho c¸c chÊt l¾ng
®äng sái, c¸t, bïn, sÐt, hay lo¹i vËt liÖu ®¸ d¹ng h¹t
kh¸c do dßng n−íc mang tíi, th−êng lµ ë ®¸y s«ng
suèi, trªn mét ®ång b»ng ngËp lò, trªn mét ch©u thæ,
hay t¹i mét ch©n nói.
alteration /,ɔ:ltə'rei∫n/ n sù biÕn ®æi ®Êt ®¸:
Change of the mineralogical composition of a rock,
typically brought about by the action of
hydrothermal solutions. The term joint alteration
includes both weathering and alteration. It is
included in the description of joint alteration in the
following main categories: the alteration of the rock
in the joint wall/surface; the coating on the joint
surface when it occurs; and the filling in joints with
separation: Lµ sù biÕn ®æi vÒ thµnh phÇn kho¸ng vËt
cña mét lo¹i ®¸, th−êng g©y ra bëi t¸c ®éng cña c¸c
dung dÞch thñy nhiÖt. ThuËt ng÷ biÕn ®æi khe nøt lµ
dïng ®Ó chØ c¶ sù phong hãa vµ biÕn chÊt. Nã ®−îc
®−a vµo trong m« t¶ sù thay ®æi khe nøt vÒ c¸c mÆt
chñ yÕu sau ®©y: thay ®æi cña ®¸ trªn thµnh/mÆt khe
nøt; líp ®Êt phñ trªn mÆt khe nøt khi nã xuÊt hiÖn;
vµ chÊt lÊp nhÐt trong lßng khe nøt hë.
alteration /,ɔ:ltə'rei∫n/ n sù söa ch÷a, thay thÕ: The
planning and designing engineers for the road
tunnel must have a proper understanding of how the
tunnel will be operated and ensure that there is
adequate and safe provision for maintenance,
economic running and operational safeguards. Each
must be satisfied that all options concerning tunnel
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
operating policy, such as the passage of hazardous
goods, and tunnel planning, such as the locations of
the traffic control centre and equipment for on-site,
remote surveillance and control, are considered well
in advance since there is little or no scope for
subsequent physical alteration (eg changing
ventilation shafts, emergency access, etc): C¸c kü s−
quy ho¹ch vµ thiÕt kÕ hÇm ®−êng bé ph¶i thÊu hiÓu
hÇm sÏ vËn hµnh ra sao, vµ ph¶i ®¶m b¶o r»ng cã
nh÷ng quy ®Þnh ®Çy ®ñ vµ an toµn cho viÖc b¶o
d−ìng, ch¹y xe kinh tÕ còng nh− b¶o vÖ an toµn vËn
hµnh. Mçi yÕu tè ®ã ph¶i tháa m·n sao cho mäi
ph−¬ng ¸n vÒ chÝnh s¸ch vËn hµnh hÇm (vÝ dô nh−
cho th«ng qua mét lo¹i hµng hãa nguy hiÓm nµo ®ã),
vµ vÒ quy ho¹ch hÇm (vÝ dô nh− c¸c ®Þa ®iÓm cña
trung t©m ®iÒu khiÓn giao th«ng, cña thiÕt bÞ kiÓm tra
trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸m s¸t tõ xa), ®Òu ®· ®−îc xem xÐt tõ
tr−íc, bëi v× sÏ cã Ýt hoÆc kh«ng cã c¬ héi cho viÖc
thay ®æi/söa ch÷a vËt lý sau ®ã (vÝ dô kh«ng thÓ thay
®æi giÕng th«ng giã, lèi tho¸t khÈn cÊp, v.v…).
alternating crew /'ɔ:ltə:neitiη kru:/ n ®éi lµm viÖc
lu©n chuyÓn: A crew of miners that is switched from
one heading to another in a double-heading
location; has the advantage of keeping drilling and
mucking operations continuous with one crew of
men for each operation: Lµ mét ®éi thî lµm hÇm
®−îc lu©n chuyÓn tõ g−¬ng ®µo nµy sang g−¬ng ®µo
kh¸c trong mét hÇm ®−îc ®µo theo kiÓu ph©n ®«i tiÕt
diÖn g−¬ng; lîi Ých cña viÖc nµy lµ gi÷ cho viÖc
khoan hÇm vµ viÖc bèc xóc ®Êt ®¸ ®−îc liªn tôc chØ
víi mét ®éi thî dµnh cho mçi c«ng viÖc.
alternative solution /'ɔ:ltə:neitiv kru:/ n gi¶i ph¸p
thay thÕ: Different proposals studied in the project
phase: Lµ c¸c ph−¬ng ¸n kh¸c nhau ®−îc nghiªn cøu
trong qu¸ tr×nh dù ¸n.
AM rebroadcast radio system /ei em
'ri:'br˜:dk:st 'reidiou 'sist”m/ n hÖ thèng ra®i« ph¸t
l¹i AM (Amplitude Modulation - §iÒu biÕn Biªn
®é): This system provides continuous commercial
radio reception to motorists in the tunnel over a
reradiating antenna installed the full length of the
tunnel under the ceiling or on a wall: HÖ thèng nµy
cho phÐp c¸c l¸i xe trong hÇm thu ®−îc liªn tôc
ra®i« th−¬ng m¹i nhê mét ¨ngten ph¸t l¹i l¾p suèt
chiÒu dµi hÇm ë d−íi trÇn hÇm hoÆc trªn t−êng hÇm.
ambient /'“mbi”nt/ adj bao quanh, ë xung quanh,
m«i tr−êng: The normal environment conditions
such as temperature, relative humidity, or room
pressure of a particular area under consideration:
Lµ c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn m«i tr−êng b×nh th−êng nh− nhiÖt
®é, ®é Èm t−¬ng ®èi, hay ¸p suÊt trong phßng cña
 13

mét khu vùc nhÊt ®Þnh ®ang xÐt o In assessing any along its whole length (grouted bolt). The visible
project with significant air emissions, it is necessary extremity is often fitted with a plate: Lµ c¸c thanh,
to compare the impacts of the project with relevant th−êng lµm b»ng thÐp, dïng ®Ó æn ®Þnh hãa nÒn ®¸.
air quality goals. Air quality standards or goals are §−îc c¾m vµo trong lç khoan s½n vµ neo b¸m vµo
used to assess the potential for ambient air quality to khèi ®¸ t¹i mét ®Çu thanh (neo ®Çu mót) hoÆc neo
give rise to adverse health or nuisance effects: Khi b¸m däc theo toµn bé chiÒu dµi thanh (neo b¬m
thÈm ®Þnh bÊt kú dù ¸n nµo cã l−îng ph¸t th¶i khÝ v÷a).
lín, cÇn ph¶i so s¸nh c¸c t¸c ®éng cña dù ¸n víi c¸c anchoring /'“–k”ri–/ n sù neo gi÷: Anchoring is a
môc tiªu chÊt l−îng kh«ng khÝ thÝch hîp. C¸c tiªu solution in design for preventing possible problems
chuÈn hay môc tiªu chÊt l−îng kh«ng khÝ ®−îc dïng at portal section such as landslide, slope failure,
®Ó ®¸nh gi¸ kh¶ n¨ng mµ chÊt l−îng kh«ng khÝ m«i etc.: Ph−¬ng ph¸p lµm neo gi÷ lµ mét gi¶i ph¸p thiÕt
tr−êng kÐm cã thÓ sinh ra søc kháe bÊt lîi hay c¸c kÕ nh»m chèng l¹i nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò tiÒm tµng t¹i khu
hËu qu¶ phiÒn to¸i kh¸c. vùc cæng hÇm nh− lµ tr−ît ®Êt, sôt m¸i dèc v.v…
ammonite /'“m”nait/ n thuèc næ am«nit: anchoring material /'“–k”ri– m”'ti”ri”l/ n vËt
Ammonite is a mixture of ammonium nitrate liÖu neo gi÷, g¾n kÕt: Mortar is one of the pre-filling
NH4NO3 and trinitrotoluene (TNT) C6H12(NO2)3CH3 type anchoring materials most widely used. Its
in its granular type: Am«nit lµ hçn hîp cña nitrat mixing and weighing are managed according to the
am«n víi trinitr«t«luen (tr«tin) ë d¹ng bét. "Standard Specifications for Design and
analytical calculations method /,“n”'litik”l Construction of Concrete Structures" written by the
'meθ”d/ n ph−¬ng ph¸p tÝnh to¸n dùa trªn c¬ häc Japan Society of Civil Engineers: V÷a lµ mét trong
kÕt cÊu: The method to design the support and lining nh÷ng vËt liÖu g¾n kÕt lo¹i lÊp tr−íc ®−îc sö dông
mainly by referring to the ground classification réng r·i nhÊt. ViÖc pha trén vµ c©n ®ong lo¹i v÷a
based on experience and to past construction work nµy ®−îc kiÓm so¸t theo "Tiªu chuÈn Kü thuËt vÒ
in similar ground conditions: Lµ ph−¬ng ph¸p thiÕt ThiÕt kÕ vµ Thi c«ng KÕt cÊu Bªt«ng" biªn so¹n bëi
kÕ hÖ chèng hÇm vµ vá hÇm chñ yÕu b»ng c¸ch tham HiÖp héi Kü s− D©n dông NhËt B¶n.
kh¶o tíi sù ph©n lo¹i ®¸ dùa vµo kinh nghiÖm, vµ * Table: Example of consistency and strength test of pre-
tham kh¶o c«ng t¸c x©y dùng hÇm trong qu¸ khø filling type anchoring material (B¶ng minh häa thö
trong nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt t−¬ng tù o nghiÖm ®é sÖt vµ c−êng ®é cña v÷a g¾n kÕt kiÓu lÊp
Analytical calculations can be quickly performed nhÐt tr−íc)
Test item Test Test frequency Remarks
and are well suited for rough preliminary estimates. (H¹ng method (TÇn suÊt thÝ nghiÖm) (Ghi chó)
The possibilities are quite limited in more complex môc thÝ (Ph−¬ng
nghiÖm) ph¸p thÝ
situations: TÝnh to¸n b»ng ph©n tÝch kÕt cÊu cã thÓ nghiÖm)
®−îc thùc hiÖn nhanh vµ phï hîp tèt cho viÖc ®¸nh Consiste Flow test 1) Once before the start of work per JIS R
ncy (§é (ThÝ (Mçi lÇn tr−íc khi b¾t ®Çu c«ng 5201
gi¸ gÇn ®óng ban ®Çu. Nh−ng víi nh÷ng bµi to¸n sÖt) nghiÖm ®é viÖc) (Theo tiªu
phøc t¹p h¬n th× kh¶ n¨ng cña ph−¬ng ph¸p nµy lµ ch¶y) 2) During construction, or chuÈn
whenever necessary (Trong khi thi NhËt)
rÊt h¹n chÕ. c«ng, bÊt cø lóc nµo cÇn thiÕt)
anchor /'“–k”/ v neo l¹i, nÐo chÆt, gi÷ chÆt; n c¸i 3) Once when the manufacturing
factory or quality is changed (Mçi
neo: To completely anchor bolts into rock or soil, the lÇn khi nhµ m¸y s¶n xuÊt hoÆc chÊt
full length of SN Rock Bolts shall be grouted with l−îng thay ®æi)
Strength Compress 1) Once before the start of work per JIS A
cement mortar. The diameter of drill holes should be (C−êng ive (Mçi lÇn tr−íc khi b¾t ®Çu c«ng 1108
at least 1.5, but not more than 2 times the diameter ®é) strength viÖc) At the age
test (ThÝ 2) Once per 50m during work of 3 days
of the rock bolt: §Ó neo gi÷ mét c¸ch ch¾c ch¾n c¸c nghiÖm execution (Mçi lÇn trªn 50m trong (Theo tiªu
bul«ng vµo ®¸ hoÆc ®Êt, toµn bé chiÒu dµi cña c¸c c−êng ®é khi thi c«ng) chuÈn
nÐn) 3) Once when the manufacturing NhËt, t¹i 3
bul«ng neo ®¸ lo¹i SN ph¶i ®−îc phun lÊp b»ng v÷a factory or quality is changed (Mçi ngµy tuæi)
xim¨ng. §−êng kÝnh cña lç khoan Ýt nhÊt ph¶i b»ng lÇn khi nhµ m¸y s¶n xuÊt hoÆc chÊt
1.5 lÇn, nh−ng kh«ng qu¸ 2 lÇn ®−êng kÝnh cña l−îng thay ®æi)

bul«ng neo. ancillary facilities /“n'sil”ri f”'silitiz/ n c¸c

anchor bolt = rock bolt /'“–k” boult/ n bul«ng ph−¬ng tiÖn phô trî: Ancillary facilities of the tunnel
neo: Bar, usually made of steel, used for the such as for ventilation, lighting, traffic safety, etc.
stabilization of rock. Placed into a drilled hole and have an occasional influence on the alignment and
anchored in the rock at the end (end anchorage) or the gradient of the tunnel. Therefore, ancillary
facilities of the tunnel should planned synthetically
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
 14
by examining comprehensively the relationship
between the plan of facilities, ease of construction,
maintenance, etc.: C¸c ph−¬ng tiÖn phô trî cña
®−êng hÇm nh− phôc vô th«ng giã, chiÕu s¸ng, an
toµn giao th«ng… cã ¶nh h−ëng nhÊt ®Þnh ®Õn h−íng
tuyÕn vµ ®é dèc cña hÇm. Do ®ã, c¸c ph−¬ng tiÖn
phô trî nµy ph¶i ®−îc ho¹ch ®Þnh mét c¸ch tæng hîp
b»ng c¸ch nghiªn cøu kü l−ìng mèi quan hÖ gi÷a vÞ
trÝ cña chóng, møc ®é dÔ dµng thi c«ng, viÖc b¶o
d−ìng v.v…
anemometer /,æni'mɔmitə/ n thiÕt bÞ ®o giã:
Instrument for measuring air velocity; available for
monitoring and control of ventilation in the tunnels.
The propeller runs in the forward/reverse direction
to detect the wind direction and speed in the tunnel:
ThiÕt bÞ ®Ó ®o vËn tèc giã; cã s½n nhiÒu lo¹i ®Ó theo
dâi vµ kiÓm so¸t th«ng giã trong hÇm. C¸nh qu¹t cã
thÓ ch¹y theo hai h−íng ng−îc chiÒu ®Ó ph¸t hiÖn
h−íng vµ vËn tèc cña giã trong hÇm.
ANFO /“nfou/ n thuèc næ ANFO: Anfo is a
mixture of Ammonium Nitrate NH4NO3 and Fuel Oil
(carbonizing agent, 5.7%), in which ammonium
nitrate acts as the oxidizer and fuel oil acts as the
fuel. Anfo offers great economy and safety in modern
blasting applications: Anfo lµ mét hçn hîp cña
amoni-nitrat vµ dÇu nhiªn liÖu (chÊt ®èt ch¸y -
5.7%), trong ®ã nitrat am«n ®ãng vai trß chÊt «xy
hãa vµ dÇu nhiªn liÖu ®ãng vai trß chÊt ®èt. Anfo cã
tÝnh kinh tÕ vµ an toµn cao trong c¸c øng dông næ
m×n hiÖn ®¹i.
Table 6. Technical properties of ANFO (TÝnh chÊt kü thuËt cña
ANFO)
Density (Tû träng) kg/dm3 0.9
Detonation velocity (VËn tèc m/s 2000 - 4000
truyÒn næ)
Explosion propagation (Cù ly cm 0 annular space /'ænjulə 'speis/ n kho¶ng trèng h×nh
truyÒn næ)
Gas production (L−îng khÝ s¶n l/kg 970
sinh)
Explosion heat (NhiÖt næ m×n) MJ/kg 3.8
Strength/unit weight (§é m¹nh) S 0.9
Strength/unit volume (§é 0.7 - 0.8
m¹nh)
angle of friction (angle of shearing resistance)
/'“–gl ”v 'frik‘n/ n gãc ma s¸t (gãc chèng c¾t):
The shear resistance of an assembly of particles is
essentially frictional in character. The angle of
shearing resistance φ embraces effects of
interlocking of particles and their rolling and sliding
actions when subjected to shear. The value of φ is
dependent on the soil (rock) minerals, and it is also
a function of the particle shape, size and grading,
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
and the initial density of packing of the soil: Søc
chèng c¾t cña mét tËp hîp h¹t r¾n vÒ b¶n chÊt chñ
yÕu lµ cã tÝnh ma s¸t. Gãc chèng c¾t φ bao hµm t¸c
dông cµi mãc víi nhau cña c¸c h¹t r¾n vµ c¸c hµnh
vi l¨n, tr−ît cña chóng khi chÞu t¸c dông cña lùc c¾t.
Gi¸ trÞ cña φ phô thuéc vµo kho¸ng vËt ®Êt ®¸, ®ång
thêi nã còng lµ hµm cña h×nh d¹ng, kÝch cì vµ cÊp
phèi h¹t, còng nh− ®é chÆt ban ®Çu cña sù chÌn lÊp
®Êt.
angle of repose /'“–gl ”v ri'pouz/ n gãc nghØ: The
maximum angle from horizontal at which a given
material will rest on a given surface without sliding
or rolling: Lµ gãc lín nhÊt tÝnh tõ ph−¬ng ngang mµ
t¹i ®ã mét vËt liÖu ®· cho sÏ n»m æn ®Þnh trªn mét
bÒ mÆt cho tr−íc mµ kh«ng bÞ tr−ît hoÆc l¨n o
Where tunnels are excavated through earth or shale,
any excavation above or adjacent to portal areas
shall be sloped to the angle of repose or held in
place by ground supports: Khi hÇm ®−îc ®µo qua
nÒn ®Êt hay ®¸ phiÕn, bÊt cø c«ng t¸c ®µo nµo ë phÝa
trªn hay gÇn kÒ khu vùc cæng hÇm ®Òu ph¶i ®−îc t¹o
m¸i dèc theo gãc nghØ hoÆc ®îc gi÷ t¹i chç b»ng kÕt
cÊu chèng ®ì ®Êt.
anisotropy /,ænai'sɔtrəpi/ n tÝnh bÊt ®¼ng h−íng:
Characterises a material which has different
properties in different directions: §Æc tr−ng cña mét
vËt liÖu cã c¸c tÝnh chÊt kh¸c nhau theo c¸c h−íng
kh¸c nhau.
annular filler /'ænjulə 'filə/ n vËt liÖu lÊp kho¶ng
trèng h×nh xuyÕn (gi÷a vá hÇm/èng cèng vµ nÒn ®Êt):
Material for grouting the annulus between the
existing pipeline and the lining system: Lµ vËt liÖu
dïng cho c«ng t¸c b¬m v÷a vµo kho¶ng trèng h×nh
xuyÕn gi÷a ®−êng èng cò vµ hÖ thèng vá x©y.
xuyÕn, lç rçng h×nh èng (gi÷a vá hÇm vµ nÒn ®Êt
®¸): The overcut void formed by the outside diameter
of the shield or head around the tunnel lining: Lµ
kho¶ng trèng ®µo réng t¹o thµnh bëi ®−êng kÝnh
ngoµi cña khiªn ®µo hoÆc ®Çu c¾t xung quanh vá
hÇm.
annulus /'ænjuləs/ n kho¶ng trèng h×nh xuyÕn:
Cavity between pipeline and the surrounding earth
which occurs because of the slight intersect of the
cutter head to the pipeline: Lµ hang trèng gi÷a
®−êng èng/hÇm vµ nÒn ®Êt xung quanh, xuÊt hiÖn do
sù h¬i giao nhau gi÷a ®Çu c¾t (cña m¸y TBM) víi
èng/hÇm.
anti roll jack /'“nti roul dʒ“k/ n kÝch chèng
xoay/ l¨n (trong m¸y ®µo hÇm TBM).
 15
anti-rotation fin /'“nti rou'tei∫n fin/ n c¸nh/s−ên
chèng xoay (trong m¸y ®µo hÇm TBM).
aperture /'“p”t‘”/ n ®é më, lç hæng, khe hë; khÈu
®é: "Aperture" is the perpendicular distance
between adjacent walls of an open discontinuity, in
which the intervening space is filled by air or water.
It should be distinguished from the width of an
infilled discontinuity. Apertures are caused by a
number of factors, such as tensile opening, washing
out of infilling materials, solution, or shear
displacement of discontinuities with significant
roughness: "§é më" lµ kho¶ng c¸ch vu«ng gãc gi÷a
hai t−êng kÒ nhau cña mét khe nøt më, trong ®ã
kh«ng gian ë gi÷a ®−îc lÊp b»ng kh«ng khÝ hoÆc
n−íc. Nã cÇn ®−îc ph©n biÖt víi bÒ réng cña mét vÕt
nøt ®−îc tr¸m ®Çy. §é më g©y ra do mét sè nguyªn
nh©n, nh− sù gi·n në, röa tr«i vËt liÖu chÌn lÊp, hoµ
tan, hay do biÕn d¹ng c¾t cña vÕt nøt cã ®é nh¸m lín
o Description of aperture size is important because
it has a marked effect on the shear strength and
hydraulic conductivity of a discontinuity: M« t¶ kÝch
th−íc ®é më lµ quan träng bëi v× nã cã mét t¸c ®éng
®¸ng kÓ tíi c−êng ®é chèng c¾t vµ tÝnh l−u thñy cña
mét vÕt nøt.
application /,“pli'kei‘n/ n sù øng dông; sù ¸p dông;
sù ®−a vµo ho¹t ®éng: There were essentially two,
seemingly different tunnelling schools, which could
be clearly distinguished from one another both in
their application areas and in terms of cost: the
“New Austrian Tunnelling Method” (NATM), and
the shielded “Tunnel Boring Machines” (TBM).
There may be a failure to evaluate the measured
data on the basis of a rational mechanical analysis.
Thus, the application of the observational method,
which is claimed to be a basic procedure in
tunnelling, is virtually incomplete and more or less
useless as the engineers in the practice are unable to
interprete the obtained data: Tr−íc ®©y vÒ c¬ b¶n cã
hai tr−êng ph¸i lµm hÇm cã vÎ kh¸c nhau, chóng
®−îc ph©n biÖt víi nhau râ rµng trong ph¹m vi ¸p
dông cña chóng còng nh− vÒ gi¸ thµnh: NATM vµ
TBM. §«i lóc kh«ng thÓ ®¸nh gi¸ ®−îc d÷ liÖu ®o
®−îc dùa trªn mét ph©n tÝch c¬ häc hîp lý. Do ®ã,
viÖc ¸p dông ph−¬ng ph¸p quan tr¾c, mµ nã ®−îc coi
lµ mét thñ tôc c¬ b¶n trong lµm hÇm, hÇu nh− lµ
ch−a ®ñ vµ gÇn nh− lµ v« Ých v× c¸c kü s− thùc hµnh
kh«ng cã kh¶ n¨ng ph©n tÝch d÷ liÖu thu ®−îc o
The application of linear heat detection cable in
tunnels is the most suitable method of fire detection
in view of its high reliability, low maintenance, and
long monitoring lengths available: ViÖc sö dông c¸p
c¶m nhiÖt dµi trong hÇm lµ ph−¬ng ph¸p b¸o ch¸y
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
thÝch hîp nhÊt do ®é tin cËy cao, Ýt b¶o d−ìng, vµ
kho¶ng c¸ch gi¸m s¸t rÊt dµi cña nã.
apportionment of construction risk /ə'pɔ:∫nmənt
əv kən'strʌk∫n risk/ n sù chia sÎ rñi ro trong thi
c«ng.
approach road /”'prout‘ roud/ n ®−êng dÉn: The
portions of the tunnel roadway which extend beyond
the portals are classed as the tunnel approaches:
PhÇn ®−êng xe ch¹y cña hÇm n»m bªn ngoµi cöa
hÇm ®−îc gäi lµ ®−êng dÉn vµo hÇm.
approach zone /”'prout∫ zoun/ n ®o¹n
(vïng) dÉn vµo, vïng ®iÒu khiÓn tiÕp cËn: From the
point of view of lighting, the tunnel is broken down
into the following sections/zones: (a) approach zone;
(b) entrance section, further subdivided into the
accommodation and transition sections; (c) interior
section: Tõ quan ®iÓm chiÕu s¸ng, hÇm ®−îc chia
lµm c¸c ®o¹n/vïng sau ®©y: (a) vïng dÉn vµo hÇm,
(b) vïng cöa vµo, ®−îc chia nhá thµnh vïng thÝch
nghi vµ cïng chuyÓn tiÕp; (c) vïng chiÕu s¸ng bªn
trong o Emergency alarm equipment can be used
to notify the abnormality promptly to tunnel users in
the tunnel and approach zone or to prevent vehicles
from entering the tunnel in case of an accident. This
system is composed of entrance information boards
at tunnel entrances and in-tunnel information boards
in laybys in tunnel: Cã thÓ sö dông thiÕt bÞ b¸o ®éng
khÈn cÊp cã ®Ó th«ng b¸o sù bÊt th−êng ngay lËp tøc
cho ng−êi sö dông hÇm ë bªn trong hÇm vµ ë vïng
dÉn vµo hÇm hoÆc ®Ó ng¨n c¸c xe cé kh«ng cho ®i
vµo hÇm trong tr−êng hîp x¶y ra tai n¹n. HÖ thèng
nµy gåm cã c¸c b¶ng tin ngoµi cæng hÇm vµ c¸c
b¶ng tin trong hÇm t¹i c¸c phÇn më réng quay/tr¸nh
xe.
aqueduct and sewer tunnels /'“kwidʌkt “nd
'su:” tʌn”lz/ n c¸c hÇm dÉn n−íc vµ hÇm th¶i n−íc
(®−êng hÇm dÉn n−íc th¶i): Used to convey fresh
water or sanitary wastes and storm water, the sizes
and construction of these tunnels vary according to
local conditions: §−îc dïng ®Ó dÉn n−íc s¹ch hoÆc
chÊt th¶i vÖ sinh vµ n−íc m−a, kÝch th−íc vµ sù thi
c«ng c¸c ®−êng hÇm nµy thay ®æi phô thuéc vµo c¸c
®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa ph−¬ng (t¹i chç).
aquiclude /'ækwiklu:d/ n thµnh hÖ Ýt thÊm: 1. Rock
formation that, although porous and capable of
absorbing water slowly, does not transmit water fast
enough to furnish an appreciable supply for a well
or spring. 2. An impermeable rock formation that
may contain water but is incapable of transmitting
significant water quantities. Usually functions as an
upper or lower boundary of an aquifer: 1. Lµ thµnh
 16
hÖ ®¸ mµ, mÆc dï rçng vµ cã kh¶ n¨ng hÊp thô n−íc
chËm, kh«ng thÓ cho n−íc ®i qua ®ñ nhanh ®Ó t¹o ra
mét l−îng cung cÊp ®¸ng kÓ cho mét giÕng hay mét
suèi. 2. Lµ mét thµnh hÖ ®¸ kh«ng thÊm mµ nã cã thÓ
chøa n−íc nh−ng kh«ng thÓ cho truyÒn qua mét
l−îng lín n−íc. Th−êng ®ãng vai trß lµ biªn trªn hay
biªn d−íi cña mét tÇng ngËm n−íc.
aquifer /'ækwifə/ n tÇng ngËm n−íc: A geologic
formation, group of formations, or part of a
formation that contains sufficient saturated
permeable material to yield significant quantities of
water to springs and wells. Water-bearing stratum
within the earth's crust: Lµ mét thµnh hÖ ®Þa chÊt,
nhãm thµnh hÖ, hay mét phÇn cña mét thµnh hÖ mµ
nã chøa vËt liÖu thÊm ®−îc cã ®ñ ®é b·o hßa ®Ó s¶n
ra nh÷ng l−îng n−íc ®¸ng kÓ cho c¸c con suèi vµ
giÕng. §¬n gi¶n lµ tÇng chøa n−íc trong lßng vá qu¶
®Êt.
aquitard /'ækwita:d/ n thµnh hÖ gi÷ n−íc: A
formation that retards but does not prevent water
moving to or from an adjacent aquifer. It does not
yield water readily to wells or springs, but may store
groundwater: Lµ mét thµnh hÖ mµ nã gi÷ n−íc
nh−ng kh«ng c¶n trë n−íc di chuyÓn ®Õn hay ®i khái
mét tÇng ngËm n−íc kÕ bªn. Nã kh«ng dÔ dµng cung
cÊp n−íc cho c¸c giÕng hay suèi, nh−ng cã thÓ dù tr÷
®−îc n−íc ngÇm.
arbitration /,ɑ:bi'trei∫n/ n sự phân xử: A
procedure for the resolution of a dispute,
administrated by an arbitral team: Là một thủ tục
nhằm giải quyết một tranh chấp, được chủ trì bởi
một nhóm trọng tài phân xử.
arch /ɑ:t∫/ n vßm: The configuration of the
upper portion of a tunnel section above the
springline (crown, roof or back of a tunnel): Lµ biªn
d¹ng phÇn phÝa trªn cña mét tiÕt diÖn hÇm, n»m bªn
trªn ®−êng ph©n chia vßm-t−êng (®Ønh, m¸i hay l−ng
hÇm) o For aesthetic and construction reasons, a
structure could be curved in elevation resulting in an
arch. Common shape of arches are semicircular,
segments of an arc of a circle and parabolic. The net
bending moment in the arch due to vertical loads is
reduced by the effect of the horizontal reaction H at
the arch support. Thus an arch can be economically
used for spans much larger than the corresponding
beam: V× lý do thÈm mü vµ lý do thi c«ng, mét kÕt
cÊu cã thÓ ®−îc uèn cong theo chiÒu ®øng ®Ó t¹o
thµnh mét vßm. D¹ng phæ biÕn cña vßm lµ h×nh b¸n
nguyÖt, c¸c ®o¹n cung cña mét ®−êng trßn vµ d¹ng
parab«n. M«men uèn thùc trong vßm g©y bëi c¸c lùc
th¼ng ®øng sÏ ®−îc gi¶m ®i nhê t¸c dông cña ph¶n
lùc ngang H t¹i ch©n vßm. Do ®ã, mét vßm cã thÓ
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
®−îc ¸p dông mét c¸ch kinh tÕ cho nh÷ng nhÞp lín
h¬n nhiÒu so víi mét dÇm t−¬ng tù.
arch pour /ɑ:t∫ p˜:/ n vá hÇm phÇn t−êng vµ
vßm; sù ®æ bªt«ng vßm hÇm: All the tunnel lining
except the bottom section; also, the process in which
this lining is poured; See "invert pour": TÊt c¶ vá
hÇm ngo¹i trõ phÇn ®¸y; còng cßn lµ qu¸ tr×nh ®æ
bªt«ng phÇn vá hÇm nµy; Xem "invert pour".
arch ribs /ɑ:t∫ ribz/ n s−ên chèng vßm hÇm: It
is intended in the design of the underground caverns
that the excavated roof of the machine hall and
transformer hall would be supported by rock bolts as
temporary support, with the permanent being
provided by reinforced concrete arch ribs. For this
purpose, only the roof section of the caverns would
be excavated initially. The arch ribs would then be
constructed, and then the remainder of the cavern
below roof level is to be excavated: ý ®å cña thiÕt kÕ
hang ngÇm lµ m¸i vßm võa ®µo cña gian m¸y vµ
gian biÕn thÕ cã thÓ chèng ®ì b»ng bul«ng (neo ®¸)
t¹m thêi, råi x©y dùng c¸c s−ên chèng vÜnh cöu b»ng
bªt«ng cèt thÐp. Nh»m môc ®Ých nµy, chØ cã phÇn
vßm phÝa trªn cña hang lµ ®−îc ®µo lóc ban ®Çu.
Sau ®ã thi c«ng c¸c s−ên chèng vßm, råi ®µo ®Õn
phÇn thÒm hang cßn l¹i bªn d−íi.
arching /ɑ:t∫iô/ n sù t¹o vßm: Fracture processes
around a mine opening, leading to stabilization by
an arching effect: Lµ qu¸ tr×nh ph©n bè l¹i ®Êt ®¸
xung quanh mét hang ngÇm, dÉn tíi æn ®Þnh hãa
b»ng hiÖu øng t¹o vßm o The transfer of stress
from a yielding part of a soil or rock mass to
adjoining less-yielding or restrained parts of the
mass (ASTM): Lµ sù truyÒn øng suÊt tõ mét phÇn
ph¸ ho¹i dÎo cña mét khèi ®Êt hay ®¸ sang c¸c phÇn
ë l©n cËn cßn nguyªn tr¹ng hoÆc Ýt bÞ ph¸ ho¹i h¬n
cña khèi ®Êt ®¸ ®ã (theo ASTM).
arching (action) /ɑ:t∫iô/ n sù x©y cuèn (vßm),
sù h×nh thµnh vßm ¸p lùc (®Êt, ®¸): The soil actually
arches over the burried structure (e.g. tunnels) like a
masonry arch. (In fact masonry is but soil, possibly
with a binder added to it). Arching action of the soil
thus reduces the pressure on the structure. Arching
action depends on soil strength and on the relative
compression of soil and structure, and compression
of the structure depends on arching action of the
soil: NÒn ®Êt thùc tÕ cuèn vßng cung bªn trªn kÕt
cÊu vïi lÊp (v.d hÇm) gièng nh− mét vßm x©y vËy.
(ThËt ra vßm x©y chØ cã ®Êt th«i, cã thÓ cã mét chÊt
g¾n kÕt cho thªm vµo). Do vËy, t¸c dông t¹o vßm cña
®Êt sÏ lµm gi¶m ¸p lùc t¸c dông lªn kÕt cÊu. Sù h×nh
thµnh vßm ¸p lùc phô thuéc vµo c−êng ®é ®Êt vµ vµo
 17
®é chÞu nÐn t−¬ng ®èi cña ®Êt vµ kÕt cÊu; ng−îc l¹i
®é chÞu nÐn cña kÕt cÊu còng phô thuéc vµo sù h×nh
thµnh vßm ¸p lùc cña ®Êt.
areas regulations (AR) /'eəriə ,regju'lei∫n/ n
quy ®Þnh vÒ ph¹m vi (diÖn tÝch): Used for limited
areas and in certain respects to secure the purposes
of the Structure Plan (SP). ARs are binding for
private and public: Dïng cho c¸c khu vùc h¹n chÕ
vµ trong mét sè khÝa c¹nh nhÊt ®Þnh ®Ó ®¶m b¶o
®−îc c¸c môc ®Ých cña §å ¸n KÕt cÊu (SP). C¸c quy
®Þnh nµy lµ b¾t buéc cho c¶ c¸ nh©n vµ c«ng chóng.
artesian /ɑ:'ti:ziən/ n tÇng chøa n−íc ¸p lùc: An
aquifer or water bearing zone where the piezometric
surface (pressure level) is above ground surface: Lµ
mét tÇng ngËm n−íc hay khu vùc chøa n−íc ë ®ã mÆt
¸p suÊt (møc ¸p suÊt) n»m cao h¬n mÆt ®Êt tù nhiªn.
artesian condition /ɑ:'ti:ziən kən'di∫n/ n ®iÒu
kiÖn n−íc cã ¸p: Groundwater confined under
hydrostatic pressure. The water level in an artesian
well stands above the top of the artesian water body
it taps. If the water level in an artesian well stands
above the land surface, the well is a flowing artesian
well: N−íc ngÇm bÞ nÐn Ðp d−íi ¸p lùc thñy tÜnh.
Mùc n−íc trong mét cã ¸p th−êng cao h¬n ®iÓm cao
nhÊt cña khèi n−íc cã ¸p mµ nã b¾t nguån tõ ®ã.
NÕu mùc n−íc trong mét giÕng cã ¸p n»m cao h¬n
mÆt ®Êt tù nhiªn, th× ®ã lµ mét giÕng phun.
articulated cutterhead /ɑ:'tikjuleitid 'kʌt”hed/ n
®Çu c¾t cã khíp (m¸y TBM). A shield or cutting head
which is in two sections allowing the front section to
be angularly deflected: Mét khiªn hay ®Çu c¾t cã hai
phÇn cho phÐp phÇn phÝa tr−íc vâng xuèng mét gãc.
articulation cylinders /ɑ:,tikju'lei∫n 'silind”/ n
c¸c xilanh cã trôc/khíp: In TBM target information
would be processed by one of TMS's PC104 Tunnel
Computers which would also manage all the other
below ground functions including: start/stop of the
main drive motors, torque, hydraulic operation of
the slurry by-pass system valves, on/off of the below
ground power pack, actuation and measurement of
the articulation cylinders, measurement of face
pressure, and measurement of slurry pressures:
Trong m¸y khoan hÇm TBM, c¸c th«ng tin cã thÓ
®−îc xö lý bëi mét m¸y tÝnh TMS PC104, nã còng
qu¶n lý mäi chøc n¨ng bªn d−íi mÆt ®Êt kh¸c bao
gåm: khëi ®éng/t¾t m«t¬ ®µo chÝnh, m«men quay,
ho¹t ®éng thñy lùc cña c¸c van hÖ thèng ®æi h−íng
v÷a khoan, t¾t/më bé nguån d−íi ngÇm, kÝch ho¹t vµ
®o ®¹c c¸c xilanh cã khíp, ®o ¸p lùc g−¬ng ®µo, vµ
®o ¸p lùc v÷a khoan.
artificial cavern /,ɑ:ti'fi∫əl 'kævən/ n hang
ngÇm nh©n t¹o: Limestone in a wet environment will
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
dissolve by the action of carbonic acid and can form
deep crevasses filled with weathering products or
underground caverns, following the trend of faults
and joints: §¸ v«i trong mét m«i tr−êng −ít sÏ bÞ
hßa tan do t¸c dông cña axit cacbonic vµ cã thÓ t¹o
thµnh nh÷ng r·nh nøt s©u lÊp ®Çy bëi c¸c vËt chÊt
phong hãa hoÆc c¸c hang ®éng ngÇm, ph¸t triÓn theo
h−íng cña c¸c ®øt g·y vµ khe nøt.
aseismic design / 'dizain/ n thiÕt kÕ chèng ®éng
®Êt: Research needs in earthquake engineering are
not limited to strengthening and rehabilitating
seismically deficient structures. Improved design
and construction guidelines are needed for new
structures. Many aspects of aseismic design require
further research for improved structural
performance and economy: Nhu cÇu nghiªn cøu vÒ
lÜnh vùc ®éng ®Êt kh«ng chØ giíi h¹n ë viÖc gia
c−êng vµ c¶i t¹o c¸c kÕt cÊu yÕu vÒ mÆt chÞu ®Þa
chÊn. CÇn ph¶i cã c¸c h−íng dÉn t©n tiÕn vÒ thiÕt kÕ
vµ thi c«ng c¸c c«ng tr×nh míi o Base isolation
has been proposed as an economical approach to
aseismic design for many types of buildings and
structural systems. In general, the base of a
structure is isolated when a support system with
extremely low horizontal stiffness limits the
transmittal of horizontal shear from the ground to
the structure: C¸ch ly mãng ®−îc xem lµ mét ph−¬ng
ph¸p kinh tÕ trong thiÕt kÕ chèng ®éng ®Êt cho nhiÒu
d¹ng nhµ cöa vµ hÖ thèng kÕt cÊu. Nãi chung, mãng
mét c«ng tr×nh ®−îc c¸ch ly khi mét hÖ thèng chèng
®ì víi ®é cøng ngang rÊt bÐ ®−îc dïng ®Ó h¹n chÕ sù
truyÒn lùc c¾t ngang tõ ®Êt vµo c«ng tr×nh o For
the aseismic design of critical facilities, such as
hospitals, in addition to the concern for the primary
structure, ample consideration also must be given to
the performance of secondary systems and building
contents: §èi víi thiÕt kÕ chèng ®éng ®Êt cho c¸c
c«ng tr×nh quan träng, vÝ dô bÖnh viÖn, th× ngoµi sù
quan t©m dµnh cho kÕt cÊu chÝnh, còng cÇn ph¶i chó
ý rÊt nhiÒu ®Õn tÝnh n¨ng lµm viÖc cña c¸c hÖ thèng
phô vµ c¸c bé phËn phi kÕt cÊu cña tßa nhµ.
as-built drawings /“z-bilt 'dr˜:i–z/ n b¶n vÏ hoµn
c«ng, b¶n vÏ ®óng nh− ®· ®−îc thi c«ng trªn thùc tÕ:
Within 4 weeks of completion of the related works,
the Contractor shall submit 2 plastics and 4 prints of
the as-built drawings. These drawings shall include
details of actual camber achieved, details of
temporary bracings left in the works, etc.: Trong
vßng 4 tuÇn sau khi hoµn thµnh c¸c c«ng viÖc liªn
quan, Nhµ thÇu cÇn tr×nh 2 b¶n ®Üa mÒm vµ 4 b¶n in
cña c¸c b¶n vÏ hoµn c«ng. C¸c b¶n vÏ nµy sÏ m« t¶
 18
c¸c chi tiÕt vÒ ®é vång thùc tÕ ®¹t ®−îc, chi tiÕt vÒ
c¸c gi»ng chèng t¹m bá l¹i trong c«ng tr×nh, v.v...
as-built monumentation /“z-bilt 'm˜njumentei‘n/
n sù lËp c¸c mèc hoµn c«ng: After completion of the
tunnels, permanent centerline monuments and
benchmarks are placed in the tunnel. From these
monuments, measurements are taken radially to
critical clearance points to ensure that the clearance
envelope is in accordance with design requirements:
Sau khi hoµn thµnh hÇm, c¸c bia vµ mèc tim cè ®Þnh
®−îc ®Æt trong hÇm. Tõ nh÷ng bia mèc nµy, c¸c phÐp
®o theo ph−¬ng b¸n kÝnh ®èi víi c¸c ®iÓm tÜnh kh«ng
quan träng sÏ ®−îc thùc hiÖn ®Ó ®¶m b¶o r»ng
®−êng bao tÜnh kh«ng ®· ®óng theo yªu cÇu thiÕt kÕ.
as-is survey /“z-iz 's”:vei/ n sù kh¶o s¸t t¹i chç,
viÖc kh¶o s¸t thùc tÕ [thùc ®Þa]: A tunnel restoration
project will accomplish the completion of an "as-is"
survey to locate components and systems at risk and
establish priority lists of sites/items to be worked on
in various categories: Mét dù ¸n c¶i t¹o hÇm th−êng
ph¶i tiÕn hµnh mét cuéc kh¶o s¸t thùc ®Þa ®Ó x¸c
®Þnh nh÷ng bé phËn vµ hÖ thèng cã nguy c¬ vµ thiÕt
lËp mét danh s¸ch c¸c ®Þa ®iÓm/h¹ng môc cÇn ph¶i
xö lý theo c¸c cÊp h¹ng kh¸c nhau o It is required
that all survey data be collected electronically for
the preparation of baseplans. A baseplan, also
known as an "existing conditions" plan, is a
graphical representation of the preliminary "as is"
survey data: Mäi d÷ liÖu kh¶o s¸t ph¶i ®−îc thu thËp
d−íi d¹ng ®iÖn tö ®Ó phôc vô cho viÖc chuÈn bÞ c¸c
quy ho¹ch c¬ së. Mét quy ho¹ch c¬ së, còng gäi lµ
mét quy ho¹ch "®iÒu kiÖn tù nhiªn", lµ mét b¶n tr×nh
bµy vÒ ®Þa lý c¸c d÷ liÖu kh¶o s¸t "t¹i chç" ®Çu tiªn.
ash /“‘/ n tro, tµn: Pyroclastic rock material of
sand-, silt- and clay-size (i.e. < 2mm), subdivided
into coarse ash for sand-size and fine ash for silt-
and clay-size. Descriptive term for tuff composed
wholly or predominantly of these grain sized: Lµ vËt
liÖu ®¸ cao nhiÖt cã kÝch th−íc cì h¹t c¸t, bïn vµ sÐt
(tøc lµ < 2 mm), ®−îc ph©n lµm tro th« cã cì h¹t c¸t
vµ tro mÞn cì h¹t bïn sÐt. Lµ thuËt ng÷ m« t¶ cho ®¸
tro nói löa cÊu t¹o hoµn toµn hoÆc chñ yÕu tõ cì h¹t
nµy o Fly ash is used as cement replacement in
concrete to good effect. Underground, however, its
variability and possible adverse effect on set warrant
not recommending it: Bôi tro ®−îc dïng thay cho
xim¨ng trong bªt«ng cã t¸c dông tèt. Tuy nhiªn, ®èi
víi ngÇm d−íi ®Êt, tÝnh hay thay ®æi vµ t¸c ®éng xÊu
cã thÓ cña nã ®èi víi sù ®«ng cøng khiÕn ng−êi ta
kh«ng muèn khuyÕn c¸o sö dông nã.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
ashlar /'“‘l”/ n ®¸ khèi, ®¸ héc: rough ashlar: ®¸
héc th« o Ashlar masonry was used for lining
early highway tunnels: Sù x©y b»ng ®¸ héc ®−îc ¸p
dông ®Ó lµm vá hÇm cho c¸c hÇm « t« ngµy x−a.
aspect ratio of fiber /'“spekt 'rei‘iou ”v 'faib”/ n
tû sè h×nh d¹ng cña sîi thÐp: The ratio of length-to-
diameter (or equivalent diameter) of the fiber: Lµ tû
sè gi÷a chiÒu dµi trªn ®−êng kÝnh (hoÆc ®−êng kÝnh
t−¬ng ®−¬ng) cña cèt sîi thÐp dïng cho bªt«ng phun.
asphalt /'“sf“lt/ n atfan, nhùa ®−êng: A
general term for certain mixtures of asphaltic
cement and mineral matter: Mét thuËt ng÷ chung chØ
c¸c hçn hîp nhÊt ®Þnh cña chÊt g¾n kÕt atfan vµ
kho¸ng chÊt.
asphaltic cement /“s'f“ltik si'ment/ n chÊt
g¾n kÕt atfan, chÊt g¾n kÕt nhùa ®−êng: Bitumen, a
mixture of lake asphalt and bitumen, or lake asphalt
and flux oils or pitch or bitumen, with cementing
qualities suitable for the manufacture of asphalt
pavements: Bitum, mét hçn hîp cña atfan hå vµ
bitum, hay cña atfan hå vµ dÇu trî dung hay dÇu h¾c
Ýn hay bitum, víi c¸c tÝnh chÊt g¾n kÕt thÝch hîp cho
viÖc x©y dùng mÆt ®−êng atphan.
asphaltic concrete /“s'f“ltik 'k˜nkri:t/ n
bªt«ng atphan: Before any asphaltic concrete paving
is constructed, the Contractor shall submit the
proposed actual design mix to the Owner for review
and/or approval. Design mix shall include the
type/name of the mix, gradation analysis, asphalt
cement grade used, Marshall Stability (lbs), flow,
effective asphalt content (percent), and direct
references to the applicable highway specifications
sections for each material. Provide asphaltic
concrete mixture as recommended by local or state
paving authorities to suit project conditions. Place
asphalt concrete mixture on completed compacted
subgrade surface, spread, and strike off: Tr−íc khi
thi c«ng bÊt cø c«ng viÖc tr¶i th¶m bªt«ng ¸tphan
nµo, Nhµ thÇu ph¶i tr×nh thiÕt kÕ hçn hîp thùc tÕ
muèn dïng lªn Chñ ®Çu t− ®Ó xem xÐt vµ/hoÆc chÊp
thuËn. ThiÕt kÕ hçn hîp ph¶i cã ®ñ lo¹i/tªn hçn hîp,
thµnh phÇn cì h¹t, m¸c xim¨ng ¸tphan sö dông, ®é
æn ®Þnh Marshall, ®é ch¶y, hµm l−îng ¸tphan cã
hiÖu (%), vµ tham chiÕu ®Õn c¸c tiªu chuÈn thÝch
hîp cho mçi vËt liÖu. Cung cÊp hçn hîp bªt«ng
¸tphan nh− khuyÕn c¸o bëi c¸c c¬ quan thÈm quyÒn
nhµ n−íc hay ®Þa ph−¬ng ®Ó phï hîp víi ®iÒu kiÖn
dù ¸n. §æ hçn hîp bªt«ng ¸tphan trªn mÆt nÒn ®Çm
chÆt, san réng, vµ g¹t ph¼ng.
asphyxiate /”s'fiksieit/ v lµm ng¹t thë: During a
disastrous tunnel fire in Mont Blanc tunnel, flaming
 19
margarine pours across the roadway. The tunnel
explodes into inferno and chaos. Ten drivers try to
pull U-turns, but oily, noxious clouds blind and
asphyxiate them: Trong vô ch¸y lín ë hÇm Mont
Blanc, b¬ thùc vËt dÔ ch¸y ®æ ra mÆt ®−êng. §−êng
hÇm biÕn thµnh mét c¶nh rïng rîn vµ hçn lo¹n.
M−êi l¸i xe cè g¾ng quay ng−îc xe, nh−ng c¸c ®¸m
khãi ®Çy dÇu ®éc h¹i lµm mï m¾t hä vµ lµm hä ng¹t
thë o Natural gases from the ground can mix with
air in an excavation to form an atmosphere that can
explode, irritate, poison or asphyxiate the occupants.
These are poorly understood at present. However,
gas is a subject of considerable research in
environmental remediation, petroleum exploration,
coal science, and geothermal energy development:
C¸c khÝ tù nhiªn trong lßng ®Êt cã thÓ hoµn trén víi
kh«ng khÝ trong khoang ®µo ®Ó t¹o thµnh mét bÇu
khÝ quyÓn cã thÓ næ, g©y dÞ øng, ®Çu ®éc hoÆc lµm
chÕt ng¹t ng−êi trong ®ã. HiÖn nay nh÷ng ®iÒu nµy
cßn ch−a ®−îc hiÓu râ. Tuy nhiªn, khÝ gas lµ mét ®èi
t−îng nghiªn cøu ®−îc chó ý trong viÖc c¶i t¹o m«i
tr−êng, khai th¸c dÇu má, khoa häc vÒ than, vµ ph¸t
triÓn n¨ng l−îng ®Þa nhiÖt.
asphyxiation /”s,fiksi'ei‘n/ n sù lµm ng¹t thë: In
the event of a fire, the ventilation system would
initially respond automatically to the reduced
visibility (due to fire smoke) by ventilating in one
direction to control air quality. This will lead to hot
smoke being passed over the opposing queue of
traffic. The worst scenario is with a fire located
closest to the supply (normal entrance) portal or
shaft, where the smoke would be passed over the
longest queue of traffic. Reversing the airflow of the
fans would take time (notionally 20 minutes) leading
to smoke logging of the whole tunnel and the risk of
mass asphyxiation: Khi x¶y ch¸y trong hÇm, hÖ
thèng th«ng giã cã thÓ ®èi phã tù ®éng víi tÇm nh×n
®· bÞ h¹n chÕ (do khãi) b»ng c¸ch th«ng giã theo
mét h−íng ®Ó kiÓm so¸t ®−îc chÊt l−îng kh«ng khÝ.
ViÖc nµy sÏ khiÕn cho khãi nãng sÏ thæi qua luång
giao th«ng ë phÝa ®èi diÖn. C¶nh t−îng tåi tÖ nhÊt lµ
khi mét vô ch¸y x¶y ra gÇn ngay víi cöa hay giÕng
cung cÊp (lèi vµo b×nh th−êng), t¹i ®ã khãi sÏ thæi
qua dßng giao th«ng dµi nhÊt. ViÖc ®æi chiÒu luång
khÝ cña c¸c qu¹t ph¶n lùc sÏ rÊt mÊt thêi gian
(kho¶ng 20 phót) dÉn tíi t¾c nghÏn khãi trong toµn
®−êng hÇm vµ nguy c¬ ng¹t thë ®ång lo¹t.
assembled form /”'sembld f˜:m/ n v¸n khu«n l¾p
ghÐp: The assembled form should have a structure to
facilitate assembling and releasing: V¸n khu«n l¾p
ghÐp cÇn cã cÊu t¹o sao cho dÔ dµng l¾p r¸p vµ th¸o
dì.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
assessment (or evaluation) of projects /”'sesm”nt
,vælju'ei∫n əv 'prədʒekt/ n sù thÈm ®Þnh (®¸nh
gi¸) dù ¸n: These studies take account of three types
of effects of a scheme : (1) those which are
quantified and valued in terms of money, (2) those
which are quantified but not valued, (3) those which
are not quantified. It cannot produce a definitive
answer; it merely provides information which is
relevant to the policy concerns of the decision-
maker, in order to illuminate the choice of options:
ViÖc nghiªn cøu ®¸nh gi¸ - thÈm ®Þnh dù ¸n nh»m
tÝnh ®Õn ba d¹ng t¸c ®éng/hiÖu qu¶ cña mét ®Ò ¸n:
(1) c¸c t¸c ®éng ®−îc l−îng hãa vµ ®Þnh gi¸ trÞ b»ng
tiÒn, (2) c¸c t¸c ®éng ®−îc l−îng hãa nh−ng kh«ng
®Þnh gi¸ trÞ, (3) c¸c t¸c ®éng kh«ng ®−îc l−îng hãa.
Nã kh«ng thÓ ®−a ra mét c©u tr¶ lêi døt kho¸t; nã
chØ cung cÊp th«ng tin thÝch hîp víi nh÷ng mèi quan
t©m vÒ chÝnh s¸ch cña ng−êi ra quyÕt ®Þnh, nh»m
lµm s¸ng tá mét sù lùa chon trong sè nhiÒu tïy chän.
Assistant of The Engineer /”'sist”nt/ n Trî lý
cña T− vÊn: The Enginner or the Enginner's
Representative (the Resident Engineer) may appoint
any number of persons to assist the Enginner's
Representative in the carrying out of his duties. He
shall notify to the Contractor the names, duties and
scope of authority of such persons. Generally such
assistants (inspectors) have limited duties: T− vÊn
hay §¹i diÖn cña T− vÊn (Kü s− Th−êng tró) cã thÓ
bæ nhiÖm mét sè ng−êi ®Ó trî gióp §¹i diÖn cña T−
vÊn trong viÖc thùc hiÖn c¸c nhiÖm vô cña m×nh. T−
vÊn sÏ th«ng b¸o cho Nhµ thÇu tªn tuæi, nhiÖm vô vµ
ph¹m vi quyÒn h¹n cña nh÷ng ng−êi ®ã. Nãi chung
nh÷ng trî lý (gi¸m s¸t viªn) nµy chØ cã nh÷ng nhiÖm
vô h¹n chÕ mµ th«i.
ASTM (American Society for Testing and
Materials) /”'merik”n s”'sai”ti f˜: 'testi– “nd
m”'ti”ri”lz/ abbr Héi ThÝ nghiÖm vµ VËt liÖu Mü:
The ASTM standard specifications are subject to
revision at any time by the responsible technical
committee and must be reviewed every five years
and if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn:
C¸c tiªu chuÈn kü thuËt cña ASTM cã thÓ ®−îc söa
®æi bÊt cø lóc nµo bëi c¸c ñy ban kü thuËt phô tr¸ch
cña ASTM, vµ sÏ ®−îc xem xÐt l¹i n¨m n¨m mét lÇn,
nÕu kh«ng söa ®æi th× sÏ ®−îc chÊp nhËn ph¸t hµnh
l¹i hoÆc rót hiÖu lùc.
ASTM cement types /eiesti:em si'ment taips/ n
C¸c lo¹i xim¨ng theo Héi ThÝ nghiÖm vµ VËt liÖu
Mü: Portland cements meeting the requirements of
Specifications C 150. Cement types have slightly
different formulations that result in various
 20
characteristics which address different construction
conditions and different physical and chemical
environments: Lµ c¸c lo¹i xim¨ng Portland ®¸p øng
c¸c yªu cÇu cña Tiªu chuÈn C 150. C¸c lo¹i xim¨ng
nµy cã c¸c c«ng thøc/thµnh phÇn h¬i kh¸c nhau
khiÕn t¹o ra c¸c ®Æc ®iÓm ®a d¹ng, nh÷ng ®Æc tÝnh
nµy nh»m ®¸p øng c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn x©y dùng kh¸c nhau
còng nh− c¸c m«i tr−êng vËt lý vµ hãa häc kh¸c
nhau.
at-grade /“t greid/ n trªn [t¹i] mÆt ®Êt: At or
close to the natural ground surface - not elevated on
an embankment or structure, or below ground level
in a cutting or tunnel: T¹i hoÆc gÇn bÒ mÆt ®Êt tù
nhiªn - kh«ng ®−îc n©ng cao trªn mét nÒn ®−êng hay
mét kÕt cÊu, hoÆc d−íi cao ®é ®Êt trong mét ®−êng
hµo hay ®−êng hÇm.
attenuation /”,tenju'ei‘n/ n sù t¾t dÇn, sù suy
gi¶m, sù yÕu dÇn: Reduction of noise within the
tunnels has not been resolved. This type of noise is
due to reverberation of sound off the interior
surfaces of a highway tunnel and is generated
principally by vehicular traffic. The current state of
the art of noise-attenuation is based on absorbing
noise within a cellular material: ViÖc lµm gi¶m ®é
ån trong hÇm vÉn ch−a ®−îc gi¶i quyÕt h¼n. Lo¹i
tiÕng ån nµy lµ do sù déi l¹i cña ©m thanh tõ bÒ mÆt
bªn trong cña hÇm «t«, vµ sinh ra chñ yÕu bëi xe cé
l−u th«ng. Tr×nh ®é kü thuËt gi¶m thiÓu tiÕng ån hiÖn
nay lµ dùa trªn viÖc hÊp thô tiÕng ån b»ng vËt liÖu cã
lç hæng.
auger /'˜:g”/ n m¸y khoan [guång xo¾n, ruét
gµ]: A rotary drill that uses a screw device to
penetrate, break, and then transport the drilled
material (coal) : Lµ mét m¸y khoan xoay sö dông
mét thiÕt bÞ kiÓu ®inh vÝt ®Ó xuyªn, ph¸, vµ sau ®ã
vËn chuyÓn vËt liÖu ®· khoan ®−îc (vÝ dô than).
auger boring /'˜:g” 'b˜:ri–/ n khoan guång xo¾n,
khoan ruét gµ: Method of forming a bore, usually
from a drive pit, by means of a rotating cutting head.
Spoil is removed back to the drive pit by helically
wound auger flights rotating in a steel casing. The
equipment may have limited steering capability:
Ph−¬ng ph¸p t¹o mét lç/hang khoan, th−êng tõ mét
khoang ®µo, b»ng mét ®Çu c¾t quay trßn. §Êt th¶i
®−îc tèng vÒ phÝa sau vµo khoang ®µo nhê c¸c c¸nh
xo¾n ruét gµ quay trong mét èng thÐp. Kh¶ n¨ng l¸i
thiÕt bÞ nµy cã phÇn bÞ h¹n chÕ.
auger TBM /'˜:g” t:bi:em/ n m¸y khoan hÇm
kiÓu guång xo¾n: Tunnel boring machine (TBM) in
which the excavated soil is removed to the drive
shaft by auger flights passing through the product
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
pipeline pushed in behind the TBM: Lµ m¸y khoan
hÇm trong ®ã ®Êt ®µo ®−îc chuyÓn th¶i tíi giÕng
®øng b»ng c¸c guång xo¾n di chuyÓn qua ®−êng èng
s¶n phÈm ®−îc l¾p phÝa sau m¸y TBM.
auxiliary method /˜:g'zilj”ri 'me•”d/ n
ph−¬ng ph¸p bæ trî: An auxiliary method is a
construction method of an auxiliary or special
nature adopted to ensure face stability and tunnel
safety and to preserve the environment in cases
where either conventional support patterns, such as
rock bolting, shotcreting or steel rib, are inadequate
or where they are not advantageous: Mét ph−¬ng
ph¸p bæ trî (phô) lµ mét ph−¬ng ph¸p thi c«ng cã
b¶n chÊt ®Æc biÖt hay mang tÝnh hç trî, dïng ®Ó ®¶m
b¶o tÝnh æn ®Þnh cña g−¬ng ®µo vµ ®é an toµn trong
hÇm, còng nh− b¶o vÖ m«i tr−êng trong c¸c tr−êng
hîp mµ nh÷ng d¹ng thøc chèng ®ì hÇm th«ng th−êng
kh¸c nh− l¾p bul«ng neo ®¸, phun bªt«ng, dùng v×
chèng thÐp, lµ kh«ng ®ñ, hoÆc khi chóng kh«ng cã
Ých lîi o Common used auxiliary methods include
forepoling, face bolt, face shotcrete, drainage drift,
drainage boring, well point, deep well, grouting,
pipe roof, steel pipe forepiling, and cut-off wall
methods: C¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p bæ trî hay dïng nhÊt
bao gåm: l¾p bé thanh chèng gia cè tr−íc, neo
bul«ng trªn mÆt g−¬ng, phun bªt«ng lªn mÆt g−¬ng,
®µo lß tho¸t n−íc, khoan lç tho¸t n−íc cho g−¬ng,
èng tho¸t n−íc kiÓu läc, èng (giÕng) hót n−íc s©u,
phun v÷a gia cè, hÖ èng t¹o m¸i ®ì, ®ãng cäc gia cè
tr−íc b»ng èng thÐp, vµ lµm t−êng ch¾n ngÇm.
auxiliary ventilation /˜:g'zilj”ri ,venti'lei‘n/ n
th«ng giã bæ sung: The ventilation of headings by
auxiliary fans or other appliances: Th«ng giã cho
g−¬ng ®µo b»ng c¸c qu¹t giã bæ sung hoÆc b»ng c¸c
ph−¬ng tiÖn kh¸c.
avalanche /'“v”l:nt∫/ n tuyÕt lë: The tunnel
portal zone needs to be designed to be located in a
place free from rock falls, debris flows or
avalanches. When such positioning of the portal is
impossible, adequate measures should be taken
against possible disasters: Khu vùc cæng hÇm cÇn
®−îc thiÕt kÕ sao cho n»m t¹i mét vÞ trÝ kh«ng cã
nh÷ng vô ®¸ r¬i, dßng m¶nh vôn tr«i hoÆc tuyÕt lë.
NÕu viÖc ®Þnh vÞ trÝ nh− vËy kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn
®−îc, th× cÇn ph¶i cã nh÷ng biÖn ph¸p thÝch ®¸ng ®Ó
®Ò phßng nh÷ng tai ho¹ tiÒm tµng.
average lithostatic gradient /'ævəridʒ
'liθəstætik 'greidjənt/ n gra®ien ¸p lùc th¹ch tÜnh
trung b×nh: An approximation of the increase in
lithostatic stress with depth: Lµ mét l−îng xÊp xØ cña
®é t¨ng ¸p lùc th¹ch tÜnh theo chiÒu s©u.
 21

axial or curvature deformation /'“ksi”l ˜:

'k”:v”t‘” ,di:f˜:'mei‘n/ n biÕn d¹ng däc trôc hoÆc
theo chiÒu mÆt c¾t hÇm.
axial stiffness = normal stiffness /'“ksi”l 'stifnis/ n
®é cøng däc trôc.
axi-symmetric(al) /,æksisi'metrikəl/ adj ®èi xøng
trôc: The term axi-symmetric is commonly used to
describe the geometry of a silo or hopper. Axi-
symmetric silos and hoppers have a circular or
equilateral polygonal cross-section with respect to
the vertical axis. A hopper of square cross-section is
not axi-symmetric: ThuËt ng÷ ®èi xøng trôc th−êng
®−îc dïng ®Ó m« t¶ dÆc ®iÓm h×nh häc cña mét sil«
hay phÔu. C¸c sil« vµ phÔu ®èi xøng trôc cã mÆt c¾t
ngang h×nh trßn hoÆc ®a gi¸c ®Òu so víi trôc th¼ng
®øng. Mét phÔu cã tiÕt diÖn h×nh vu«ng kh«ng ph¶i
lµ ®èi xøng trôc.
azimuth /'“zim”•/ n gãc ph−¬ng vÞ: The
horizontal angle or direction of a compass bearing:
Lµ gãc hay h−íng n»m ngang cña mét la bµn o
Azimuth is determined by observing across the river
from the national monuments on the right-side bank,
and checks on azimuths are made into previously
established azimuths in the X-Tunnel primary
control survey system: Gãc ph−¬ng vÞ ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh
b»ng c¸ch ng¾m qua s«ng tõ c¸c mèc quèc gia ë bê
bªn ph¶i, vµ c¸c thao t¸c kiÓm tra vÒ gãc ph−¬ng vÞ
®−îc thùc hiÖn ®èi chiÕu víi c¸c gãc ph−¬ng vÞ ®·
lËp tr−íc ®ã cho hÖ thèng kh¶o s¸t kiÓm tra ban ®Çu
cña Dù ¸n HÇm X o The maximum principal stress
of granite rock mass at the depth of 443m of
Winnipeg tunnel is in the order of 26MPa oriented at
an azimuth of 40° and a plunge of 8° from the
horizontal. The long blast rounds were orientated
perpendicular to the direction of maximum principal
stress, and round lengths up to 8.5m have been
achieved: øng suÊt chÝnh lín nhÊt cña ®¸ granit t¹i
®é s©u 443m cña hÇm Winnipeg b»ng kho¶ng 26
MPa, cã gãc ph−¬ng vÞ 400 vµ mét gãc dèc 80 so víi
ph−¬ng ngang. C¸c b−íc ®µo dµi ®−îc ®Þnh h−íng
vu«ng gãc víi h−íng cña øng suÊt chÝnh lín nhÊt, do
®ã ®· ®¹t ®−îc chiÒu s©u ®µo tíi 8,5m.

Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
 22
Bb
"B" line = payment line /bi lai/ n ®−êng "B": A
dimensional line in a tunnel, outside of which
excavation is not paid for. May also be referred to as
the "pay line": Lµ mét ®−êng biªn kÝch th−íc trong
mét hÇm, mµ bªn ngoµi ph¹m vi biªn ®ã khèi l−îng
®µo ®Êt sÏ kh«ng ®−îc thanh to¸n. Còng cã thÓ gäi
®ã lµ "biªn thanh to¸n".
back /b“k/ n l−ng vßm: The ceiling or roof of an
underground opening. Or: The surface of the tunnel
excavation above the spring line: Lµ phÇn nãc hay
m¸i cña mét hang ngÇm. HoÆc: Lµ bÒ mÆt cña hang
hÇm n»m vÒ phÝa trªn cña ®iÓm nèi t−êng víi vßm.
back-analysis = back calculation /'b“k
ə'næləsis = 'b“k ,k“lkju'lei‘n/ n sù tÝnh to¸n l¹i,
tÝnh to¸n/ph©n tÝch thÈm tra [kÕt cÊu chèng ®ì hÇm]:
Back-analyses shall be based based on (1) total or
relative deformations measured at enhanced
monitoring sections (that are more heavily
instrumented), and (2) geological and
geomechanical surveying conducted at the face.
Parameters for these analyses may be obtained
through in situ testing using devices such as the
dilatometer, flat jack or pressuremeter: ViÖc tÝnh
to¸n l¹i sÏ dùa trªn (1) biÕn d¹ng tæng hay biÕn d¹ng
t−¬ng ®èi quan tr¾c ®−îc t¹i c¸c khu vùc quan tr¾c
t¨ng c−êng (tøc lµ ®−îc l¾p nhiÒu thiÕt bÞ h¬n), vµ
(2) kh¶o s¸t ®Þa chÊt vµ ®Þa c¬ häc tiÕn hµnh t¹i
g−¬ng ®µo. C¸c th«ng sè cho viÖc ph©n tÝch l¹i nµy
cã thÓ nhËn ®−îc th«ng qua thÝ nghiÖm hiÖn tr−êng,
b»ng c¸ch sö dông c¸c thiÕt bÞ nh− dông cô ®o ®é në,
kÝch dÑt, hay ¸p kÕ.
back-up system /'b“kʌp sist”m/ n hÖ thèng hç
trî: Support of the TBM supply and the muck
transport system; it also serves as extension of the
tunnel lines: Chèng ®ì cho hÖ thèng cung cÊp vËt t−
vµ vËn chuyÓn ®Êt ®¸ th¶i cña m¸y TBM; nã còng
®ãng vai trß nh− mét phÇn kÐo dµi cña vá hÇm.
back grouting = back-fill grouting = contact
grouting /'b“kfil grautiô/ n b¬m v÷a lÊp nhÐt:
Filling voids immediately after placing lining: Lµ sù
lÊp ®Çy c¸c lç rçng ngay sau khi thi c«ng xong vá
hÇm o The annular void between the lining and
the ground must be grouted with air mortar or other
materials suitable for the void conditions so that the
lining can directly support the ground. In the design
of backfill grouting, design details such as grout
material, mix proportions, the structure and
configuration of grout holes, and grouting
management should be determined so as to fill the
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
void adequately: Lç rçng h×nh èng gi÷a vá hÇm vµ
khèi ®Êt ®¸ ph¶i ®−îc b¬m lÊp b»ng v÷a kÕt cøng
ngoµi trêi hoÆc lo¹i vËt liÖu kh¸c thÝch hîp víi t×nh
tr¹ng lç rçng ®Ó vá hÇm cã thÓ trùc tiÕp chèng ®ì
khèi ®Êt ®¸. Khi thiÕt kÕ b¬m v÷a lÊp nhÐt, cÇn ph¶i
x¸c ®Þnh râ nh÷ng chi tiÕt nh− vËt liÖu v÷a, cÊp phèi
hçn hîp, cÊu tróc vµ bè trÝ c¸c lç b¬m, kiÓm so¸t
thÝch hîp qu¸ tr×nh b¬m, ®Ó v÷a cã thÓ th©m nhËp
®Çy ®ñ vµo c¸c lç rçng.
back reamer /b“k 'ri:mə/ n ®Çu c¾t doa ng−îc:
Cutting head attached to the leading end of a drill
string to enlarge the pilot bore during a pull-back
operation to enable the product pipe to be installed:
Lµ ®Çu c¾t g¾n vµo ®Çu dÉn tr−íc cña mét sîi cÇn
khoan ®Ó më réng hang khoan hoa tiªu trong thao
t¸c kÐo m¸y khoan ng−îc l¹i nh»m cho phÐp l¾p r¸p
®−îc èng cèng thiÕt kÕ.
backfill /'b“kfil/ n vËt liÖu d¾p tr¶: Material placed
around the sides and over the top of the tunnel
within excavated trench after the tunnel is installed
in the trench: Lµ vËt liÖu lÊp xung quanh c¸c
c¹nh/t−êng bªn vµ phÝa trªn ®Ønh cña ®−êng hÇm
trong ph¹m vi hµo ®µo, sau khi hÇm ®· ®−îc thi
c«ng xong trong hµo ®ã.
backfill concrete /'b“kfil 'k˜nkri:t/ n bªt«ng
lÊp bï; bªt«ng lÊp phÇn vßm ngöa trong hÇm:
Sometimes, open discontinuities (such as open joints
and fractures, solution cavities, faults, unbackfilled
exploratory holes, or isolated areas of weathered or
otherwise unacceptable rock) must be treated to
strengthen the foundation or prevent underseepage.
These features must be cleaned out and backfilled.
The rock on the sides of the opening should be
cleaned to provide a good bond with the concrete
backfill: §«i khi, c¸c vÕt kh«ng liªn tôc më (nh− khe
nøt hay vïng n¸t vì réng, hang hßa tan, ®øt g·y, lç
khoan th¨m dß ch−a ®−îc lÊp l¹i, hay c¸c vïng côc
bé cña ®¸ phong hãa vµ vËt liÖu mÒm yÕu kh¸c) cÇn
ph¶i ®−îc xö lý ®Ó giao cè nÒn mãng hay chèng thÊm
tõ d−íi lªn. C¸c vÕt më nµy ph¶i ®−îc lµm s¹ch vµ
lÊp l¹i. §Êt ®¸ t¹i c¸c thµnh bªn cña vÕt më ph¶i
lµm s¹ch ®Ó t¹o ra liªn kÕt tèt víi bªt«ng lÊp nhÐt.
backfill grouting /'b“kfil grautiô/ n b¬m v÷a
lÊp nhÐt/b¬m v÷© bï: Filling of large voids, such as
those that may remain behind the supports or
lagging of a mined tunnel following construction of
the lining: Lµ sù lÊp ®Çy c¸c kho¶ng trèng lín, vÝ dô
nh− c¸c phÇn rçng mµ chóng cã thÓ tån t¹i phÝa sau
hÖ thèng chèng ®ì hoÆc hÖ thanh/v¸n chèng ngang
cña mét hÇm ®µo theo ph−¬ng ph¸p má sau khi ®·
x©y xong vá hÇm.
 23
backhoe /'b“khoul/ n gµu xóc ng−îc; m¸y xóc gµu
ng−îc: CSM Bessac has developed mechanised
shields with a compressed air-sealed excavation
chamber over many years, either equipped with a
boom-cutter or backhoe bucket. The pressurised
excavation chamber stabilises the tunnel face,
allowing excavation in water-bearing ground with
the highest safety: H·ng CSM Bessac ®· ph¸t triÓn
c¸c khiªn ®µo hÇm c¬ giíi víi mét buång ®µo kÝn
dïng khÝ nÐn trong nhiÒu n¨m qua, cã trang bÞ mét
®Çu c¾t hoÆc mét gµu xóc ng−îc. Buång ®µo cã ¸p
nµy sÏ lµm æn ®Þnh g−¬ng hÇm, cho phÐp ®µo trong
®Êt chøa n−íc víi ®é an toµn cao nhÊt.
backloading /b“kloudi–/ n gi¸ dông cô: Tool
mounting allowing a change of cutting tools (disc
cutters, soft ground tools) from a safe position in the
rear: Gi¸ dông cô cho phÐp thay thÕ c¸c dông cô c¾t
®Êt (®Üa c¾t, thiÕt bÞ ®µo ®Êt mÒm) tõ mét vÞ trÝ an
toµn ë phÝa sau m¸y TBM.
backpack grouting /b“k-'p“k grautiô/ n b¬m
v÷a lÊp nhÐt/b¬m v÷© bï phÝa sau vá hÇm: Archaic
term referring to the filling with grout of the annular
space between a permanent tunnel lining and the
surrounding formation. See contact grouting and
backfill grouting: Lµ thuËt ng÷ cò dïng ®Ó chØ qu¸
tr×nh dïng v÷a lÊp ®Çy kho¶ng trèng h×nh khuyªn
gi÷a líp vá hÇm vÜnh cöu vµ ®Êt ®¸ xung quanh.
Còng gäi lµ contact grouting hay backfill grouting.
back-packing /b“k-'p“ki–/ n vËt liÖu chÌn lÊp
phÝa sau vá hÇm; sù chÌn lÊp phÝa sau (hÖ v× chèng);
sù nhÐt (g¾n, bÞt) kÝn phÝa sau: Any granular
material which is used to fill the empty space
between lagging and rock surface: Lµ bÊt kú vËt liÖu
tho¸t n−íc d¹ng h¹t nµo ®−îc dïng ®Ó lÊp ®Çy kh«ng
gian trèng gi÷a c¸c tÊm chèng ®ì hÇm vµ bÒ mÆt ®¸.
o Back-packing may be used to fill the voids caused
by overbreak between the lagging and the rock
surface. It may be required to support the rock
surface prior to placing permanent concrete lining:
ViÖc chÌn lÊp phÝa sau cã thÓ ¸p dông ®Ó lÊp ®Çy c¸c
kho¶ng trèng do ®µo qu¸ gi÷a c¸c thanh thÐp ®ì
ngang vµ bÒ mÆt ®¸. Nã cã thÓ ph¶i tiÕn hµnh ®Ó
chèng ®ì mÆt ®¸ tr−íc khi ®æ bªt«ng vá hÇm vÜnh
cöu.
backsight /'b“ksait/ n sù ng¾m ng−îc, sù nh×n
ng−îc; kÝnh soi hËu, kÝnh ng¾m vÒ phÝa sau: Where
tunnels are driven from portals, one work point at
the portal and a backsight, both on working line, are
sufficient to extend working line into the tunnel: Khi
hÇm ®−îc ®µo tõ hai phÝa cæng, th× chØ cÇn mét ®iÓm
lµm viÖc t¹i cæng hÇm vµ mét ®iÓm ng¾m hËu, c¶ hai
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
®Òu n»m trªn ®−êng dÉn h−íng, lµ ®ñ ®Ó triÓn khai
®−êng dÉn h−íng vµo bªn trong hÇm.
ballast /'bæləst/ n ®¸ bal¸t, vËt liÖu d»n: Materials
used to provide stability to a buoyant object (such as
casing within a borehole filled with water): Lµ c¸c
vËt liÖu dïng ®Ó t¹o ra sù æn ®Þnh cho mét vËt thÓ
chÞu søc ®Èy næi (ch¼ng h¹n nh− èng v¸ch bªn trong
mét hè khoan chøa ®Çy n−íc).
banded /'b“ndid/ n cã cÊu tróc d¶i, ®−îc ph©n líp:
Structural term for a rock with alternating layers of
material of differing colour or texture, possibly of
differing mineral composition also: ThuËt ng÷ cÊu
tróc cho mét ®¸ cã c¸c líp xen kÏ nhau cña vËt liÖu
kh¸c nhau vÒ mµu hay kiÕn tróc, còng cã thÓ lµ kh¸c
nhau vÒ thµnh phÇn kho¸ng vËt.
banding /b“ndiô/ n cÊu tróc d¶i: In the late
Variscan granites, where only minor structural
anisotropy exists, the distribution of strike directions
is wider than in the Pre-Variscan basement rocks
which possess strong compositional banding and
pervasive schistosity. This also suggests that the
fault pattern is influenced by the formerly existing
rock texture: Trong c¸c ®¸ granit Variscan, ë ®ã chØ
tån t¹i sù bÊt ®¼ng h−íng rÊt nhá, sù ph©n bè cña
c¸c h−íng ®−êng ph−¬ng lµ réng h¬n so víi trong ®¸
nÒn tr−íc- Variscan v× nã cã cÊu tróc d¶i cÊu t¹o
m¹nh vµ tÝnh ph©n líp táa kh¾p. §iÒu nµy còng gîi ý
r»ng d¹ng thøc ®øt g·y bÞ ¶nh h−ëng bëi cÊu tróc
cña ®¸ tån t¹i tr−íc ®ã.
bar (bar down) /ba: daun/ n sù tÈy mÆt ®¸: Pry
loose from the crown after a blast: CËy/nËy bá c¸c
vËt liÖu rêi khái bÒ mÆt vßm hÇm sau mét có næ m×n
ph¸ ®¸.
bar chart /ba: t‘:t/ n biÓu ®å d¹ng thanh: The
bar chart is a chart showing work activities on a
time scale. Each bar shows the planned start and
completion of each activity. The purposes of bar
charts are to show a logical sequence of
construction, the time (duration) it will take to
perform each activity, and the planned start and
completion dates for the activities: BiÓu ®å thanh lµ
mét biÓu ®å thÓ hiÖn c¸c c«ng viÖc trªn thang thêi
gian. Mçi thanh thÓ hiÖn sù b¾t ®Çu vµ kÕt thóc dù
kiÕn cña mét c«ng viÖc. C¸c môc ®Ých cña nã lµ: thÓ
hiÖn mét tr×nh tù thi c«ng l«gic, thêi gian (®é dµi)
cÇn ®Ó thùc hiÖn mçi c«ng viÖc, vµ ngµy th¸ng b¾t
®Çu/kÕt thóc cña c¸c c«ng viÖc.
barbed wire fence /'b:bd wai” fens/ n hµng rµo
d©y thÐp gai: Prior to any construction, the
Contractor shall mark the areas where no work is to
be performed under the tunnel contract. Isolated
 24
areas within the general work area which are to be
saved and protected shall also be marked or fenced.
Furnish and erect fence and gates of the height and
type specified in the Plans, supported by steel,
concrete, or timber posts along the inside limits of
the right-of-way. Galvanize all ferrous materials
used in a complete installation of fence. The wire for
barbs may be either round or half-round: Tr−íc khi
b¾t ®Çu thi c«ng, Nhµ thÇu ph¶i ®¸nh dÊu c¸c khu
vùc mµ ë ®ã kh«ng tiÕn hµnh c«ng viÖc nµo cña hîp
®ång lµm hÇm. C¸c khu vùc c¸ch ly bªn trong khu
vùc lµm viÖc chung nÕu ph¶i ®Ó l¹i vµ b¶o vÖ th×
còng cÇn ®¸nh dÊu vµ rµo l¹i. Cung cÊp vµ l¾p dùng
hµng rµo vµ c¸c cæng ra vµo víi chiÒu cao vµ kiÓu
lo¹i nh− quy ®Þnh trong b¶n vÏ, chèng ®ì b»ng c¸c
cét thÐp, gç hay bªt«ng däc theo biªn giíi cña d¶i
®Êt dµnh cho hÇm. Nªn m¹ kÏm tÊt c¶ c¸c vËt liÖu
s¾t dïng trong l¾p ®Æt hµng rµo. D©y gai cã thÓ dïng
lo¹i trßn hay nöa trßn.
basalt /'b“s˜:lt/ n ®¸ bazan: Dark colour, very
fine-grained igneous rock composed mainly of
plagioclase feldspar and mafic minerals. Often
occurs in the form of lava flows. The very fine-
grained equivalent of gabbro: Lo¹i ®¸ macma h¹t
rÊt mÞn, sÉm mµu cÊu t¹o chñ yÕu tõ fenspat
plagioclaz vµ c¸c kho¸ng vËt mafic. Th−êng xuÊt
hiÖn d−íi d¹ng dßng dung nham. Lµ d¹ng t−¬ng
®−¬ng h¹t rÊt mÞn cña ®¸ gabr«.
basalt till /'b“s˜:lt til/ n t¶ng l¨n bazan:
Unsorted glacial debris at the base of the soil
column where it comes into contact with the bedrock
below: Lµ lo¹i vôn b¨ng tÝch kh«ng ®−îc ph©n lo¹i
cã t¹i ®¸y cét ®Êt ë ®ã nã tiÕp xóc víi nÒn ®¸ gèc
phÝa d−íi.
base concrete /'beis 'k˜nkri:t/ n bªt«ng [gèc, c¬
së, ®èi chiÕu]: Sprayed concrete without accelerator
used for reference to evaluate changes in
technological properties (e.g. loss of strength): Lµ
bªt«ng phun kh«ng cã phô gia thóc ®Èy ninh kÕt
dïng ®Ó ®èi chiÕu nh»m ®¸nh gi¸ c¸c thay ®æi vÒ
tÝnh chÊt c«ng nghÖ (v.d. mÊt m¸t c−êng ®é) o
Concrete of a particular design intended for use in
sprayed concrete, but which is produced without
accelerators and/or hydration control admixtures:
Lµ bªt«ng cã thiÕt kÕ ®Æc biÖt ®Ó dïng trong c«ng
nghÖ bªt«ng phun, nh−ng nã ®−îc chÕ t¹o kh«ng cã
chÊt thóc ®Èy ninh kÕt vµ/hoÆc c¸c phô gia khèng
chÕ sù thñy hãa.
base cost /'beis k˜st/ n gi¸/chi phÝ c¬ së: The Base
Cost represents the cost, which can most reasonably
be expected if no significant problems occur, with
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
typically small uncertainty or variance. The Base
Cost Estimate = sum of Base Costs excluding
contingencies and risk events: Gi¸ c¬ së thÓ hiÖn chi
phÝ mµ nã cã thÓ ®−îc dù kiÕn mét c¸ch hîp lý nhÊt
nÕu kh«ng cã vÊn ®Ò lín nµo x¶y ra, víi ®é kh«ng
ch¾c ch¾n hoÆc sù biÕn ®æi th−êng lµ nhá. Dù to¸n
gi¸ c¬ së = tæng cña c¸c Gi¸ c¬ së ngo¹i trõ c¸c
kho¶n chi dù phßng vµ c¸c sù kiÖn rñi ro.
base course (base) /'beis k˜:s/ n líp lãt, líp
®¸y, líp mãng trªn cña ®−êng: A layer of specified
or selected material of planned thickness
constructed on the subgrade or subbase for the
purpose of serving one or more functions such as
distributing load, providing drainage, minimizing
frost action, etc.: Lµ mét líp vËt liÖu theo quy ®Þnh
hoÆc ®−îc chän läc, cã chiÒu dµy theo thiÕt kÕ, ®−îc
thi c«ng trªn mÆt nÒn ®−êng ®· ®Çm chÆt, nh»m thùc
hiÖn mét hoÆc mét sè chøc n¨ng nh− ph©n bè t¶i
träng, t¹o sù tho¸t n−íc, gi¶m thiÓu t¸c ®éng b¨ng
gi¸, v.v… o Bituminous base-course material
consists of aggregate material and a measured
amount of bituminous material hot-mixed in a
central plant and hot-spread and compacted on a
prepared subgrade: VËt liÖu líp mãng trªn cã bitum
cÊu t¹o tõ vËt liÖu ®¸ d¨m vµ mét l−îng bitum nhÊt
®Þnh ®−îc trén nãng t¹i tr¹m trén trung t©m vµ r¶i
nãng råi ®Çm trªn mét nÒn ®−êng ®· xö lý (gia cè)
tr−íc o Cold-mixed bituminous-treated-aggregate
base course is a mixture of aggregate material and
measured amounts of bituminous material generally
mixed in place on the roadway: Líp mãng trªn b»ng
cèt liÖu xö lý bitum trén nguéi lµ mét hçn hîp cña
vËt liÖu ®¸ d¨m vµ mét l−îng vËt liÖu bitum cã c©n
®ong, nãi chung lµ ®−îc trén nguéi t¹i chç ngay trªn
®−êng.
baseline /'beislain/ n ®−êng chuÈn, ®−êng
mèc, ®−êng ®¸y (tr¾c ®Þa): From the baselines and
bench marks established by the Government, the
Contractor shall complete the layout of the work and
shall be responsible for all measurements that may
be required for the execution of the work: Tõ ®−êng
chuÈn vµ c¸c mèc tr¾c ®¹c ®· thiÕt lËp bëi ChÝnh
phñ, Nhµ thµu ph¶i hoµn tÊt viÖc bè trÝ c«ng tr−êng
vµ ph¶i chÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm vÒ mäi ®o ®¹c cÇn thiÕt cho
viÖc thùc hiÖn dù ¸n.
basement /'beismnt/ n nÒn mãng, mãng; tÇng
hÇm: A below-grade portion of a partially or mostly
above-ground building: Lµ phÇn bªn d−íi mÆt ®Êt
cña mét tßa nhµ ®−îc x©y dùng n»m mét phÇn hay
hÇu hÕt trªn mÆt ®Êt.
 25
basement rocks /'beismnt r˜k/ n ®¸ nÒn: The
underlying or older rock mass. Often refers to rocks
of Precambrian age which may be covered by
younger rocks: Khèi ®¸ n»m bªn d−íi hoÆc giµ.
Th−êng nãi tíi lo¹i ®¸ thuéc kû TiÒn Cambi mµ nã
cã thÓ bÞ bao phñ bëi c¸c ®¸ trÎ h¬n.
basic rock /'beisik r˜k/ n ®¸ baz¬: An igneous
rock, relatively low in silica and composed mostly of
dark-colored minerals: Lµ mét lo¹i ®¸ macma, cã
hµm l−îng ®i«xit silic kh¸ thÊp vµ cÊu t¹o chñ yÕu tõ
c¸c kho¸ng vËt mµu thÉm.
batch /b“t‘/ n sù ®Þnh l−îng, sù pha trén; l«, mÎ
(s¶n phÈm): Clearly identifiable collection of units
or product quantity, manufactured consecutively or
continuously under the same conditions, using
materials conforming to the same specification: TËp
hîp kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh râ rµng cña c¸c ®¬n vÞ hay khèi
l−îng s¶n phÈm, ®−îc s¶n xuÊt kÕ tiÕp nhau hay liªn
tôc d−íi cïng ®iÒu kiÖn, sö dông c¸c vËt liÖu tu©n
theo cïng mét quy c¸ch kü thuËt.
batch system /b“t‘ 'sistəm/ n hÖ thèng b¬m v÷a
®Þnh l−îng: A grouting system in which a selected
quantity of grout is mixed and/or catalyzed at one
time prior injection: Lµ mét hÖ thèng b¬m v÷a trong
®ã mét khèi l−îng ®· ®Þnh cña v÷a ®−îc trén
vµ/hoÆc g©y xóc t¸c lµm mét lÇn tr−íc khi b¬m hçn
hîp.
batching /b“t‘iô/ n sù ®Þnh l−îng; mÎ bªt«ng; sù
pha trén bªt«ng: Weighing or volumetrically
measuring and introducing into the mixer the
ingredients for a batch of either concrete or mortar:
Lµ sù c©n ®ong vÒ khèi l−îng hoÆc ®o l−êng vÒ thÓ
tÝch råi ®−a vµo m¸y trén c¸c thµnh phÇn cho mét
mÎ trén v÷a hoÆc bªt«ng o Weight batching of dry
materials for concrete should be employed. The
batching accuracy must be within ¡ 3% for all
constituents: C¸c vËt liÖu kh« cho bªt«ng cÇn ®−îc
®Þnh l−îng theo khèi l−îng. §é chÝnh x¸c cña c©n
®ong ph¶i n»m trong kho¶ng ¡3% ®èi víi mäi vËt
liÖu thµnh phÇn.
batching plant /b“t‘iô pla:nt/ n tr¹m trén bªt«ng;
thiÕt bÞ ®Þnh l−îng: The batching plant shall include
bins, weighing hoppers and scales for the fine
aggregate and for each separated size of coarse
aggregate. If cement is used in bilk, a bin, hopper
and scales for the cement should be included: Tr¹m
trén cÇn cã c¸c phÔu rãt liÖu, thïng ®o vµ hÖ c©n
dïng cho cèt liÖu nhá vµ cho mçi cì h¹t cña cèt liÖu
th«. NÕu xim¨ng ®−îc dïng d−íi d¹ng rêi, mét
thïng, phÔu vµ c©n riieng cho xim¨ng ph¶i ®−îc l¾p
®Æt.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
batholith /b“•oulit/ n thÓ nÒn, batholit: A
large mass of igneous rock extending to great depth
with its upper portion dome-like in shape. It has
crystallized below surface, but may be exposed as a
result of erosion of the overlying rock. Smaller
masses of igneous rocks are known as bosses or
plugs: Mét khèi ®¸ macma lín kÐo dµi xuèng mét ®é
s©u lín vµ cã phÇn phÝa trªn tr«ng gièng nh− h×nh
vßm. Nã ®· kÕt tinh bªn d−íi mÆt ®Êt, nh−ng cã thÓ
lé ra do sù bµo mßn cña líp ®¸ phñ phÝa trªn.
Nh÷ng khèi ®¸ macma nhá h¬n ®−îc gäi lµ b−íu
phun trµo hay ®¸ nót phun trµo.
batter /b“t”/ n gãc tho¶i: A timbering word
referring to the angles at which timbers are set for
the maximum strength and support: Mét tõ dïng
trong chèng ®ì hÇm, nãi ®Õn gãc xiªn mµ víi nã c¸c
cét chèng sÏ ®−îc l¾p ®Æt ®Ó t¹o ra c−êng ®é chèng
®ì lín nhÊt.
bearing /'be”ri–/ n gãc ph−¬ng vÞ; ph−¬ng (vØa): A
surveying term used to designate direction. The
bearing of a line is the acute horizontal angle
between the meridian and the line. The meridian is
an established line of reference. Azimuths are angles
measured clockwise from any meridian: Mét thuËt
ng÷ tr¾c ®Þa dïng ®Ó quy ®Þnh ph−¬ng h−íng. Gãc
ph−¬ng vÞ cña mét ®−êng lµ gãc nhän n»m ngang
gi÷a ®−êng Êy vµ kinh tuyÕn. Kinh tuyÕn lµ mét
®−êng tham chiÕu thiÕt lËp tr−íc. Gãc ph−¬ng vÞ lµ
gãc ®o theo chiÒu kim ®ång hå tõ kinh tuyÕn bÊt kú.
bearing capacity /'be”ri– k”'p“siti/ n kh¶ n¨ng/
søc chÞu t¶i: The load per pile required to produce a
condition of failure: Lµ t¶i träng trªn mét cäc cÇn
thiÕt ®Ó t¹o ra mét ®iÒu kiÖn ph¸ ho¹i o When
designing a tunnel through unconsolidated ground,
it is important to predict the behaviour of the ground
surrounding the tunnel as the excavation proceeds
using an appropriate method of analysis. Suitable
measures, such as stabilizing the face, improving the
bearing capacity of the ground, and other protective
measures for the surroundings can then be taken:
Khi thiÕt kÕ hÇm qua ®Êt ch−a cè kÕt, ®iÒu quan
träng lµ ph¶i dù b¸o ®−îc øng xö cña ®Êt bao quanh
®−êng hÇm khi viÖc ®µo hÇm ®ang tiÕn triÓn, b»ng
c¸ch sö dông mét ph−¬ng ph¸p ph©n tÝch thÝch hîp.
Theo ®ã, c¸c biÖn ph¸p phï hîp sÏ ®−îc thùc hiÖn,
ch¼ng h¹n nh− æn ®Þnh hãa g−¬ng ®µo, n©ng cao
n¨ng lùc chÞu t¶i cña nÒn ®Êt, vµ c¸c biÖn ph¸p b¶o
vÖ kh¸c cho vïng xung quanh.
bearing plate = face plate /'be”ri– pleit/ n tÊm
bÖ; ®Õ tùa; b¶n ®Öm cña bul«ng neo: A regular
surface must be provided to seat the face plate of
 26
rock bolts by trimming rock surfaces or forming
pads of quick setting mortar. The bearing plate
should be inspected to ensure that the axial force of
the rock bolt can be sufficiently transmitted to the
tunnel walls: Ph¶i t¹o ra mét bÒ mÆt ph¼ng ®Òu ®Ó
kª b¶n ®Öm cña bul«ng neo b»ng c¸ch gät tÈy mÆt ®¸
hoÆc tr¸t c¸c miÕng v÷a ®«ng cøng nhanh. TÊm ®Öm
nµy cÇn ®−îc kiÓm tra ®Ó ®¶m b¶o r»ng lùc däc trôc
cña bul«ng cã thÓ ®−îc truyÒn mét c¸ch hoµn toµn
vµo t−êng hÇm o Make sure that the bearing plate
is in close contact with the surface of shotcrete or
excavation face. This check is usually done visually
or by giving light strikes with a hammer. It is
necessary to visually monitor deformation or other
abnormalities of the bearing plates until the
placement of the lining is complete: §¶m b¶o r»ng
b¶n ®Öm ph¶i tiÕp xóc chÆt víi bÒ mÆt bªt«ng phun
hay mÆt ®¸. PhÐp kiÓm tra nµy th−êng ®−îc lµm
b»ng m¾t hoÆc b»ng c¸ch dïng bóa gâ nhÑ. CÇn
ph¶i theo dâi b»ng m¾t sù biÕn d¹ng hoÆc nh÷ng bÊt
th−êng kh¸c cña b¶n ®Öm cho tíi khi viÖc ®æ bªt«ng
vá hÇm ®· hoµn tÊt.
bed /bed/ n nÒn, mãng; lßng s«ng, ®¸y biÓn; th©n
quÆng: A stratum of coal or other sedimentary
deposit: Lµ mét tÇng than hay vËt liÖu trÇm tÝch
kh¸c.
bed material /'bed m”'ti”ri”l/ n vËt liÖu nÒn/®¸y:
Sediment composing the streambed: Lµ vËt chÊt l¾ng
t¹o nªn ®¸y s«ng suèi o A hydraulic study was
performed for the Conwy Tunnel. The surveys
established data on tidal ranges, salinity, current
velocities, volume flows, bed material grading, and
sediment transport behaviour. These data were used
to calibrate the numerical models, which in turn
provided detailed estimates of how the tunnel
construction would influence currents, erosion, and
sedimentation in the estuary: Mét nghiªn cøu vÒ thñy
lùc ®· ®−îc tiÕn hµnh cho hÇm d×m Conwy. C¸c
kh¶o s¸t nµy ®· thiÕt lËp ®−îc c¸c sè liÖu vÒ ph¹m vi
thñy triÒu, ®é mÆn cña n−íc, tèc ®é dßng ch¶y, cÊp
phèi vËt liÖu ®¸y, vµ øng xö vËn chuyÓn trÇm tÝch.
C¸c sè liÖu nµy dïng ®Ó ®iÒu chØnh m« h×nh sè,
ng−îc l¹i c¸c ®¸nh gi¸ chi tiÕt l¹i cho biÕt sù ¶nh
h−ëng cña viÖc x©y dùng hÇm ®Õn dßng ch¶y, xãi
mßn, vµ sù trÇm tÝch t¹i cöa s«ng.
bedded /'bedid/ adj ph©n líp; xÕp thµnh tÇng,
xÕp thµnh líp: Refers to rock formations deposited in
successive layers: Nãi ®Õn c¸c thµnh hÖ ®¸ n»m theo
c¸c líp kÕ tiÕp nhau o Structural term for a
sedimentary rock or superficial deposit formed,
arranged or deposited in layers or beds > 20 mm
thick: ThuËt ng÷ cÊu tróc ®Ó chØ mét ®¸ trÇm tÝch
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
hoÆc trÇm tÝch bÒ mÆt ®−îc thµnh t¹o, s¾p xÕp hoÆc
trÇm l¾ng thµnh c¸c líp cã chiÒu dµy > 20 mm.
bedding /'bediô/ n nÒn; thí líp; thÕ n»m; sù ph©n
líp; sù xÕp thµnh tÇng, sù xÕp thµnh líp: The
arrangement of rocks in layers, strata, or beds of
varying thickness and character; usually applied to
sedimentary rocks, in which case it is synonymous
with "stratification": Lµ sù s¾p xÕp cña ®¸ thµnh c¸c
líp, tÇng, hay nÒn víi c¸c chiÒu dµy vµ tÝnh chÊt
thay ®æi; th−êng ¸p dông cho ®¸ trÇm tÝch, khi ®ã nã
®ång nghÜa víi “sù ph©n tÇng” o Bedding plane:
mÆt ph¼ng ph©n líp o Cross-bedding: sù ph©n líp
xiªn.
bedding joint /'bediô dʒ˜int/ n khe nøt ph©n líp:
Joint along bedding plane in a sedimentary rock: Lµ
khe nøt däc theo mÆt ph¼ng ph©n líp trong mét nÒn
®¸ trÇm tÝch.
bedrock /bedr˜k/ n ®¸ gèc; nÒn ®¸: Solid rock
underlying soil, sand and other unconsolidated
material: Lµ ®¸ cøng ch¾c n»m bªn d−íi c¸c líp ®Êt,
c¸t vµ c¸c vËt liÖu ch−a cè kÕt kh¸c o
Investigations shown that, modern tunnel boring
machines (TBM) are the best suited and most
economic method for constructing tunnels such as
those going through the hard bedrock underneath
New York City: C¸c kh¶o s¸t cho thÊy r»ng, dïng
c¸c m¸y khoan hÇm hiÖn ®¹i lµ ph−¬ng ph¸p thÝch
hîp nhÊt vµ kinh tÕ nhÊt ®Ó x©y dùng c¸c hÇm ngÇm
®i qua nÒn ®¸ cøng bªn d−íi thµnh phè New York.
belt conveyor = band conveyor /belt k”n'vei”/ n
b¨ng t¶i d¹ng ®ai: Lovat Earth Pressure Balance
Tunnel Boring Machines (EPBM) are equipped with
a series of progressive ground control features
which depending on the ground conditions range
from open mode (belt conveyor and flood doors), to
semi-EPB mode (belt conveyor, flood doors and
pressure relieving gates), to full EPB mode (screw
conveyor): C¸c m¸y khoan hÇm c©n b»ng ¸p lùc ®Êt
EPBM cña h·ng Lovat ®−îc trang bÞ mét lo¹t c¸c
tÝnh n¨ng kiÓm so¸t ®Êt liªn tôc tïy thuéc vµo c¸c
®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt tr¶i tõ chÕ ®é hë (b¨ng t¶i ®ai vµ
cöa ng¨n n−íc), ®Õn chÕ ®é nöa-c©n b»ng ¸p lùc ®Êt
(b¨ng t¶i ®ai, cöa ng¨n n−íc vµ cæng x¶ ¸p lùc), cho
tíi chÕ ®é hoµn toµn c©n b»ng ¸p lùc ®Êt (b¨ng t¶i
xo¾n).
belt filter press /belt 'filtə pres/ n thiÕt bÞ Ðp läc
b»ng b¨ng t¶i: A system for reducing the water
content of sludge in a separation plant by
compression of the material between filter belts as
they pass around a set of rollers; alternatively called
a belt press, belt filter or band filter: Lµ mét hÖ
 27
thèng ®Ó lµm gi¶m hµm l−îng n−íc cña bïn th¶i
trong mét tr¹m t¸ch läc b»ng c¸ch nÐn Ðp vËt liÖu
gi÷a c¸c b¨ng t¶i läc khi chóng chuyÓn ®éng vßng
quanh mét d·y c¸c con l¨n; cã thÓ gäi b»ng c¸c tªn
kh¸c nh− m¸y Ðp b¨ng t¶i, m¸y läc b¨ng t¶i hoÆc
m¸y läc b¨ng ®ai.
bench /bent‘/ n thÒm; bËc; bËc khÊu; vØa, mèc,
chuÈn: Part of a tunnel section with the
approximately horizontal upper surface temporarily
left unexcavated: Lµ phÇn cña mét tiÕt diÖn hÇm cã
bÒ mÆt phÝa trªn gÇn nh− n»m ngang ®−îc chõa l¹i
t¹m thêi ch−a ®µo o Unless otherwise required by
the Engineer, the excavation shall proceed from top
to bottom, stage by stage, with the slope protection
for each bench being completed before the
excavation of the succeeding bench: Trõ khi ®−îc T−
vÊn yªu cÇu kh¸c ®i, viÖc ®µo g−¬ng hÇm sÏ tiÕn
hµnh tõ trªn xuèng d−íi, tõng cÊp mét, cã phun
bªt«ng b¶o vÖ m¸i dèc cho mçi bËc thÒm ®ang ®−îc
hoµn thµnh tr−íc khi tiÕn hµnh ®µo bËc tiÕp theo.
bench cutting method /bent‘ 'kʌti– 'me•”d/ n
ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo hÇm më bËc thÒm: There are
various excavation methods in NATM according to
the split of excavation face such as full face, bench
cut, top/bottom drift and sectional excavation. The
short bench cut method (standard bench length of
30m between the upper half and lower half
excavation) was determined to be suitable for Kohat
tunnel due to weak nature of rocks (mostly C and D
type): Trong NATM, cã thÓ chän vµi ph−¬ng ph¸p
®µo tïy theo c¸ch ph©n chia g−¬ng hÇm, vÝ dô ®µo
toµn g−¬ng, ®µo bËc thang, hµo ®Ønh/®¸y vµ ®µo theo
tõng phÇn. Ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo bËc thÒm ng¾n (chiÒu
dµi bËc thÒm tiªu chuÈn lµ 30m gi÷a phÇn ®µo bªn
trªn vµ bªn d−íi) ®· ®−îc chän cho hÇm Kohat do
tÝnh chÊt mÒm yÕu cña ®¸ ë ®©y (hÇu hÕt lµ l¹oi C vµ
D).
bench marks /'bent‘ m:ks/ n dÊu lµm chuÈn,
mèc tr¾c ®Þa, ®iÓm chuÈn: They are permanent
points set with known elevation, usually a large
spike in a tree, a square cut on solid concrete, etc.
They are used as a basis for additional
measurement: Chóng lµ c¸c ®iÓm cè ®Þnh ®−îc lËp
ra víi cao ®é ®· biÕt, th−êng lµ mét ®inh mÊu lín
®ãng vµo th©n c©y, mét dÊu vu«ng trªn mãng bªt«ng
r¾n, v.v… Chóng ®−îc sö dông nh− mét c¬ së cho
nh÷ng ®o ®¹c bæ sung.
benchmark /'bent‘m:k/ n dÊu lµm chuÈn, mèc
tr¾c ®Þa, ®iÓm chuÈn: Benchmarks are placed to
establish project vertical control and the new system
is tied into the existing control network of the area:
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
C¸c mèc cao ®é ®−îc ®Æt nh»m thiÕt lËp sù kiÓm
so¸t vÒ chiÒu cao cho dù ¸n vµ hÖ thèng míi nµy
®−îc kÕt nèi víi m¹ng l−íi kiÓm so¸t hiÖn cã t¹i khu
vùc.
bending /bendiô/ n sù uèn: Process of deformation
normal to the axis of an elongated structural
member when a moment is applied normal to its long
axis (ISRM): Lµ qu¸ tr×nh biÕn d¹ng vu«ng gãc víi
trôc cña mét cÊu kiÖn dµi khi cã mét m«men t¸c
dông vu«ng gãc víi trôc dµi cña nã (theo ISRM).
bending moment /bendiô 'moum”nt/ n m«men
uèn: Bending moment is the algebraic sum of the
moments about an axix parallel to the z-axis and
passing through the cut section of all the forces
acting either to the left or the right of the section:
M«ment uèn lµ tæng ®¹i sè cña c¸c m«men quanh
mét trôc song song víi trôc-z vµ ®i qua mÆt c¾t cña
tÊt c¶ c¸c lùc t¸c dông vÒ bªn tr¸i hoÆc vÒ bªn ph¶i
cña mÆt c¾t Êy o The shotcrete lining shall be
slender in order to avoid bending moments: Vá hÇm
b»ng bªt«ng phun ph¶i ®ñ máng ®Ó tr¸nh xuÊt hiÖn
m«men uèn.
bending schedule /bendiô '‘edju:l/ n b¶ng liÖt
kª (danh s¸ch) cèt thÐp víi c¸c chi tiÕt uèn cong:
Steel reinforcement shall be as specified on the
drawings and bending schedules and shall comply
with the relevant Standard: Cèt thÐp ph¶i ®óng nh−
®· chØ ra trong b¶n vÏ vµ danh môc uèn, còng nh−
ph¶i ®óng theo c¸c Tiªu chuÈn thÝch hîp.
bends /bendz/ n bÖnh khÝ Ðp, bÖnh thî lÆn: The
Caisson disease known as "the bends", caused by
excess nitrogen in the blood, causes rheumatic pains
in the elbow and knee, and may disapear in an hour
or so in light case: BÖnh khÝ Ðp do cã l−îng nit¬ qu¸
møc trong m¸u g©y ra nh÷ng ®au ®ín trong c¸c khíp
x−¬ng khuûu tay vµ ®Çu gèi, vµ cã thÓ mÊt ®i trong
kho¶ng mét giê g× ®ã ®èi víi tr−êng hîp bÞ nhÑ.
bent sub /bent sʌb/ n ®o¹n l¸i ®Çu khoan: Offset
section of drill stem close behind the drill head that
allows steering corrections to be made by rotation of
the drill string to orientate the cutting head: Lµ ®o¹n
khuûu èng cña cÇn khoan n»m s¸t phÝa sau ®Çu
khoan mµ nã cho phÐp thùc hiÖn viÖc ®iÒu chØnh l¸i
dÉn h−íng, b»ng c¸ch xoay sîi cÇn khoan ®Ó ®Þnh
h−íng ®Çu c¾t.
bentonite /bentounait/ n bentonit: A clay which has
great ability to absorb water and which swells
accordingly: Mét lo¹i sÐt cã thÓ hót nhiÒu n−íc vµ
në ra o The soil, which is leaving the tunnel-
boring machine (TBM) as slurry, is mixed with
bentonite (volcanic clay with swelling properties).
 28
The Bentonite is used to retain the sides of the
excavation. During the bore process, the soil and the
bentonite are mixed resolving in a slurry. This slurry
is pumped from the TBM towards the surface. At the
surface this bentonite is being removed from the soil
in a separation plant: §Êt ®µo ®i ra khái m¸y khoan
hÇm (TBM) d−íi d¹ng bïn sÏ ®−îc trén víi bentonit
(sÐt nói löa cã tÝnh tr−¬ng në). Bentonit ®−îc dïng
®Ó chèng gi÷ v¸ch ®µo. Trong qu¸ tr×nh khoan hÇm,
®Êt trén víi bentonit t¹o thµnh v÷a. V÷a nµy ®−îc
b¬m tõ m¸y TBM lªn mÆt ®Êt. T¹i mÆt ®Êt betonit
nµy ®−îc t¸ch khái ®Êt trong mét tr¹m t¸ch läc.
bid evaluation /bid i,vælju'ei∫n/ n ®¸nh gi¸ hå s¬
thÇu: Activities on bid evaluation after bidding
procedure for different infrastructure projects is a
type of consultancy services to give support for
evaluation of technical and economical parts of
submitted offers. This is not only to evaluate
submitted bids, but also to make comparison with
recently tendered projects of similar size or
comparison with competitive construction
technologies or to suggest further to make measures
that could follow towards overall construction cost
reduction: C¸c ho¹t ®éng vÒ ®¸nh gi¸ hå s¬ thÇu sau
thñ tôc bá thÇu ®èi víi nhiÒu dù ¸n c¬ së h¹ tÇng lµ
mét d¹ng dÞch vô t− vÊn nh»m cung cÊp sù hç trî vÒ
®¸nh gi¸ vÒ mÆt kü thuËt vµ kinh tÕ cña c¸c hå s¬
thÇu ®· ®Ö tr×nh. Ho¹t ®éng nµy kh«ng chØ ®¸nh gi¸
c¸c hå s¬ thÇu ®· tr×nh, mµ cßn so s¸nh víi c¸c dù
¸n ®· ®Êu thÇu c¸ch ®ã kh«ng l©u cã quy m« t−¬ng
tù, hoÆc so s¸nh víi c¸c c«ng nghÖ thi c«ng cã lîi,
hoÆc khuyÕn nghÞ xa h¬n vÒ viÖc thùc hiÖn c¸c biÖn
ph¸p ph¶i lµm tiÕp theo ®Ó gi¶m gi¸ thµnh toµn bé
c«ng tr×nh.
Bill of Quantities /bil ”v 'kw˜nt”tiz/ n BiÓu
Khèi l−îng: The Bill of Quantities is a list of items
giving descriptions and estimated quantities of work
to be executed under the Contract: BiÓu Khèi l−îng
lµ mét danh s¸ch c¸c h¹ng môc ®−a ra nh÷ng m« t¶
vµ khèi l−îng −íc tÝnh cña c«ng viÖc ph¶i thùc hiÖn
theo Hîp ®ång.
binder /'baind”/ n chÊt g¾n, chÊt liªn kÕt, chÊt g¾n
kÕt: A material used for the purpose of holding solid
particles together/ A material, such as cement grout
or clay, that causes cohesion in loosely assembled
substances such as preplaced aggregate: Mét vËt
liÖu ®−îc dïng cho môc ®Ých gi÷ (liªn kÕt) c¸c h¹t
r¾n víi nhau/ Lµ mét vËt liÖu, vÝ dô v÷a xim¨ng hoÆc
sÐt, mµ nã t¹o ra sù kÕt dÝnh trong c¸c chÊt ®−îc kÕt
hîp víi nhau mét c¸ch rêi r¹c, ch¼ng h¹n nh− cèt
liÖu ®¸ ®æ thµnh khèi.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
Bingham fluid /'bin,gæm 'flu:id/ n chÊt láng
Bingham: A fluid in which the resistance to shear
flow increases linearly with flow rate from a finite
value (yield point) at zero flow rate (Cf. Newtonian
fluid): Lµ mét chÊt láng trong ®ã c−êng ®é kh¸ng c¾t
t¨ng lªn tuyÕn tÝnh víi l−u l−îng dßng ch¶y tõ mét
gi¸ trÞ h÷u h¹n t¹i l−u l−îng b»ng kh«ng (Xem thªm
chÊt láng Niu-t¬n).
binocular section /bi'n˜kjul” 'sek‘n/ n mÆt c¾t
hÇm d¹ng èng nhßm: A term used to describe an
element consisting of two adjacent circular steel
tunnels, usually each of two lanes, combined into a
common structure: Mét thuËt ng÷ dïng ®Ó m« t¶ mét
bé phËn gåm cã hai hÇm thÐp h×nh trßn ®Æt gÇn
nhau, th−êng mçi hÇm cã hai lµn xe, ®−îc kÕt hîp
thµnh mét kÕt cÊu chung.
bit /bit/ n mòi khoan: A star or chisel pointed tip
forged or screwed (detachable) to the end of a drill
steel: Lµ mét ®Çu mòi h×nh sao hay cã ®Çu nhän
gièng chiÕc ®ôc/chµng, ®−îc dËp hay t¹o ren (th¸o
l¾p ®−îc) ®Ó g¾n vµo ®Çu cÇn khoan. o Tungsten
carbide bits are now almost universally used for
rock drilling. The bits used with 32mm diameter drill
rods are detachable and in sizes from 38 to 48mm.
They have a life of 120 to 270m of drilling: HiÖn nay
c¸c mòi khoan b»ng vonfram cacbua ®−îc sö dông
phæ biÕn nhÊt cho viÖc khoan ®¸. C¸c mòi khoan ®Ó
dïng cho cÇn khoan ®−êng kÝnh 32mm lµ cã thÓ th¸o
l¾p ®−îc vµ cã c¸c cì tõ 38 ®Õn 48mm. Chóng cã
tuæi thä kho¶ng 120 ®Õn 270m khoan.
bit knocker /bit 'n˜k”/ n bóa ®Ó th¸o mòi khoan:
Used to remove the bits from drill steel or rods:
Dïng ®Ó th¸o c¸c mòi khoan khái cÇn khoan.
bitumen /'bitjumin/ n bitum: A viscous liquid or a
solid, consisting essentially of hydrocarbons and
their derivatives, which is soluble in carbon
disulphide, is substantially non-volatile and softens
gradually when heated. It is black or brown in
colour and possesses waterproofing and adhesive
properties. It is obtained by refinery processes from
petroleum, and is also found as a natural deposit or
as a component of naturally occurring asphalt, in
which it is associated with mineral matter: Lµ mét
chÊt r¾n hay chÊt láng nhít, bao gåm chñ yÕu lµ c¸c
hy®r«cacbon vµ dÉn xuÊt cña chóng, nã hßa tan
trong ®isunfua cacbon, c¬ b¶n lµ kh«ng bay h¬i vµ
hãa mÒm dÇn dÇn khi nung nãng. Nã cã mµu ®en
hoÆc n©u, cã tÝnh c¸ch n−íc vµ dÝnh. Bitum nhËn
®−îc tõ qu¸ tr×nh tinh chÕ (ch−ng cÊt) tõ dÇu má, vµ
nã còng ®−îc t×m thÊy nh− lµ mét trÇm tÝch tù nhiªn
 29
hay nh− mét thµnh phÇn cña atphan tù sinh, trong ®ã
nã xuÊt hiÖn cïng víi chÊt kho¸ng.
black hole effect /bl“k 'houl i'fekt/ n hiÖu øng lç
®en: When a tunnel entrance has a substantially
lower luminance than the open road, the tunnel
entrance will give the impression of being a black
area (commonly reffered to as the "black hole"). If
the tunnel entrance luminance is below the threshold
for that particular state of adaption on the open
road, no details in the interior will be discerned: Khi
cæng vµo hÇm cã ®é chiÕu s¸ng thÊp h¬n nhiÒu so
víi ®−êng ngoµi trêi, cöa hÇm sÏ t¹o nªn mét c¶m
gi¸c nã lµ mét vïng tèi ®en (th−êng ®−îc nãi tíi nh−
lµ "lç ®en"). NÕu ®é s¸ng cña cöa hÇm thÊp h¬n mét
ng−ìng ®èi víi tr¹ng th¸i ®iÒu tiÕt ®Æc biÖt ®ã cña
m¾t, l¸i xe sÏ ch¼ng ph©n biÖt ®−îc chi tiÕt nµo bªn
trong hÇm c¶.
black powder /bl“k 'paud”/ n thuèc næ ®en:
Miner's term for gunpowder, a mixture of saltpeter,
charcoal and sulfur formerly used for blasting: Tõ
dïng bëi thî lµm hÇm ®Ó chØ thuèc sóng, lµ mét hçn
hîp cña xanpet (nitrat kali), than cñi vµ l−u huúnh,
tr−íc ®©y dïng ®Ó næ ph¸.
black smoke /bl“k 'paud”/ n khãi ®en: Smoke
composed by carbon particles in suspension,
proceeding of diesel engines: Lµ khãi t¹o bëi c¸c h¹t
cacbon l¬ löng, b¾t nguån tõ c¸c ®éng c¬ ®iªzen.
blade shield / poling plate shield /bleid ‘i:ld/
/'pouliô pleit ‘i:ld/ n khiªn ®µo cã tÊm l−ìi ®ì ®»ng
tr−íc: A Robbins’ TBM has been developed to cope
with squeezing conditions. The technical provision
adopted comprises an outershield (Walking Blade
Shield) with parallel blades that are supported on
hydraulic rams and can move independently in both
axial and radial directions. This makes it possible to
accommodate some radial deformation of the tunnel
perimeter as the machine advances: Mét m¸y TBM
cña h·ng Robbins ®· ®−îc thiÕt kÕ ®Ó ®µo hÇm trong
®iÒu kiÖn ®Êt nÐn Ðp. Kü thuËt ¸p dông ë ®©y d¹ng
khiªn gåm mét khiªn phÝa ngoµi (khiªn cã tÊm ®ì di
®éng) cã c¸c tÊm l−ìi song song ®−îc g¾n vµo c¸c
kÝch thñy lùc vµ cã thÓ chuyÓn ®éng mét c¸ch ®éc
lËp theo c¶ hai h−íng däc trôc vµ h−íng tÊm. §iÒu
nµy cho phÐp khèng chÕ ®−îc mét l−îng lón h−íng
t©m nhÊt ®Þnh cña chu vi hÇm khi m¸y ®µo tiÕn lªn.
Blaine fineness /'blein 'fainnis/ n ®é mÞn Blaine: A
measure of the fineness of powdered materials such
as cement and pozzolans. Usually expressed as
square centimeters of surface area per gram: Lµ mét
®¹i l−îng/sè ®o ®é mÞn cña c¸c vËt liÖu d¹ng bét nh−
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
xim¨ng hay puz¬lan. Th−êng ®−îc biÓu diÔn b»ng sè
xentimÐt vu«ng diÖn tÝch bÒ mÆt trªn mét gam.
blanket grouting /'blæ–kit 'grautiô/ n b¬m v÷a
m¹ng réng: A method for reducing the permeability
and strengthening the upper layers of bedrock by
drilling and grouting shallow, closely spaced
shallow holes according to a grid pattern: Lµ mét
ph−¬ng ph¸p lµm gi¶m tÝnh thÊm n−íc vµ gia c−êng
cho c¸c líp ®Þa tÇng phÝa trªn cña ®¸ gèc b»ng c¸ch
khoan vµ b¬m v÷a vµo m¹ng l−íi c¸c lç khoan n«ng
bè trÝ gÇn nhau theo mét s¬ ®å kiÓu « l−íi o A
procedure in which relatively closely spaced and
usually shallow holes are drilled and grouted for the
purpose of reducing the permeability of the upper
portion of the bedrock beneath the site of an
embankment dam. Generally but not necessarily
done either on a grid pattern or in rows paralell to
the grout curtain. Commonly includes “off-pattern”
holes to treat selected geologic defects such as
fracture or shear zones. Sometimes confused with or
improperly considered to be synonymous with
consolidation grouting: Lµ mét ph−¬ng ph¸p trong
®ã c¸c lç t−¬ng ®èi gÇn nhau vµ th−êng lµ n«ng sÏ
®−îc khoan vµ b¬m v÷a nh»m môc ®Ých lµm gi¶m ®é
thÊm cña phÇn phÝa trªn cña ®¸ gèc t¹i vÞ trÝ bªn
d−íi mét ®Ëp ®¾p cao. Nãi chung, nh−ng kh«ng b¾t
buéc, kiÓu b¬m v÷a nµy ®−îc tiÕn hµnh theo s¬ ®å
m¹ng l−íi, hoÆc thµnh c¸c hµng song song víi mµn
v÷a. Th−êng cã thªm c¸c lç “ngoµi s¬ ®å” ®Ó xö lý
c¸c khuyÕt tËt ®Þa chÊt nhÊt ®Þnh nh− c¸c vïng n¸t
vì hoÆc ®øt g·y chÞu c¾t. §«i khi nã bÞ lÉn lén víi
hoÆc ®−îc coi mét c¸ch sai lÇm lµ ®ång nhÊt víi kü
thuËt b¬m v÷a cè kÕt.
blast /'bla:st/ v lµm næ tung, ph¸ (b»ng m×n);
thæi: The characteristics of the rock mass to be
blasted are more significant in controlling the
breakage and vibrations than the characteristics of
the explosives used: C¸c ®Æc tr−ng cña khèi ®¸ ®−îc
ph¸ næ cã ý nghÜa quan träng h¬n lµ c¸c tÝnh chÊt
cña thuèc næ trong viÖc kiÓm so¸t sù ph¸ vì vµ chÊn
®éng o It is important that the holes in the drill
pattern be blasted in the proper sequence to obtain
the best breakage and muck pile formation: §iÒu
quan träng lµ c¸c lç m×n trong s¬ ®å (hé chiÕu)
khoan ph¶i ®−îc kÝch næ theo mét thø tù ®óng ®¾n ®Ó
nhËn ®−îc kÕt qu¶ ph¸ vì còng nh− sù t¹o thµnh
®èng ®¸ næ tèi −u nhÊt.
blast /'bla:st/ n sù næ, vô næ m×n (= shot); sù
thæi; sù qu¹t giã: The ignition of a heavy explosive
charge: Lµ sù kÝch næ mét khèi thuèc næ lín.
blast design /'bla:st di'zain/ n thiÕt kÕ næ (m×n): A
geotechnical consultancy should be able to offer an
 30
efficient, cost effective blast design for civil
engineering and mining projects including perimeter
control techniques to limit blast damage and
vibration, and the prediction of far field vibration:
Mét c«ng ty t− vÊn vÒ ®Þa kü thuËt ph¶i cã n¨ng lùc
®−a ra nh÷ng thiÕt kÕ næ m×n hiÖu qu¶, h¹ gi¸ thµnh
cho c¸c dù ¸n má vµ d©n dông, bao gåm c¸c kü thuËt
næ kiÓm so¸t chu vi nh»m h¹n chÕ h− h¹i vµ chÊn
®éng do næ, còng nh− dù b¸o ®−îc chÊn ®éng ë tÇm
xa.
blast fume /'bla:st fju:m/ n khãi do næ m×n: In
order to secure safe and hygenic work environment,
sufficient ventilation in a tunnel should be provided
so that blast fume, dust and exhaust gases from the
diesel engine can be removed: §Ó ®¶m b¶o m«i
tr−êng lµm viÖc vÖ sinh vµ an toµn trong hÇm, cÇn
ph¶i cung cÊp sù th«ng giã ®Çy ®ñ ®Ó cã thÓ lo¹i bá
khãi m×n, bôi vµ khÝ th¶i tõ ®éng c¬ ®iªzen.
blastability /'bla:st”bil”ti/ n tÝnh cã thÓ næ ph¸
®−îc, kh¶ n¨ng ph¸ næ cña ®¸: Rock blastability is
determined as the resistance of the rock to blasting,
and it is mainly influenced by the state of the rock
and its stage sedimentation: TÝnh næ ph¸ ®−îc cña
®¸ ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh nh− lµ søc chèng l¹i sù næ m×n cña
®¸, vµ nã chñ yÕu bÞ ¶nh h−ëng bëi tr¹ng th¸i cña ®¸
vµ sù trÇm tÝch (tÝch tô) theo giai ®o¹n cña nã.
blasthole /'bla:sthoul/ n lç nhåi thuèc næ, lç
khoan næ m×n: A hole drilled in a material to be
blasted, for the purpose of containing an explosive
charge: Lµ mét lç ®−îc khoan vµo mét vËt liÖu cÇn
næ ph¸, víi môc ®Ých ®Ó chøa mét khèi thuèc næ o
An explosion in a blasthole can be divided into three
different phases: compression of rock, reflection of
shock waves from free face, and expansion of gases:
Mét vô næ trong mét lç khoan næ m×n cã thÓ ®−îc
chia lµm ba giai ®o¹n kh¸c nhau: nÐn Ðp ®¸, ph¶n x¹
sãng xung kÝch tõ mÆt tù do, vµ sù gi·n në khÝ o
Blasthole diameters larger than 70mm will not be
used: §−êng kÝnh lç khoan næ m×n lín h¬n 70mm sÏ
kh«ng ®−îc dïng.
blasthole spacing /'bla:sthoul 'speisi–/ n chÊt cña thuèc næ, quy m« ph¸ næ, vµ sù kÝch næ.
kho¶ng c¸ch c¸c lç m×n: The depth of blastholes in
tunnels blasts shall be limited to the smallest
dimension of the tunnel or 3.5 meters, whichever is
smaller unless specifically approved by the
Engineer: ChiÒu s©u cña c¸c lç khoan næ m×n trong
thi c«ng hÇm nªn ®−îc giíi h¹n theo kÝch th−íc nhá
nhÊt cña hÇm hoÆc 3.5 mÐt, tïy theo gi¸ trÞ nµo nhá
h¬n, trõ khi ®−îc chÊp thuËn ®Æc biÖt kh¸c cña T−
vÊn.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
blasthole straightness /'bla:sthoul 'streitnis/ n ®é
th¼ng cña lç m×n: The reasons for not obtaining
blasthole straightness in tunnel blasting can be
divided into two major groups: 1) incorrect use of
drilling equipment, including both drill rigs and drill
steels; 2) structural properties of rock prevailing at
the worksite: C¸c lý do cña viÖc kh«ng ®¹t ®−îc tÝnh
th¼ng cña lç khoan næ m×n cã thÓ chia lµm hai nhãm
chÝnh: 1) sö dông kh«ng ®óng thiÕt bÞ khoan, gåm c¶
gi¸ khoan vµ cÇn khoan; 2) c¸c tÝnh chÊt cÊu tróc
cña ®¸ chiÕm −u thÕ t¹i hiÖn tr−êng o If holes are
not straight, this causes typically poor rock
fragmentation, poor face conditions, excessive throw
and scattering of rock when blasted: NÕu c¸c lç
khoan kh«ng th¼ng, th−êng th× nã sÏ t¹o ra sù ph¸ vì
®¸ tåi, ®iÒu kiÖn mÆt g−¬ng xÊu, ®¸ v¨ng qu¸ møc vµ
sù ph©n t¸n ®¸ sau khi næ m×n.
blaster = shooter /'bla:st”/ n thî næ m×n: A mine
employee responsible for loading, priming and
detonating blastholes: Lµ c«ng nh©n má lµm c«ng
viÖc tra thuèc næ, måi næ vµ kÝch næ c¸c lç m×n o
Any person designated by the superintendent to
supervise blasting operations who shall be charged
with the responsibility of properly thawing
explosives, preparing and fixing charges, firing and
approaching misfires: Thî næ m×n lµ ng−êi bÊt kú
®−îc ph©n c«ng bëi kü s− phô tr¸ch ®Ó gi¸m s¸t c¸c
ho¹t ®éng næ m×n, anh ta sÏ chÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm thi
hµnh mét c¸ch ®óng ®¾n c¸c c«ng viÖc nh− lµm tan
b¨ng cho thuèc næ, chuÈn bÞ vµ nhåi c¸c khèi thuèc
m×n, kÝch næ vµ kiÓm tra kÕt qu¶ næ (lç m×n c©m).
blasting /'bla:stiô/ n sù lµm næ tung, sù ph¸ b»ng
thuèc næ; c«ng viÖc næ m×n; sù thæi, sù phun (lµm
s¹ch): The major objectives of a blasting operation
are fragmentation and displacement of rock: Nh÷ng
môc tiªu chÝnh cña mét t¸c vô næ m×n lµ ph¸ vì vµ
dêi chuyÓn ®Êt ®¸ o The variables that affect
blasting are rock properties, explosive properties,
blast geometry, and initiation: Nh÷ng nh©n tè ¶nh
h−ëng tíi c«ng t¸c ph¸ næ lµ tÝnh chÊt cña ®¸, tÝnh
blasting cap /'bla:stiô k“p/ n ngßi næ, kÝp: Blasting
caps initiated by safety fuse comprise an aluminium
tube loaded with two charges: a base charge of a
high velocity explosive (PETN, penta-erythritol
tetranitrate) in the bottom of the tube, and a primer
charge, for instance of lead azide composition: KÝp
næ ®−îc kÝch næ bëi ngßi næ an toµn cÊu t¹o tõ mét
èng nh«m ®−îc nhåi hai nhãm thuèc khëi næ: thuèc
khëi næ nhãm 2 lµ lo¹i thuèc næ tèc ®é cao (PETN,
 31
penta-erythritol tetra-nitrat) t¹i ®¸y èng, vµ thuèc
khëi næ nhãm 1, vÝ dô azit ch×.
blasting cost /'bla:stiô k˜st/ n chi phÝ (gi¸ thµnh) næ
ph¸: Blasting costs are closely related to drilling
costs and consist of explosives, firing system,
charging equipment (if used), and labour. The
consumption of explosives is determined by the
specific charging of the rock, and the amount of rock
to be excavated. The firing cost comprises
detonators and the blasting machine. A blasting
machine is normally replaced every 2 - 3 years.
Labour costs include the costs of charging the hole,
stemming it and connecting the charge to the firing
circuit: Gi¸ thµnh næ ph¸ liªn quan chÆt chÏ ®Õn gi¸
thµnh khoan vµ bao gåm chi phÝ thuèc næ, hÖ thèng
kÝch næ, thiÕt bÞ n¹p thuèc (nÕu cã), vµ nh©n c«ng.
L−îng tiªu thô thuèc ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh bëi chi phÝ thuèc
®¬n vÞ vµ khèi l−îng ®¸ cÇn ®µo ph¸. Chi phÝ kÝch næ
bao gåm kÝp m×n vµ m¸y næ m×n. Mét m¸y næ m×n
th−êng ph¶i thay míi sau 2 - 3 n¨m. Chi phÝ nh©n
c«ng bao gåm viÖc n¹p thuèc vµo lç, nhåi (®Çm) chÆt
nã vµ nèi qu¶ m×n víi hÖ m¹ch kÝch næ.
blasting effects /'bla:stiô i'fekt/ n t¸c ®éng cña næ
m×n: The effect of blasting is accounted by reducing
both elastic modulus and strength indices of the
surrounding rocks that are affected by blasting. The
affected range around the tunnel wall is 1.0 and 1.5
m for tunnel span of 10 and 15 m, respectively. The
deductions in rock mass strength due to blasting
effects are assigned as: 80% of the initial Young’s
modulus, cohesion and friction angle, for the rock
mass (soft to hard); 80% of the initial Young’s
modulus while cohesion and friction angle
remaining unchanged for the fault zone: T¸c ®éng
cña næ m×n ®−îc xÐt ®Õn b»ng c¸ch chiÕt gi¶m c¶
m«®un ®µn håi vµ c¸c chØ sè c−êng ®é cña ®¸ xung
quanh hÇm n»m trong ph¹m vi ¶nh h−ëng. Ph¹m vi
¶nh h−ëng quanh t−êng hÇm vµo kho¶ng 1,0 ~ 1,5m
®èi víi hÇm réng 10 ~ 15m. §é chiÕt gi¶m c−êng ®é
khèi ®¸ do t¸c ®éng næ m×n ®−îc quy ®Þnh b»ng:
80% cña m«®un ®µn håi ban ®Çu, cña lùc dÝnh vµ
gãc ma s¸t trong nÕu ®¸ lµ mÒm ®Õn cøng; 80% cña
m«®un ®µn håi ban ®Çu, cßn lùc dÝnh vµ gãc ma s¸t
trong kh«ng ®æi nÕu ®¸ lµ vïng ®øt g·y.
blasting machine /'bla:stiô m”'‘i:n/ n m¸y næ m×n:
High energy condenser discharge blasting machines
have been developed to reliably fire one to 200
delay electric blasting caps in parallel with no
danger of arcing (caused by excessive energy from
power lines): Ng−êi ta ®· chÕ t¹o lo¹i m¸y næ m×n
phãng ®iÖn b»ng tô ®iÖn n¨ng l−îng cao ®Ó kÝch næ
mét c¸ch tin cËy tõ mét ®Õn 200 kÝp ®iÖn vi sai m¾c
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
song song mµ kh«ng cã nguy c¬ phãng ®iÖn cung löa
(g©y bëi n¨ng l−îng qu¸ cao tõ ®−êng t¶i ®iÖn).
blasting operation /'bla:stiô ,˜p”'rei‘n/ n [thao
t¸c, ho¹t ®éng], t¸c vô næ m×n: The Engineer shall
have the authority at all time to require adjustment,
limit or prohibit blasting operation if (in the opinion
of the Engineer) the safety of personnel or property
or environmental factors are or may be affected: T−
vÊn cã quyÒn vµo mäi lóc yªu cÇu ®iÒu chØnh, h¹n
chÕ hay cÊm ho¹t ®éng næ m×n nÕu (theo ý kiÕn cña
T− vÊn) sù an toµn cña ng−êi hay tµi s¶n hay c¸c yÕu
tè m«i tr−êng sÏ bÞ hoÆc cã thÓ bÞ ¶nh h−ëng.
blasting pattern /'bla:stiô 'pæt(ə)n/ n hé chiÕu næ
m×n: The standard blasting pattern in the Trollhattan
running tunnel comprises 170 48mm holes drilled to
5.2m depth using Secoroc R38 ballistic bits. A
smooth blasting technique is applied, using two rows
with reduced charges. At the periphery, 80 gram
pentyl cord is used, and in the second row located
0.6m inside the periphery, 0.9kg of emulsion is
measured into each hole: Hé chiÕu næ m×n tiªu
chuÈn trong hÇm Trollhattan bao gåm 170 lç ®−êng
kÝnh Φ48mm, chiÒu dµi lç khoan 5,2m sö dông mòi
khoan ®¹n ®¹o Secoroc R38. ¸p dông kü thuËt næ
m×n t¹o mÆt nh½n, dïng hai hµng lç khoan tra Ýt
thuèc næ. Quanh chu vi g−¬ng, dïng lo¹i d©y næ
pentyl 80g, vµ t¹i hµng lç thø hai n»m c¸ch biªn
0,6m dïng lo¹i thuèc næ dÎo 0,9kg cho mçi lç.
blasting safety /'bla:stiô 'seifti/ n an toµn næ m×n:
There are three factors that affect blasting safety:
air blast, ground vibrations and flyrock. Air blast is
a pressure wave travelling through the air. When an
explosive detonates in a blasthole, it generates
intense stress wave motion in the rock. Flyrock is the
undesirable throw of rock from the blast area: Cã ba
yÕu tè ¶nh h−ëng ®Õn an toµn næ m×n: sãng næ (sù va
kh«ng khÝ), chÊn ®éng ®Êt vµ ®¸ bay. Sãng næ lµ mét
sãng ¸p lùc truyÒn ®i trong kh«ng khÝ. Khi mét khèi
thuèc ph¸t næ trong mét lç m×n, nã sinh ra chuyÓn
®éng sãng ¸p suÊt m¹nh trong ®¸. §¸ bay lµ sù v¨ng
xa kh«ng mong muèn cña ®¸ ra khái khu vùc næ m×n
o Blasters can overcome these problems and
complaints concerning blast effects through careful
blast design with the effective use of delays, by
careful monitoring of blast effects, and by meeting
with all those potetially affected to explain the care
used to protect their property and safety: Ng−êi næ
m×n cã thÓ tr¸nh ®−îc c¸c vÊn ®Ò nµy còng nh− c¸c
vô kªu kiÖn liªn quan ®Õn hËu qu¶ næ m×n nhê viÖc
thiÕt kÕ næ m×n cÈn thËn, sö dông cã hiÖu qu¶ c¸c
thêi gian trÔ næ, nhê kiÓm so¸t kü l−ìng c¸c t¸c ®éng
 32
næ m×n, vµ nhê gÆp gì c¸c bªn cã thÓ bÞ ¶nh h−ëng
®Ó gi¶i thÝch biÖn ph¸p ®Ò phßng nh»m b¶o vÖ tµi
s¶n vµ sù an toµn cña hä.
blasting scheme /'bla:stiô ski:m/ n hé chiÕu næ m×n:
It is the executive plan design project of the round; it
sets location, diameter, length and direction of the
holes, charging (amount and type of explosive,
initiation devices, stemming) and timing (explosions
sequence and intervals): §ã lµ thiÕt kÕ kÕ ho¹ch thi
hµnh cña mét chu tr×nh ®µo hÇm; nã quy ®Þnh vÞ trÝ,
®−êng kÝnh, chiÒu dµi vµ h−íng cña c¸c lç khoan, sù
n¹p thuèc (khèi l−îng vµ lo¹i thuèc næ, thiÕt bÞ kÝch
næ, bua) vµ ph©n ®Þnh thêi gian (tr×nh tù næ vµ
kho¶ng trÔ næ).
blasting vibration /'bla:stiô vai'brei‘n/ n sù
rung ®éng, chÊn ®éng do næ m×n: Where it is
necessary to limit blasting vibration, e.g. for
structures in the proximity of blasting, the peak
particle velocity should be measured to ensure that it
does not exceed the specified values: T¹i nh÷ng n¬i
cÇn ph¶i h¹n chÕ chÊn ®éng do næ m×n, vÝ dô ®èi víi
c¸c c«ng tr×nh ë l©n cËn khu vùc næ ph¸, cÇn ph¶i ®o
tèc ®é phÇn tö (vËn tèc vËt ®iÓm) cùc ®¹i nh»m ®¶m
b¶o r»ng nã kh«ng v−ît qu¸ c¸c gi¸ trÞ cho phÐp.
bleed /'bli:d/ n sù t¸ch n−íc (khái v÷a):
Separation of excess water from a particulates
suspension grout as a result of settlement.
Commonly expressed as a percentage of the initial
volume of the mixed grout: Lµ sù ph©n t¸ch rÊt
nhiÒu n−íc khái mét dung dÞch v÷a d¹ng h¹t do kÕt
qu¶ cña sù l¾ng. Th−êng ®−îc biÓu thÞ b»ng sè phÇn
tr¨m so víi thÓ tÝch ban ®Çu cña hçn hîp v÷a.
bleeding /'bli:diô/ n sù dÒnh n−íc xim¨ng (trªn mÆt
bªt«ng): During compaction and until the cement
paste has hardened there is a natural tendency for
the solid particles, depending on size and specific
gravity, to exhibit a downward movement. Where the
consistency of a mix is such that it is unable to hold
all its water some of it is gradually displaced and
rises to the surface, and some may also leak through
the joints of the formwork. Separation of water from
a mix in this manner is known as bleeding: Trong
qu¸ tr×nh ®Çm vµ cho tíi khi v÷a xim¨ng ®· ®«ng
cøng, cã mét xu h−íng tù nhiªn cña c¸c h¹t r¾n, tïy
thuéc vµo kÝch cì vµ khèi l−îng riªng, thÓ hiÖn mét
chuyÓn ®éng xuèng d−íi. Khi ®é sÖt cña hçn hîp ë
mét møc ®é mµ khiÕn nã kh«ng thÓ gi÷ ®−îc tÊt c¶
l−îng n−íc cña nã, th× mét l−îng n−íc sÏ dÇn dÇn bÞ
®Èy ®i vµ tråi lªn bÒ mÆt, mét l−îng kh¸c còng cã thÓ
rØ qua c¸c mèi nèi v¸n khu«n. Sù ph©n t¸ch n−íc
khái mét hçn hîp theo c¸ch ®ã gäi lµ sù dÒnh
n−ícxim¨ng.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
blind shield /blaind ∫i:ld/ n khiªn kÝn mÆt: Non-
mechanical shield which has a controlled and partly
sealed face: Lµ khiªn kh«ng ph¶i lo¹i c¬ khÝ mµ nã
cã mÆt ®µo t¹i g−¬ng ®−îc bÝt kÝn mét phÇn vµ ®−îc
®iÒu khiÓn.
blind stagger /blaind 'st“g”/ n bÖnh lo¹ng cho¹ng:
The blind stagger is a serious disease caused by
long-time working in the compressed air tunnels. It
forms the nitrogen bubbles in the spine, and causes
excruciating pains and may result in permanent
injury or even death: BÖnh lo¹ng cho¹ng lµ mét bÖnh
nguy hiÓm g©y ra do lµm viÖc qu¸ l©u trong hÇm
dïng khÝ nÐn ¸p lùc cao. Nã lµm t¹o thµnh c¸c bong
bãng nit¬ trong x−¬ng sèng, g©y nªn ®au ®ín hÕt søc
vµ cã thÓ dÉn tíi th−¬ng tËt vÜnh viÔn hoÆc thËm chÝ
c¸i chÕt o Every sandhog should wear, at all
times, night and day, a badge stating: "This is a
compressed air worker. If found unconscious, DO
NOT TAKE TO HOSPITAL. Rush immediately to
MEDICAL LOCK located at…": Mäi c«ng nh©n lµm
hÇm ph¶i lu«n lu«n ®eo mét biÓn hiÖu, c¶ ngµy lÉn
®ªm, cã ghi: "§©y lµ mét c«ng nh©n lµm viÖc d−íi
khÝ nÐn. NÕu thÊy bÊt tØnh, KH¤NG §¦îC MANG
§ÕN BÖNH VIÖN. H·y lËp tøc ®em ®Õn BuåNG
KHÝ CÊP CøU ®Æt t¹i…".
blinding /'blaindiô/ n lÊp khe rçng quanh vá
hÇm: The main construction activities undertaken at
the Sheung Shui Tunnel during the reporting month
include construction of blinding layer (e.g.
stabilisation of the trench bottom using a simple
mixture of sand and cement) and waterproofing for
base slab from tunnel box C1 and B, and A: C¸c
c«ng viÖc chÝnh ®· thùc hiÖn t¹i hÇm Sheung Shui
Tunnel trong th¸ng qua bao gåm thi c«ng líp chÌn
lÊp khe rçng (vÝ dô lµm æn ®Þnh ®¸y hµo b»ng hçn
hîp xim¨ng c¸t ®¬n gi¶n) vµ líp c¸ch n−íc cho b¶n
®¸y cña khoang hÇm C1, B vµ A.
block /bl˜k/ n [côc, khèi, t¶ng] ®¸: 1) Rock
fragment derived from the sides of a volcanic vent.
Commonly angular or subangular. Restricted to
pyroclasts > 60mm diameter. 2) General term for
individual pieces of rock bounded by discontinuities
in a rock mass: 1) Lµ m¶nh ®¸ t¸ch ra tõ c¸c thµnh
bªn cña mét miÖng nói löa. Th−êng cã d¹ng gãc
c¹nh hoÆc gÇn gãc c¹nh, kÝch th−íc lín nhÊt 60 mm.
2) ThuËt ng÷ chung ®Ó chØ c¸c khèi riªng biÖt cña ®¸
®−îc bao quanh bëi c¸c khe nøt trong mét khèi ®¸
lín.
block catcher /bl˜k 'kæt‘ə/ n gµu ngo¹m ®¸, bé
phËn l−îm vµ th¶i ®¸ (cña m¸y khoan hÇm TBM).
 33
blocking /'bl˜kiô/ n sù chÆn; hÖ ch¾n gi÷ ®Êt quanh
hang hÇm: Blocks of wood or concrete or metal
installed between the lagging or steel sets or collar
bracing and the rock surfaces of a tunnel to transfer
stress to the support: Lµ nh÷ng khèi gç, bªt«ng hay
thÐp l¾p ®Æt vµo kho¶ng trèng gi÷a hÖ v¸n chèng ®ì
hay c¸c v× chèng thÐp hay hÖ gi»ng ngang vµ bÒ mÆt
nÒn ®Êt ®¸ cña hÇm ®Ó truyÒn øng suÊt (¸p lùc ®Êt)
vµo hÖ chèng.
blocky /'bl˜ki/ adj cã tÝnh ph©n khèi: Shape term
for a rock mass with three approximately orthogonal
and equally-spaced joint sets, such that individual
rock blocks tend to be roughly equidimensional:
ThuËt ng÷ h×nh d¹ng chØ mét khèi ®¸ cã ba tËp hîp
khe nøt gÇn nh− trùc giao víi nhau vµ c¸ch qu·ng
®Òu nhau, sao cho c¸c khèi ®¸ bÞ ph©n t¸ch riªng
biÖt cã xu h−íng xÊp xØ nhau vÒ kÝch th−íc.
blocky rock /'bl˜ki r˜k/ n ®¸ cã tÝnh ph©n khèi:
Rock having joints or cleavage spaced and oriented
in a manner such that it readily breaks into loose
blocks under excavation conditions: Lµ lo¹i ®¸ cã
c¸c khe nøt hay khe hë ®−îc ph©n bè vµ ®Þnh h−íng
theo mét c¸ch thøc mµ nã thËt sù khiÕn cho khèi ®¸
dÔ bÞ vì ra thµnh nhiÒu t¶ng rêi nhau d−íi c¸c ®iÒu
kiÖn khai ®µo.
blower = fan /'blou”/ n qu¹t th«ng giã: The
ventilation line is connected up to a blower capable
of pushing air into the tunnel heading so that the
blasting smoke travels out through the tunnel: èng
th«ng giã ®−îc nèi tíi mét qu¹t giã cã kh¶ n¨ng ®Èy
kh«ng khÝ vµo tíi g−¬ng hÇm, do ®ã khãi bôi næ m×n
sÏ ®i ng−îc qua lßng hÇm ra cöa hÇm.
blow-out /'blou'aut/ n sù phun khÝ tõ lßng ®Êt; sù
mÊt khÝ nÐn, sù tôt ¸p trong hÇm; sù dõng lß, sù dõng
giã: It is a sudden loss of a large amount of
compressed air at the top of a shield; in other words,
the sudden escape of air from a tunnel driven under
air pressure: §ã lµ sù mÊt m¸t (tôt) mét l−îng lín
khÝ nÐn t¹i phÝa trªn mét khiªn ®µo hÇm; nãi c¸ch
kh¸c, ®ã lµ sù tho¸t ra bÊt th×nh l×nh cña khÝ nÐn ra
khái mét hÇm ®ang ®−îc ®µo d−íi ¸p suÊt kh«ng khÝ
cao.
blow-out or blow-out-shot /'blou'aut/ n có næ
xÞt: A shot that did not break the rock as intended,
but simply blew out the STEMMING: Lµ mét có næ
m×n mµ nã kh«ng ph¸ vì ®¸ nh− dù tÝnh, mµ chØ lµm
thæi bay bua nhåi (nót m×n).
blowpipe /'bloupaip/ n èng thæi vÖ sinh: Air jet
operated by the nozzleman’s helper in shotcrete
gunning to keep rebound or other loose material out
of the work: Lµ vßi thæi khÝ ®iÒu khiÓn bëi thî phô
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
gióp viÖc cho thî cÇm vßi trong khi phun bªt«ng ®Ó
gi÷ cho vËt liÖu bËt n¶y hay vËt liÖu rêi kh¸c kh«ng
lµm ¶nh h−ëng ®Õn c«ng viÖc.
bolt /boult/ n bul«ng; chèt; trôc nhá: A supporting
arch is formed in the rock mass surrounding the
tunnel, by steel bolts that are inserted in the rock to
keep fractures as close as possible. Rock bolts are
combined with shotcrete to form a safe and stable
tunnel opening: Mét vßm chèng ®−îc t¹o thµnh
trong khèi ®¸ bao quanh hÇm, b»ng c¸c bul«ng thÐp
®−îc Ên vµo ®¸, gi÷ cho c¸c khe nøt cµng sÝt nhau
cµng tèt. C¸c bul«ng neo vµo ®¸ ®−îc kÕt hîp víi
bªt«ng phun ®Ó t¹o thµnh mét g−¬ng ®µo hÇm æn
®Þnh vµ an toµn.
bolt /boult/ v b¾t bul«ng: It was planned from the
start that the contractors would be required to bolt
the tunnel roof and install wire mesh screens as they
advanced, to ensure the tunnel workers’ safety:
Ngay tõ ®Çu ng−êi ta ®· quy ®Þnh r»ng nhµ thÇu cã
thÓ ®−îc yªu cÇu l¾p ®Æt bul«ng neo cho nãc hÇm vµ
®Æt c¸c tÊm l−íi thÐp nh»m ®¶m b¶o sù an toµn cho
c«ng nh©n lµm hÇm.
bolting /boult/ n sù b¾t (vÆn, siÕt, l¾p ®Æt)
bul«ng: We have seen that systematic rock bolting
and guniting were already applied in combination in
several countries since the 1930s, the emphasis lying
mainly on the rock bolts: Chóng ta ®· biÕt r»ng
ph−¬ng ph¸p l¾p ®Æt bul«ng neo mét c¸ch hÖ thèng
vµ phun bªt«ng ®· ®−îc ¸p dông kÕt hîp víi nhau ë
mét sè n−íc tõ nh÷ng n¨m 1930, trong ®ã bul«ng
neo ®−îc chó träng h¬n.
bond /b˜nd/ n dÝnh b¸m, liªn kÕt: Adhesion and
grip of a material to other surfaces against which it
is placed; adherence between repairs and existing
substrates: Lµ sù dÝnh kÕt vµ b¸m chÆt cña mét vËt
liÖu vµo c¸c bÒ mÆt kh¸c mµ nã ®−îc b«i/quÐt lªn; lµ
sù dÝnh b¸m gi÷a phÇn söa ch÷a vµ chÊt nÒn cò.
bond strength /b˜nd m”'ti”ri”l/ n c−êng ®é liªn
kÕt: The amount of adhesion between two surfaces:
Møc ®é/®é lín cña sù dÝnh kÕt gi÷a hai bÒ mÆt o
Resistance to separation of set grout from surfaces
such as bedrock joints, cracks in concrete, or tunnel
lining material with which it is in contact: Lµ søc
kh¸ng chèng l¹i sù t¸ch rêi cña v÷a ®· ®«ng cøng
khái c¸c bÒ mÆt nh− khe nøt trong ®¸, vÕt nøt trong
bªt«ng, hoÆc vËt liÖu vá hÇm mµ v÷a trùc tiÕp dÝnh
b¸m víi chóng.
bonded anchor /b˜ndid '“–k”/ n neo dÝnh b¸m:
Anchor systems which develop their holding
capacities by the bonding of the cementitious or
polymer adhesive to both the anchor and the
 34
concrete/rock at the wall of the drilled hole: Lµ hÖ
thèng neo mµ nã ph¸t huy n¨ng lùc chÞu t¶i cña m×nh
b»ng lùc dÝnh b¸m cña chÊt dÝnh kÕt xim¨ng hoÆc
polyme víi thanh neo còng nh− víi bªt«ng/®Êt ®¸ t¹i
thµnh lç khoan.
bonding agent /b˜ndi– 'eidʒənt/ n chÊt g¾n
kÕt: A material applied to a suitable substrate to
enhance bond between it and a succeeding layer: Lµ
mét vËt liÖu ®−a vµo mét chÊt nÒn thÝch hîp ®Ó n©ng
cao lùc dÝnh b¸m gi÷a nã vµ mét líp tiÕp theo.
bonding material /b˜ndi– m”'ti”ri”l/ n vËt liÖu
g¾n kÕt: Bonding material should, taking into
account the ground conditions and the purpose of
the rock bolt, be selected in order to obtain sufficient
bonding force through the whole length of the
anchoring part. Necessary conditions of bonding
materials are high bonding resistance for the short
as well as long term, durability and the certainty of
grouting. Typical bonding materials are cement
mortar, cement milk and resin etc.: VËt liÖu g¾n kÕt,
khi xÐt ®Õn c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt vµ môc ®Ých cña
neo ®¸, ph¶i ®−îc lùa chän sao cho ®¹t ®−îc lùc liªn
kÕt cÇn thiÕt däc theo toµn bé chiÒu dµi phÇn neo
chÞu lùc. C¸c tÝnh chÊt cÇn cã cña vËt liÖu g¾n kÕt
lµ: lùc liªn kÕt lín trong thêi gian ng¾n còng nh− l©u
dµi, tÝnh bÒn v÷ng vµ ®é tin cËy khi b¬m. C¸c lo¹i
vËt liÖu g¾n kÕt c¬ b¶n lµ v÷a xim¨ng, hå xim¨ng vµ
keo v.v…
bonding type of rock bolt /b˜ndi– taip ”v r˜k
boult/ n kiÓu liªn kÕt cña neo ®¸: The bonding type of
rock bolt shall be determined in consideration of the
objective of its use, ground conditions and
workability. There are three main bonding types: all
bonded type, friction type and intermediate type:
KiÓu g¾n kÕt bul«ng vµo ®¸ sÏ ®−îc chän dùa vµo
môc ®Ých sö dông bul«ng, ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt vµ tÝnh
dÔ thi c«ng. Cã ba lo¹i liªn kÕt chÝnh lµ: g¾n kÕt trªn
toµn chiÒu dµi bul«ng, liªn kÕt dùa vµo ma s¸t, vµ
liªn kÕt kiÓu trung gian gi÷a hai lo¹i trªn.
boom /bu:m/ n tay víi, dÇm ch×a: A telescoping,
hydraulically powered steel arm on which drifters,
manbaskets and hydraulic hammers are mounted:
Mét tay víi b»ng thÐp ch¹y b»ng thñy lùc, co rót
®−îc, trªn ®ã cã thÓ l¾p bóa khoan, giá c«ng t¸c vµ
bóa thñy lùc.
boom of jumbo /bu:m ”v ' dʒʌmbou/ n tay víi,
cÇn n©ng, dÇm däc, dÇm ch×a [cña m¸y khoan hÇm,
®Ó g¾n bóa khoan vµ cÇn khoan]: Originally the
Rocket Boomer® jumbo from Atlas Copco (Sweden)
was to become a two-boom drill rig. But it did not
take contractors long to figure out that mounting
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
another rock drill COP 1440 would boost
production one step higher, thus the three hydraulic
booms Rocket Boomer including two booms for
service baskets for utility work became even more
popular: Ban ®Çu m¸y khoan hÇm Rocket Boomer®
cña h·ng Atlas Copco (Thôy §iÓn) ®−îc thiÕt kÕ ®Ó
trë thµnh mét gi¸ khoan 2 cÇn (tay víi). Nh−ng
kh«ng l©u sau, c¸c nhµ thÇu nhËn thÊy r»ng, nÕu l¾p
thªm mét bóa khoan ®¸ COP 1440 kh¸c th× cã thÓ
khiÕn n¨ng suÊt t¨ng cao h¬n n÷a, do ®ã lo¹i m¸y
khoan Rocket Boomer 3 cÇn khoan thñy lùc céng
thªm hai tay víi kh¸c ®Ó g¾n thïng c«ng t¸c l¹i cµng
trë nªn th«ng dông h¬n.
boom of hydraulic drill /bu:m/ n tay víi cña m¸y
khoan thñy lùc: Booms are of telescopic, fixed or
articulated. Field use has shown that the telescopic
booms give the best performance, since: ⓐ several
holes can be drilled per one rig set-up, ⓑ spotting
of holes and aligning of the feed is fast and easy with
the extension of the boom, ⓒ the design is sturdy
enough to carry a rod changer: DÇm khoan cã c¸c
lo¹i nèi khíp, cè ®Þnh vµ kiÓu èng lång. Kinh nghiÖm
hiÖn tr−êng chØ ra r»ng c¸c tay víi kiÓu èng lång cho
ta tÝnh n¨ng tèt nhÊt, bëi v×: ⓐ cã thÓ khoan mét sè
lç trªn mét c¬ cÊu gi¸ khoan, ⓑ viÖc ®¸nh dÊu c¸c
lç khoan vµ chØnh dÉn tiÕn lµ nhanh vµ dÔ dµng nhê
sù duçi ra cña dÇm khoan, ⓒ thiÕt kÕ cña nã ®ñ
kháe ®Ó mang mét bé ®æi cÇn khoan.
boomheader /bu:m'hed”/ n m¸y khoan thñy lùc
cã thÓ v−¬n dµi: A relatively soft-rock mining
machine that can mine selectively and cut any shape
or size of tunnel by use of a cutting head on a
hydraulically controlled boom or arm that is
generally centrally positioned on the unit and
extending cantilever-fashion in front of the machine
in such a way that it can be vertically raised or
lowered or swung in an arc from side to side: Lµ mét
m¸y lµm hÇm trong ®¸ t−¬ng ®èi mÒm, nã cã thÓ ®µo
hÇm mét c¸ch cã lùa chän vµ c¾t ®−îc bÊt kú h×nh
d¹ng hay kÝch cì nµo cña hÇm nhê sö dông mét ®Çu
c¾t g¾n trªn mét dÇm ch×a hay tay víi ®iÒu khiÓn
b»ng thñy lùc, tay víi nµy nãi chung ®−îc l¾p ë
chÝnh t©m cç m¸y vµ bÖ dÇm ch×a ë phÝa tr−íc m¸y,
sao cho nã cã thÓ n©ng lªn h¹ xuèng th¼ng ®øng
hoÆc quay tõ bªn nµy sang bªn kia.
booster fan, jet fan /'bu:st” f“n, dʒet f“n/ n
qu¹t th«ng giã m¹nh: In a growing number of
tunnels, a longitudinal ventilation system is achieved
with booster fans mounted at the tunnel ceilings: Cã
ngµy cµng nhiÒu c¸c ®−êng hÇm dïng c¸c qu¹t th«ng
 35
giã m¹nh ®Ó t¹o nªn hÖ thèng th«ng giã däc, l¾p t¹i
nãc hÇm.
boot /bu:t/ n ñng, giµy èng (xem safety shoe): In
sprayed concrete construction, people must be
protected from hazards by using personal protective
equipment (impact-resistant goggles, helmet, gloves,
breathing apparatus, ear defenders, safety boots, full
body clothing); no entry to unprotected, freshly
sprayed areas; adequate lighting: Trong thi c«ng
bªt«ng phun, con ng−êi ph¶i ®−îc b¶o vÖ khái c¸c
nguy hiÓm b»ng c¸ch sö dông c¸c trang thiÕt bÞ b¶o
hé c¸ nh©n (nh− kÝnh chèng va ®Ëp, mò cøng, g¨ng
tay, mÆt n¹ thë, nót tai, ñng an toµn, mÆc quÇn ¸o
kÝn ng−êi); kh«ng ®Õn gÇn khu vùc ch−a ®−îc b¶o vÖ
khi bªt«ng cßn −ít, trang bÞ ®ñ ¸nh s¸ng.
bootleg or socket /bu:tleg/ n phÇn ®¸ nh«:
Amount of drilled rock in the tunnel face not broken
by the explosion (The remnants of a blasthole that
did not properly break when the blast was initiated):
Lµ phÇn ®¸ ®· ®−îc khoan trªn g−¬ng hÇm nh−ng
ch−a bÞ ph¸ vì bëi có næ m×n (phÇn cßn l¹i cña mét
lç khoan mµ nã ch−a ph¸ vì hoµn toµn khi kÝch næ).
BOQ (Bill of Quantities) /bil ”v 'kw˜nt”tiz/ abbr
BiÓu Khèi l−îng: The quantities in the Bill of
Quantities are the quantities of work estimated when
the Tender documents are prepared based upon the
Drawings and the Specification. The actual
quantities of work performed in the execution of the
Contract are to be ascertained by measurement:
Nh÷ng khèi l−îng ghi trong BiÓu Khèi l−îng chØ lµ
khèi l−îng c«ng viÖc dù kiÕn trong khi so¹n th¶o tµi
liÖu §Êu thÇu dùa trªn B¶n vÏ vµ Quy ®Þnh Kü thuËt.
Khèi l−îng c«ng viÖc hoµn thµnh thùc tÕ trong khi
thi c«ng Hîp ®ång ph¶i ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh b»ng ®o ®¹c.
bore /'b˜:/ n khoang hÇm d×m: A term borrowed
from mined tunneling to describe a cell. Void which
is created to receive a pipe, conduit, cable or tunnel:
Mét thuËt ng÷ m−în tõ ngµnh ®µo hÇm khai má ®Ó
chØ mét ng¨n/khoang hÇm d×m. Lµ kho¶ng trèng t¹o
ra trong ®Êt ®Ó tiÕp nhËn mét ®−êng èng, cèng, c¸p
hay x©y dùng hÇm.
bore /'b˜:r/ n sù khoan hÇm, hang ®µo: In
reference to construction operations, the making of a
relatively large hole in earth or rock with an
excavating device, while removing the muck
mechanically or with the aid of gravity.
Distinguished from drill: Liªn quan ®Õn c¸c ho¹t
®éng x©y dùng, lµ sù lµm ra mét c¸i lç t−¬ng ®èi lín
trong ®Êt hay ®¸ b»ng mét dông cô ®µo, trong khi
bèc xóc ®Êt ®¸ võa næ m×n b»ng ph−¬ng tiÖn c¬ khÝ
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
hoÆc nhê sù trî gióp cña träng l−îng b¶n th©n. Kh¸c
víi khoan lç nhá.
bore construction /'b˜: kən'strʌk∫n/ n thi c«ng
hÇm b»ng ph−¬ng ph¸p khoan: Construction by
tunnelling with only limited access points from the
surface: Lµ c¸ch thi c«ng ®µo hÇm chØ b»ng mét sè
®iÓm tiÕp cËn h¹n chÕ tõ mÆt ®Êt.
boreability /'b˜:r”bil”ti/ n kh¶ n¨ng khoan ®−îc:
A value expressing the boring properties of rock in
terms of the penetration rate with certain
numbers/types of cutters and amount of pressure
applied. Equivalent to "tunnelability", the ease or
difficulty with which a rock type can be penetrated
by a tunnel boring machine: Lµ mét gi¸ trÞ thÓ hiÖn
c¸c tÝnh chÊt øng xö khi chÞu khoan cña ®¸ vÒ mÆt
tèc ®é xuyªn víi sè l−îng/d¹ng mòi c¾t nhÊt ®Þnh vµ
®é lín ¸p lùc tú t¸c dông. T−¬ng ®−¬ng víi "tÝnh cã
thÓ ®µo hÇm ®−îc", lµ tÝnh dÔ hay khã mµ víi nã mét
lo¹i ®¸ cã thÓ ®µo xuyªn ®−îc b»ng mét m¸y khoan
hÇm.
bored excavation /'b˜:d ,eksk”'vei‘n/ n ph−¬ng
ph¸p ®µo kÝn b»ng c¸ch khoan (tr¸i víi braced
excavation).
bore-hole = drill hole /'b˜:,houl/ n lç
khoan, hè khoan: Borehole and seismic refraction
data indicates the granitic rock is typically
moderately to highly weathered to depths of 6 to 9
m: D÷ liÖu ph¶n håi tõ lç khoan vµ ®Þa chÊn chØ ra
r»ng ®©y lµ ®¸ granit, hÇu hÕt bÞ phong hãa trung
b×nh ®Õn m¹nh ë ®é s©u tõ 6 ®Õn 9m o For
pressurised machines such as EPBMs there is little
opportunity to log the tunnel face, so most of the
information comes from the interpretation of the
boreholes carried out in the area: §èi víi c¸c m¸y
®µo hÇm t¹o ¸p lùc [vµo g−¬ng] nh− m¸y khoan hÇm
c©n b»ng ¸p lùc ®Êt EPBM, th× cã rÊt Ýt c¬ héi ®Ó
kh¶o s¸t ®¸nh gi¸ kü ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt g−¬ng hÇm,
do ®ã hÇu hÕt th«ng tin ®Òu lÊy tõ viÖc ph©n tÝch c¸c
lç khoan thùc hiÖn trong khu vùc.
bore-hole logging /'b˜:,houl 'l˜gi–/ n nhËt ký
lç khoan, sù kh¶o s¸t (phÐp ®o) lç khoan:
Groundwater movements associated with subway
pumping have been monitored in subway tunnels
during and after construction. This involves
collection of stratigraphic data from borehole
logging and outcrop faces, and the assessment of
local groundwater flow conditions to predict
groundwater inflows through the face of the subway
tunnel: ChuyÓn ®éng cña n−íc ngÇm do b¬m n−íc
d−íi hÖ thèng xe ®iÖn ngÇm ®· ®−îc kiÓm so¸t trong
c¸c hÇm xe ®iÖn ngÇm trong khi vµ sau khi x©y dùng.
 36
Nã bao gåm viÖc thu thËp d÷ liÖu ®Þa tÇng tõ c¸c
kh¶o s¸t lç khoan vµ bÒ mÆt lé thiªn, vµ ®¸nh gi¸
t×nh tr¹ng dßng n−íc d−íi ®Êt quanh khu vùc ®Ó dù
b¸o dßng n−íc ngÇm ch¶y tõ g−¬ng ®µo vµo hÇm.
borehole jack /'b˜:,houl dʒæk/ n kÝch lç khoan:
In-situ testing methods used in rock (ASTM D4971).
Jacks exert a unidirectional pressure to the walls of
a borehole by means of two opposed curved steel
platens. Rock property received is modulus of
fractured rock mass. Remark here is that, measured
modulus value must be corrected to account for
stiffness of steel platens; test method can be used to
provide an estimate of anisotropy: Lµ ph−¬ng ph¸p
thÝ nghiÖm hiÖn tr−êng dïng cho ®¸ (Xem tiªu chuÈn
ASTM D4971). KÝch t¸c dông mét ¸p lùc ®¬n trôc
lªn thµnh lç khoan nhê hai tÊm thÐp cong ®èi diÖn
nhau. TÝnh chÊt cña ®¸ nhËn ®−îc lµ m«®un ®µn håi
cña khèi ®¸ nøt nÎ. CÇn l−u ý r»ng, gi¸ trÞ m«®un ®o
®−îc ph¶i ®−îc hiÖu chØnh ®Ó tÝnh ®Õn ®é cøng cña
tÊm b¶n Ðp; ph−¬ng ph¸p thÝ nghiÖm nµy cã thÓ dïng
®Ó cung cÊp mét sù ®¸nh gi¸ vÒ tÝnh kh«ng ®¼ng
h−íng.
borer /'b˜:r”/ n m¸y khoan: Common term for
rock-cutting drill: Tõ th−êng dïng ®Ó chØ bóa khoan
c¾t ®¸.
boring /'b˜:ri–/ n sù khoan; lç khoan, hè khoan,
giÕng khoan: The most revolutionary development in
modern tunnel construction has been the rise of the
tunnel boring machine (TBM): Ph¸t triÓn cã tÝnh
chÊt c¸ch m¹ng nhÊt trong thi c«ng hÇm hiÖn ®¹i lµ
sù xuÊt hiÖn m¸y khoan hÇm o In deep rock
tunnels, borings are made to obtain specific
knowledge of the rock along the tunnel alignment:
Trong c¸c hÇm xuyªn ®¸ n»m s©u, c¸c lç khoan ®−îc
t¹o ®Ó thu thËp th«ng tin chi tiÕt vÒ ®¸ däc theo tuyÕn
hÇm.
boring investigation /'b˜:ri– in,vesti'gei‘n/ n kh¶o
s¸t b»ng khoan th¨m dß: The boring investigation
method aims to identify the following: ➊
stratification and distribution of sand and rock, ➋
position, scale, properties, continuity of fault,
fractured zone, and soft layer, ➌ type of rock,
weathering and alteration, properties of fracture and
joint, ➍ possibility of groundwater, pressure and
amount of water inflow: Ph−¬ng ph¸p kh¶o s¸t nµy
nh»m môc ®Ých x¸c ®Þnh nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò sau: ❶ ®Þa
tÇng vµ sù ph©n bè c¸t vµ ®¸, ❷ vÞ trÝ, quy m«, tÝnh
chÊt, tÝnh liªn tôc cña ®øt g·y, vïng vì n¸t, vµ líp
®Êt yÕu, ❸ lo¹i ®¸, phong hãa vµ biÕn ®æi, tÝnh chÊt
cña khe nøt, ❹ kh¶ n¨ng cã n−íc ngÇm, ¸p lùc vµ
l−îng n−íc ch¶y vµo hÇm.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
boring log /'b˜:ri– l˜g/ n nhËt ký khoan, b¶n ghi
chÐp sè liÖu khoan: Boring logs are most efficiently
prepared by persons experienced in the
interpretation of engineering geology and in
evaluating the behaviour of drilling equipment in
relation to subsurface conditions: NhËt ký khoan sÏ
®−îc thùc hiÖn cã hiÖu qu¶ nhÊt bëi nh÷ng ng−êi cã
kinh nghiÖm trong viÖc ph©n tÝch ®Þa chÊt c«ng tr×nh
vµ trong viÖc ®¸nh gi¸ hµnh xö cña m¸y khoan khi
gÆp nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn ®Êt ®¸ kh¸c nhau.
boring program /'b˜:ri– 'prougr“m/ n
ch−¬ng tr×nh khoan th¨m dß: The success of even a
carefully planned boring program is dependent, to a
very large degree, on the quality of on-site
inspection during the drilling operation: Sù thµnh
c«ng cña mét ch−¬ng tr×nh khoan th¨m dß ngay c¶
khi ®· ®−îc lËp kÕ ho¹ch cÈn thËn vÉn phô thuéc rÊt
lín vµo chÊt l−îng cña viÖc gi¸m s¸t t¹i hiÖn tr−êng
trong qu¸ tr×nh khoan lÊy mÉu.
boring stroke /'b˜:ri– strouk/ n ®ît khoan, hµnh
tr×nh khoan: The TBM moves forwards in short
steps; after each boring stroke the entire machine is
pulled forward, braced in position and the process
repeated. The excavated material is transported by
conveyor to the rear part of the tunnel boring
machine: M¸y TBM chuyÓn ®éng tiÕn lªn theo tõng
b−íc ng¾n; sau mçi hµnh tr×nh khoan toµn bé m¸y
®−îc kÐo vÒ phÝa tr−íc, neo cè ®Þnh vµo vÞ trÝ vµ qu¸
tr×nh ®−îc lÆp l¹i. VËt liÖu ®µo ®−îc vËn chuyÓn
b»ng b¨ng t¶i ra phÝa sau cña TBM.
bottom heading /'b˜t”m 'hediη/ n [®µo] lß/g−¬ng
hÇm nhá phÝa ®¸y tiÕt diÖn: The excavation of the
bottom half of a tunnel after the top half has been
excavated for the full tunnel length: Lµ sù ®µo nöa
phÝa d−íi cña mét [mÆt c¾t] hÇm sau khi nöa phÝa
trªn ®· ®−îc ®µo xong trªn toµn bé chiÒu dµi hÇm.
boundary condition /'baund”ri k”n'di‘n/ n ®iÒu
kiÖn biªn: A condition that must be met by the
function assumed in the analysis. For example, when
in contact with a sea or lake, the water level must be
maintained in a steady state and when using a ridge
as a boundary, the absence of water inflow or
outflow must be ensured: Lµ mét ®iÒu kiÖn ph¶i ®−îc
tháa m·n bëi hµm sè ®· gi¶ thiÕt trong phÐp ph©n
tÝch. VÝ dô, khi tiÕp xóc víi mét biÓn hoÆc hå nµo ®ã,
mùc n−íc ph¶i ®−îc duy tr× ë tr¹ng th¸i æn ®Þnh vµ
khi sö dông mét d·y nói nh− mét ®−êng biªn, th×
ph¶i ®¶m b¶o r»ng kh«ng cã dßng n−íc ch¶y vµo
hay ch¶y ra.
box (shape) /b˜ks ∫eip/ n h×nh hép (hÇm d×m):
An indication that the overall cross-section of the
 37
tunnel is approximateley rectangular: Cho biÕt r»ng
mÆt c¾t tæng thÓ cña hÇm d×m gÇn nh− lµ mét h×nh
ch÷ nhËt.
braced excavation /'breist ,eksk”'vei‘n/ n ph−¬ng
ph¸p ®µo (hë) cã gi»ng chèng (tr¸i víi bored
excavation).
bracing /'breisi–/ n sù b¾t chÆt, sù liªn kÕt, sù gia
cè, sù gi»ng; thanh gi»ng: Form bracing should be
checked for conformity with the contractor's
drawings: Sù gia cè v¸n khu«n ph¶i ®−îc kiÓm tra vÒ
tÝnh phï hîp víi b¶n vÏ cña nhµ thÇu.
bracing bolt /'breisi– boult/ n bul«ng liªn kÕt,
bul«ng gia cè/gi»ng: Steel supports are to be erected
at the predetermined position rapidly after
excavation or primary shotcrete. They must be
incorporated into a shotcrete layer. The supports
should be connected with bracing bolts to those that
have been previously erected: C¸c v× chèng thÐp
ph¶i ®−îc l¾p dùng vµo nh÷ng vÞ trÝ ®Þnh tr−íc mét
c¸ch nhanh chãng sau khi kÕt thóc viÖc ®µo ph¸ hay
sau líp bªt«ng phun ban ®Çu. Chóng ph¶i ®−îc ®−a
vµo lµm mét thµnh phÇn chÞu lùc cña líp bªt«ng
phun. C¸c v× chèng nµy cÇn ®−îc liªn kÕt víi c¸c v×
chèng ®· dùng tr−íc ®ã b»ng c¸c thanh bul«ng
gi»ng.
brattice (brattishing) /'brætis 'bræti∫i–/ n v¸ch
®iÒu hßa giã: A partition formed of planks or cloth in
a shaft or gallery for controlling ventilation: Mét
khoang/v¸ch ng¨n cÊu t¹o tõ c¸c tÊm v¸n hay v¶i
trong mét giÕng ®øng hay hµnh lang ngÇm ®Ó ®iÒu
khiÓn th«ng giã d−íi ngÇm.
break /breik/ n sù ph¸ vì ®Êt ®¸: Fragmentation of
solid rock as a result of the explosion of an explosive
mixture in drill holes at the heading: Lµ sù vì
vôn/ph©n m¶nh cña khèi ®¸ r¾n nhê kÕt qu¶ næ cña
mét hçn hîp thuèc næ trong c¸c lç khoan trªn g−¬ng
hÇm.
break out /breik aut/ v g·y, ®øt, vì: In order for the
rock to break out of its confined condition ahead of
the tunnel face, it is necessary to eject some of the
rock back into the tunnel to make room for the
expansion of the main body of rock: §Ó ®¸ cã thÓ vì
vôn ra tõ tr¹ng th¸i chÞu Ðp nÐn xung quanh cña nã ë
phÝa tr−íc g−¬ng ®µo, cÇn ph¶i tèng mét sè ®¸ vÒ
phÝa sau hÇm nh»m t¹o kho¶ng trèng ®Ó cho khèi ®¸
chÝnh cã thÓ gi·n në thÓ tÝch khi næ m×n.
breakage /'breikid™/ n sù ®Ëp vì: As a general
principle more effective breakage of rock is
accomplished by placing blastholes within the solid
blocks bounded by discontinuities rather than
attempting to transfer explosive energy across them:
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
Nh− mét nguyªn t¾c chung, ®Ó nhËn ®−îc sù ®Ëp vì
®¸ hiÖu qu¶ nhÊt, ph¶i ®Æt c¸c lç m×n vµo gi÷a khèi
®¸ r¾n ®−îc bao quanh bëi c¸c khe nøt, chø kh«ng
nªn cè g¾ng truyÒn n¨ng l−îng cña thuèc næ qua c¸c
khe nøt Êy.
breaking characteristics /'breiki– ,k“rikt”'ristiks/
n c¸c ®Æc ®iÓm ph¸ vì cña ®¸: Breaking
characteristics describe rock behavior when struck
with a hammer; each rock type has a typical manner
and degree of breakage related to its texture,
mineral composition and structure. The Los Angeles
co-efficient is often used to described breaking
characteristics: C¸c ®Æc ®iÓm ph¸ vì m« t¶ øng xö
cña ®¸ khi bÞ ®Ëp b»ng bóa; mçi lo¹i ®¸ cã mét c¸ch
thøc vµ møc ®é ®Ëp vì ®Æc tr−ng liªn quan ®Õn cÊu
tróc, thµnh phÇn kho¸ng vËt vµ kÕt cÊu (cÊu t¹o) cña
nã. HÖ sè Los Angeles th−êng ®−îc dïng ®Ó thÓ hiÖn
®Æc tÝnh ph¸ vì (xem b¶ng).
Table: Los Angeles values for common rock types (Gi¸ trÞ
hÖ sè Los Angeles cña c¸c lo¹i ®¸ th«ng th−êng)
Rock type (Lo¹i ®¸) LA value*
Amphibolite 19
Diorite 24
Phyllite 17
Gabbro 51
Granite gneiss 52
Grey granite 53
Limestone 66
Mica gneiss 45
Mica schist 48
Quartzite 36
Pegmatite 71
Granite 56
* average values for rock samples tested in Finland 1961- 65
(c¸c hÖ sè trung b×nh cña c¸c mÉu ®¸ thö t¹i PhÇn Lan 1961-
65)
breaking/ultimate load /'breiki– 'ʌltimit loud/ n
t¶i träng ph¸ ho¹i/tíi h¹n: Several different tests can
be conducted to optimise the tunnel segments:
shearing test, torsional rigidity test, flaking test and
load transference test. In the shearing tests the
annular joint with a groove and tongue combination
was examined. We examined several different types
of reinforcement. The type we selected was the one
with the maximum breaking load of about 640 kN in
each coupling point: Cã thÓ tiÕn hµnh mét sè thÝ
nghiÖm kh¸c nhau nh»m n©ng cao chÊt l−îng vá hÇm
l¾p ghÐp, nh− thÝ nghiÖm chèng c¾t, chèng xo¾n,
bong trãc vµ truyÒn t¶i. Trong thÝ nghiÖm chèng c¾t,
ng−êi ta kiÓm tra mèi nèi trßn kiÓu l¾p méng. §·
kiÓm tra víi vµi lo¹i cèt thÐp kh¸c nhau. Lo¹i cèt
thÐp ®−îc chän cã lùc ph¸ ho¹i lín nhÊt kho¶ng 640
kN t¹i mçi ®iÓm nèi o Cable bolts have been
 38
formed from seven-wire steel prestressing strand
and also from bundles of individual glass fibre rods.
With the former, a single 12.7 or 15.2mm steel
strand having a breaking load of between 200 and
300kN is commonly used: Bul«ng neo kiÓu c¸p ®−îc
chÕ t¹o tõ c¸c tao c¸p thÐp dù øng lùc b¶y sîi còng
nh− tõ c¸c bã thanh sîi thñy tinh riªng rÏ. Víi lo¹i
®Çu tiªn, ng−êi ta th−êng dïng lo¹i tao c¸p thÐp ®¬n
®−êng kÝnh 12,7 hoÆc 15,2mm cã c−êng ®é ph¸ ho¹i
kho¶mg 200 - 300kN.
breast /brest/ n g−¬ng lß; v chèng ®ì cho g−¬ng lß:
The face of an overhand cut and fill stope where the
drill holes are driven horizontally: Lµ mÆt ®µo cña
mét g−¬ng lß kiÓu ®µo vµ lÊp tõ trªn xuèng ë ®ã c¸c
lç khoan ®−îc khoan n»m ngang o Breast
boarding refers to partial or complete braced
supports across the tunnel face that hold soft ground
during tunnel driving: Che chèng b»ng v¸n lµ nãi
®Õn hÖ chèng ®ì mét phÇn hay toµn phÇn ngang qua
g−¬ng hÇm ®Ó gi÷ æn ®Þnh ®Êt yÕu trong khi ®µo
hÇm.
breastboard = breast boards = breast plates =
breasting /brestb˜:d/ n tÊm/v¸n che, tÊm ch¾n ®ì
®Êt ®¸ quanh hang hÇm: Breastboards are timber
planks to support the face of tunnel excavation in
soft ground: Lµ c¸c tÊm gç ®Ó chèng ®ì g−¬ng ®µo
hÇm trong ®Êt yÕu o Where a compressed air
tunnel is stopped for a substantial period, such as a
holiday or a weekend, it is essential that the working
face be fully covered by breastboards, and the joints
between them be sealed by mud or cement grout: Khi
mét hÇm thi c«ng b»ng ph−¬ng ph¸p dïng khÝ nÐn
ph¶i dõng lµm viÖc trong thêi gian ®¸ng kÓ, vÝ dô
ngµy nghØ hoÆc cuèi tuÇn, ®iÒu rÊt quan träng lµ
ph¶i chèng ®ì toµn bé g−¬ng ®µo b»ng c¸c tÊm gç
gia cè, vµ bÞt kÝn c¸c mèi nèi gi÷a chóng b»ng bïn
hoÆc v÷a xim¨ng.
breastboarding /brestb˜:diô/ n sù ch¾n (chèng ®ì)
g−¬ng ®µo b»ng v¸n ch¾n: If water-bearing soft
ground is met, tight breastboarding and tight
lagging or other measures such as grouting, freezing
should be provided to prevent runs and washing of
ground into the tunnel: NÕu thi c«ng gÆp ®Êt yÕu
chøa n−íc, cÇn ph¶i l¾p ®Æt v¸n chèng g−¬ng ®µo vµ
v¸n chèng thµnh hÇm kÝn n−íc, hoÆc ¸p dông c¸c
biÖn ph¸p kh¸c nh− b¬m v÷a, ®ãng b¨ng ®Êt ®Ó
chèng l¹i sù ch¶y röa ®Êt vµo trong lßng hÇm.
breasting = planking /brestiô/ n sù chèng g−¬ng lß,
gç chèng g−¬ng, tÊm chèng t¹m g−¬ng ®µo:
Advancing breasting in fine, water-bearing sand is a
slow and costly operation to prevent loss of ground:
ViÖc chèng ®ì g−¬ng lß khi ®µo hÇm tiÕn s©u trong
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
nÒn c¸t mÞn chøa n−íc lµ mét c«ng t¸c chËm vµ tèn
kÐm ®Ó chèng l¹i sù ch¶y mÊt ®Êt (g©y s¹t lón).
breasting jack /brestiô dʒ“k/ n kÝch chèng g−¬ng
lß, kÝch g−¬ng.
breathing air /'bri:•iη e”/ n khÝ ®Ó thë:
Compressed air that has been filtered to be suitable
for breathing. Required in man locks and for
pressurizing maintenance personnel in the
excavation chamber for maintenance works: Lµ khÝ
nÐn ®· ®−îc läc ®Ó thÝch hîp cho viÖc thë. CÇn cã
trong khoang khÝ nÐn vµ cho nh©n viªn b¶o tr× ph¶i
chÞu ¸p suÊt trong khoang ®µo ®Ó lµm c«ng t¸c b¶o
d−ìng.
breccia /bresi”/ n vôn d¨m kÕt: A type of rock
whose components are angular in shape, as
distinguished from a conglomerate, whose
components are water- worn into a rounded shape:
Lµ mét lo¹i ®¸ mµ c¸c thµnh phÇn cña nã cã h×nh
d¹ng gãc c¹nh, ph©n biÖt víi lo¹i cuéi kÕt
(conglomerat) mµ thµnh phÇn cña nã cã h×nh d¹ng
trßn c¹nh do bÞ n−íc bµo mßn.
bridge-action period (time) /bridʒ '“k∫n 'pi”ri”d/
n thêi gian tù chèng gi÷ æn ®Þnh cña vßm hÇm sau
khi khai ®µo, thêi gian "t¸c dông b¾c cÇu": The time
that elapses between the exposure of an area at the
roof of a tunnel and the beginning of noticeable,
unprovoked inward movement of the ground above
this area; sometimes described as "stand-up time":
Lµ kho¶ng thêi gian kÓ tõ thêi ®iÓm lé thiªn cña mét
diÖn tÝch trªn m¸i vßm hang hÇm ®Õn khi b¾t ®Çu x¶y
ra sù dÞch chuyÓn cña khèi ®Êt ë phÝa trªn khu vùc
nµy vµo phÝa trong hÇm mét c¸ch ®¸ng kÓ mµ kh«ng
bÞ kÝch thÝch; ®«i khi ®−îc m« t¶ lµ "thêi gian ®øng
v÷ng". o If the bridge-action period of a tunnel in
blocky and seamy rock does not permit the rock to
stand long enough to install the required support, it
is necessary to excavate only a portion of the cross-
section at first and support it. This portion is called
'pilot heading': NÕu thêi gian tù chèng ®ì cña hÇm
trong nÒn ®¸ cã nhiÒu khe nøt vµ bÞ ph©n khèi kh«ng
cho phÐp ®¸ æn ®Þnh ®ñ l©u ®Ó l¾p ®Æt kÕt cÊu chèng
®ì yªu cÇu, th× tr−íc tiªn chØ ®−îc ®µo mét phÇn cña
tiÕt diÖn hÇm, råi chèng gi÷ nã. PhÇn ®µo tr−íc nµy
®−îc gäi lµ hµnh lang hoa tiªu (hÇm dÉn).
brittle failure /'britl 'feilj”/ n ph¸ ho¹i gißn:
Brittle materials do not show any plastic plateau
(horizontal portion of the stress-strain diagram
where there is a considerable increase in strain
without any noticeable increase in stress), and the
linear portion continues right up to the ultimate
stress. Engineers avoid subjecting materials to
 39
stresses which might result in brittle failure, because
there is no warning of impending failure: C¸c vËt
liÖu gißn kh«ng thÓ hiÖn mét miÒn dÎo nµo (phÇn
n»m ngang cña biÓu ®å øng suÊt-biÕn d¹ng trong ®ã
biÕn d¹ng t¨ng nhiÒu mµ øng suÊt t¨ng kh«ng ®¸ng
kÓ), vµ phÇn biÓu ®å tuyÕn tÝnh kÐo dµi ngay tíi øng
suÊt tíi h¹n. C¸c kü s− nªn tr¸nh ®Ó cho vËt liÖu chÞu
c¸c øng suÊt mµ chóng cã thÓ sinh ra ph¸ ho¹i gißn,
bëi v× kh«ng cã dÊu hiÖu c¶nh b¸o nµo vÒ sù ph¸
ho¹i s¾p x¶y ra.
brittleness /'britlnis/ n tÝnh/®é gißn cña ®¸: The
most frequently used rock properties are the
unconfined compressive strength, the Young´s
modulus and the tensile strength. As a derived rock
property, the ratio of unconfined compressive
strength and tensile strength often is designated as
toughness (or brittleness) of a rock material. Many
authors tend to take one or more of those properties
as main parameters of drillability, as well as write
articles on the brittleness of rock and stability
assessment in hard rock tunneling: C¸c tÝnh chÊt
cña ®¸ th−êng hay dïng nhÊt lµ c−êng ®é nÐn në
h«ng, m«®un ®µn håi vµ c−êng ®é kÐo. Nh− mét tÝnh
chÊt dÉn xuÊt kh¸c cña ®¸, tû sè gi÷a c−êng ®é nÐn
në h«ng vµ c−êng ®é kÐo th−êng ®−îc coi lµ ®é
bÒn/®é gißn cña ®¸. NhiÒu t¸c gi¶ th−êng lÊy mét sè
tÝnh chÊt ®ã nh− lµ nh÷ng tham sè nãi lªn tÝnh dÔ
khoan cña ®¸, vµ th¶o luËn vÒ tÝnh gißn cña ®¸ vµ
®¸nh gi¸ æn ®Þnh khi ®µo hÇm qua ®¸ cøng.
brooming /bru:miô/ n sù tÈy mÆt ®¸: The
cleaning of the excavated rock surfaces shall be
accomplished by high velocity air jets, brooming,
barring, chipping and other such machine work as
required. Special care shall be given to the cleaning
of all cracks, crevices, joints and openings within the
tunnel: ViÖc lµm s¹ch c¸c bÒ mÆt ®¸ míi ®µo ph¶i
thùc hiÖn b»ng xÞt n−íc cao ¸p, tÈy, n¹y, ®ôc vµ c¸c
biÖn ph¸p b»ng m¸y t−¬ng tù kh¸c. Ph¶i ®Æc biÖt chó
ý lµm s¹ch mäi vÕt nøt, khe, vµ c¸c lç hæng bªn trong
hÇm.
BS (British Standards) /'briti‘'st“nd”dz/ abbr
Tiªu chuÈn Anh quèc: British Standards Institution
(BSI) is the independent national body responsible
for preparing British Standards. It presents the
United Kingdom (UK) view on standards in Europe
and at the international level. It is incorporated by
Royal Charter. British Standards is the National
Standards Body of the UK, responsible for
facilitating, drafting, publishing and marketing
British Standards and other guidelines: ViÖn Tiªu
chuÈn Anh (BSI) lµ mét tæ chøc quèc gia ®éc lËp
chÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm so¹n th¶o c¸c Tiªu chuÈn Anh
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
(BS). Nã thÓ hiÖn quan ®iÓm cña n−íc Anh vÒ c¸c
tiªu chuÈn ë ch©u ¢u còng nh− ë tÇm quèc tÕ. Nã
®−îc kÕt n¹p bëi HiÕn ch−¬ng Hoµng gia. Cßn BS lµ
C¬ quan Tiªu chuÈn Quèc gia cña Anh, cã nhiÖm vô
t¹o ®iÒu kiÖn, so¹n th¶o, xuÊt b¶n vµ qu¶ng b¸ c¸c
Tiªu chuÈn Anh vµ nh÷ng chØ dÉn kh¸c.
bucket conveyor /'bʌkit k”n'vei”/ n hÖ thèng
gµu chuyÓn, hÖ thèng gµu t¶i: During haulage,
antirollback devices or brakes shall be installed on
inclined conveyor drive units to prevent conveyors
from inadvertently running in reverse. Employees
shall not be permitted to ride a power-driven chain,
belt, or bucket conveyor unless the conveyor is
specifically designed for the transportation of
persons: Trong khi vËn chuyÓn ®Êt ®¸ th¶i, c¸c dông
cô hay phanh chèng tr«i tr−ît ph¶i ®−îc l¾p ®Æt trªn
c¸c bé phËn dÉn ®éng cña b¨ng t¶i nghiªng ®Ó ng¨n
ngõa b¨ng t¶i ch¹y ng−îc bÊt lîi. C«ng nh©n kh«ng
®−îc phÐp di chuyÓn trªn b¨ng t¶i ch¹y ®iÖn hoÆc hÖ
thèng gµu t¶i, trõ phi b¨ng t¶i ®−îc thiÕt kÕ ®Æc biÖt
®Ó vËn chuyÓn ng−êi.
buckling /'bʌkliη/ n mÊt æn ®Þnh khi uèn däc: The
breaking out of fragments along the surface of a
column or tunnel wall under sufficiently high load
due to deflection of the rock structure: Lµ sù bong vì
cña c¸c m¶nh ®¸ däc theo bÒ mÆt cña mét cét ®¸
hoÆc t−êng hÇm d−íi t¶i träng ®ñ lín do biÕn d¹ng
uèn cña kÕt cÊu ®¸.
built-up /biltʌp/ adj x©y dùng dµy ®Æc: An urban
classification that refers to the central business
district within an urbanized or small urban area.
The roadside development has a high density and is
often commercial: Lµ mét cÊp ph©n lo¹i ®« thÞ ®Ó
chØ khu vùc kinh doanh trung t©m t¹i mét khu ®« thÞ
nhá hoÆc khu ®· ®« thÞ hãa. X©y dùng hai bªn ®−êng
cã mËt ®é cao vµ th−êng lµm môc ®Ých th−¬ng m¹i.
bulk blasthole = relief hole /'bʌlk bla:sthoul/ n lç
m×n ph¸, lç m×n khÊu: During the blasting operation,
a relief hole left uncharged is drilled in advance of
the main blasting. The relief hole is generally
located at the centre of the blast face and the relief
hole is surrounded by blast holes. The blast holes
are then charged and detonated in sequence such
that the cavern or tunnel is formed progressively:
Trong kü thuËt næ ph¸, mét lç m×n khÊu kh«ng tra
thuèc ®−îc khoan tr−íc c¸c lç kh¸c. Lç m×n khÊu nãi
chung n»m t¹i t©m g−¬ng ®µo, ®−îc bao quanh bëi
c¸c lç m×n th«ng th−êng. Sau ®ã c¸c lç m×n th−êng
sÏ ®−îc n¹p thuèc vµ kÝch næ tuÇn tù sao cho hang
ngÇm hoÆc hÇm sÏ ®−îc t¹o ra mét c¸ch dÇn dÇn.
 40
bulkhead /'bʌlkhed/ n v¸ch ng¨n, v¸ch khoang,
t−êng ch¾n, tÊm ng¨n; buång, phßng: A water and
airtight partition, usually of steel, to temporarily
close off the working portion of a compressed air
shield tunnel or the ends of a floating tube of a
trench type tunnel. The man locks and muck locks
are constructed through the bulkhead: Lµ mét bøc
v¸ch ng¨n kÝn khÝ vµ kÝn n−íc, th−êng b»ng thÐp, ®Ó
t¹m thêi ®ãng l¹i khoang lµm viÖc cña mét hÇm d¹ng
khiªn ®µo dïng khÝ nÐn, hoÆc bÞt kÝn l¹i c¸c ®Çu cña
mét ®o¹n èng hÇm næi cña mét hÇm d¹ng ®µo hµo.
Khoang chøa ng−êi vµ khoang bèc xóc sÏ ®−îc x©y
dùng xuyªn qua v¸ch ng¨n nµy o The bulkhead
may be concrete between 1.52m and 3.05m thick or
structural steel. The bulkhead must be securely
anchored in the lining and sealed airtight against it:
V¸ch ng¨n cã thÓ b»ng bªt«ng dµy 1.52m ®Õn 3.05m
hoÆc b»ng thÐp kÕt cÊu. Ph¶i neo gi÷ chÆt v¸ch ng¨n
víi vá hÇm vµ tr¸m kÝn n−íc chç tiÕp xóc gi÷a
chóng.
bulkhead door /'bʌlkhed d˜:/ n cöa v¸ch ng¨n,
cöa t−êng ch¾n: When tunneling through plastic blue
clay or silt by a shield, it may be possible to extrude
the muck into the tunnel. The upper bulkhead doors
are hydraulically controlled to regulate the soil
inflow and to close the openings between shoves:
Khi lµm hÇm qua bïn hay ®Êt sÐt xanh dÎo b»ng
khiªn ®µo, cã thÓ t¹m ®Èy (th¶i) ®Êt ®µo vµo trong
lßng hÇm. C¸c c¸nh cöa cña v¸ch ng¨n phÝa trªn
®−îc ®iÒu khiÓn b»ng thñy lùc ®Ó ®iÒu chØnh l−îng
®Êt ch¶y tõ g−¬ng ®µo vµo hÇm, vµ ®Ó khÐp kÝn c¸c
kho¶ng hë gi÷a c¸c lÇn tiÕn khiªn (gi÷a c¸c b−íc
®µo).
bulkhead forms /'bʌlkhed f˜:mz/ n v¸n khu«n bÞt
®Çu: Forms placed in the top and sides of the pour
between the forms and the tunnel surface. These
forms are placed in a vertical line to form a vertical
construction joint: Lµ v¸n khu«n ®Æt t¹i phÝa trªn
®Ønh vµ phÝa thµnh bªn cña vá hÇm ®Ó bÞt kÝn kho¶ng
hë gi÷a v¸n khu«n tr−ît vµ mÆt ®¸ cña hÇm (®Ó ®æ
bªt«ng vá hÇm). C¸c v¸n khu«n bÞt ®Çu nµy ®−îc ®Æt
thµnh mét hµng th¼ng ®øng ®Ó t¹o thµnh mét mèi nèi
thi c«ng th¼ng ®øng.
bulkhead of sliding form /'bʌlkhed ”v 'slaidiô
f˜:m/ n v¸ch ch¾n t¹i ®Çu v¸n khu«n tr−ît: A
bulkhead of the sliding form for lining shall be
designed to withstand the pressure of concrete
placing and be installed so as to prevent leakage of
mortar: Mét v¸ch ch¾n t¹i ®Çu v¸n khu«n ®óc vá
hÇm sÏ ph¶i ®−îc thiÕt kÕ ®Ó chÞu ¸p lùc ®æ bªt«ng
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
vµ ph¶i ®−îc l¾p ghÐp sao cho ng¨n ®−îc sù rß tho¸t
ra cña v÷a bªt«ng.
bulkhead pour /'bʌlkhed p˜:/ n bªt«ng (vá hÇm)
gi÷a hai v¸ch v¸n khu«n bÞt ®Çu: Concrete placed in
a short section of tunnel between two bulkhead
forms or between another bulkhead pour and a
bulkhead form: Lµ phÇn bªt«ng ®−îc ®æ cho mét
®o¹n vá hÇm ng¾n n»m gi÷a hai v¸ch v¸n khu«n bÞt
®Çu, hoÆc gi÷a mét ®o¹n vá hÇm kh¸c vµ mét v¸ch
v¸n khu«n bÞt ®Çu.
bulking /bulkiô/ n sù në thÓ tÝch: Increase in the
bulk volume of a quantity of sand in a moist
condition over the volume of the same quantity dry
or completely inundated: Lµ sù t¨ng thÓ tÝch khèi
cña mét l−îng c¸t trong ®iÒu kiÖn Èm so víi thÓ tÝch
cña cïng l−îng c¸t Êy nh−ng kh« hay b·o hßa n−íc.
bull gang /bul g“ô/ n nhãm/tèp nhá c«ng nh©n
(phôc vô lµm hÇm): Crew of laborers usually used
on the day shift to lay rail track, install pipes, clean
up the tunnel, and perform any other necessary work
that is located in the tunnel but not at the face: Lµ
mét tèp/®éi c«ng nh©n th−êng sö dông trong ca ngµy
®Ó ®Æt ®−êng ray, l¾p èng èng, lµm vÖ sinh hÇm, vµ
thùc hiÖn bÊt kú c«ng viÖc cÇn thiÕt nµo ë bªn trong
hÇm nh−ng kh«ng ph¶i lµ t¹i g−¬ng ®µo.
bull gear /bul gi”r/ n c¬ cÊu ®µo (trong m¸y
khoan hÇm TBM): The Gilbert/Healy Robbins TBM
was launched in November 2001 and has already
driven around 7,000m, despite a brief halt for tooth
replacement on the Bull gear: M¸y khoan hÇm
Gilbert/Healy Robbins ®−îc xuÊt x−ëng n¨m 2001
vµ ®· khoan ®−îc gÇn 7.000m hÇm, mÆc dï còng cã
thêi gian ngõng ng¾n ®Ó thay thÕ r¨ng c¾t cña c¬ cÊu
®µo.
bulldozing /buldouziô/ n san ñi ®Êt: Moving
material with mechanized equipment: Sù dêi chuyÓn
vËt liÖu b»ng thiÕt bÞ c¬ khÝ.
bump (or burst) /bʌmp/ n sù næ ®¸: A violent
dislocation of the mine workings which is attributed
to severe stresses in the rock surrounding the
workings: Lµ sù chuyÓn vÞ m·nh liÖt cña c¸c hang
ngÇm cã nguyªn nh©n tõ nh÷ng øng suÊt rÊt lín
trong ®¸ xung quanh hang.
buoyancy /'bɔiənsi/ n lùc ®Èy næi; tÝnh næi (hÇm
d×m): (1) The resultant upward force on a body
partially or fully immersed in a liquid, caused by the
pressure of the liquid acting on the body. The
magnitude of the force is equal to the weight of
liquid displaced. (2) Positive buoyancy or Negative
Buoyancy: Jargon expressions for the amount by
which buoyancy exceeds the weight of a body when
 41
totally immersed in a liquid. Positive buoyancy
indicates that the body tends to float (buoyancy >
weight); negative, that it tends to sink (buoyancy <
weight): (1) Lµ lùc tæng hîp h−íng lªn trªn trªn mét
vËt thÓ ®−îc nhÊn ch×m mét phÇn hay toµn bé trong
mét chÊt láng, g©y bëi ¸p suÊt cña chÊt láng t¸c
dông lªn vËt ®ã. §é lín cña lùc nµy b»ng víi träng
l−îng cña khèi chÊt láng bÞ chiÕm chç. (2) Lùc ®Èy
næi D−¬ng hay Lùc ®Èy næi ¢m: Lµ nh÷ng c¸ch nãi
biÖt ng÷ vÒ l−îng chªnh lÖch mµ lùc ®Èy næi v−ît qu¸
träng l−îng cña mét vËt khi hoµn toµn nhóng ch×m
trong mét chÊt láng. Lùc ®Èy næi d−¬ng chØ ra r»ng
vËt cã xu h−íng næi lªn (lùc ®Èy næi > träng l−îng);
nÕu ©m, vËt cã chiÒu h−íng ch×m xuèng (lùc ®Èy næi
< träng l−îng).
burden /'b”:dn/ n ®−êng c¶n (søc kh¸ng) ch©n
tÇng; chiÒu dµy líp ®Êt phñ cÇn ph¶i næ ph¸: For
given drillhole diameter, rock type and blastability,
there is an optimum burden (suitable fragmentation
and toe conditions): Víi ®−êng kÝnh lç khoan, lo¹i
®¸ vµ tÝnh n¨ng ph¸ næ cho tr−íc, sÏ cã mét gi¸ trÞ
®−êng c¶n ch©n tÇng tèi −u (sù ph¸ vì vµ c¸c ®iÒu
kiÖn ch©n tÇng thÝch hîp).
"burn" cut = shatter cut /b”:n kʌt/ n r·nh c¾t
"®èt ch¸y", r¹ch t¹o hèc (ë ®¸y lç khoan khi næ m×n);
®ét ph¸ kiÓu ®èt ch¸y: Drilling pattern of large
"relief holes" drilled horizontally in the center of the
face to provide space for the expansion of rock
broken by a blasting agent: Lµ d¹ng thøc khoan c¸c
"lç ®ét ph¸" lín ®−îc khoan n»m ngang t¹i t©m
g−¬ng ®µo ®Ó t¹o kh«ng gian (mÆt tho¸ng) cho sù në
bung ra cña khèi ®¸ khi bÞ ph¸ vì bëi chÊt næ o
The cut holes method has been largely replaced by
the "burn" cut, which provides one or more large
holes (up to 127mm in diameter) near the center of
the face, not loaded with explosives, into which the
rock inside the first ring of closely spaced loaded
holes expands when blasted: Ph−¬ng ph¸p r¹ch h×nh
th¸p (r¹ch nªm b»ng c¸c lç khoan r¹ch) ngµy nay
phÇn lín ®· ®−îc thay thÕ b»ng r¹ch t¹o hèc,
ph−¬ng ph¸p nµy t¹o mét hay nhiÒu h¬n c¸c lç
khoan lín (tíi 127mm) gÇn t©m tiÕt diÖn, kh«ng n¹p
thuèc næ, ®Ó sao cho khèi ®¸ bªn trong ph¹m vi vßng
®Çu tiªn cña c¸c lç khoan khÊu ®Æt gÇn nhau cã n¹p
thuèc cã thÓ b¾n tung vµo c¸c hèc lín (®ãng vai trß
mÆt tho¸ng) Êy khi næ m×n.
burn cut drill /b”:n kʌt dril/ n khoan ®ét ph¸ kiÓu
®èt ch¸y/t¹o hèc: Large drill used for the large-
diameter holes in the center of a burn cut: Lµ bóa
khoan lín dïng cho c¸c lç khoan ®−êng kÝnh lín t¹i
t©m cña mét khu ®ét ph¸ ®èt ch¸y.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
burst /b”:st/ n sù næ, sù phôt ra; sù b¾n tung ®Êt ®¸
(khi næ m×n); v næ, bïng næ; vì: Many difficulties
have to be overcome in tunneling: extremely high
temperatures, rocks that burst off the walls because
of the pressure, layers of soft stone that require
special supports, etc.: Cã nhiÒu khã kh¨n ph¶i kh¾c
phôc trong khi lµm hÇm: nhiÖt ®é qu¸ cao, ®¸ næ b¾n
khái t−êng hÇm do ¸p lùc nÐn cao, gÆp c¸c líp ®¸
mÒm ®ßi hái hÖ v× chèng ®Æc biÖt, v.v…
bursting strength /b”,sti– 'stre–•/ n søc c«ng ph¸
(thuèc næ); søc chèng vì to¸c (cña èng); c−êng ®é
dai (cña v¶i): All critical hydraulic components, all
pneumatic components, and all hoses of hydraulic or
pneumatic systems shall have a minimum bursting
strength of at least four times the operating pressure
for which the system is designed. Noncritical
hydraulic components shall have a minimum
bursting strength of at least twice the operating
pressure for which the system is designed: TÊt c¶
c¸c bé phËn thñy lùc quan träng, c¸c bé phËn khÝ
nÐn, vµ mäi èng mÒm cña c¸c hÖ thèng thñy lùc hay
khÝ nÐn ®Òu ph¶i cã c−êng ®é chèng vì to¸c nhá nhÊt
gÊp bèn lÇn ¸p suÊt ho¹t ®éng cña hÖ thèng. C¸c bé
phËn thñy lùc kh«ng quan träng ph¶i cã c−êng ®é
ph¸ ho¹i gÊp Ýt nhÊt hai lÇn ¸p suÊt lµm viÖc cña hÖ
thèng.
bypass /baipa:s/ n ®−êng tr¸nh; èng tr¸nh/®i vßng
(m¸y TBM): The bypass is a part of the feed and
slurry circuit. By switching the bypass, the feed line
is connected to the slurry line so that the flow in the
slurry circuit can be maintained when the TBM is
stopped without flushing the tunnel face. Thus, the
number of repeated starting procedures for the
slurry pumps is considerably reduced: èng tr¸nh lµ
mét phÇn cña m¹ng èng cÊp liÖu vµ v÷a khoan. B»ng
c¸ch kÝch ho¹t èng tr¸nh, èng cÊp liÖu sÏ nèi víi èng
v÷a khoan, nhê ®ã duy tr× ®−îc dßng bïn trong m¹ng
èng v÷a khi m¸y TBM dõng l¹i mµ kh«ng ph¶i xÞt
n−íc röa s¹ch g−¬ng hÇm. Do ®ã, sè l−îng c¸c thñ
tôc khëi ®éng lÆp l¹i ®èi víi c¸c b¬m v÷a sÏ ®−îc
gi¶m ®i ®¸ng kÓ.
 42
Cc
cable bolt /'keibl boult/ n bul«ng neo b»ng c¸p: A
steel cable, capable of withstanding tens of tonnes,
cemented into a drillhole to lend support in blocky
ground: Lµ mét c¸p thÐp, cã kh¶ n¨ng chÞu t¶i hµng
chôc tÊn, ®−îc neo b»ng xim¨ng vµo trong mét lç
khoan ®Ó t¹o ra søc chèng ®ì trong ®Êt ®¸ ph©n
khèi.
cable drive system /'keibl draiv sist”m/ n hÖ
thèng vËn chuyÓn kÐo b»ng c¸p: A material
transport system of the general type employing
individual units or trains of load-carrying vehicles
pulled by a continuous loop cable and travelling on
a conventional dual rail track: Lµ mét hÖ thèng vËn
chuyÓn vËt liÖu thuéc lo¹i chung nhÊt/phæ biÕn, b»ng
c¸ch sö dông c¸c côm riªng biÖt hay c¸c d·y xe
mang t¶i, ®−îc kÐo bëi mét d©y c¸p ch¹y vßng khÐp
kÝn liªn tôc vµ chuyÓn ®éng trªn mét ®−êng ray kÐp
th«ng th−êng.
cable trunking /'keibl trʌ–ki–/ n hÖ m¸ng dÉn
c¸p, ®−êng ®i c¸p: A closed enclosure normally of
rectangular cross section, of which one side is
removable or hinged, used for the protection of
cables (for hygiene dust or fire reasons) and for the
accommodation of other electrical equipment; made
of steel, alloy or polymer at any size with full range
of directional change accessories: Lµ mét hép kÝn
th−êng cã tiÕt diÖn h×nh hép, trong ®ã mét mÆt lµ cã
thÓ th¸o rêi ®−îc hay më ®−îc nhê chèt b¶n lÒ, dïng
®Ó b¶o vÖ c¸c lo¹i c¸p trong hÇm (vÝ dô khái bôi bÈn
vµ chèng ch¸y), vµ ®Ó chøa c¸c thiÕt bÞ ®iÖn kh¸c;
lµm b»ng thÐp, hîp kim hay chÊt dÎo víi nhiÒu kÝch
cì vµ cã ®ñ c¸c lo¹i phô tïng ®Ó ®æi h−íng ®i c¸p.
cage /keid™/ n lång, giá c«ng t¸c: An enclosed
platform, similar to an elevator car, used to
transport men and miscellaneous material up and
down a shaft: Lµ mét sµn bao kÝn, gièng nh− mét xe
cã thang n©ng, dïng ®Ó vËn chuyÓn ng−êi vµ vËt liÖu
linh tinh lªn vµ xuèng mét giÕng ®øng.
caisson /'keisn/ n giÕng ch×m (trong thi c«ng hÇm
d×m): A shaft of concrete or steel which can be sunk
through the ground by excavating the ground within
the perimeter of the lower edge, with the rate of
sinking frequently controlled by compressed air: Lµ
mét giÕng b»ng bªt«ng hay thÐp mµ nã cã thÓ ®−îc
h¹ ch×m xuèng ®Êt b»ng c¸ch ®µo bá ®Êt bªn trong
chu vi cña phÇn c¹nh (mòi) phÝa d−íi, víi tèc ®é h¹
giÕng th−êng xuyªn ®−îc kiÓm so¸t b»ng khÝ nÐn.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
caisson shaft /'keisn ∫ɑ:ft/ n giÕng ch×m: Shaft
constructed by preforming the structure at the
surface and then sinking it into the ground by
excavating: Lµ giÕng ®øng x©y dùng b»ng c¸ch chÕ
t¹o s½n kÕt cÊu trªn mÆt ®Êt råi h¹ nã xuèng lßng ®Êt
b»ng c¸ch ®µo.
calcareous /kæl'keəriəs/ n (thuéc) ®¸ v«i, chøa ®¸
v«i: A rock or substance formed of calcium
carbonate or magnesium carbonate by biological
deposition or inorganic precipitation, or containing
those minerals in sufficient quantities to effervesce
when treated with cold hydrochloric acid: Lµ lo¹i ®¸
hay vËt chÊt t¹o thµnh tõ cacbonat canxi hay
cacbonat magiª nhê qu¸ tr×nh trÇm tÝch sinh häc hay
tÝch tô v« c¬, hoÆc chøa c¸c kho¸ng vËt ®ã ®ñ sè
l−îng ®Ó sñi bong bãng khi cho vµo axÝt clohy®ric
nguéi.
calcite /kælsait/ n canxit: A mineral predominantly
composed of calcium carbonate, with Mob’s
hardness 3. Mineral characteristics influence the
engineering properties of a rock, especially when the
mineral forms a significant part of the rock. Large
amounts of a relatively soft mineral such as mica or
calcite can result in rapid breakdown due to
weathering processes: Lµ mét kho¸ng vËt cÊu t¹o
chñ yÕu tõ cacbonat canxi, cã ®é cøng theo thang
Mohn b»ng 3. C¸c ®Æc tr−ng kho¸ng vËt cã ¶nh
h−ëng ®Õn c¸c tÝnh chÊt kü thuËt cña mét lo¹i ®¸,
®Æc biÖt lµ khi kho¸ng vËt t¹o nªn phÇn chñ yÕu cña
®¸ ®ã. Mét khèi l−îng lín kho¸ng vËt t−¬ng ®èi mÒm
nh− mica hay canxit ch¼ng h¹n cã thÓ g©y ra sù ph¸
ho¹i nhanh chãng g©y bëi qu¸ tr×nh phong hãa.
calculation sheet /,k“lkju'lei‘n ‘i:t/ n b¶n tÝnh
to¸n: Organized calculation sheets can be
particularly useful as a check during a field survey
when problems arise: C¸c b¶n tÝnh ®−îc chuÈn bÞ
h÷u hiÖu cã thÓ ®Æc biÖt cã Ých nh− mét sù kiÓm tra
(kiÓm nghiÖm) trong qu¸ tr×nh kh¶o s¸t hiÖn tr−êng
khi cã c¸c vÊn ®Ò n¶y sinh.
calibration /,k“li'brei‘n/ n sù ®Þnh cì; sù chia ®é;
sù hiÖu chØnh; sù lÊy chuÈn, sù ®Þnh chuÈn: The
optimisation of parameters such that the computer
or physical model best fits the observed field
measurements: Lµ sù tèi −u hãa c¸c th«ng sè sao
cho m¸y tÝnh hoÆc m« h×nh vËt lý thÝch hîp nhÊt víi
c¸c sè ®o hiÖn tr−êng quan tr¾c ®−îc.
California switch /,kæli'fɔ:njə swit∫/ n ghi
kiÓu California: Portable platform that rides on a
track in a tunnel and is used for passing cars and
trains. It has space for two or more tracks,
crossovers, and switches, and has sliding and
 43
tapered end rails that ride on main-line rails: Lµ mét
sµn di ®éng ch¹y trªn mét ®−êng ray trong hÇm vµ
®−îc dïng ®Ó chuyÓn h−íng « t« vµ tµu. Nã cã
kh«ng gian cho hai ®−êng ray hay nhiÒu h¬n, c¸c
®−êng giao nhau, vµ c¸c ghi, vµ cã c¸c ray tr−ît
®−îc v¸t ®Çu ®Ó ch¹y trªn c¸c ray cña tuyÕn chÝnh.
can /kæn/ n ®o¹n khiªn: Principal module which is
part of a shield machine as in microtunnelling or of
a TBM. Two or more may be used, depending on the
installation dimensions required and the presence of
an articulated joint to facilitate steering: Lµ m«®un
chÝnh mµ nã lµ mét phÇn cña mét khiªn ®µo dïng
trong kü thuËt lµm hÇm nhá hoÆc cña mét TBM. Cã
thÓ dïng mét hoÆc hai ®o¹n khiªn, tïy thuéc vµo
kÝch th−íc thi c«ng yªu cÇu, vµ liÖu cã mÆt mét mèi
nèi kiÓu khíp quay nh»m dÔ dµng ®iÒu chØnh h−íng
khoan hay kh«ng.
candela /kæn'delə/ n can®ªla, ®¬n vÞ c−êng ®é ¸nh
s¸ng: The unit of luminous intensity in SI, one of the
base units. Roughly speaking, it is used to express
how bright a beam of light is. Since October 1979,
the candela has been “the luminous intensity, in a
given direction, of a [light] source that emits
monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 1012
hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that
direction of 1⁄683 watt per steradian.” : Lµ ®¬n vÞ
c−êng ®é ¸nh s¸ng theo hÖ SI, lµ mét ®¬n vÞ c¬ b¶n.
Nãi gÇn ®óng, nã ®−îc dïng ®Ó biÓu thÞ mét chïm
s¸ng m¹nh ®Õn ®©u. Tõ th¸ng 10/1979, can®ela ®−îc
®Þnh nghÜa lµ “c−êng ®é chiÕu s¸ng, theo mét h−íng
®· biÕt, cña mét nguån s¸ng mµ nã ph¸t ra bøc x¹
®¬n s¾c cã tÇn sè 540 x 1012 Hz vµ nã cã cêng ®é
bøc x¹ theo h−íng ®ã b»ng 1/683 W trªn mét
steradian”.
cap /k“p/ n mò cøng; kÝp næ: A miner's safety
helmet. Also, a highly sensitive, encapsulated
explosive that is used to detonate larger but less
sensitive explosives: Lµ mò cøng an toµn cña thî má.
Còng lµ mét thø thuèc næ cã ®é nh¹y cao ®−îc ®ãng
gãi dïng ®Ó kÝch næ c¸c khèi thuèc næ kh¸c lín h¬n
nh−ng cã ®é nh¹y thÊp h¬n.
capacity /k”'p“siti/ n kh¶ n¨ng (søc) chÞu t¶i;
c«ng suÊt: To design concrete lining economically
and improve the durability of lining, it is important
to evaluate the load-carrying capacity of concrete
lining taking material characteristic and ground
condition into consideration. Concrete lining
reinforced with fiber is effective in preventing the
fall of debris after crack's development and
improving the load-carrying capacity of lining under
a certain loading condition: §Ó thiÕt kÕ vá hÇm
bªt«ng mét c¸ch kinh tÕ vµ n©ng cao tÝnh bÒn v÷ng
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
cña vá hÇm, ®iÒu quan träng lµ ph¶i ®¸nh gi¸/tÝnh
to¸n ®−îc kh¶ n¨ng chÞu t¶i cña vá hÇm bªt«ng cã
xÐt ®Õn c¸c ®Æc tr−ng vËt liÖu vµ ®iÒu kiÖn ®Êt nÒn.
Vá hÇm bªt«ng gia c−êng b»ng sîi thÐp ®em l¹i hiÖu
qu¶ trong viÖc ng¨n ngõa sù r¬i lë ®Êt ®¸ sau khi
ph¸t triÓn vÕt nøt, n©ng cao søc chÞu t¶i cña vá hÇm
d−íi mét ®iÒu kiÖn chÊt t¶i nhÊt ®Þnh.
capillarity /k”'pil”riti/ n [kh¶ n¨ng, tÝnh] mao dÉn:
The property of liquids allowing them to rise
through solids: TÝnh chÊt cña c¸c chÊt láng cho phÐp
chóng d©ng cao qua c¸c chÊt r¾n.
capillary force /k”'pil”ri f˜:s/ n lùc mao dÉn:
When the coefficient of permeability less than 10-4
cm/sec, capillary forces prevent the flow of water
from the soil into conventional wellpoints that are
used to dewater the tunnels driven through soft
grounds, making the dewatering process ineffective:
Khi hÖ sè thÊm nhá h¬n 10-4 cm/s, lùc mao dÉn sÏ
c¶n trë kh«ng cho n−íc ch¶y vµo c¸c giÕng läc hót
n−íc kiÓu th«ng th−êng, mµ c¸c giÕng läc nµy ®−îc
dïng ®Ó tho¸t n−íc cho hÇm ®µo qua ®Êt yÕu, khiÕn
cho qu¸ tr×nh tho¸t n−íc kh«ng cã hiÖu qu¶.
capillary seepage /k”'pil”ri 'si:pid™/ n sù thÊm mao
dÉn: Only in cases where mild and occasional
capillary seepage occurs are applications of
waterproofing paint or other interior compounds to
the interior walls likely to provide any lasting degree
of improvement in achieving a dry basement: Trong
nh÷ng tr−êng hîp chØ diÔn ra sù thÊm mao dÉn võa
ph¶i hay kh«ng th−êng xuyªn, th× viÖc sö dông s¬n
c¸ch n−íc hay c¸c hîp chÊt kh¸c cho c¸c t−êng bªn
trong míi cã thÓ t¹o ra ®−îc sù c¶i thiÖn l©u dµi cho
sù kh« r¸o cña tÇng hÇm.
carbide bit /'k:baid bit/ n mòi khoan b»ng
cacbua: More correctly, cemented tungsten carbide.
A cutting or drilling bit for rock or coal, made by
fusing an insert of molded tungsten carbide to the
cutting edge of a steel bit shank: Nãi chÝnh x¸c h¬n,
®ã lµ cacbua tungsten ®−îc g¾n kÕt. Lµ mòi khoan
hay mòi c¾t dïng cho ®¸ hay than, chÕ t¹o b»ng c¸ch
hµn nãng ch¶y mét miÕng cacbua tungsten nung
ch¶y vµo c¹nh c¾t cña mét chu«i mòi khoan thÐp.
carbide cutter /'k:baid 'kʌt”/ n l−ìi c¾t b»ng
cacbua (cña m¸y TBM). Wheel machines range in
size from 44 inches (1118mm) to about 100 inches
(2540mm) outside diameter; they are equipped with
Carbide Cutter Head to excavate soft to medium
hard rock: C¸c m¸y ®µo hÇm nhá kiÓu quay th−êng
cã ®−êng kÝnh ngoµi tõ 1118mm ®Õn 2540mm;
chóng ®−îc l¾p ®Çu c¾t cã l−ìi b»ng cacbua cøng ®Ó
®µo hÇm qua ®¸ tõ mÒm cho tíi cøng võa.
 44
carbon dioxide /'k:b”n dai'˜ksaid/ n ®i«xit
cacbon CO2: Carbon dioxide occurs naturally in
carbonaceous strata and when acid water acts on
limestone. It also occurs in the exhaust from internal
combustion engines, in the combustion of
carbonaceous materials and from the detonation of
explosives. Carbon dioxide is heavier than air and
can thus accumulate in low areas and sumps. It often
acts as a simple asphyxiant. The long-term
occupational exposure standard is 5000 ppm, but
short-term exposures of up to 15000 ppm are
permissible. Where carbon dioxide occurs naturally
underground, it is often associated with oxygen
deficiency: §i«xit cacbon sinh ra tù nhiªn trong c¸c
tÇng ®¸ chøa cacbon/than vµ khi n−íc chøa axit t¸c
dông lªn ®¸ v«i. Nã còng cã trong khÝ th¶i cña ®éng
c¬ ®èt trong, khi ®èt vËt liÖu chøa than vµ khi næ
m×n. §i«xit cacbon nÆng h¬n kh«ng khÝ vµ tÝch tô ë
c¸c vïng thÊp vµ hè tô. Nã th−êng lµ mét chÊt g©y
ng¹t ®¬n thuÇn. Tiªu chuÈn vÒ nång ®é khÝ CO2 khi
ng−êi ph¶i tiÕp xóc l©u dµi víi nã lµ 5000 phÇn
triÖu, nh−ng tiÕp xóc ng¾n h¹n cã thÓ cho phÐp nång
®é tíi 15000 phÇn triÖu. NÕu khÝ nµy sinh ra tù
nhiªn d−íi ngÇm, nã th−êng ®i kÌm víi víi hiÖn
t−îng thiÕu «xy.
carbon fiber /'k:b”n 'faib”/ n sîi cacbon:
reinforcing fiber with light-weight, high-strength,
and high-stiffness characteristics produced by
oxidizing organic polymer fibers: Lµ sîi gia c−êng
víi c¸c ®Æc ®iÓm khèi l−îng nhÑ, c−êng ®é cao, vµ
®é cøng lín ®−îc s¶n xuÊt b»ng c¸ch «xy hãa c¸c sîi
polyme h÷u c¬.
carbon monoxide meter /'k:b”n 'm˜nousaid
'mi:t”/ n m¸y ®o nång ®é «xit cacbon CO: Carbon
monoxide is one of the most pollutant element
produced by fuel engines. Therefore, a number of
CO meters should be installed in the tunnel to
monitor the content of this dangerous gas, thus
regulating the ventilation system and ensuring a
good enviromental condition: Monoxit cacbon lµ
mét trong nh÷ng thµnh phÇn g©y « nhiÔm cã h¹i nhÊt
s¶n ra bëi c¸c ®éng c¬ ch¹y nhiªn liÖu. Do vËy cÇn
l¾p ®Æt c¸c m¸y ®o nång ®é chÊt khÝ nguy hiÓm nµy
trong hÇm ®Ó ®iÒu chØnh møc th«ng giã, ®¶m b¶o
®iÒu kiÖn m«i tr−êng.
carbonate /'k:b”nit/ n cacbonat: Term applied to
a mineral compound characterised by an ionic
structure of CO3-2. Calcite and dolomite are
examples of carbonate minerals. Also applied to a
rock consisting chiefly of carbonate minerals.
Limestone and dolomite are examples of carbonate
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
rocks: ThuËt ng÷ ¸p dông cho mét hçn hîp kho¸ng
vËt ®Æc tr−ng bëi mét cÊu tróc ion cña CO3-2. Canxit
vµ ®olomit lµ nh÷ng vÝ dô vÒ c¸c kho¸ng vËt
cacbonat. Còng ¸p dông cho mét ®¸ cÊu t¹o chñ yÕu
tõ c¸c kho¸ng vËt cacbonat. §¸ v«i vµ ®olomit lµ
nh÷ng vÝ dô vÒ c¸c ®¸ cacbonat.
carbonation /'ka:b”nei‘n/ n sù cacbonat hãa
bªt«ng: Carbon dioxide (CO2), in the presence of
moisture, reacts with Ca(OH)2 present in hydrated
concrete to form calcium carbonate (CaCO3). This
process is known as the carbonation of concrete,
which can lead to accelerated deterioration of the
concrete and induce corrosion of the reinforcing
steel: §i«xyt cacbon CO2, víi sù cã mÆt cña h¬i Èm,
sÏ ph¶n øng víi Ca(OH)2 cã trong bªt«ng ®· thñy
hãa ®Ó t¹o thµnh cacbonat canxi (CaCO3). Qu¸ tr×nh
nµy ®−îc gäi lµ cacbonat hãa bªt«ng, cã thÓ dÉn tíi
suy tho¸i bªt«ng nhanh h¬n vµ g©y ra rØ cèt thÐp.
cartridge /'k:trid™/ n vá ®¹n, thái thuèc næ:
Small diameter cartridges of explosive (25, 29 or 32
mm) are packaged in film which readily splits during
tamping to maximize coupling and bulk strength
within the blasthole: C¸c thái thuèc næ ®−êng kÝnh
nhá (25, 29 hay 32 mm) ®−îc bao gãi trong líp nhùa
máng, líp mµng nµy dÔ dµng vì nøt trong khi nhåi
thuèc nh»m t¨ng hiÖu qu¶ hîp nèi (x©m nhËp vµo
nhau) cña thuèc vµ nh»m tèi ®a hãa søc c«ng ph¸
cña khèi thuèc trong lç m×n.
cased bore /keist bɔ:/ n khoan cã èng v¸ch: Bore
in which a pipe, usually a steel sleeve, is inserted
simultaneously with the boring operation. Usually
associated with auger boring or pipe jacking: Lµ sù
khoan trong ®ã mét èng, th−êng lµ èng thÐp, ®−îc
®−a xuèng ®Êt ®ång thêi víi thao t¸c khoan. Th−êng
®i liÒn víi kiÓu khoan ruét gµ hoÆc kÝch ®Èy èng
cèng.
casing /keisiô/ n èng chèng v¸ch: Tubing inserted
in a bore-hole to prevent caving or to shut off water
entering the bore-hole through the sides of the hole:
Lµ èng ®−a xuèng mét lç khoan ®Ó chèng lë ®Êt hay
®Ó ng¨n chÆn kh«ng cho n−íc ch¶y vµo hè khoan tõ
phÝa thµnh bªn cña hè.
casing pipe method /keisiô paip 'meθəd/ n
ph−¬ng ph¸p lµm cèng nhê èng v¸ch: Method in
which a casing, generally steel, is pipe jacked into
place, within which a product pipe is later inserted:
Lµ ph−¬ng ph¸p trong ®ã mét èng v¸ch t¹m - th−êng
lµm b»ng thÐp - ®−îc kÝch ®Èy vµo vÞ trÝ thiÕt kÕ, sau
®ã èng cèng s¶n phÈm sÏ ®−îc l¾p ®Æt vµo trong
lßng nã.
 45
cast blasting /kas:t blastiô/ n næ m×n bung ph¸:
The practice of using blasting to throw the waste
rock or overburden some distance in a controlled
direction, to reduce the cost of handling it with
mechanical equipment: Ph−¬ng ph¸p dïng kü thuËt
næ m×n ®Ó dêi chuyÓn ®¸ th¶i hay tÇng ®Êt phñ ra xa
mét kho¶ng c¸ch nhÊt ®Þnh theo mét h−íng ®Þnh s½n,
nh»m lµm gi¶m chi phÝ vËn chuyÓn nã b»ng m¸y mãc
c¬ khÝ.
cast iron lining /kas:t 'ai”n 'lainiô/ n vá hÇm b»ng
gang ®óc: Cast iron linings should be supplied by an
approved manufacturer who will be required to
show a compliance with British Standards
regarding materials, manufacture, testing and
storing of materials, segments and fixings: C¸c ®o¹n
vá hÇm b»ng gang ®óc ph¶i do mét nhµ s¶n xuÊt
®−îc c«ng nhËn cung cÊp, mµ hä sÏ ph¶i chøng minh
sù tu©n thñ c¸c Tiªu chuÈn Anh quèc liªn quan ®Õn
vËt liÖu, chÕ t¹o, thÝ nghiÖm vµ l−u tr÷ vËt liÖu, ®o¹n
vá hÇm vµ ®å l¾p r¸p.
casting basin /'kas:tiô 'beisn/ n bÓ ®óc ®èt hÇm
d×m: A place where elements for immersed tunnels
can be fabricated in the dry, and which can be
flooded to allow the elements to be floated out and
taken away. Generally used for concrete tunnels: Lµ
mét ®Þa ®iÓm t¹i ®ã c¸c ph©n ®o¹n cña mét hÇm d×m
cã thÓ ®−îc chÕ t¹o trong ®iÒu kiÖn kh« r¸o, vµ nã cã
thÓ ®−a ®−îc n−íc vµo ®Ó lµm næi c¸c ®èt hÇm ®ã
nh»m chë næi ra s«ng. Nãi chung ®−îc sö dông cho
c¸c hÇm bªt«ng.
cast-in-place /kas:t-in-pleis/ adj ®æ t¹i chç:
frequently used repair technique in which mortar,
concrete, or other materials are deposited in
workable condition in the place where they harden
and become part of the structure: Kü thuËt söa ch÷a
th−êng dïng trong ®ã v÷a, bªt«ng, hoÆc vËt liÖu kh¸c
®−îc ®æ ë tr¹ng th¸i c«ng t¸c tèt vµo vÞ trÝ mµ t¹i ®ã
chóng ®«ng cøng vµ trë thµnh mét phÇn cña kÕt cÊu.
cast-in-place concrete ceiling /kas:t-in-pleis
'k˜nkri:t 'si:liô/ n nãc (trÇn) hÇm b»ng bªt«ng ®æ t¹i
chç: After serious truck fires in the XYZ tunnel, final
repairs must be done during maintenance closures,
included replacing the cast-in-place concrete ceiling
along main part of tunnel with precast panels hung
from stainless steel rods drilled into the crown: Sau
khi x¶y ra ch¸y xe t¶i nghiªm träng trong hÇm XYZ,
cÇn ph¶i tiÕn hµnh söa ch÷a víi viÖc ®ãng cöa hÇm,
bao gåm viÖc thay thÕ trÇn hÇm b»ng bªt«ng ®æ t¹i
chç däc theo phÇn chÝnh cña hÇm, víi c¸c tÊm
bªt«ng ®óc s½n ®îc treo tõ c¸c thanh thÐp kh«ng rØ
khoan g¾n vµo nãc hÇm.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
cataclastic /,kætə'klæstik/ adj vôn n¸t: Term for
the structure of a rock which has been broken up
severely by strong dynamic metamorphism or
faulting. Common features are bent, broken or
ground-up minerals. "Cataclasite" is the name for
any rock showing cataclastic structure: ThuËt ng÷
m« t¶ kÕt cÊu cña ®¸ ®· bÞ vì vôn rÊt m¹nh bëi qu¸
tr×nh biÕn chÊt ®éng häc hoÆc t¹o sinh ®øt g·y. C¸c
®Æc ®iÓm chung lµ cã c¸c kho¸ng vËt uèn nÕp, vì n¸t
hoÆc nghiÒn vôn. “Cataclazit - ®¸ cµ n¸t” lµ tªn gäi
cho lo¹i ®¸ bÊt kú cã cÊu tróc vôn n¸t.
catalyst /'kætəlist/ n xóc t¸c: A material that
causes chemical reactions (such as gelation of
chemical grouts or hardening of resin grouts) to
begin, while theoretically not entering into the
reaction: Lµ mét vËt liÖu mµ nã khiÕn cho c¸c ph¶n
øng hãa häc (nh− ®«ng tô cña v÷a hãa häc hoÆc
®«ng cøng cña v÷a keo resin) x¶y ra, trong khi vÒ
mÆt lý thuyÕt th× nã kh«ng tham gia vµo ph¶n øng.
cathodic protection /'kæθoudik prə'tek∫n/ n b¶o
vÖ b»ng cat«t: Electrical means of protecting ferrous
(usually steel) mains from corrosion. Cathodic
protection (CP) has grown to have many uses in
marine and underground structures, water storage
tanks, gas pipelines, oil platform supports, and many
other facilities exposed to a corrosive environment.
Recently, it is proving to be an effective method for
protecting reinforcing steel from chloride-induced
corrosion: Lµ ph−¬ng thøc b¶o vÖ b»ng ®iÖn ®èi víi
c¸c ®−êng èng b»ng s¾t (hay thÐp) khái sù ¨n mßn.
B¶o vÖ b»ng cat«t ®· ph¸t triÓn m¹nh vµ ®−îc dïng
nhiÒu trong c¸c kÕt cÊu ngÇm vµ ngoµi kh¬i, c¸c bån
chøa n−íc, èng dÉn khÝ ®èt, giµn khoan, vµ nhiÒu
c«ng tr×nh kh¸c lµm viÖc trong m«i tr−êng cã tÝnh ¨n
mßn. GÇn ®©y, nã ®ang chøng tá lµ mét biªn ph¸p
hiÖu qu¶ ®Ó b¶o vÖ cèt thÐp khái bÞ rØ do t¸c nh©n clo
o The science of cathodic protection (CP) was born
in 1824, when Sir Humphrey Davy made a report to
the Royal Society of London in sucessfully protecting
copper against corrosion from seawater by the use
of iron anodes: Khoa häc b¶o vÖ b»ng cat«t ra ®êi
n¨m 1824, khi ngµi Humphrey Davy b¸o c¸o tr−íc
Héi Hoµng gia London vÒ viÖc b¶o vÖ thµnh c«ng
cho ®ång khái bÞ rØ bëi n−íc biÓn nhê sö dông c¸c
an«t b»ng s¾t.
caulk /'kɔ:k/ v tr¸m mèi nèi: To install or apply a
sealant across or into joints, cracks, or crevices to
prevent the passage of air or water: L¾p ®Æt hoÆc
®−a mét chÊt bÝt tr¸m ngang qua hoÆc vµo bªn trong
c¸c mèi nèi, vÕt nøt, hay r·nh khe ®Ó ng¨n chÆn sù
®i qua cña kh«ng khÝ hay n−íc.
 46
caulking /'kɔ:kiô/ n tr¸m mèi nèi: General term
which, in trenchless technology, refers to methods by
which joints may be closed within a pipeline or
between lining segments: ThuËt ng÷ chung mµ trong
c«ng nghÖ kh«ng ®µo hµo nã chØ tíi c¸c ph−¬ng
ph¸p thi c«ng mèi nèi bªn trong mét ®−êng èng hay
gi÷a c¸c ®o¹n vá hÇm.
cautionary principle /'kɔ:∫nəri 'prinsəpl/ n
nguyªn t¾c ®Ò phßng (m«i tr−êng): Used in
environmental assessment to describe the need for
caution in proceeding with a project if the
environmental effects are not well understood - in
contrast to proceeding until evidence shows that
there is a problem: Dïng trong ®¸nh gi¸ m«i tr−êng
®Ó m« t¶ sù cÇn thiÕt ph¶i ®Ò phßng khi tiÕn hµnh
mét dù ¸n nÕu nh− c¸c t¸c ®éng vÒ m«i tr−êng vÉn
ch−a ®−îc hiÓu râ - ng−îc l¹i víi viÖc cø tiÕn hµnh
cho ®Õn khi cã c¸c b»ng chøng chøng tá r»ng ®ang
cã vÊn ®Ò.
cave-in /keiv in/ n sôt lë: Downfalls of larger
volumes (> 10 m³ ) of rock debris into a tunnel or
cavern: SËp r¬i c¸c thÓ tÝch lín (> 10 m3) cña ®Êt ®¸
vµo bªn trong hÇm hoÆc hang ngÇm.
cave in /keiv in/ n t¹o hang sôt lë: Collapse of
mine workings: Lµ sù sËp lë cña hang ngÇm.
cavern /'k“v”n/ n hang ngÇm lín: A relatively
short, underground room-type opening of large
cross-sectional area, generally built to house a
special structure such as a hydroelectric power
plant, hardened defense facility or storage for waste:
Lµ mét kh«ng gian gièng nh− c¨n phßng d−íi ngÇm,
t−¬ng ®èi ng¾n, cã diÖn tÝch tiÕt diÖn lín, nãi chung
®−îc x©y dùng ®Ó chøa mét kÐt cÊu ®Æc biÖt nh− nhµ
m¸y thñy ®iÖn, c«ng tr×nh quèc phßng kiªn cè, hoÆc
lµm n¬i tr÷ chÊt th¶i.
CBR (California Bearing Ratio) /si: bi: a:/ n
HÖ sè ChÞu t¶i California: This test method covers
the determination of the CBR (California Bearing
Ratio) of pavement subgrade, subbase, and
basecourse materials from laboratory compacted
specimens. The test method is primarily intended for
evaluating the strength of cohesive materials having
maximum particle sizes less than 19mm. California
Bearing Ratio values are obtained in percent by
dividing the corrected load values at 2.54 and
5.08mm by the standard loads of 6.9 and 10.3 Mpa,
respectively, and multiplying these ratios by 100
Corrected load value
CBR = x 100 : Ph−¬ng ph¸p
Standard Load
thö nµy x¸c ®Þnh HÖ sè ChÞu t¶i CBR cña líp vËt liÖu
nÒn ®−êng, líp mãng d−íi vµ líp mãng trªn tõ c¸c
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
mÉu thö ®· ®Çm nÐn trong phßng thÝ nghiÖm. Ph−¬ng
ph¸p nµy chñ yÕu dïng ®Ó ®¸nh gi¸ c−êng ®é c¸c vËt
liÖu dÝnh kÕt cã cì h¹t lín nhÊt lµ 19mm. Gi¸ trÞ
CBR nhËn ®−îc (tÝnh theo phÇn tr¨m) b»ng c¸ch
chia t−¬ng øng gi¸ trÞ t¶i träng ®· hiÖu chØnh t¹i 2,54
vµ 5,08mm cho t¶i träng tiªu chuÈn 6,9 vµ 10,3Mpa,
råi nh©n c¸c tû sè nµy víi 100, tøc lµ
Gia tri tai trong da hieu chinh
CBR = x 100 .
Tai trong tieu chuan
CCTV (Closed-Circuit Television) / / n HÖ
thèng camªra quan s¸t: Closed circuit television used
to carry out internal inspection and survey of
pipelines and tunnels: HÖ thèng truyÒn h×nh c¸p
dïng ®Ó thùc hiÖn sù kiÓm tra vµ kh¶o s¸t bªn trong
c¸c ®−êng èng hay ®−êng hÇm.
CCTV Surveying / / n Kh¶o s¸t b»ng CCTV: A
method of assessing the condition or status of a
water main, public sewer or tunnel, using cameras:
Mét ph−¬ng ph¸p ®¸nh gi¸ ®iÒu kiÖn hay t×nh tr¹ng
cña mét ®−êng èng dÉn n−íc, cèng th¶i c«ng céng
hay hÇm, sö dông c¸c camªra.
CEB-FIP n ñy ban Bªt«ng Ch©u ¢u-Quèc tÕ vµ
Liªn ®oµn Dù øng lùc Quèc tÕ: CEB (Comité Euro-
International du Béton) was founded in 1953 on an
initiative of French contractors. FIP (Fédération
Internationale de la Précontrainte) was inaugurated
in 1952 at an international meeting held in
Cambridge, England. On the 24th May 1998 the
CEB Administrative Council dissolved the CEB in
favour of the fib (fédération internationale du béton)
with an effective date of 28th May 1998. In a
parallel move the same day, the FIP Council
dissolved the FIP in favour of the fib with an
effective date of 28th May 1998: ñy ban Bªt«ng
ch©u ¢u-Quèc tÕ (CEB) ®−îc thµnh lËp n¨m 1953 do
s¸ng kiÕn cña mét sè Nhµ thÇu Ph¸p. Cßn Liªn ®oµn
Dù øng lùc Quèc tÕ (FIP) ®−îc thµnh lËp n¨m 1952
t¹i mét cuéc häp quèc tÕ tæ chøc t¹i Cambridge,
Anh. Ngµy 24-5-1998 Héi ®ång §iÒu hµnh cña CEB
®· gi¶i t¸n CEB ®Ó gia nhËp Liªn ®oµn bªt«ng kÕt
cÊu quèc tÕ FIB tõ ngµy 28-5-1998. Trong mét diÔn
biÕn t−¬ng tù vµo cïng ngµy, Héi ®ång cña FIP còng
gi¶i t¸n FIP ®Ó gia nhËp FIB víi ngµy cã hiÖu lùc lµ
28-5-1998.
CEB-FIP Model Code 90 n Tiªu chuÈn thiÕt kÕ
cña ñy ban Bªt«ng Ch©u ¢u-Quèc tÕ vµ Liªn
®oµn Dù øng lùc Quèc tÕ n¨m 1990: This design
code (CEB-FIP Model Code 90) for concrete
structures is the result of a complete revision to the
former Model Code 1978, which was produced
jointly by CEB and FIP. The 1978 Model Code has
 47
had a considerable impact on the national design
codes in many countries. In particular, it has been
used extensively for the harmonisation of national
design codes and as basic reference for Eurocode 2.
The 1990 Model Code provides comprehensive
guidance to the scientific and technical
developments that have occurred over the past
decade in the safety, analysis and design of concrete
structures. It has already influenced the codification
work that is being carried out both nationally and
internationally and will continue so to do: Tiªu
chuÈn thiÕt kÕ CEB-FIP Model Code 90 cho c¸c kÕt
cÊu bªt«ng lµ kÕt qu¶ cña sù chØnh söa toµn diÖn
phiªn b¶n n¨m 1978, ®−îc liªn kÕt xuÊt b¶n bëi CEB
vµ FIP. Tiªu chuÈn CEB-FIP 78 ®· tõng cã mét t¸c
®éng to lín ®èi víi c¸c tiªu chuÈn thiÕt kÕ quèc gia ë
nhiÒu n−íc. §Æc biÖt, nã ®· ®−îc sö dông réng r·i
cho viÖc lµm hµi hßa/c©n ®èi c¸c tiªu chuÈn thiÕt kÕ
quèc gia vµ lµ tham chiÕu c¬ b¶n cho Tiªu chuÈn
Eurocode 2. Tiªu chuÈn CEB-FIP Model Code 90
cung cÊp chØ dÉn tæng thÓ cho nh÷ng ph¸t triÓn khoa
häc vµ kü thuËt ®· diÔn ra trong thËp kû võa qua vÒ
mÆt an toµn, tÝnh to¸n vµ thiÕt kÕ c¸c kÕt cÊu bªt«ng.
Nã ®· ¶nh h−ëng m¹nh ®Õn c«ng t¸c biªn so¹n tiªu
chuÈn mµ nã vÉn ®ang ®−îc tiÕn hµnh ë cÊp quèc
gia vµ quèc tÕ, vµ sÏ tiÕp tôc ¶nh h−ëng nh− vËy vÒ
l©u dµi.
ceiling finish /'si:liô 'fini‘/ n líp trang trÝ nãc hÇm,
líp hoµn thiÖn trÇn hÇm: The ceiling surface should
be of a material that will not deteriorate with age
and chemical attack, will not easily soil and can be
easily cleaned. A light-colored matte (non-specular)
finish surface with a reflectance factor of 70% or
greater is recommended: BÒ mÆt trÇn hÇm ph¶i lµ
lo¹i vËt liÖu kh«ng xuèng cÊp theo thêi gian, kh«ng
h− h¹i víi t¸c ®éng hãa häc, kh«ng dÔ d©y bÈn vµ cã
thÓ lµm s¹ch dÔ dµng. Nªn sö dông lo¹i mÆt trang trÝ
cã mµu nhÑ, mê (kh«ng ph¶n chiÕu long lanh), cã hÖ
sè ph¶n x¹ lµ 70% hay lín h¬n.
cell /sel/ n khoang hÇm d×m: Continuous space
within the cross-section of an element, bounded by
walls, floor and ceiling. A cross-section may contain
many cells, hence multiple-cell box, where for
example separate cells may be used for each traffic
direction, emergency egress, utilities, supply air and
exhaust air: Lµ kh«ng gian liªn tôc bªn trong tiÕt
diÖn cña mét ®èt hÇm d×m, bao bäc chung quanh bëi
c¸c t−êng, sµn vµ trÇn. Mét mÆt c¾t cã thÓ bao gåm
nhiÒu khoang, do vËy gäi lµ lo¹i hép nhiÒu khoang,
trong ®ã ch¼ng h¹n c¸c khoang riªng biÖt sÏ ®−îc sö
dông cho mçi chiÒu giao th«ng, lèi tho¸t hiÓm khÈn
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
cÊp, l¾p ®Æt c¸c c«ng tr×nh phô trî, dÉn khÝ s¹ch
th«ng giã vµ x¶ khÝ bÈn.
cellar /'sel”/ n hÇm chøa, hÇm r−îu: A below-
grade portion of a building. See also basement: Lµ
mét phÇn ngÇm cña mét tßa nhµ. Xem thªm môc tõ
"basement - tÇng ngÇm".
cellular material /'seljul” m”'ti”ri”l/ n vËt liÖu cã
lç hæng: Cellular material can consist of glass wool,
asbestos compounds or synthetic materials, which in
combination with corrosion-resistant metals
fabricated in egg crate or perforated sandwiches,
will absorb noise in the tunnels and provide a
washable and maintenance-free finish: VËt liÖu xèp
cã lç hæng cã thÓ cÊu t¹o tõ b«ng (sîi) thñy tinh, hîp
chÊt ami¨ng hay c¸c chÊt tæng hîp, mµ khi nã kÕt
hîp víi c¸c kim lo¹i chèng-¨n mßn chÕ t¹o thµnh
c¸c hÖ nhiÒu líp cã ®ôc lç hay « h×nh trøng, sÏ hÊp
thô tiÕng ån trong hÇm vµ t¹o nªn mét líp hoµn thiÖn
bÒ mÆt cña hÇm cã thÓ röa s¹ch ®−îc vµ dÔ b¶o
d−ìng.
cement /si'ment/ n xim¨ng: An active hydraulic
binder formed by grinding clinker and complying
with BS EN 197-1: Lµ mét chÊt dÝnh kÕt chÕ t¹o
b»ng c¸ch nghiÒn clanh-ke vµ tu©n theo Tiªu chuÈn
Anh BS EN 197-1 o The different cements used for
making concrete are finely ground powders and all
have the important property that when mixed with
water a chemical reaction (hydration) takes place
which, in time, produces a very hard and strong
binding medium for the aggregate particles: C¸c
lo¹i xim¨ng kh¸c nhau dïng ®Ó chÕ t¹o bªt«ng
th−êng cã d¹ng bét nghiÒn mÞn vµ tÊt c¶ ®Òu cã tÝnh
chÊt quan träng ®Ó khi trén víi n−íc mét ph¶n øng
hãa häc (thñy hãa) x¶y ra mµ, cuèi cïng, nã t¹o nªn
mét m«i tr−êng liªn kÕt bÒn v÷ng vµ rÊt cøng cho c¸c
h¹t cèt liÖu.
cement content /si'ment 'k˜ntent/ n hµm l−îng
xim¨ng: Quantity of cement contained in a unit
volume of concrete or mortar, preferably expressed
as weight per cubic measure (examples: kg/cubic
meter, pounds per cubic yard, sacks per cubic yard
etc.): Lµ khèi l−îng xim¨ng chøa trong mét ®¬n vÞ
thÓ tÝch cña bªt«ng (phun) hay v÷a, th−êng ®−îc −a
chuéng thÓ hiÖn b»ng träng l−îng trªn mét mÐt khèi
(vÝ dô: kg/mÐt khèi, pao trªn iat khèi, bao xim¨ng
trªn iat khèi, v.v...).
cement gun = shotcrete nozzle /si'ment gʌn =
∫˜tkri:t 'n˜zl/ n sóng phun xim¨ng = vßi xÞt bªt«ng
phun: Cement gun is a device to enable the mortar
mixture to be sprayed. When pressurised with
compressed air the mixture is forced from a single
 48
chamber pressure vessel through an opening and
along a delivery hose. At the end of the hose was a
nozzle which was fitted with a water spray. When
passing through this spray the mixture is hydrated:
Lµ mét thiÕt bÞ ®Ó phun hçn hîp v÷a. Khi bÞ nÐn
b»ng khÝ nÐn hçn hîp bÞ ®Èy m¹nh tõ thïng trén qua
cöa n¹p ®i vµo èng dÉn. T¹i ®Çu èng dÉn lµ vßi xÞt
cã l¾p vßi phun n−íc. Khi ®i qua vßi n−íc nµy hçn
hîp v÷a sÏ ®−îc thñy hãa.
cement mortar /si'ment 'm˜:t”/ n v÷a xim¨ng:
Cement mortar for grouting of rock bolts shall be
approximately one part cement and one part sand
mixed with sufficient water to provide a consistency
that shall enable grouting upward into vertical
holes. The water cement ratio of the mortar shall be
between 0.35 to 0.45: V÷a xim¨ng dïng ®Ó b¬m v÷a
l¾p bul«ng neo ®¸ sÏ ph¶i cã thµnh phÇn kho¶ng ®é
mét phÇn xim¨ng vµ mét phÇn c¸t trén víi mét l−îng
n−íc ®ñ ®Ó t¹o ra mét ®é sÖt cho phÐp b¬m ng−îc
lªn vµo trong c¸c lç khoan th¼ng ®øng. Tû lÖ
n−íc/xim¨ng cña hçn hîp v÷a ph¶i n»m trong
kho¶ng tõ 0.35 ®Õn 0.45.
cemented /si'mentid/ adj g¾n xim¨ng, liªn kÕt
b»ng xim¨ng hoặc bằng vật liệu có tính gắn kết:
Term for a sedimentary rock whose grains are
bound together in a coherent mass by mineral
cements. Most cements are chemically precipitated.
The most common cements are iron oxides, silica
(quartz, opal, chalcedony), carbonate (calcite,
dolomite) and clay minerals: ThuËt ng÷ chØ mét ®¸
trÇm tÝch mµ c¸c h¹t cña nã ®−îc g¾n kÕt víi nhau
thµnh mét khèi cè kÕt b»ng c¸c chÊt g¾n kÕt kho¸ng
vËt. HÇu hÕt c¸c chÊt g¾n kÕt ®−îc kÕt tña theo con
®−êng hãa häc. C¸c chÊt g¾n kÕt phæ biÕn nhÊt lµ
«xyt s¾t, «xyt silic (th¹ch anh, «pan, chanxe®on),
cacbonat (canxit, ®olomit) vµ c¸c kho¸ng vËt sÐt.
cementing material /si'menti– m”'ti”ri”l/ n vËt
liÖu g¾n kÕt: In order to minimize the groundwater
leakage, chemical and cementing material are used
to fill and seal the major cracks and fissures around
tunnel. The procedure can be performed after the
tunnel blasting had been completed. If complications
arise with mixing and applying the cement, making it
difficult to seal the fissures, then the results may not
be very favourable: groundwater may continue to
leak into the tunnel at high rates: §Ó gi¶m thiÓu sù
thÊm n−íc ngÇm, ng−êi ta dïng vËt liÖu xim¨ng vµ
hãa häc ®Ó lÊp vµ bÝt c¸c khe vµ vÕt nøt nÎ lín xung
quanh hÇm. C«ng viÖc nµy cã thÓ tiÕn hµnh sau khi
næ m×n xong. NÕu x¶y ra r¾c rèi trong viÖc trén vµ
b¬m xim¨ng g©y khã kh¨n cho viÖc chÌn bÝt khe nøt,
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
th× kÕt qu¶ cã thÓ sÏ kh«ng tèt: n−íc ngÇm vÉn tiÕp
tôc ch¶y thÊm vµo hÇm víi l−îng lín.
cementitious material /,si:men'ti‘”s m”'ti”ri”l/ n
vËt liÖu g¾n kÕt, vËt liÖu xim¨ng: Cementitious
material shall have a reactive alkali content not
exceeding a value of 0.6% by mass and/or the total
mass of reactive alkali in the mix shall not exceed
3.0kg/m3 of concrete: VËt liÖu xim¨ng ph¶i cã hµm
l−îng kiÒm ho¹t tÝnh kh«ng qu¸ 0.6% theo khèi
l−îng, vµ/hoÆc tæng khèi l−îng kiÒm ho¹t tÝnh trong
hçn hîp kh«ng qu¸ 3.0kg/m3 bªt«ng.
center core method /'sent” k˜: 'meθəd/ n
ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo hÇm ®Ó l¹i lâi: A method of
tunnelling whereby the center is left to the last for
excavation: Lµ ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo hÇm trong ®ã phÇn
t©m tiÕt diÖn g−¬ng ®µo ®−îc ®Ó l¹i ®µo sau cïng.
center diaphragm method /'sent” 'daiəfræm
'meθəd/ n ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo hÇm kiÓu ph©n chia
mÆt c¾t cã t−êng ch¾n trung t©m: This excavation
method provides a diaphragm to the top heading, or
to both a top heading and a bench. It is applied for
ground of shallow overburden where ground surface
settlement is required to be kept at a minimum, as
well as for comparatively poor ground condition for
a large section tunnel: Ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo nµy cung
cÊp mét t−êng ch¾n cho phÇn g−¬ng ®µo phÝa trªn,
hoÆc cho c¶ phÇn trªn vµ phÇn thÒm. Nã ®−îc ¸p
dông cho hÇm cã líp ®Êt phñ n«ng khi mµ ®é lón bÒ
mÆt ph¶i gi÷ ë møc tèi thiÓu, còng nh− ¸p dông cho
®iÒu kiÖn ®Êt t−¬ng ®èi xÊu trong mét hÇm cã tiÕt
diÖn lín.
centerline /'sent”lain/ n ®−êng t©m, tim: During
construction of the tunnel, it is desirable that the
field personnel use centerline of tunnel rather than
centerline of track as the basis of tunnel control:
Trong khi thi c«ng hÇm, ®éi ngò lµm hÇm t¹i hiÖn
tr−êng nªn sö dông tim hÇm lµm c¬ së ®Ó kiÓm tra
tuyÕn hÇm h¬n lµ dïng tim ®−êng ray.
centralizer /'sentrəlaizə/ n thiÕt bÞ cè ®Þnh t¹i
t©m, bé phËn gi÷ æn ®Þnh quanh vÞ trÝ trung t©m:
PVC, steel, or other approved material installed
along the soil nail tendon at intervals sufficient to
approximately center the tendon in the drillhole
and/or provide the specified minimum grout cover:
Lµ vËt liÖu b»ng nhùa PVC, thÐp, hay vËt liÖu ®−îc
chÊp thuËn kh¸c, l¾p ®Æt däc theo c¸p neo trong ®Êt
t¹i nh÷ng kho¶ng c¸ch ®ñ ®Ó gi÷ ®Þnh vÞ c¸p neo t¹i
t©m lç khoan vµ/hoÆc t¹o ra líp phñ b¶o vÖ b»ng
v÷a ®¹t chiÒu dµy tèi thiÓu yªu cÇu.
centrifuge /'sentrifju:dʒ/ n m¸y bÞ ly t©m: A
piece of equipment used to reduce the soilds content
 49
of the slurry in a separation plant; the slurry is
rotated at high speed and the solids driven to the
outside by centrifugal action. A centrifuge is
effective on smaller particle sizes than a
hydrocyclone: Lµ mét bé phËn thiÕt bÞ dïng ®Ó lµm
gi¶m hµm l−îng chÊt r¾n cña mét v÷a khoan trong
mét tr¹m t¸ch läc bïn khoan; bïn khoan ®−îc quay
víi vËn tèc lín vµ chÊt r¾n ®−îc v¨ng ra ngoµi nhê
lùc ly t©m. Dïng m¸y ly t©m th× cã hiÖu qu¶ h¬n ®èi
víi c¸c cì h¹t nhá so víi m¸y t¸ch thñy lùc.
ceramic tile /si'r“mik tail/ n g¹ch ngãi gèm:
Traditionally, a light-colored ceramic tile has been
the accepted and proven finish for walls and ceilings
in highway tunnels: Theo truyÒn thèng, mét líp ngãi
gèm nh¹t mµu th−êng ®−îc dïng lµm líp trang trÝ
hoµn thiÖn cho t−êng vµ trÇn cña c¸c hÇm «t«, ®−îc
chÊp nhËn vµ ®· chøng tá −u ®iÓm o Ceramic tile
for tunnels should be vitreous glazed and of uniform
thickness and should not vary from nominal size by
more than 3/64 of an inch: Ngãi gèm dïng cho hÇm
ph¶i ®−îc tr¸ng men thñy tinh vµ cã bÒ dµy ®ång
®Òu, kh«ng ®−îc sai kh¸c so víi kÝch cì danh ®Þnh
nhiÒu h¬n 3/64 cña mét ins¬ (1.2mm).
CEVP® (Cost Estimate Validation Process) /kɔst
'estimeit ,væli'dei∫n 'prouses/ n qu¸ tr×nh thÈm
®Þnh dù to¸n chi phÝ: Cost Estimate Validation
Process, an intense workshop in which a team of top
engineers and risk managers from local and/or
national private firms and public agencies examine a
transportation project and review project details
with WSDOT engineers. Many of the participants
have first-hand experience in large project
programming and delivery. CEVP performs a
project cost and schedule validation, and develops
updated cost and schedule ranges using
probabilistic risk assessment: Qu¸ tr×nh thÈm ®Þnh
dù to¸n chi phÝ lµ mét héi th¶o kü l−ìng trong ®ã
mét nhãm c¸c kü s− vµ nhµ qu¶n lý rñi ro hµng ®Çu
tõ c¸c c«ng ty t− nh©n quèc gia vµ/hoÆc ®Þa ph−¬ng
vµ c¸c c¬ quan qu¶n lý c«ng céng cïng kiÓm tra mét
dù ¸n giao th«ng vµ so¸t xÐt c¸c chi tiÕt cña dù ¸n
cïng víi c¸c kü s− cña Phßng giao th«ng bang
Washington. NhiÒu trong sè nh÷ng ng−êi tham gia
cã kinh nghiÖm dµy d¹n vÒ lËp kÕ ho¹ch vµ x©y dùng
chuyÓn giao dù ¸n lín. Qu¸ tr×nh thÈm ®Þnh dù to¸n
chi phÝ (CEVP) thùc hiÖn thÈm ®Þnh tiÕn ®é vµ gi¸
thµnh mét dù ¸n, vµ ®−a ra c¸c ph−¬ng ¸n tiÕn ®é vµ
gi¸ thµnh míi b»ng c¸ch sö dông ph−¬ng ph¸p ®¸nh
gi¸ rñi ro dùa trªn lý thuyÕt x¸c xuÊt.
chain conveyor /t‘ein k”n'vei”/ n b¨ng t¶i xÝch: A
conveyor on which the material is moved along solid
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
pans (troughs) by the action of scraper crossbars
attached to powered chains: Lµ b¨ng t¶i trªn ®ã vËt
liÖu ®−îc vËn chuyÓn däc theo c¸c ch¶o (m¸ng) r¾n
nhê t¸c ®éng cña c¸c thanh g¹t ngang g¾n vµo xÝch
truyÒn ®éng.
chainage /t∫ei'nidʒ/ n lý tr×nh: After placing
the jumbo at its position close to the tunnel face, it is
able to position itself and detect the correct tunnel
chainage. When the chainage is detected, the
computer retrieves the drill pattern from the pre-
programmed tunnel design and starts to drill the
complete round, without any interference by the
operator: Sau khi ®−a m¸y khoan hÇm jumbo vµo vÞ
trÝ s¸t g−¬ng hÇm, nã cã thÓ tù ®Þnh vÞ vµ x¸c ®Þnh
chÝnh x¸c lý tr×nh hÇm. Sau khi x¸c ®Þnh lý tr×nh,
m¸y tÝnh cña jumbo sÏ t¹o sinh hé chiÕu khoan c¨n
cø vµo thiÕt kÕ hÇm ®· lËp tr×nh s½n, råi b¾t ®Çu tiÕn
hµnh khoan toµn bé mét b−íc ®µo, mµ kh«ng cÇn bÊt
kú sù can thiÖp nµo cña thî khoan.
chamber = cavern /'t‘eimb”/ n buång, ng¨n,
khoang hÇm lín: A relatively short, underground
room-type opening of large cross-sectional area,
generally built to house a special structure such as a
hydroelectric power plant, hardened defense facility
or storage for waste: Lµ mét kh«ng gian kiÓu c¨n
phßng d−íi ngÇm, t−¬ng ®èi ng¾n, cã diÖn tÝch tiÕt
diÖn lín, nãi chung ®−îc x©y dùng ®Ó chøa mét kÐt
cÊu ®Æc biÖt nh− nhµ m¸y thñy ®iÖn, c«ng tr×nh quèc
phßng kiªn cè, hoÆc lµm n¬i l−u tr÷ chÊt th¶i.
chamfer /'t‘“mf”/ n v¸t gãc, v¸t c¹nh (hÇm d×m):
Corners of box section tunnels are often chamfered
(bevelled, with the corners missing) to remove
unnecessary space where it serves no useful
purpose, or thickened to reduce moments and shears
(haunches) and to allow dragging anchors to pass
more easily over the tunnel: C¸c gãc cña nh÷ng hÇm
cã tiÕt diÖn h×nh hép th−êng ®−êng lµm v¸t c¹nh
(lµm cho xiªn gãc, kh«ng cã gãc nhän) ®Ó lo¹i bá
kh«ng gian kh«ng cÇn thiÕt mµ nã kh«ng phôc vô
môc ®Ých cã lîi nµo, hoÆc ®−îc lµm dµy thªm ®Ó
gi¶m m«men vµ lùc c¾t (vïng s−ên h«ng) vµ ®Ó cho
phÐp c¸c neo lai d¾t luån qua suèt chiÒu dµi hÇm
mét c¸ch dÔ dµng h¬n.
change house /t‘eind™ haus/ n nhµ giao ca: A
building containing toilets, showers, lockers, and
clothes-drying facilities for the tunnel crews: Lµ mét
ng«i nhµ gåm cã toalÐt, vßi t¾m hoa sen, tñ, vµ c¸c
thiÕt bÞ lµm kh« quÇn ¸o ®Ó phôc vô c¸c kÝp thî lµm
hÇm.
change order /t‘eind™ '˜:d”/ n lÖnh thay ®æi:
Change order is a document which (1) directs or
 50
authorizes the Contractor to do work not included in
the basic Contract, to omit work or to do work in a
different manner, and (2) establishes the amount of
added or reduced compensation to the Contractor:
LÖnh thay ®æi lµ mét tµi liÖu ®Ó (1) chØ dÉn hoÆc ñy
quyÒn cho Nhµ thÇu thùc hiÖn c«ng viÖc kh«ng cã
trong Hîp ®ång c¬ së, hñy mét phÇn viÖc nµo ®ã,
hoÆc thùc hiÖn c«ng viÖc theo mét ph−¬ng thøc kh¸c,
vµ (2) x¸c ®Þnh khèi l−îng bæ sung hay khÊu trõ cho
Nhµ thÇu o Change orders may also provide
additions to or deductions from the Contract time
allowance: LÖnh thay ®æi còng cã thÓ quy ®Þnh l−îng
thêi gian thªm vµo hay rót ng¾n ®i tõ thêi h¹n hoµn
thµnh Hîp ®ång.
changed conditions /t‘eind™z kən'di∫nz/ n c¸c
®iÒu kiÖn thay ®æi: Physical site conditions revealed
by excavation to be substantially different from the
conditions that could reasonably be anticipated from
information in the contract documents. Common
basis for litigation by contractor, sometimes
resulting in an extra paid by owner: Lµ nh÷ng ®iÒu
kiÖn ®Þa chÊt thùc tÕ t¹i hiÖn tr−êng ph¸t hiÖn (thÊy
®−îc) trong qu¸ tr×nh ®µo hÇm mµ kh¸c xa kh¸ nhiÒu
so víi nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn ®· ®−îc dù b¸o tr−íc ®ã mét
c¸ch hîp lý nhê th«ng tin kh¶o s¸t cung cÊp trong tµi
liÖu hîp ®ång. §©y th−êng lµ c¬ së ph¸p lý ®Ó nhµ
thÇu kiÖn tông, ®«i khi g©y ra chi phÝ ph¸t sinh cho
chñ ®Çu t−.
characteristic strength at 28 days /,kæriktə'ristik
'streηθ/ n c−êng ®é ®Æc tr−ng ë tuæi 28 ngµy: The
value of the standard cube strength at 28 days below
which 5% of the population of all possible strength
measurements are expected to fall: Lµ gi¸ trÞ cña
c−êng ®é mÉu lËp ph−¬ng tiªu chuÈn ë tuæi 28 ngµy,
mµ chØ cã 5% trong tæng sè mäi phÐp ®o c−êng ®é cã
thÓ n»m d−íi gi¸ trÞ ®ã.
charging /'t‘a:d™i–/ n sù n¹p thuèc næ vµo lç m×n
(= loading): It is more economical to use
standardized drilling and charging patterns: SÏ kinh
tÕ h¬n nÕu dïng c¸c d¹ng thøc khoan lç vµ n¹p m×n
tiªu chuÈn hãa o When charging, maximum
energy per meter of blasthole can be achieved by
tamping the explosive with a wooden tamping rod
appropriate to the hole diameter. Reduced in hole
energy levels can be achieved by lower degrees of
tamping. No metal implement should be used to tamp
explosives and the primer cartridge containing a
detonator must not be tamped: Khi n¹p thuèc, cã thÓ
®¹t ®−îc n¨ng l−îng næ tèi ®a trªn mét mÐt dµi lç
m×n b»ng c¸ch ®Çm (nhåi) thuèc víi mét que gç cã
®−êng kÝnh võa víi lç khoan. Cã thÓ gi¶m møc n¨ng
l−îng næ trong lç b»ng gi¶m møc ®é nhåi thuèc.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
Kh«ng ®−îc dïng ph−¬ng tiÖn kim lo¹i ®Ó nhåi thuèc
còng nh− ®Ó nhåi thái thuèc måi cã chøa mét kÝp næ.
chemical grout /'kemikl graut/ n v÷a hãa häc: A
combination of chemicals that gel into a semi-solid
after they are injected through drilled holes to
strengthen incompetent ground (generally soil), or to
prevent groundwater from flowing into the
excavation: Lµ mét hçn hîp cña c¸c hãa chÊt mµ
chóng hãa keo thµnh mét chÊt nöa r¾n sau khi chóng
®−îc b¬m vµo nÒn ®Êt qua c¸c lç khoan s½n ®Ó gia
cè nÒn yÕu (nãi chung lµ ®Êt), hoÆc ®Ó ng¨n chÆn
n−íc ngÇm kh«ng cho ch¶y vµo g−¬ng/hè ®µo.
chemical grouting /'kemikl grautiη/ n b¬m v÷a
hãa häc: Method for the treatment of the ground
around a shaft, pipeline or tunnel, using non-
cementitious compounds, to facilitate the installation
of an underground structure: Lµ ph−¬ng ph¸p ®Ó xö
lý ®Êt nÒn xung quanh mét giÕng ®øng, èng cèng
hoÆc hÇm, b»ng c¸ch dïng c¸c hîp chÊt phi xim¨ng,
nh»m t¹o thuËn lîi cho viÖc thi c«ng/l¾p ®Æt mét kÕt
cÊu ngÇm.
chemical stabilisation /'kemikl ,steib”lai'zei‘n/ n
æn ®Þnh b»ng ph−¬ng ph¸p hãa häc: Renovation
method in which a length of pipeline (or tunnel)
between two access points is sealed by the
introduction of one or more compounds in solution
into the pipe and surrounding ground and, where
appropriate, producing a chemical reaction. Such
systems may perform a variety of functions such as
the sealing of cracks and cavities, the provision of a
new wall surface with improved hydraulic
characteristics or ground stabilisation: Ph−¬ng
ph¸p míi trong ®ã mét ®o¹n ®−êng èng (hoÆc hÇm)
gi÷a hai ®iÓm tiÕp cËn ®−îc lµm kÝn b»ng c¸ch ®−a
mét hay nhiÒu hîp chÊt d¹ng dung dÞch vµo èng vµ
nÒn ®Êt xung quanh, vµ khi thÝch hîp, sÏ t¹o ra ph¶n
øng hãa häc. C¸c hÖ thèng nh− vËy cã thÓ thùc hiÖn
nhiÒu chøc n¨ng nh− bÝt kÝn c¸c khe nøt vµ hang hèc,
t¹o ra mét bÒ mÆt t−êng míi víi c¸c tÝnh chÊt thñy
lùc ®· ®−îc c¶i thiÖn, hoÆc lµm æn ®Þnh hãa nÒn ®Êt.
chemical weathering /'kemikl 'weθəriη/ n phong
hãa hãa häc: While mechanical weathering changes
only the size or shape of a rock, chemical
weathering changes mineral composition of the
rock. In other words, chemical weathering changes
chemicals that the rock is made of through a
chemical reaction. Many substances react with rocks
to break them down. Water is the main cause of
chemical weathering: NÕu phong hãa c¬ häc chØ lµm
thay ®æi kÝch th−íc hay h×nh d¹ng cña mét lo¹i ®¸,
th× phong hãa hãa häc l¹i lµm biÕn ®æi thµnh phÇn
kho¸ng vËt cña ®¸. Nãi c¸ch kh¸c, phong hãa hãa
 51
häc lµm thay ®æi c¸c hãa chÊt mµ chóng cÊu t¹o nªn
mét lo¹i ®¸ th«ng qua ph¶n øng hãa häc. Cã nhiÒu
chÊt ph¶n øng víi c¸c lo¹i ®¸ ®Ó ph¸ vì chóng.
N−íc lµ nguyªn nh©n chÝnh cña sù phong hãa hãa
häc.
checklist /'t‘eklist/ n b¶n liÖt kª nh÷ng môc cÇn
kiÓm tra; phiÕu kiÓm tra, danh môc kiÓm tra: In
order to ensure safety for tunnels under
construction, a checklist or other acceptable method
shall be used on the surface to check every person in
and out of the tunnel and to identify each and every
person underground: §Ó ®¶m b¶o an toµn trong hÇm
®ang thi c«ng, cÇn ph¶i dïng mét danh s¸ch kiÓm tra
hoÆc mét ph−¬ng ph¸p kh¸c trªn mÆt ®Êt ®Ó kiÓm tra
tõng ng−êi ®i vµo vµ ®i ra khái hÇm, còng nh− ®Ó
biÕt ®−îc nh÷ng ai ®ang ë d−íi ngÇm o In the case
of underground construction work, the causes of
possible losses are extremely numerous.
Consequently, no checklist can be exhaustive and
they must constantly be updated to include new,
hitherto unknown risks. This is the only way to
identify and assess the risks: Trong ngµnh x©y dùng
c«ng tr×nh ngÇm, cã v« sè c¸c nguyªn nh©n cã thÓ
g©y ra thua lç. Do ®ã, kh«ng mét danh môc kiÓm tra
nghiÖm thu nµo lµ thÊu ®¸o hÕt ®−îc, vµ chóng ph¶i
®−îc cËp nhËt th−êng xuyªn ®Ó bao qu¸t ®−îc nh÷ng
rñi ro míi, ch−a ®−îc biÕt ®Õn. ChØ cã nh− vËy míi
x¸c ®Þnh vµ ®¸nh gi¸ ®−îc c¸c rñi ro.
cherry picker /'t‘eri 'pik”/ n m¸y/c¬ cÊu n©ng xe:
Any frame capable of lifting a car vertically so a
train may pass beneath it; used for passing cars: Lµ
bÊt kú lo¹i khung nµo mµ cã thÓ n©ng ®−îc mét chiÕc
xe lªn theo chiÒu th¼ng ®øng ®Ó cho mét ®oµn tµu cã
thÓ th«ng qua bªn d−íi nã; dïng ®Ó chuyÓn xe.
chipping /'t‘ipi–/ n sù [®Ïo, ®ôc, ®Ëp vì, gät tÈy]
®Êt ®¸; sù b¹t bavia, sù söa xêm, sù söa r×a: To
remove all or part of a hardened concrete section
with a chisel, or remove loosened parts of the tunnel
face after blasting: Lµ viÖc ®ôc tÈy bá tÊt c¶ hay mét
phÇn cña khèi bªt«ng ®«ng cøng nµo ®ã b»ng chßng,
hoÆc lµ viÖc tÈy phÇn mÆt ®¸ long rêi cña g−¬ng hÇm
sau khi næ m×n o It was found that in some rocks,
certain grain/matrix characteristics contributed to
rock exhibiting certain toughness by impeding
efficient chipping: Ng−êi ta thÊy r»ng trong mét sè
®¸, c¸c ®Æc tr−ng vÒ cì h¹t/cÊu tróc nhÊt ®Þnh ®·
gãp phÇn lµm cho ®¸ thÓ hiÖn tÝnh bÒn dai qua viÖc
chèng l¹i sù ®ôc vì hiÖu qu¶.
chloride /'kl˜:raid/ n clorua: For concrete in which
steel is embedded the presence of chlorides is a
potentially serious condition, particularly in
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
prestressed concrete. Chloride ions in concrete
adjacent to the steel can readily destroy, even at
high alkalinities, the passive oxide film which
normally protects the steel against corrosion: §èi
víi bªt«ng trong ®ã cã ®Æt cèt thÐp, sù cã mÆt cña
clorua lµ mét ®iÒu kiÖn nguy hiÓm mét c¸ch tiÒm
tµng, ®Æc biÖt lµ ®èi víi bªt«ng dù øng lùc. C¸c ion
clorua tiÕp gi¸p víi cèt thÐp, ngay c¶ víi ®é kiÒm
cao, cã thÓ dÔ dµng ph¸ hñy mµng «xyt thô ®éng mµ
nã cã t¸c dông b¶o vÖ cèt thÐp khái bÞ gØ.
chloride attack /'kl˜:raid ”'t“k/ n sù ¨n mßn
clorua: The presence of chloride ions not only
effectively initiates the electro-chemical process of
steel corrosion, subject to the availability of
moisture and oxygen, but it also increases the
electrical conductivity of the concrete and thus
results in an increased corrosion current leading to
an accelerated rate of corrosion: Sù cã mÆt cña c¸c
ion clorua kh«ng chØ khëi ®Çu mét c¸ch cã hiÖu qu¶
qu¸ tr×nh ¨n mßn ®iÖn-hãa cèt thÐp, khi cã s½n ®é
Èm vµ «xy, mµ nã cßn lµm t¨ng tÝnh dÉn ®iÖn cña
bªt«ng, do ®ã t¹o ra dßng ®iÖn ¨n mßn cao h¬n dÉn
tíi viÖc gia t¨ng tèc ®é ¨n mßn.
chloride threshold /'kl˜:raid 'θre∫hould/ n ng−ìng
¨n mßn clorua: The amount of chloride required to
initiate steel corrosion in reinforced concrete under
a given set of exposure conditions; commonly
expressed in percent of chloride ion by mass of
cement: Lµ l−îng clorua cÇn thiÕt ®Ó khëi ®éng sù ¨n
mßn thÐp trong bªt«ng cèt thÐp d−íi mét sè ®iÒu kiÖn
tiÕp xóc nhÊt ®Þnh; th−êng ®−îc biÓu thÞ b»ng sè
phÇn tr¨m cña ion clorua theo khèi l−îng xim¨ng.
chlorite /'kl˜:rait/ n clorit: Group of platy
micaceous minerals, usually green in colour and
containing much ferrous iron. Widely distributed in
low-grade metamorphic rocks, or found as alteration
products of ferromagnesian minerals in any rock
type: Nhãm c¸c kho¸ng vËt mica dÑt, th−êng mµu
xanh vµ chøa nhiÒu chÊt s¾t. Ph©n bè réng r·i trong
c¸c ®¸ biÕn chÊt kÐm chÊt l−îng, hoÆc t×m thÊy nh−
lµ s¶n phÈm biÕn ®æi cña c¸c kho¸ng chøa s¾t-
mangan trong lo¹i ®¸ bÊt kú.
cill /sil/ n ®iÓm nh« cao cña bÓ ®óc hÇm: In
immersed tunnel construction, it is usually the
highest point of the floor on which or against which
the gate rests, and over which elements must pass
during removal from the fabrication facility: Trong
thi c«ng hÇm d×m, ®ã th−êng lµ ®iÓm cao nhÊt cña
sµn (mãng) mµ c¸i cöa [bÓ ®óc] n»m trªn ®ã hoÆc
tùa vµo ®ã, vµ qua ®ã c¸c ®èt hÇm d×m ph¶i v−ît qua
trong qu¸ tr×nh dêi chuyÓn khái hÖ thèng ®óc.
 52
circular tunnel /'s”:kjul” 't—nl/ n hÇm d¹ng trßn: A
tunnel of circular cross section, generally made with
a full circular shield or tunnel boring machine: Lµ
mét hÇm cã mÆt c¾t ngang h×nh trßn, nãi chung ®−îc
thi c«ng b»ng mét khiªn trßn kÝn hay m¸y khoan hÇm
TBM.
civil engineer /'sivl ,end™i'ni”/ n kü s− d©n dông:
The functions of the civil engineer can be divided
into three categories: those performed before
construction (feasibility studies, site investigations,
and design), those performed during construction
(dealing with clients, consulting engineers, and
contractors), and those performed after construction
(maintenance and repair): Chøc n¨ng cña kü s− d©n
dông cã thÓ chia lµm ba lo¹i: nh÷ng chøc n¨ng thùc
hiÖn tr−íc khi x©y dùng (nghiªn cøu kh¶ thi, kh¶o s¸t
hiÖn tr−êng, thiÕt kÕ), nh÷ng chøc n¨ng thùc hiÖn
trong khi x©y dùng (liªn hÖ víi chñ ®Çu t−, t− vÊn,
nhµ thÇu), vµ chøc n¨ng thùc hiÖn sau khi x©y dùng
(b¶o tr× vµ söa ch÷a) o A civil engineer who does
not know about new materials that have become
available cannot compete successfully with one who
does: Mét kü s− d©n dông kh«ng hiÓu biÕt vÒ c¸c tµi
liÖu míi mµ chóng ®· ®−îc phæ biÕn th× kh«ng thÓ
c¹nh tranh ®−îc víi ng−êi kü s− ®· n¾m ®−îc c¸c tµi
liÖu Êy o Engineers must be willing to undergo a
continual process of education and be able to work
in other disciplines: Ng−êi kü s− ph¶i s½n lßng kinh
qua mét qu¸ tr×nh gi¸o dôc liªn tôc vµ cã kh¶ n¨ng
lµm viÖc b»ng c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p kh¸c (trong c¸c
ngµnh kiÕn thøc kh¸c).
civil engineering /'sivl ,end™i'ni”ri–/ n kü
thuËt c«ng tr×nh d©n dông, kü thuËt x©y dùng d©n
dông: The branch of engineering that deals with the
design and construction of structures that are
intended to be stationary, such as buildings, dams,
tunnels, highways and bridges: Lµ ngµnh kü thuËt
chuyªn vÒ thiÕt kÕ vµ thi c«ng c¸c c«ng tr×nh cã tÝnh
chÊt tÜnh t¹i, nh− nhµ cöa, ®Ëp ch¾n, hÇm, ®−êng
cao tèc vµ cÇu cèng.
cladding system /'klædiη 'sistəm/ n hÖ tÊm
èp/trang trÝ vá hÇm: Sidewall cladding is installed to
provide the required surface finish. Cladding
systems composed of vitreous enamel on steel plate
are generally acknowledged to be the most suitable
for tunnel environments. Vitreous enamel (VE)
cladding is durable, impact resistant, easy to clean,
chemically inert and fire proof. The particular
benefit of VE is that it is not a coating, but it is fused
to the steel plate, forming a robust integrated
surface, with a permanent colourfast finish. Such
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
cladding systems can provide a method to screen
and protect communication and electrical services,
and allow a lower surface finish to be specified for
the sprayed concrete tunnel linings: HÖ tÊm èp t−êng
hÇm ®−îc l¾p ®Æt ®Ó t¹o ra bÒ mÆt hoµn thiÖn yªu
cÇu. C¸c hÖ thèng tÊm èp lµm tõ tÊm thÐp tr¸ng men
thñy tinh nãi chung ®−îc xem lµ thÝch hîp nhÊt ®èi
víi m«i tr−êng trong hÇm. Líp èp men thñy tinh
(VE) cã tÝnh bÒn, chèng va ®Ëp, dÔ lµm s¹ch, tr¬ vÒ
mÆt hãa häc vµ chèng ch¸y. Lîi Ých ®Æc biÖt cña men
thñy tinh VE lµ: nã kh«ng ph¶i lµ mét líp phñ, mµ
nã ®−îc nÊu ch¶y vµo trong tÊm thÐp, t¹o nªn mét bÒ
mÆt tæ hîp bÒn v÷ng, vµ mét vÎ ngoµi vÜnh viÔn
kh«ng phai mµu. C¸c hÖ thèng èp trang trÝ nh− thÕ
cã thÓ cung cÊp cho ta mét ph−¬ng ph¸p ®Ó che ch¾n
vµ b¶o vÖ liªn l¹c vµ c¸c dÞch vô vÒ ®iÖn, vµ cho
phÐp quy ®Þnh mét líp hoµn thiÖn bÒ mÆt Ýt chÆt chÏ
h¬n ®èi víi vá hÇm bªt«ng phun.
claim /kleim/ n sù ®ßi, sù yªu s¸ch: Construction
claims are potentially one of the most troublesome
aspects of managing construction inspection
projects. Many professionals are now devoting their
entire careers and staffs to preparing, presenting,
and litigating claims for a contractor: Tranh chÊp
kiÖn c¸o trong x©y dùng cã thÓ lµ mét trong sè nh÷ng
khÝa c¹nh phøc t¹p nhÊt cña sù qu¶n lý c¸c dù ¸n cã
gi¸m s¸t thi c«ng. HiÖn nay, cã rÊt nhiÒu ng−êi
chuyªn nghiÖp ®ang dµnh hÕt c¶ sù nghiÖp vµ nh©n
viªn cña m×nh cho viÖc so¹n th¶o, chµo mêi, vµ xói
giôc c¸c vô khiÕu kiÖn cho c¸c nhµ thÇu.
claim avoidance /kleim/ n sù tr¸nh x¶y ra sù ®ßi
hái, yªu s¸ch: Claims avoidance is the responsibility
of all parties concerned: the designer, the owner or
client, the resident engineer's staff and even the
construction contractor: Sù tr¸nh yªu s¸ch kiÖn c¸o
(sau khi thi c«ng c«ng tr×nh) lµ tr¸ch nhiÖm cña tÊt
c¶ c¸c bªn liªn quan: bªn thiÕt kÕ, chñ ®Çu t− hoÆc
kh¸ch hµng, nh©n viªn cña kü s− th−êng tró, vµ thËm
chÝ c¶ nhµ thÇu x©y dùng.
class of ground /kla:s ”v graund/ n lo¹i ®Êt ®¸: A
grading system for the ground characteristics based
on the ground classification. The classification
enables the assessment of the difficulty of axcavation
and ground behaviour such as earth pressure: Lµ
mét hÖ thèng cho ®iÓm ®èi víi c¸c tÝnh chÊt cña ®Êt
®¸ dùa trªn sù ph©n lo¹i ®¸. Sù ph©n lo¹i nµy cho
phÐp ®¸nh gi¸ ®−îc møc ®é khã kh¨n khi ®µo hÇm vµ
øng xö cña ®Êt ®¸, vÝ dô nh− ¸p lùc ®Êt.
classification /,kl“sifi'kei‘n/ n sù ph©n lo¹i: a
systematic arrangement or division of materials,
products, systems, or services into groups based on
similar characteristics such as origin, composition,
 53
properties, or use: Lµ sù s¾p xÕp hoÆc ph©n chia cã
hÖ thèng c¸c vËt liÖu, s¶n phÈm, hÖ thèng, hay dÞch
vô thµnh c¸c nhãm dùa trªn c¸c ®Æc ®iÓm t−¬ng tù,
ch¼ng h¹n nh− nguån gèc, thµnh phÇn, tÝnh chÊt,
hoÆc môc ®Ých sö dông.
classification of rock /,kl“sifi'kei‘n ”v r˜k/ n sù
ph©n lo¹i ®¸: The geological classification of rocks is
based on their origin; rocks are generally divided
into three major groups: igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic: Sù ph©n lo¹i ®¸ vÒ mÆt ®Þa chÊt ®−îc
dùa theo nguån gèc cña chóng; nãi chung ®¸ ®−îc
chia lµm ba nhãm chÝnh: ®¸ macma, ®¸ trÇm tÝch vµ
®¸ biÕn chÊt.
classification system /,kl“sifi'kei‘n 'sistəm/ n hÖ
thèng ph©n lo¹i: a group or hierarchy of
classifications used in combination for a designated
purpose, such as evaluating or rating a property or
other characteristic of a rock mass: Lµ mét nhãm
hay thø bËc c¸c c¸ch ph©n lo¹i dïng kÕt hîp víi
nhau cho mét môc ®Ých nhÊt ®Þnh, vÝ dô ®Ó ®¸nh gi¸
hoÆc ph©n cÊp mét tÝnh chÊt hay ®Æc ®iÓm kh¸c cña
mét khèi ®¸.
clastic /'kl“stik/ n thuéc m¶nh vôn, vôn: Term for
a rock composed broken fragments that are derived
from pre-existing rocks or minerals and have been
transported from their places of origin: ThuËt ng÷
chØ mét ®¸ bao gåm c¸c m¶nh vì mµ chóng ®−îc
h×nh thµnh tõ c¸c ®¸ hay kho¸ng vËt cã tr−íc vµ ®·
bÞ mang ®i khái vÞ trÝ ban ®Çu cña chóng.
clastic rock /'kl“stik r˜k/ n ®¸ m¶nh vôn: A
sedimentary rock composed principally of fragments
derived from pre-existing rocks and transported
mechanically to their place of deposition: Mét lo¹i
®¸ trÇm tÝch cÊu thµnh chñ yÕu tõ c¸c m¶nh vôn sinh
ra tõ c¸c ®¸ tån t¹i tr−íc ®ã vµ ®−îc vËn chuyÓn mét
c¸ch c¬ häc tíi vÞ trÝ trÇm l¾ng cña nã.
clay /klei/ n ®Êt sÐt: A fine-grained material
composed of hydrous aluminum silicates. A fine-
grained unconsolidated material which has the
characteristic property of being plastic when wet
and which loses its plasticity and retains its shape
upon drying or when heated: Mét vËt liÖu h¹t mÞn
cÊu t¹o tõ c¸c silicat nh«m chøa n−íc. HoÆc: mét
vËt liÖu ch−a b·o hßa h¹t mÞn cã tÝnh chÊt ®Æc tr−ng
lµ dÎo khi bÞ Èm, vµ nã sÏ mÊt tÝnh dÎo vµ gi÷ nguyªn
h×nh d¹ng sau khi kh« ®i hoÆc nung nãng.
claystone /kleistoun/ n sÐt kÕt: Sedimentary
rock composed predominantly of clay-size particles.
Texture and composition similar to shale, but lacks
fine lamination or fissility: Mét lo¹i ®¸ trÇm tÝch cÊu
t¹o chñ yÕu tõ c¸c h¹t cã kÝch cì h¹t sÐt. Cêu tróc vµ
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
thµnh phÇn gièng nh− ®¸ phiÕn sÐt, nh−ng kh«ng cã
tÝnh ph©n phiÕn mÞn hay tÝnh dÔ t¸ch.
cleanup /'kli:n'ʌp/ n vÖ sinh hÇm: The operation
of removing loose muck, water, and other material
from a tunnel prior to concreting: Ho¹t ®éng
chuyÓn th¶i ®Êt ®¸ rêi võa næ ph¸, n−íc ngÇm, vµ
c¸c vËt liÖu kh¸c khái hÇm tr−íc khi ®æ bªt«ng.
clearance /'kli”r”ns/ n khe hë; kho¶ng hë; khæ;
tÜnh kh«ng: The total clearance between walls of a
two-lane tunnel should be a minimum of 9.14 m. For
curved alignments with superelevations, clearances
may be increased to provide for overhang of cars.
The minimum vertical clearance is 5.0 m for
freeways and 4.4 m for other highways: TÜnh kh«ng
toµn bé gi÷a hai t−êng cña mét hÇm hai-lµn xe Ýt
nhÊt ph¶i lµ 9.14 m. §èi víi c¸c ®o¹n tuyÕn cong cã
siªu cao, ®é tÜnh kh«ng cã thÓ ®−îc t¨ng lªn ®Ó cung
øng cho phÇn nh« ra cña xe. TÜnh kh«ng ®øng nhá
nhÊt lµ 5.0 m ®èi víi c¸c xa lé vµ 4.5 m cho c¸c
®−êng cao tèc kh¸c o Horizontal clearances on
curved tunnels may need to be increased to provide
sight distance past the tunnel wall: TÜnh kh«ng
ngang trong c¸c hÇm cong cã lÏ cÇn ph¶i t¨ng lªn ®Ó
t¹o ra tÇm nh×n c¾t qua t−êng hÇm.
cleavage /'kli:vidʒ/ n tÝnh dÔ vì t¸ch: A
property of many minerals which may be easily split
along crystallographic planes: Mét tÝnh chÊt cña
nhiÒu kho¸ng vËt mµ nã cã thÓ dÔ dµng bÞ t¸ch chÎ
däc theo c¸c mÆt ph¼ng tinh thÓ.
climatic exposure /klai'm“tik iks'pou™”/ n sù
lµm viÖc ph¬i ra d−íi c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn khÝ hËu: The
means of minimization of the effects of climatic
exposure (heat, wind and moisture) and an exposure
to noxious substances shall be provided: Ph¶i ®Þnh
ra c¸c biÖn ph¸p nh»m gi¶m thiÓu hËu qu¶ cña sù
lµm viÖc ngoµi trêi (nhiÖt, giã vµ ®é Èm) còng nh−
®èi mÆt víi c¸c chÊt ®éc kh¸c.
closed circuit television (CCTV) /klouzd
's”:kit 'teliviӡn/ n hÖ thèng truyÒn h×nh c¸p, hÖ
thèng camera theo dâi trong hÇm: This system
permits the operator at all times to observe traffic in
the tunnel and on the open approaches. It consists of
a series of television cameras, mounted on the
ceiling over the roadways or on the sidewalls, which
transmit video signals over cable or by microwave to
monitors in the main control room: HÖ thèng nµy
cho phÐp nh©n viªn ®iÒu hµnh lu«n lu«n quan s¸t
®−îc giao th«ng trong hÇm vµ trªn ®−êng nèi vµo
hÇm. Nã gåm mét lo¹t c¸c camªra truyÒn h×nh, l¾p
t¹i trÇn hÇm phÝa trªn ®−êng xe ch¹y hoÆc l¾p trªn
t−êng hÇm, chóng truyÒn c¸c tÝn hiÖu vi®ª« qua c¸p
 54
hay b»ng vi sãng (sãng cùc ng¾n) tíi c¸c mµn h×nh
®Æt ë phßng ®iÒu khiÓn trung t©m.
closed-circuit television (CCTV) inspection
/klouzd 's”:kit 'teliviӡn in'spek∫n/ n kiÓm tra b»ng
hÖ thèng camera: Inspection method utilizing a
CCTV camera system with appropriate transport
and lighting mechanisms to view the interior surface
of a pipe and other hydraulic structures: Lµ ph−¬ng
ph¸p kiÓm tra cã sö dông mét hÖ thèng camera
truyÒn h×nh c¸p ®−îc trang bÞ c¸c c¬ cÊu chiÕu s¸ng
vµ vËn chuyÓn thÝch hîp ®Ó theo dâi bÒ mÆt bªn
trong cña mét cèng vµ c¸c kÕt cÊu thñy lùc kh¸c.
close-fit = lining with close-fit pipes /klouz fit/ n
vá èng s¸t khÝt.
closed face /klouzd feis/ n g−¬ng ®µo kÝn: (1)
The ability of a TBM to close or seal the facial
opening of the machine to prevent or slow soil from
entering the machine; (2) bulkheading of a hand-dug
tunnel to slow or stop the inflow of material: (1) Lµ
kh¶ n¨ng cña mét m¸y khoan hÇm TBM cã thÓ che
ch¾n kÝn hoÆc bÝt kÝn phÇn ®Çu m¸y khoan tiÕp xóc
víi g−¬ng ®µo nh»m chèng l¹i hay lµm chËm dßng
®Êt ch¶y vµo khoang m¸y; (2) lµ sù che ch¾n chèng
®ì mét g−¬ng hÇm ®µo b»ng thñ c«ng nh»m lµm
chËm l¹i hay ng¨n chÆn dßng ®Êt ®¸ ch¶y vµo hÇm.
closed shield /klouzd ‘i:ld/ n khiªn ®µo kÝn: A
shield modified for use in subaqueous tunnels in
which the working pockets can be closed when
"shoving blind": Lµ mét khiªn ®µo hÇm c¶i tiÕn ®Ó
sö dông cho c¸c hÇm ngËp n−íc trong ®ã khoang
lµm viÖc cã thÓ ®ãng kÝn l¹i khi tiÕn hµnh “®µo mß”.
o Shields which incorporate a closed pressure
chamber and do not allow direct access to the face:
Lµ c¸c khiªn cã sö dông mét buång ¸p lùc kÝn vµ
kh«ng cho phÐp tiÕp cËn trùc tiÕp tíi g−¬ng ®µo.
closed traverse /klouzd 'tr“v”:s/ n ®−êng
chuyÒn khÐp kÝn: The longitudinal profile survey of
the tunnel lining, by means of closed traverse, will
be performed upon completion of the tunnel work:
Kh¶o s¸t mÆt c¾t däc cho vá hÇm, b»ng ph−¬ng ph¸p
®−êng chuyÒn khÐp kÝn, sÏ ®−îc thùc hiÖn sau khi kÕt
thóc thi c«ng hÇm.
closure /'klouӡ”/ n khÐp kÝn che chèng hÇm:
Time for closure of support ring is vital and should
be decided based on rate of tunnel closure. Delayed
installation of invert leads to support failure: Thêi
®iÓm khÐp kÝn vßng vá chèng ®ì hÇm lµ rÊt quan
träng vµ ph¶i ®−îc quyÕt ®Þnh dùa trªn tèc ®é thi
c«ng hÖ chèng. ViÖc l¾p ®Æt chËm trÔ vßm ngöa sÏ
dÉn tíi ph¸ ho¹i hÖ chèng ®ì.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
closure joint /'klouӡ” dӡ˜int/ n mèi nèi khÐp kÝn
hÖ chèng ®ì mÆt c¾t hÇm; mèi nèi hoµn thiÖn hÇm
d×m: (Xem joint vµ closure): During its
construction, an immersed tunnel relies on the
hydrostatic pressure acting on the `free end' to
maintain the watertightness of the joints. For the
majority of immersed tunnel structures the closure
joint is constructed between the trailing end of the
final tunnel element and the adjacent in situ tunnel,
with the immersed tunnel supported by props
between the two structures: Trong khi thi c«ng, hÇm
d×m dùa vµo ¸p lùc thñy tÜnh t¸c dông lªn “®Çu tù
do” ®Ó duy tr× ®é kÝn n−íc cña c¸c khe nèi. Víi hÇu
hÕt c¸c kÕt cÊu hÇm d×m, mèi nèi hîp long ®−îc thi
c«ng gi÷a ®Çu cña ®èt hÇm cuèi cïng vµ ®o¹n hÇm
®· hoµn thµnh, trong ®ã hÇm d×m ®−îc chèng ®ì
b»ng c¸c thanh chèng gi÷a hai kÕt cÊu.
closure of section /'klouӡ” ”v 'sekʃn/ n sù
khÐp kÝn hÖ chèng ®ì mÆt c¾t hÇm: Major changes of
tunnel support may be necessary as to adjust to the
continuous changes of ground conditions. When the
closure of section is involved, the following
countermeasures can be considered: ① early
placement of invert concrete; ② temporary closure
of section by invert shotcrete; ③ application of high
performance of concrete lining; ④ provisional
concrete lining.: Nh÷ng thay ®æi lín vÒ kÕt cÊu
chèng ®ì hÇm cã thÓ lµ cÇn thiÕt ®Ó thÝch øng víi sù
biÕn ®æi liªn tôc cña ®iÒu kiÖn ®Êt ®¸. NÕu thay ®æi
nµy liªn quan tíi c¸ch khÐp kÝn hÖ chèng cho tiÕt
diÖn hÇm, th× cã thÓ xem xÐt c¸c biÖn ph¸p sau ®©y:
⑴ ®æ bªt«ng vßm ngöa sím; ⑵ khÐp kÝn t¹m thêi
tiÕt diÖn b»ng c¸ch phun bªt«ng cho vßm ngöa; ⑶
dïng bªt«ng vá hÇm cã tÝnh n¨ng cao; ⑷ t¹o vá
hÇm bªt«ng t¹m thêi.
CO limit /si:ou 'limit/ n giíi h¹n khÝ CO:
Maximum admissible limit of pollution produced by
Carbon Monoxide: Lµ giíi h¹n cho phÐp lín nhÊt
cña sù « nhiÔm trong hÇm g©y bëi khÝ monoxit
cacbon CO.
CO, CO2 /si:ou, si:outu:/ n khÝ monoxit cacbon vµ
®ioxyt cacbon: Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide.
Common pollutants monitored in urban areas. Work
has been directed at understanding the total cost to
society of the release of such pollutants: Lµ nh÷ng
chÊt g©y « nhiÔm phæ biÕn, ®−îc kiÓm so¸t trong c¸c
khu ®« thÞ. §· cã c¸c c«ng t¸c nghiªn cøu h−íng ®Õn
viÖc ®¸nh gi¸ kü tæng chi phÝ g©y ra cho x· héi do sù
ph¸t th¶i c¸c chÊt « nhiÔm ®ã.
 55
coarse-grained soils /'kɔ:sgreind sɔilz/ n ®Êt h¹t
to/th«: Soils with more than 50 percent of the
material larger than the 0.074 mm (U.S. No. 200)
sieve size: Lµ c¸c lo¹i ®Êt cã h¬n 50 phÇn tr¨m vËt
liÖu lín h¬n cì sµng 0,074 mm (sµng sè 200 cña
Mü).
coating /'kouti–/ n líp ¸o, líp phñ, líp bäc:
Surface coatings are used to control corrosion on
metal structures of all kinds and to a lesser extent on
wood and concrete also. While many different types
of surface coating are manufactured, those widely
used in the protection of steel structures are the
alkyds and oleoresinous paints, and epoxy EP and
chlorinated rubber paints: Ng−êi ta dïng c¸c líp
phñ bÒ mÆt ®Ó kiÓm so¸t sù ¨n mßn trªn nhiÒu lo¹i
kÕt cÊu kim lo¹i kh¸c nhau, còng nh− trªn gç vµ
bªt«ng víi mét møc ®é Ýt h¬n. Trong khi nhiÒu lo¹i
phñ bäc bÒ mÆt kh¸c nhau ®−îc chÕ t¹o, th× nh÷ng
lo¹i sö dông réng r·i nhÊt trong viÖc b¶o vÖ kÕt cÊu
kim lo¹i lµ c¸c alkyd, c¸c s¬n nhùa dÇu, keo ªp«xy
EP vµ c¸c s¬n cao su khö trïng b»ng clo.
coefficient of permeability /,koui'fi‘nt ”v
,p”:mi”'bil”ti/ n hÖ sè thÊm: This coefficient is
considered to be a soil property. Strictly it is
influenced by variations in the porewater or pore
fluid since k = Kγw/μ where K is the permeability, γw
is unit weight of fresh water, and μ is the coefficient
of viscosity of water: HÖ sè thÊm ®−îc xem lµ mét
tÝnh chÊt cña ®Êt. Mét c¸ch chÆt chÏ th× nã bÞ ¶nh
h−ëng bëi nh÷ng thay ®æi vÒ n−íc lç rçng hay chÊt
láng lç rçng bëi v× k = Kγw/μ trong ®ã K lµ ®é thÊm,
γw lµ träng l−îng ®¬n vÞ cña n−íc ngät, μ lµ hÖ sè
nhít cña n−íc o Soil having a coefficient of
permeability greater than approximately 10-3 cm/sec
will permit water to drain freely into the tunnel
excavation: §Êt cã hÖ sè thÊm lín h¬n 10-3 cm/s sÏ
cho phÐp n−íc ch¶y tù do vµo hang hÇm.
cofferdam /'k˜f”d“m/ n t−êng v©y, t−êng
ch¾n; ®ª quai: A watertight enclosure from which the
water is pumped to expose the excavation bottom
and permit work to be performed there: Lµ mét hÖ
v©y khÐp kÝn ®Ó b¬m n−íc tõ trong ®ã ra ngoµi nh»m
lµm lé ®¸y hè ®µo vµ cho phÐp tiÕn hµnh c«ng viÖc ë
®ã o Cofferdam wall systems like soldier piles and
lagging and sheet piling are considered to be not
watertight. These walls allow significant leakage
and are not reliable for use in maintaining the water
table level behind the cofferdam walls: C¸c hÖ t−êng
ch¾n nh− lo¹i cäc chèng, t−êng hé, cäc v¸n thÐp
®−îc xem lµ kh«ng kÝn n−íc. C¸c lo¹i t−êng nµy cho
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
phÐp rß rØ lín vµ kh«ng tin cËy khi cÇn duy tr× mùc
n−íc ngÇm phÝa sau t−êng ch¾n.
cohesion /kou'hi:™n/ n sù dÝnh kÕt; sù cè kÕt;
lùc dÝnh: The shearing resistance is generally
expressed by the Mohr - Coulomb failure criterion
as τ = c + σ tan φ, where σ is normal compressive
stress, φ is angle of friction. There is still a shearing
resistance c in a soil when the normal stress σ is
reduced to zero, and this resistance is described as
cohesion: Lùc kh¸ng c¾t nãi chung ®−îc thÓ hiÖn
b»ng tiªu chuÈn ph¸ ho¹i Mohr - Coulomb τ = c + σ
tan φ, trong ®ã σ lµ øng suÊt ph¸p nÐn Ðp, φ lµ gãc
néi ma s¸t. Ta thÊy vÉn cã mét lùc chèng c¾t c trong
®Êt khi øng suÊt ph¸p σ ®−îc gi¶m tíi kh«ng, vµ søc
chèng c¾t nµy ®−îc gäi lµ lùc dÝnh.
cohesion softening /kou'hi:™n 's˜fni–/ n sù hãa
mÒm ®Êt, sù ph¸ ho¹i do suy gi¶m lùc dÝnh kÕt:
Numerical analyses can be performed to study the
mechanical behaviour of tunnels in non-structured
stiff clays and weak rocks. A constitutive model will
account for isotropic hardening as well as for
softening. Attention may need to be focused on
cohesion softening rather than friction softening: Cã
thÓ thùc hiÖn c¸c ph©n tÝch sè ®Ó nghiªn cøu øng xö
c¬ häc cña c¸c hÇm trong ®Êt sÐt cøng hay ®¸ yÕu.
Mét m« h×nh m«i tr−êng liªn tôc sÏ ph¶i xÐt ®Õn c¶
hiÖn t−îng hãa cøng còng nh− hãa mÒm ®¼ng h−íng.
Cã lÏ nªn chó ý tíi sù hãa mÒm (ph¸ ho¹i) do suy
gi¶m lùc dÝnh kÕt cña ®Êt h¬n lµ hãa mÒm do suy
gi¶m ma s¸t. (Xem loosening)
collapse /k”'l“ps/ n sù sôt lë; sù sôp ®æ:
Destruction of a structure or part of the structure:
Lµ sù ph¸ hñy cña mét kÕt cÊu hay bé phËn kÕt cÊu
o When a unconsolidated ground comes in contact
with water, problems thay may occur are: washout
or collapse of the face, ground settlement or collapse
when the overburden is small, and large amount of
water inflow: Khi nÒn ®Êt ch−a cè kÕt tiÕp xóc víi
n−íc, cã thÓ x¶y ra nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò sau: röa tr«i hay
sôt lë g−¬ng hÇm, lón hoÆc sôt ®æ mÆt ®Êt nÕu líp
®Êt phñ bÐ, vµ mét l−îng lín n−íc ngÇm ch¶y vµo
hÇm.
collapse of the bore hole /k”'l“ps/ n sù sôt lë lÊp
lç khoan: Borehole stability problems can result
from damaged casing and screens, borehole wall
collapse, corrosion or excessive water velocities into
the well. High water velocity can cause formation
particles, like sand, to flow into the well, causing
eventual collapse of the borehole wall: C¸c vÊn ®Ò
vÒ æn ®Þnh lç khoan cã thÓ sinh ra tõ sù ph¸ ho¹i èng
v¸ch vµ mµn läc, sËp v¸ch hè khoan, sù ¨n mßn hay
 56
tèc ®é n−íc ch¶y qu¸ lín vµo trong giÕng. VËn tèc
n−íc lín khiÕn c¸c h¹t ®Êt ®¸, vÝ dô c¸t, ch¶y vµo
trong giÕng, cuèi cïng g©y ra sËp v¸ch hè khoan.
collar /'k˜l”/ n chèng vµnh giÕng; miÖng lç: The
term applied to the timbering or concrete around the
mouth or top of a shaft. The beginning point of a
shaft or drill hole at the surface: ThuËt ng÷ ¸p dông
cho hÖ chèng gç hay bªt«ng quanh miÖng hay ®Ønh
cña mét giÕng ®øng. §iÓm b¾t ®Çu cña mét giÕng hay
lç khoan trªn mÆt ®Êt.
collar braces (spreaders) /'k˜l” breisiz
('spred”)/ n thanh gi»ng/nÐo t× ngang: Horizontal
compression members, usually timber, placed
between adjacent steel rib or timber supports. Collar
braces are set in line and tightened with tie rods. If
they are made of steel or precast concrete, they need
not be removed before pouring concrete lining: Lµ
c¸c bé phËn chÞu nÐn n»m ngang, th−êng b»ng gç,
®−îc l¾p ®Æt gi÷a c¸c v× chèng gç hoÆc s−ên thÐp
h×nh kÒ nhau. C¸c thanh gi»ng ngang ®−îc bè trÝ
thµnh hµng vµ cè ®Þnh b»ng c¸c thanh liªn kÕt. NÕu
chóng ®−îc lµm b»ng thÐp hay bªt«ng ®óc s½n,
chóng kh«ng cÇn ph¶i th¸o ®i tr−íc khi ®æ bªt«ng vá
hÇm o Collar braces shall be properly installed on
the newly-erected steel support to prevent tumbling
until the support is fixed in place by shotcrete: C¸c
thanh gi»ng ngang ph¶i ®−îc l¾p ®óng c¸ch lªn c¸c
v× chèng thÐp míi dùng ®Ó chèng l¹i sù ®æ nhµo cho
tíi khi v× chèng nµy ®−îc cè ®Þnh vµo vÞ trÝ bëi
bªt«ng phun.
collaring /'k˜l”ri–/ n viÖc nèi gi»ng c¸c v× chèng
hÇm; sù khoan më lç: In the Vielha tunnel in Spain,
four Rocket Boomer rigs are equipped with the rig
control system (RCS), a flexible and expandable
system that incorporates auto-collaring and anti-
jamming: T¹i hÇm Vielha ë T©y Ban Nha, ®· dïng
bèn m¸y khoan Rocket Boomer cã trang bÞ hÖ thèng
®iÒu khiÓn m¸y RCS, lµ mét hÖ thèng linh ho¹t vµ më
réng cã c¶ chøc n¨ng tù ®éng khoan më lç trªn
g−¬ng ®µo vµ chèng kÑt cÇn khoan.
collimator /'k˜limeit”/ n èng chuÈn trùc:
During placement of underwater tubes, it is
necessary to relevel and recenter the vertical
collimator (optical plummet) frequently, so that the
alignment surveyors could accurately observe the
placement line: Trong khi l¾p ®Æt c¸c ®o¹n èng hÇm
d−íi n−íc, cÇn th−êng xuyªn c©n b»ng l¹i vµ ®Þnh
t©m l¹i èng chuÈn trùc ®øng (qu¶ däi quang häc), ®Ó
nh©n viªn kh¶o s¸t tuyÕn hÇm cã thÓ quan s¸t chÝnh
x¸c ®−êng ®Æt èng.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
colloid /'kɔlɔid/ n chÊt keo: A substance composed
of fine particles that, following vigorous mixing, do
not settle out of an aqueous suspension. For
example, sodium silicate: Lµ mét chÊt cÊu thµnh tõ
c¸c h¹t mÞn, mµ sau khi ®−îc trén kü, nã sÏ kh«ng bÞ
l¾ng ®äng trong mét dung dÞch thÓ vÈn. VÝ dô, silicat
natri.
colloidal /kə'lɔidl/ adj cã d¹ng keo: A state of
subdivision in which the particles, droplets or
bubbles dispersed in another phase have a maximum
dimension of one micron: Lµ mét tr¹ng th¸i cña qu¸
tr×nh chia nhá trong ®ã c¸c h¹t, giät hoÆc bät ®−îc
ph©n t¸n trong mét pha kh¸c cã kÝch th−íc lín nhÊt
cì mét micr«met.
colloidal grout /kə'lɔidl graut/ n v÷a d¹ng keo: A
grout in which the dispersed soild particles remain
in suspension. (Term sometimes is applied to
cement-based grouts formulated in a high
speed/high shear mixer. However, no cement-based
grouts are truly colloidal) : Lµ mét v÷a trong ®ã c¸c
h¹t r¾n ph©n t¸n ®−îc duy tr× ë tr¹ng th¸i thÓ vÈn.
(ThuËt ng÷ nµy ®«i khi ®−îc dïng cho c¸c v÷a dïng
xim¨ng ®−îc trén trong m¸y trén tèc ®é cao/lùc c¾t
lín. Tuy vËy, kh«ng cã lo¹i v÷a xim¨ng nµo lµ thùc
sù cã tÝnh keo c¶).
colluvium /'k˜limeit”/ n lë tÝch, coluvi:
Deposits formed by the down slope movement of
earth materials essentially under the action of
gravity: C¸c trÇm tÝch ®−îc t¹o thµnh bëi sù chuyÓn
dÞch däc theo s−ên dèc cña c¸c vËt liÖu ®Êt ®¸, chñ
yÕu lµ d−íi t¸c ®éng cña träng lùc.
commercially produced/prepackaged cement
mortar /k”'m”:‘”li pr”'dju:st si'ment 'm˜:t”/ n v÷a
xim¨ng ®−îc s¶n xuÊt theo lèi th−¬ng m¹i (s¶n xuÊt
®Ó s½n dïng, ®¹i trµ).
communication gallery /k”,mju:ni'kei‘n 'g“l”ri/
n lß/hÇm giao th«ng/th«ng tin: The construction
works of a reservoir may involve the basic
structures, such as: spillway with the headwater
chandand spillway channel, injection-control and
communication gallery, and finally, dam's body:
C«ng t¸c x©y dùng mét hå chøa n−íc cã thÓ bao gåm
c¸c kÕt cÊu c¬ b¶n sau ®©y: ®−êng trµn víi
kªnh/hÇm dÉn n−íc vµ hÇm ®−êng trµn, hÇm ®iÒu
khiÓn trong th©n ®Ëp vµ hÇm giao th«ng, vµ cuèi
cïng lµ th©n ®Ëp.
commuter rail /k”,mju:t” rail/ n ®−êng s¾t dµnh
cho ng−êi ®i lµm vµ trë vÒ b»ng xe ®iÖn: A rail line
designed principally to handle commuter trips: Lµ
tuyÕn ®−êng s¾t ®−îc thiÕt kÕ chñ yÕu ®Ó dµnh cho
 57
c¸c chuyÕn tµu chë nh÷ng ng−êi ®i l¹i th−êng xuyªn
gi÷a n¬i lµm viÖc vµ nhµ ë.
compacting /k”m'p“kti–/ n sù ®Çm lÌn: Pressing
down in order to make a material like sand, soil or
concrete denser and firmer: Tøc lµ nÐn xuèng ®Ó lµm
cho mét vËt liÖu nh− c¸t, ®Êt hoÆc bªt«ng chÆt h¬n
vµ ch¾c h¬n.
compaction /k”m'p“k‘n/ n sù ®Çm lÌn:
Compaction is the process by which a mass of soil
(aggregate, concrete…) consisting of solid soil
particles, air, and water is reduced in volume by the
momentary application of loads, such as rolling,
tamping, or vibration. Specifications usually state
the minimum compaction requirements for asphalt
pavement as a percentage of standard density: §Çm
chÆt lµ qu¸ tr×nh nhê ®ã mét khèi ®Êt (cèt liÖu,
bªt«ng…) cã chøa c¸c h¹t ®Êt (®¸) r¾n, kh«ng khÝ,
vµ n−íc bÞ lµm gi¶m thÓ tÝch b»ng c¸ch t¸c dông c¸c
lùc tøc thêi, nh− lu, ®Çm, hoÆc rung. C¸c quy tr×nh
kü thuËt th−êng quy ®Þnh sù ®Çm nÐn tèi thiÓu ®èi víi
mÆt ®−êng nhùa nh− lµ sè phÇn tr¨m cña ®é chÆt
tiªu chuÈn.
compactor /k”m'p“k”/ n m¸y ®Çm bµn: The
distinguishing characteristic of compactors is a
vibrating rectangular or circular base plate: Base-
plate vibrators can are capable of producing
adequate compaction in all types of soils or
concrete: §Æc ®iÓm næi bËt cña c¸c m¸y ®Çm bµn lµ
mét tÊm b¶n ®¸y h×nh trßn hoÆc vu«ng ®Ó g©y rung.
C¸c m¸y ®Çm rung cã b¶n ®¸y nµy cã kh¶ n¨ng cho
®é ®Çm chÆt tèt ®èi víi mäi lo¹i ®Êt hay bªt«ng.
compensation grouting /,kɔmpen'sei∫n 'grauti–/
n b¬m v÷a bï, b¬m v÷a gia cè ®Êt chèng lón: (In
soil improvement): A system by which grout is
injected into the ground above a tunnel and below
man-made surface features. The intention is to
reduce the effects of surface settlement caused by the
tunnelling works: Trong c¶i t¹o gia cè nÒn ®Êt, ®ã
lµ mét hÖ thèng nhê ®ã v÷a ®−îc b¬m vµo khèi ®Êt
phÝa bªn trªn ®−êng hÇm vµ bªn d−íi c¸c c«ng tr×nh
nh©n t¹o trªn mÆt ®Êt. Môc ®Ých lµ nh»m gi¶m c¸c
t¸c ®éng vÒ lón bÒ mÆt g©y bëi c«ng t¸c ®µo hÇm.
competence /'k˜mpit”ns/ n sù ®ñ n¨ng lùc:
Competence is widely accepted to mean
that a person has any or all of the following
- manual skills; an inherent ability; received
training; a qualification; a practical and
capable outlook; a sound mind. However, in
safe and productive tunnelling, it can be considered
that competence is better defined as a combination
of knowledge; experience; and inherent behavioural
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
characteristics: Sù ®ñ n¨ng lùc ®−îc hiÓu mét c¸ch
réng r·i lµ mét ng−êi cã mét hoÆc tÊt c¶ c¸c ®iÒu
sau: c¸c kü n¨ng cña tay; mét n¨ng lùc cè h÷u; ®−îc
®µo t¹o; cã b»ng cÊp; mét thÕ giíi quan ®óng ®¾n vµ
thùc tÕ; mét t©m hån lµnh m¹nh. Tuy nhiªn, trong
ngµnh lµm hÇm ®ßi hái an toµn vµ n¨ng suÊt, th× cã
thÓ ®Þnh nghÜa sù ®ñ n¨ng lùc mét c¸ch tèt h¬n: ®ã
lµ sù kÕt hîp cña kiÕn thøc, kinh nghiÖm, vµ c¸c ®Æc
®iÓm øng xö cè h÷u.
competence factor /'k˜mpit”ns 'f“kt”/ n hÖ sè
n¨ng lùc: The competence factor is defined as
follows: Competence factor = qu / (γ . H ) where
qu = unconfined compressive strength of the ground
(tf/m2), γ = unit weight of the ground (tf/m3), H =
depth of cover (m): HÖ sè n¨ng lùc ®−îc ®Þnh nghÜa
lµ qu/γH, trong ®ã qu lµ c−êng ®é nÐn në h«ng cña
®Êt, γ lµ träng l−îng ®¬n vÞ cña ®Êt, H lµ chiÒu s©u
líp ®Êt phñ.
competence of rock / ground /'k˜mpit”ns ”v r˜k
/ graund/ n sù [tÝnh] ®ñ n¨ng lùc, ®é tèt cña ®Êt ®¸:
A measure of its capacity to resist deformation under
load: Mét ®¹i l−îng vÒ kh¶ n¨ng cña ®Êt ®¸ ®Ó
chèng l¹i ®−îc biÕn d¹ng d−íi t¶i träng.
competence rock/ground /'k˜mpit”ns r˜k/
graund/ n ®Êt ®¸ tèt: Rock/ground that can stand for
relatively long periods with no support or only
minimal support when a tunnel is excavated through
it: Lµ lo¹i ®Êt / ®¸ cã thÓ tù ®øng v÷ng (tù æn ®Þnh)
®−îc trong mét thêi gian t−¬ng ®èi dµi kh«ng cÇn
chèng ®ì hoÆc chØ cÇn chèng ®ì tèi thiÓu khi ®µo
hÇm qua ®ã.
completion date /k”m'pli:‘n deit/ n ngµy hoµn
thµnh dù ¸n: If and when it is determined by the
contractor that the contract completion date cannot
be met, the contractor may present for the resident
engineer's review and analysis a request for an
extension of time in the form of a claim for delay:
NÕu vµ khi nhµ thÇu nhËn ®Þnh r»ng ngµy hoµn
thµnh theo hîp ®ång kh«ng thÓ ®¹t ®−îc, nhµ thÇu cã
thÓ tr×nh lªn t− vÊn tr−ëng th−êng tró mét ®Ò nghÞ
kÐo dµi thêi gian dù ¸n d−íi d¹ng mét yªu s¸ch vÒ
chËm trÔ c«ng viÖc, ®Ó ®−îc t− vÊn tr−ëng xem xÐt vµ
ph©n tÝch.
compressed air /k”m'pre‘t e”/ n khÝ nÐn:
Compressed air is most often used to stabilize the
ground in tunnels constructed in permeable soils
below the water table, where dewatering is
impractical, especially in subaqueous tunnels: KhÝ
nÐn ®−îc dïng phæ biÕn nhÊt ®Ó æn ®Þnh hãa nÒn ®Êt
cho c¸c hÇm x©y dùng trong ®Êt thÊm n−íc n»m d−íi
 58
mùc n−íc ngÇm, mµ t¹i ®ã kh«ng thÓ ¸p dông biÖn
ph¸p b¬m tho¸t n−íc ®−îc, ®Æc biÖt lµ c¸c hÇm n»m
d−íi n−íc (s«ng, biÓn) o Some of the compressed
air always escapes from the tunnel to the ground or
water surface, so if the loss of air is significant its
effect of balancing the hydrostatic and overburden
pressures will be reduced, even canceled
(neutralized). The escaping air therefore must be
frequently observed and monitored by adjusting the
air pressure: Lu«n cã mét phÇn khÝ nÐn tho¸t khái
g−¬ng hÇm lªn mÆt ®Êt hay mÆt n−íc, nÕu l−îng mÊt
m¸t khÝ lµ lín th× hiÖu qu¶ lµm c©n b»ng ¸p lùc thñy
tÜnh vµ ¸p lùc líp ®Êt phñ cña khÝ nÐn sÏ bÞ gi¶m ®i,
thËm chÝ triÖt tiªu (v« hiÖu hãa). Do vËy cÇn th−êng
xuyªn quan s¸t vµ khèng chÕ l−îng khÝ hao hôt b»ng
c¸ch ®iÒu chØnh ¸p lùc khÝ nÐn.
compressed air lock /k”m'pre‘t e” l˜k/ n khoang
khÝ nÐn: Installation for the transfer of persons
and/or material inside and outside the atmospheric
area of the tunnel into the pressurized area. Enables
access to the tunnel face for the exchange of tools or
removal of obstacles. In general, it is built into the
front part of the tunnelling machine: Lµ thiÕt bÞ ®Ó
chuyÓn ng−êi vµ/hoÆc vËt liÖu tõ khu vùc ¸p suÊt khÝ
quyÓn vµo trong khu vùc cã khÝ nÐn cña hÇm. Nã cho
phÐp tiÕp cËn tíi g−¬ng hÇm ®Ó thay thÕ dông cô
khoan hay ®Ó lo¹i bá vËt c¶n. Nãi chung, nã ®−îc
l¾p ®Æt t¹i phÇn phÝa tr−íc cña m¸y ®µo hÇm.
compressed air method /k”m'pre‘t e” 'me•”d/ n
ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo sö dông khÝ nÐn: General term
which, in trenchless technology, refers to the use of
compressed air within a tunnel or shaft in order to
balance ground water pressure and to prevent
ingress into an excavation open to the atmosphere:
ThuËt ng÷ chung, mµ trong c«ng nghÖ kh«ng ®µo hµo
®Ó nãi ®Õn viÖc sö dông khÝ nÐn bªn trong mét hÇm
hay giÕng nh»m lµm c©n b»ng ¸p lùc n−íc vµ nh»m
chèng kh«ng cho n−íc x©m nhËp vµo mét hè ®µo hë
ngoµi trêi.
compressed air shield /k”m'pre‘t e” ‘i:ld/ n
khiªn ®µo sö dông khÝ nÐn: Compressed air shield
was developed by Joseph Hobson for tunnel
excavation and the installation of cast-iron liners:
Khiªn ®µo dïng khÝ Ðp ®−îc Joseph Hobson thiÕt kÕ
®Ó ®µo hÇm vµ l¾p ®Æt c¸c khoang vá hÇm b»ng gang
o The ground is supported by compressed air in the
working chamber containing the excavator boom.
The operator has a clear view of the working face
and can control the boom to suit the ground
conditions. Men can enter the working chamber
quickly to deal with obstacles: §Êt ®−îc chèng ®ì
b»ng khÝ nÐn trong khoang c«ng t¸c cã l¾p tay ®µo.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
Thî m¸y cã thÓ nh×n râ g−¬ng hÇm vµ cã thÓ ®iÒu
khiÓn tay ®µo sao cho phï hîp víi c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ®Êt.
Ng−êi cã thÓ ®i vµo trong khoang lµm viÖc rÊt nhanh
®Ó xö lý c¸c ch−íng ng¹i.
compressed air tunneling /k”m'pre‘t e” 'tʌnliô/ n
®µo hÇm dïng khÝ nÐn: Compressed air is necessary
in tunnels exposed to positive hydrostatic pressure
under rivers or waterways, or in tunnels in porous
soil below groundwater level: KhÝ nÐn lµ cÇn thiÕt ®Ó
thi c«ng c¸c hÇm chÞu ¸p lùc thñy tÜnh d−¬ng n»m
d−íi ®¸y s«ng hay c¸c tuyÕn ®−êng thñy kh¸c, hoÆc
c¸c hÇm ®i qua ®Êt xèp n»m d−íi mùc n−íc ngÇm.
compressible soil /k”m'pres”bl s˜il/ n ®Êt chÞu
nÐn, ®Êt kh¶ nÐn: In compressible soil the soil-
structure interaction is based primarily on the
relative compression of the structure and the soil in
which it is burried: Trong ®Êt kh¶ nÐn, t−¬ng t¸c kÕt
cÊu-®Êt c¬ b¶n dùa trªn ®é chÞu nÐn t−¬ng ®èi cña
kÕt cÊu vµ cña ®Êt mµ t¹i ®ã nã ®−îc ch«n lÊp.
compression /k”m'pre‘n/ n sù nÐn, sù Ðp: Time of
compression when entering the man lock is brief and
is not a health hazard but is regulated more by
discomfort. It is usually only five minutes or so,
depending on the ability of the men to clear their
ears: Thêi gian lµm quen víi m«i tr−êng khÝ nÐn
tr−íc khi vµo lµm viÖc t¹i khoang khÝ nÐn cã thÓ
ng¾n vµ kh«ng ph¶i lµ mét nguy c¬ cho søc kháe, mµ
nã ®−îc quy ®Þnh lµ v× lý do c¶m thÊy tho¶i m¸i.
Th−êng thêi gian nµy chØ kho¶ng n¨m phót, phô
thuéc vµo kh¶ n¨ng cña mçi ng−êi cã thÓ nghe râ trë
l¹i.
compression test /k”m'pre‘n test/ n sù thö nÐn: A
test made on a concrete specimen to determine the
compressive strength: Lµ thÝ nghiÖm tiÕn hµnh trªn
mét mÉu thö bªt«ng ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh c−êng ®é chÞu nÐn.
compressional stress /k”m'pre‘nl stres/ n øng suÊt
g©y nÐn: The stress that squeezes something. It is the
stress component perpendicular to a given surface,
such as a fault plane, that results from forces
applied perpendicular to the surface or from remote
forces transmitted through the surrounding rock: Lµ
øng suÊt mµ nã nÐn Ðp (Ðp v¾t) vËt nµo ®ã. Nã lµ
thµnh phÇn øng suÊt vu«ng gãc víi mét mÆt ph¼ng
®· cho, vÝ dô mÆt ®øt g·y, sinh ra tõ c¸c lùc t¸c dông
vu«ng gãc víi bÒ mÆt Êy hoÆc tõ c¸c lùc tõ xa truyÒn
qua m«i tr−êng ®Êt ®¸ xung quanh o The vertical
incident wave during earthquakes can yield
compressional stress in the tunnel lining, leading to
the failure of mountain tunnels: Sãng tíi th¼ng ®øng
trong khi ®éng ®Êt cã thÓ sinh ra øng suÊt nÐn trong
vá hÇm, dÉn ®Õn ph¸ ho¹i hÇm.
 59
compressive /k”m'pre‘iv/ adj chÞu nÐn:
Pneumatically applied mortar and concrete
(gunite/shotcrete) are increasingly being used for
the support of underground excavations. The
effectiveness of a shotcrete is determined by its
compressive strength, bond strength, flexural
strength and modulus of elasticity: V÷a vµ bªt«ng ¸p
dông khÝ nÐn (bªt«ng phun) ®ang ngµy cµng ®−îc sö
dông r«ng r·i ®Ó chèng ®ì c«ng tr×nh ngÇm. TÝnh
hiÖu qu¶ cña bªt«ng phun ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh bëi c−êng
®é chÞu nÐn, c−êng ®é chÞu uèn vµ m«®un ®µn håi
cña nã.
compressive strength /k”m'pre‘iv 'stre–•/ n c−êng
®é chÞu nÐn; ®é bÒn nÐn: The maximum resistance of
a concrete specimen to axial compressive loading;
or the specified resistance used in design
calculations: Lµ søc chÞu lín nhÊt cña mét mÉu
bªt«ng d−íi t¶i träng nÐn däc trôc; hoÆc lµ gi¸ trÞ
søc bÒn quy ®Þnh ®−îc dïng trong tÝnh to¸n thiÕt kÕ.
compressive strength of shotcrete /k”m'pre‘iv
'stre–• ”v ‘˜tkri:t/ n c−êng ®é chÞu nÐn cña bªt«ng
phun: The design compressive strength of shotcrete
is normally adopted 18MPa for 28 day, which is
approximately the same strength of concrete lining.
One of objectives of shotcrete is to aim the earlier
ground stability, therefore, for the determination of
design strength, it is necessary to determine the
short term strength as well as the long term strength
based on ground conditions and the objective of the
application: C−êng ®é nÐn thiÕt kÕ cña bªt«ng phun
th−êng ®−îc lÊy b»ng 18Mpa cho 28 ngµy, xÊp xØ
c−êng ®é bªt«ng vá hÇm. Mét trong nh÷ng môc tiªu
cña bªt«ng phun lµ ®¹t tíi sù æn ®Þnh nhanh khèi ®Êt
®¸, do ®ã, ®Ó ®Þnh ra c−êng ®é thiÕt kÕ cÇn ph¶i x¸c
®Þnh c−êng ®é ng¾n h¹n vµ dµi h¹n dùa trªn ®iÒu
kiÖn ®Þa chÊt vµ môc ®Ých øng dông.
compressor /k”m'pre‘n/ n m¸y nÐn khÝ: A
machine for compressing air to a pressure sufficient
to actuate mine machinery: Lµ mét m¸y ®Ó nÐn
kh«ng khÝ tíi mét ¸p suÊt ®ñ ®Ó vËn hµnh c¸c m¸y
mãc ®µo hÇm o In some compressed air tunnel
installations, compressors are located close to the
access shafts, and compressor vibrations, combined
with the short backsight available in the access shaft
and obstruction by construction equipment, make the
repaeated transfer of working lines through the shaft
into the tunnel extremely difficult: Trong mét sè
tr−êng hîp hîp x©y l¾p hÇm cã dïng khÝ nÐn, c¸c
m¸y nÐn khÝ ®−îc ®Æt ë gÇn c¸c giÕng ®øng lµm lèi
vµo, do ®ã sù rung ®éng cña m¸y nÐn khÝ, céng víi
tÇm ng¾m ng−îc trong giÕng rÊt ng¾n, l¹i thªm sù
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
c¶n trë cña thiÕt bÞ thi c«ng, lµm cho qu¸ tr×nh
chuyÒn lÆp ®−êng dÉn h−íng ®µo, th«ng qua giÕng
®øng vµo trong hÇm, trë nªn cùc kú khã kh¨n.
computer-aided design /k”m'pju:t”-“did
di'zain/ n thiÕt kÕ víi sù trî gióp cña m¸y tÝnh: A
method of creating plans, sections and oblique views
of orebodies using computer graphics: Mét ph−¬ng
ph¸p t¹o ra c¸c b¶n vÏ mÆt b»ng, mÆt c¾t vµ h×nh
chiÕu xiªn cña c¸c khèi quÆng má b»ng c¸ch dïng
®å häa m¸y tÝnh.
concentration of foaming agent /,kɔnsn'trei∫n
ɔv/əv 'foumiη 'eidʒənt/ n sù tËp trung cña chÊt t¹o
bät khi khoan: A high expansion foam additive (the
most concentrated foaming agent) is very useful for
mechanised tunnelling. It helps to maximise
production by: Reducing or preventing clogging of
TBM cutter head assemblies, Conditioning for easy
flow in pumped muck conveying systems, Increasing
shear effect in the mining operation, Reducing
cutterhead torque, Muck plasticisation with minimal
water addition, Promoting true EPB support by
converting the muck mass into a pressure regulating
and transmitting medium, Ensuring best condition of
muck for transport from site, Suppressing dust: ChÊt
t¹o bät në m¹nh (lo¹i tËp trung/c« ®Æc nhÊt) lµ rÊt
h÷u Ých trong ®µo hÇm b»ng m¸y. Nã gióp t¨ng n¨ng
suÊt b»ng c¸ch: gi¶m hoÆc chèng t¾c cho c¬ cÊu ®Çu
c¾t cña m¸y TBM, t¹o thµnh dßng bïn dÔ b¬m trong
hÖ thèng chuyÓn th¶i, t¨ng hiÖu qu¶ c¾t ®Êt, gi¶m
m«men xo¾n cho ®Çu c¾t, lµm dÎo hãa dßng bïn th¶i
mµ kh«ng cÇn cho thªm nhiÒu n−íc, t¨ng hiÖu qu¶
chèng cña m¸y EPB b»ng c¸ch biÕn khèi bïn th¶i
thµnh mét m«i tr−êng dÔ truyÒn vµ ®iÒu chØnh ¸p lùc,
vµ khö bôi.
concept /'k˜nsept/ n kh¸i niÖm; quan niÖm:
No one concept to tunnel projects is superior for all
site conditions. For each new proposed project, the
full range of possible alternatives should be
considered in order to develop the best solution:
Kh«ng mét ph−¬ng ¸n ®¬n lÎ nµo trong thiÕt kÕ hÇm
lµ tèi −u nhÊt cho mäi ®iÒu kiÖn hiÖn tr−êng. §èi víi
mçi mét dù ¸n míi, cÇn ph¶i xem xÐt mét d¶i réng
c¸c ph−¬ng ¸n cã thÓ, nh»m t×m ra ®−îc gi¶i ph¸p
tèt nhÊt.
conception-blasting plan /k”n'sep‘n 'bla:stiô
pl“n/ n kÕ ho¹ch næ m×n dù tÝnh.
conceptual plan /k”n'septju”l pl“n/ n hé
chiÕu næ lý thuyÕt; giai ®o¹n lËp dù ¸n s¬ bé: The
conceptual planning phase is defined as ‘‘the period
of a project which commences when the request is
made to prepare estimates of feasibility, cost,
 60
viability and delivery options and ends when
approval is given to proceed with the project into the
design phase’’: Giai ®o¹n lËp dù ¸n s¬ bé ®−îc ®Þnh
nghÜa lµ “thêi kú cña mét dù ¸n mµ nã b¾t ®Çu khi
cã yªu cÇu thùc hiÖn c¸c ®¸nh gi¸ vÒ tÝnh kh¶ thi, gi¸
thµnh, tÝnh hîp lý vµ c¸c kh¶ n¨ng cung cÊp, kÕt thóc
khi ®· cã chÊp thuËn cho phÐp thùc hiÖn tiÕp b−íc
thiÕt kÕ dù ¸n”.
conceptual study (xem conceptual plan vµ
feasibility study) /k”n'septju”l pl“n/ n nghiªn cøu
lËp dù ¸n: Before bridge or tunnel construction can
start, the influence of the structure and its purpose
has to be studied with respect to air and water,
fauna and flora, existing surface buildings, land and
water transportation, landscape and other
parameters. Only such conceptual studies will
provide sufficient and fundamental arguments to the
political decision makers to defend such investments
to the people and to show sustainablity: Tr−íc khi cã
thÓ b¾t ®Çu x©y dùng cÇu hay hÇm, sù ¶nh h−ëng cña
c«ng tr×nh vµ môc ®Ých cña nã cÇn ph¶i ®−îc nghiªn
cøu, liªn quan ®Õn kh«ng khÝ vµ n−íc, hÖ thùc vËt vµ
®éng vËt, c¸c c«ng tr×nh trªn mÆt ®Êt hiÖn t¹i, vËn
t¶i thñy vµ bé, phong c¶nh vµ c¸c th«ng sè kh¸c. ChØ
cã nh÷ng nghiªn cøu ban ®Çu nh− vËy míi cã thÓ
cung cÊp ®ñ nh÷ng lý lÏ c¬ b¶n vµ ®ñ thuyÕt phôc
cho c¸c nhµ ra quyÕt ®Þnh thuéc chÝnh quyÒn ®Ó b¶o
vÖ nh÷ng ®Ò ¸n ®Çu t− ®ã tr−íc c«ng chóng vµ ®Ó thÓ
hiÖn tÝnh bÒn v÷ng.
concession /k”n'se‘n/ n sù nh−îng bé (trong
hîp ®ång lµm hÇm): In general, the granting of a
favor or a point during negotiations. In business
terms, can represent a contract allowing the
building and/or operation of a facility by another
company: Nãi chung, ®ã lµ sù trao cho mét ®Æc ©n
hay chÊp nhËn mét quan ®iÓm trong qu¸ tr×nh ®µm
ph¸n. Trong thuËt ng÷ kinh doanh, tõ nµy cã thÓ thÓ
hiÖn mét hîp ®ång cho phÐp x©y dùng vµ/hoÆc vËn
hµnh mét c«ng tr×nh bëi mét c«ng ty kh¸c.
conchoidal /'kɔηkɔid”l/ adj d¹ng concoit: A
term used originally in descriptive mineralogy to
describe the shell-like surface produced by the
fracture of a brittle substance: Mét thuËt ng÷ tr−íc
®©y dïng trong kho¸ng vËt häc m« t¶ ®Ó bÒ mÆt
gièng nh− vá sß ®−îc t¹o ra bëi sù nøt vì cña mét
chÊt cã tÝnh gißn.
concrete /'k˜nkri:t/ n bªt«ng: Concrete is composed
of three materials, namely, cement, water and
aggregate, and an additional material, known as an
admixture, is sometimes added to modify certain of
its properties: Bªt«ng cÊu t¹o tõ ba vËt liÖu lµ
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
xim¨ng, n−íc vµ cèt liÖu, vµ mét vËt liÖu bæ sung gäi
lµ phô gia, ®«i khi ®−îc thªm vµo ®Ó ®iÒu chØnh mét
sè tÝnh chÊt cña nã o Concrete is a comparatively
brittle material which is relatively weak in tension:
Bªt«ng lµ mét vËt liÖu kh¸ gißn, nã t−¬ng ®èi yÕu khi
chÞu kÐo.
concrete cover /'k˜nkri:t 'kʌv”/ n líp bªt«ng b¶o
vÖ: The inspector must check for proper placement
and sizing of reinforcing bars. A very critical check
at this point is the clearance (concrete cover)
between the forms and the first layer of reinforcing
bars: Ng−êi gi¸m s¸t ph¶i kiÓm tra sù ®Æt vµ kÝch cì
cèt thÐp cho ®óng. Mét môc kiÓm tra rÊt quan träng
vµo lóc nµy lµ kho¶ng hë (líp bªt«ng b¶o vÖ) gi÷a
v¸n khu«n vµ líp cèt thÐp ngoµi cïng o
Reinforcement must be securely fixed conforming as
closely as practicable to the tunnel excavated profile
but not less than 10 mm from the underlying surface:
Cèt thÐp ph¶i ®−îc buéc ch¾c ch¾n viÒn theo biªn
d¹ng ®µo cña hÇm cµng nhiÒu cµng tèt nh−ng kh«ng
®−îc bÐ h¬n 10mm kÓ tõ bÒ mÆt n»m phÝa d−íi cèt
thÐp.
concrete lining /'k˜nkri:t 'laini–/ n líp vá hÇm
b»ng bªt«ng: Concrete lining is frequently placed
without reinforcing, but where bending stresses are
serious, reinforcement may be required: Vá hÇm
bªt«ng th−êng ®−îc ®óc kh«ng cã thÐp gia c−êng,
nh−ng khi cã øng suèt uèn qu¸ lín th× cã thÓ cÇn
ph¶i dïng ®Õn cèt thÐp o In general, the
components of tunnel support are shotcrete,
rockbolts and steel rib support. Where ground
conditions are not favourable or special conditions
are expected (e.g. existence of houses or structures
on ground surface with very shallow overburden),
concrete lining may also be considered as a part of
the tunnel support: Nãi chung, c¸c thµnh phÇn cña
hÖ thèng chèng ®ì hÇm gåm cã líp bªt«ng phun, neo
®¸ vµ vßm chèng thÐp. Khi ®iÒu kiÖn ®Êt lµ bÊt lîi,
hoÆc tiªn liÖu thÊy nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn ®Æc biÖt kh¸c (vÝ
dô cã nhµ cöa hay kÕt cÊu trªn mÆt ®Êt n»m ngay
phÝa trªn nãc hÇm mµ líp ®Êt phñ l¹i qu¸ n«ng), th×
còng cã thÓ ph¶i coi líp vá hÇm bªt«ng th−êng nh−
mét thµnh phÇn cña hÖ thèng chèng ®ì hÇm.
concrete pump /'k˜nkri:t pʌmp/ n m¸y b¬m
bªt«ng: A pump that mechanically forces concrete
through a pipe-line into forms. (One type of concrete
placer) : Lµ mét m¸y b¬m mµ nã dïng lùc c¬ häc
®Èy c−ìng bøc bªt«ng ®i qua mét ®−êng èng ®Ó ®æ
vµo v¸n khu«n. (§©y chØ lµ mét d¹ng cña c¸c m¸y ®æ
bªt«ng).
 61
concrete tunnel /'k˜nkri:t 'tʌnl/ n hÇm bªt«ng:
Term applied to a tunnel not designed to leave the
fabrication facility until the external concrete
structure is essentially complete. Steel plate, if used,
is usually limited to acting as a waterproofing
membrane. (See also Steel Tunnel): ThuËt ng÷ ¸p
dông cho mét hÇm kh«ng ®−îc thiÕt kÕ ®Ó l¾p ®Æt c¸c
ph−¬ng tiÖn s¶n xuÊt cho tíi khi kÕt cÊu bªt«ng bªn
ngoµi ®· ®−îc hoµn thµnh. NÕu dïng tÊm b¶n thÐp,
chóng th−êng chØ ®−îc h¹n chÕ ®Ó lµm viÖc nh− lµ
mét mµng chèng thÊm mµ th«i. (Xem thªm Steel
Tunnel - HÇm thÐp).
concrete-as-you-go /'k˜nkri:t-“z-ju:-gou/ n
ph−¬ng ph¸p ®æ bªt«ng cuèn chiÕu: A method used
in soft ground tunnels that calls for concrete to be
placed every day. During two shifts the tunnel is
mined; on the third shift the newly mined section is
concreted. The method enables a light primary
lining to be used, and in some cases eliminates it
entirely: Lµ mét ph−¬ng ph¸p dïng trong c¸c hÇm
®µo qua ®Êt yÕu mµ chóng ®ßi hái ph¶i ®æ ngay
bªt«ng tõng ngµy mét. HÇm sÏ ®−îc ®µo trong
kho¶ng thêi gian hai ca lµm viÖc ®Çu tiªn; trong ca
thø ba ®o¹n hÇm võa míi ®µo sÏ ®−îc ®æ bªt«ng.
Ph−¬ng ph¸p nµy cho phÐp cã thÓ sö dông mét kÕt
cÊu vá hÇm ban ®Çu nhÑ, vµ trong mét sè tr−êng hîp
lo¹i trõ ®−îc nã mét c¸ch hoµn toµn.
concreting /'k˜nkri:tiô/ n sù ®æ bªt«ng:
Compaction factor, slump, Vebe or other workability
tests shall be carried out as required during
concreting of permanent works to control
workability at the batching plant and at the site of
the pour: HÖ sè ®Çm chÆt, ®é sôt, thÝ nghiÖm Vªbe
hay c¸c thÝ nghiÖm vÒ tÝnh c«ng t¸c kh¸c ph¶i ®−îc
tiÕn hµnh theo yªu cÇu trong qu¸ tr×nh ®æ bªt«ng cho
c«ng tr×nh vÜnh cöu nh»m kiÓm so¸t tÝnh c«ng t¸c
ngay t¹i tr¹m trén vµ t¹i vÞ trÝ ®æ bªt«ng.
conditioning /'k”ndi‘niô/ n sù chÕ biÕn/xö lý ®Êt:
Grounds rarely have all characteristics required for
the use as support medium in EPB-shield operation
mode and must therefore be conditioned. During the
conditioning process, the natural ground is therefore
conditioned to act as a plastic support medium.
Depending on the particular geology, conditioning is
possible by adding water, bentonite, polymer or
foam: C¸c lo¹i ®Êt hiÕm khi cã ®ñ c¸c tÝnh chÊt cÇn
thiÕt ®Ó sö dông nh− mét m«i chÊt chèng ®ì trong
chÕ ®é ®µo hÇm b»ng khiªn c©n b»ng ¸p lùc ®Êt
EPB, do ®ã cÇn ph¶i ®−îc xö lý. Trong qu¸ tr×nh xö
lý, ®Êt tù nhiªn ®−îc xö lý ®Ó lµm viÖc nh− mét m«i
tr−êng chèng ®ì dÎo. Tïy thuéc vµo ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
chÊt nhÊt ®Þnh, viÖc xö lý ®Êt cã thÓ thùc hiÖn b»ng
n−íc, bent«nÝt, polyme hay bät.
conditioning agent /'k”ndi‘niô 'eidʒənt/ n chÊt c¶i
thiÖn ®Êt: A material used to improve one or more of
the soil properties or aspects of soil behaviour
relevant to its support, excavation, transport,
removal or disposal: Lµ mét vËt liÖu dïng ®Ó c¶i
thiÖn mét hay nhiÒu tÝnh chÊt cña ®Êt, hoÆc c¶i thiÖn
c¸c khÝa c¹nh cña øng xö cña ®Êt, ®Ó thÝch øng víi
sù chèng ®ì, ®µo, vËn chuyÓn, vµ chuyÓn th¶i ®Êt.
cone of depression /kou ”v di'pre∫n/ n nãn sôt
møc n−íc: The depression of heads around a
pumping well caused by withdrawal of water: Sù tôt
cét ¸p xung quanh mét giÕng b¬m g©y bëi sù hót
th¸o mÊt n−íc.
confined aquifer (artesian aquifer) /k”n'faind
'ækwifə/ n tÇng chøa n−íc giam h·m (tÇng chøa
n−íc giÕng phun): An aquifer that is completely
filled with water under pressure and that is overlain
by material that restricts the movement of water:
Mét tÇng ngËm n−íc ®−îc hoµn toµn lÊp ®Çy bëi
n−íc ¸p lùc vµ nã ®−îc bao phñ phÝa tªn bëi mét líp
vËt liÖu mµ nã khèng chÕ sù chuyÓn ®éng cña n−íc.
confinement /k”n'fainm”nt/ n sù h¹n chÕ, khèng
chÕ; tr¹ng th¸i nÐn Ðp giam h·m: Being limited in
movement, view, travel, etc. May induce variable
psychological responses in persons using
underground spaces: BÞ h¹n chÕ vÒ chuyÓn ®éng,
tÇm nh×n, ®i l¹i, v.v… Cã thÓ g©y ra nh÷ng ph¶n øng
t©m lý kh¸c nhau cho ng−êi sö dông kh«ng gian
ngÇm o The result of the application of a pressure
to the front to keep the ground at given conditions of
stability and deformation: Lµ kÕt qu¶ cña sù t¸c
dông mét ¸p lùc lªn mÆt g−¬ng hÇm ®Ó chèng gi÷ ®Êt
t¹i mét ®iÒu kiÖn æn ®Þnh vµ biÕn d¹ng cho tr−íc o
Confinement increases the strength of rock to 1.5 to
15 times the actual confining stress level. The loss of
confinement caused by tunnel driving causes stress
redistribution around the excavation and
deformations: Sù nÐn Ðp ba chiÒu trong khèi ®¸ lµm
t¨ng c−êng ®é cña ®¸ lªn 1,5 ®Õn 15 lÇn so víi møc
øng suÊt ®−îc xem lµ co Ðp trong thùc tÕ. Sù mÊt
tr¹ng th¸i khèng chÕ nÐn Ðp ba chiÒu g©y bëi sù ®µo
hÇm sÏ t¹o ra sù ph©n bè l¹i øng suÊt quanh hang
®µo còng nh− c¸c biÕn d¹ng ®Êt ®¸.
confining layer /k”n'fainiô lei”/ n líp g©y ra
nÐn Ðp: A body of impermeable or distinctly less
permeable (see permeability) material
stratigraphically adjacent to one or more aquifers
that restricts the movement of water into and out of
the aquifers: Mét khèi vËt liÖu kh«ng thÊm ®−îc
 62
hoÆc ®Æc biÖt Ýt thÊm (xem “permeability - tÝnh
thÊm”) n»m gÇn vÒ mÆt ®Þa tÇng víi mét hay nhiÒu
tÇng ngËm n−íc, nã h¹n chÕ sù chuyÓn ®éng cña
n−íc vµo vµ ra khái tÇng ngËm n−íc.
congestion /k”n'd™est‘n/ n sù t¾c nghÏn: Upon
detection of congestion in the tunnel, the computer
initiates automatically the preprogrammed actions
and warning signals to alert the operator in the
control center: Khi ph¸t hiÖn ïn t¾c giao th«ng trong
hÇm, m¸y tÝnh sÏ kÝch ho¹t mét c¸ch tù ®éng c¸c
thao t¸c vµ c¸c tÝn hiÖu b¸o ®éng ®· ®−îc lËp tr×nh
s½n nh»m b¸o nguy cho nh©n viªn ®iÒu hµnh t¹i
phßng ®iÒu khiÓn.
conglomerate /k”n'gl˜mrit/ n khèi kÕt, cuéi kÕt: A
sedimentary rock consisting of rounded, water-worn
pebbles or boulders cemented into a solid mass: Mét
lo¹i ®¸ trÇm tÝch cÊu t¹o tõ c¸c viªn cuéi hay ®¸
t¶ng trßn c¹nh, ®· bÞ n−íc bµo mßn, vµ g¾n kÕt víi
nhau thµnh mét khèi r¾n o A coarse-grained
sedimentary rock composed of fragments larger than
2 millimetres in diameter: Lµ mét lo¹i ®¸ trÇm tÝch
h¹t th« cÊu thµnh tõ c¸c m¶nh vôn lín h¬n 2 milimÐt
theo ®−êng kÝnh.
connector /k”'nekt”/ n nèi vá hÇm: Combining
the advantages of a solid dowel and a secure
threaded connection, the self-locking plastic/steel
connector provides a superb circle joint fixing for
tunnel linings. Suitable for use with packings,
hydrophilic seals and EPDM compression gaskets, it
is fast and easy to build and has no pockets/recesses
to fill: KÕt hîp ®−îc nh÷ng −u ®iÓm cña mét thanh
chèt cøng vµ mét mèi nèi ren ch¾c ch¾n, lo¹i chèt
nèi b»ng thÐp hay plastic kiÓu tù khãa cho ta mét lùa
chän tuyÖt vêi vÒ nèi c¸c ®o¹n vá hÇm trßn. Sö dông
phï hîp víi c¸c lo¹i bÝt ®Öm, chÊt tr¸m khe thÊm
n−íc vµ c¸c vßng ®Öm chÞu nÐn EPDM, nã l¾p dÔ vµ
nhanh vµ kh«ng ph¶i lÊp nhÐt khe rçng d−.
consistency /k”n'sist”nsi/ n ®é sÖt, ®é ®Æc, tÝnh
qu¸nh, ®é qu¸nh: Consistency is a measure of
wetness or fluidity of fresh concrete or mortar. It is
apparent that a change in consistency (workability)
associated with the constituent materials is mainly
affected by water content and specific surface of
cement and aggregate: §é sÖt lµ mét th−íc ®o vÒ
tÝnh −ít hay tÝnh l−u ®éng (ch¶y lo·ng) cña bªt«ng
t−¬i hay v÷a. Ta thÊy râ r»ng bÊt kú sù thay ®æi vÒ
®é sÖt (tÝnh c«ng t¸c) nµo liªn quan ®Õn c¸c vËt liÖu
thµnh phÇn chñ yÕu ®Òu do ¶nh h−ëng cña l−îng
n−íc vµ tû diÖn tÝch cña xim¨ng vµ cèt liÖu.
consolidate /k”n,s˜li'deit/ v cè kÕt; trë nªn v÷ng
ch¾c, æn ®Þnh: The soft soil can be consolidated by
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
dewatering or grouting: §Êt yÕu cã thÓ ®−îc gia cè
b»ng b¬m th¸o n−íc hay b¬m phôt v÷a o The
present state of the actual clay may be
overconsolidated, that is, the clay has been
consolidated in the past under loading greater than
the existing loading today: Tr¹ng th¸i hiÖn t¹i cña
®Êt sÐt thùc tÕ cã thÓ lµ qu¸ cè kÕt, tøc lµ nã ®· bÞ cè
kÕt trong qu¸ khø d−íi t¶i träng lín h¬n t¶i träng
hiÖn t¹i ngµy nay.
consolidated materials /k”n,s˜li'deitid m”'ti”ri”l/
n vËt liÖu cè kÕt: Earth materials, generally of
sedimentary origin, which have been firmly densified
or converted into rock by compaction, deposition of
cement in pore spaces, and/or by physical and
chemical changes in the constituents: Lµ c¸c vËt liÖu
®Êt, nãi chung cã nguån gèc trÇm tÝch, ®· ®−îc lµm
chÆt kh¸ ch¾c hoÆc ®· chuyÓn thµnh ®¸ do sù lÌn
chÆt, tÝch ®äng cña chÊt dÝnh kÕt (xim¨ng) vµo trong
c¸c kho¶ng trèng, vµ/hoÆc do nh÷ng thay ®æi vÒ vËt
lý vµ hãa häc trong c¸c thµnh phÇn ®Êt.
consolidation /k”n,s˜li'dei‘n/ n sù cè kÕt: The
saturated clay may undergo constrained
compression without laterally strain; vertical stress
applies and sustains on the clay permitting vertical
drainage of porewater from the clay. This process
lasts until compression s completed, and it is
described as one-dimensional consolidation: §Êt sÐt
b·o hoµ cã thÓ tr¶i qua qu¸ tr×nh nÐn c−ìng Ðp
kh«ng në ngang; øng suÊt th¼ng ®øng t¸c dông vµ
duy tr× trong ®Êt sÐt cho phÐp n−íc lç rçng tho¸t ra
khái ®Êt theo ph−¬ng ®øng. Qu¸ tr×nh nµy kÐo dµi
®Õn khi sù nÐn Ðp kÕt thóc, vµ nã ®−îc m« t¶ lµ sù cè
kÕt mét chiÒu.
consolidation grouting /k”n,s˜li'dei‘n grautiô/ n
sù b¬m v÷a cè kÕt, b¬m v÷a gia cè: Injection of a
fluid grout, usually sand, portland cement, and
water, into a compressible soil mass in order to
displace it and form a lenticular grout structure for
support: Lµ viÖc b¬m mét lo¹i v÷a láng, th−êng b»ng
hçn hîp c¸t, xim¨ng Poocl¨ng vµ n−íc, vµo mét khèi
®Êt nÐn ®−îc nh»m thay thÕ nã vµ t¹o thµnh mét cÊu
tróc v÷a h×nh h¹t ®Ëu cã t¸c dông chÞu lùc/chèng ®ì
o When driving a tunnel 20-m below ground level,
the precautions need to be taken to minimize
structural settlement including consolidation
grouting of the ground before tunneling or
consolidation grouting from the tunnel face: Khi ®µo
mét hÇm thÊp d−íi mùc n−íc ngÇm 20m, cÇn tiÕn
hµnh c¸c biÖn ph¸p cÇn thiÕt ®Ó gi¶m thiÓu lón nhµ
cöa trªn mÆt ®Êt, ch¼ng h¹n nh− b¬m v÷a gia cè nÒn
®Êt tr−íc khi ®µo hÇm, hoÆc b¬m v÷a gia cè tõ
g−¬ng hÇm trong khi ®µo.
 63
consolidation settlement /k”n,s˜li'dei‘n
'setlm”nt/ n lón cè kÕt: The compression producing
consolidation settlement in a clay is due to a gradual
reduction in the volume of the voids accompanied by
a compression of the assemby of solid particles
forming the clay: Qu¸ tr×nh nÐn mµ t¹o ra lón cè kÕt
trong ®Êt sÐt th× cã nguyªn nh©n tõ sù gi¶m dÇn dÇn
thÓ tÝch cña c¸c lç rçng, ®i kÌm víi sù nÐn Ðp cña tËp
hîp (khung) c¸c h¹t r¾n cÊu thµnh nªn ®Êt sÐt.
construction /k”n'strʌk‘n/ n sù x©y dùng, thi c«ng:
The actual work of building a project. From an
engineering viewpoint it includes such activities as
scheduling and supervising the work: Lµ c«ng viÖc
trªn thùc tÕ ®Ó x©y l¾p mét c«ng tr×nh. Tõ quan ®iÓm
kü thuËt, nã bao gåm c¸c viÖc nh− ho¹ch ®Þnh tiÕn
®é vµ gi¸m s¸t c«ng viÖc thi c«ng o As used in
some papers, “construction” refers to new
construction, reconstruction, repair, and
maintenance: Trong mét sè tµi liÖu, “x©y dùng” chØ
viÖc x©y dùng míi, x©y dùng l¹i, söa ch÷a, vµ b¶o
tr×.
construction cost /k”n'strʌk‘n k˜st/ n gi¸ thµnh/chi
phÝ x©y dùng: The cost to create a facility.
Depending on the specific context, this term may
include land purchase, design fees and all costs
necessary to put a facility into operation; or it may
be limited only to the costs of physical construction
work: Lµ chi phÝ ®Ó t¹o ra mét c«ng tr×nh. Tïy
thuéc vµo ng÷ c¶nh thÝch hîp, thuËt ng÷ nµy cã thÓ
bao gåm gi¸ mua ®Êt, phÝ thiÕt kÕ vµ mäi chi phÝ cÇn
thiÕt kh¸c ®Ó ®−a c«ng tr×nh vµo vËn hµnh; hoÆc nã
chØ ®−îc giíi h¹n ë c¸c chi phÝ cho c«ng t¸c x©y
dùng ®¬n thuÇn.
construction dispute /k”n'strʌk‘n dis'pju:t/ n
tranh chÊp (yªu s¸ch, kiÖn c¸o) trong x©y dùng:
Upon the first indication that a construction dispute
exists, the resident engineer (RE) should direct the
office engineer to collect a complete file of all
correspondence and reports which may relate to the
dispute. The RE then assigns a task force of key
personnel which may include the project engineer,
the chief inspector, and several inspectors to
evaluate the dispute: Khi thÊy dÊu hiÖu ®Çu tiªn vÒ
mét tranh chÊp x©y dùng sÏ x¶y ra, Kü s− Th−êng tró
(KSTT) ph¶i chØ ®¹o kü s− t− vÊn tËp hîp mét hå s¬
®Çy ®ñ vÒ tÊt c¶ c¸c th− tõ vµ b¸o c¸o cã thÓ liªn
quan tíi vô viÖc. Sau ®ã KSTT ph©n c«ng mét tæ
c«ng t¸c gåm nh÷ng ng−êi quan träng bao gåm kü s−
dù ¸n, kü s− gi¸m s¸t tr−ëng, vµ mét vµi gi¸m s¸t
viªn ®Ó ®¸nh gi¸ (xem xÐt) vô tranh chÊp.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
construction error /k”n'strʌk‘n 'er”/ n sai sè thi
c«ng: Construction gauge of road tunnels and
railroad tunnels is prescribed according to their type
and classification. The inner section of tunnel shall
be decided by adding ventilation facilities, lighting
facilities, emergency facilities, road signs, etc. to the
construction gauge, and allowing for tolerable
construction errors: Khæ x©y dùng cña hÇm ®−êng
s¾t vµ hÇm ®−êng bé ®−îc quy ®Þnh theo kiÓu vµ
ph©n lo¹i hÇm. TiÕt diÖn bªn trong hÇm ®−îc quyÕt
®Þnh b»ng c¸ch bè trÝ thªm c¸c ph−¬ng tiÖn th«ng
giã, chiÕu s¸ng, cÊp cøu, biÓn b¸o vµo khæ x©y dùng,
cã tÝnh ®Õn c¸c sai sè thi c«ng cho phÐp.
construction gauge /k”n'strʌk‘n g˜:z/ n khæ ®−êng
x©y dùng: The structure gauge (also referred to as
the construction gauge) is the boundary enclosing
the passing clearances required outside the swept
envelope to enable the railway to be operated in
safety. The structure gauge should include provision
for staff safety, where staff are permitted on the
railway while trains are running: Khæ kÕt cÊu (hay
khæ x©y dùng) lµ ®−êng biªn bao ngoµi tÜnh kh«ng
v−ît xe cÇn thiÕt vÒ phÝa ngoµi tÜnh kh«ng th«ng xe
nh»m cho phÐp vËn hµnh ®−êng s¾t an toµn. Khæ kÕt
cÊu cÇn xÐt tíi ®é dù tr÷ ®Ó an toµn cho nh©n viªn,
khi mµ nh©n viªn ®−îc phÐp lµm viÖc trªn ®−êng s¾t
trong khi cã tµu ch¹y.
construction joint /k”n'strʌk‘n dӡ˜int/ n mèi nèi
thi c«ng: Interface between two successive
placements; bond is typically required at such joints
and reinforcement may be continuous: Lµ mÆt tiÕp
xóc gi÷a hai lÇn ®æ bªt«ng kÕ tiÕp nhau; dÝnh kÕt
th−êng ®−îc ®ßi hái t¹i c¸c mèi nèi nh− vËy, vµ cèt
thÐp cã thÓ ®−îc ®Æt liªn tôc qua ®ã o
Construction joints between invert concrete and
lining concrete, and construction joints in a
longitudinal direction in the tunnel should basically
be located transverse to the axis of the invert so as to
enable smooth transfer of axial force: Mèi nèi thi
c«ng gi÷a bªt«ng vßm ngöa vµ bªt«ng vá hÇm, còng
nh− mèi nèi thi c«ng theo h−íng däc trong hÇm vÒ c¬
b¶n ph¶i ®−îc bè trÝ ngang víi trôc cña vßm ngöa ®Ó
cho phÐp lùc däc trôc truyÒn qua mét c¸ch ªm thuËn.
construction management /k”n'strʌk‘n
'm“nid™m”nt/ n qu¶n lý thi c«ng: While
constructing, appropriate construction management
should be done with respect to the ground, support
and lining, aiming at the effective use of the
supporting function of surrounding ground: Trong
khi x©y dùng, cÇn cã chÝnh s¸ch qu¶n lý thi c«ng
thÝch hîp ®èi víi ®Þa chÊt, kÕt cÊu chèng ®ì vµ vá
 64
hÇm, nh»m môc tiªu sö dông cã hiÖu qu¶ chøc n¨ng
chèng ®ì cña khèi ®Êt ®¸ xung quanh hÇm.
construction method /k”n'strʌk‘n 'me•”d/ n
ph−¬ng ph¸p thi c«ng: The New Austrian Tunnelling
Method (NATM) must be seen primarily as a
construction method dominated by practice and
care. Safe application has to be accompanied by
permanent judgement of the real ground conditions,
in situ measurement with their prompt and necessary
interpretation and necessary reactions. The success
of an NATM project like the Hai Van Pass Tunnel
depends on the decisions which are made
permanently at the heading and not in an office:
Ph−¬ng ph¸p Lµm hÇm Míi cña ¸o (NATM) c¬ b¶n
ph¶i ®−îc xem nh− mét ph−¬ng ph¸p thi c«ng bÞ chi
phèi bëi kinh nghiÖm thùc hµnh vµ sù cÈn träng. Sù
¸p dông an toµn NATM ph¶i ®i liÒn víi sù xÐt ®o¸n
th−êng xuyªn c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt thùc tÕ, ®o ®¹c
hiÖn tr−êng cïng víi sù ph©n tÝch hiÖu qu¶ vµ nhanh
chãng c¸c kÕt qu¶ ®o, còng nh− c¸c ®èi s¸ch cÇn
thiÕt. Sù thµnh c«ng cña mét dù ¸n NATM nh− HÇm
§Ìo H¶i V©n phô thuéc vµo c¸c quyÕt ®Þnh mµ
chóng ph¶i ®−îc ®−a ra th−êng xuyªn t¹i hiÖn tr−êng
chø kh«ng ph¶i trong mét v¨n phßng.
construction period /k”n'strʌk‘n 'pi”ri”d/ n
thêi giai thi c«ng: The construction plan has to be
prepared through study of the purpose of the tunnel,
its alignment, cross section, ground conditions,
location conditions, etc. based on the results of
investigation so as to satisfy the safety, economy and
planned construction period of the project: KÕ ho¹ch
x©y dùng ph¶i ®−îc v¹ch ra th«ng qua nghiªn cøu
môc ®Ých cña hÇm, h−íng tuyÕn hÇm, tiÕt diÖn, ®iÒu
kiÖn ®Þa chÊt, ®iÒu kiÖn hiÖn tr−êng… dùa trªn c¸c
kÕt qu¶ ®iÒu tra nh»m hoµn thµnh c¸c môc tiªu vÒ an
toµn, kinh tÕ vµ thêi gian thi c«ng ®· v¹ch ra cho dù
¸n.
constructor /k”n'strʌkt”/ n ng−êi x©y dùng, bªn
thi c«ng: The person, firm, or body corporate in
immediate control of the construction of any tunnel
or its accessories, and as such responsible for the
condition and management thereof: Lµ ng−êi, c«ng
ty, hay h·ng hîp nhÊt mµ hä trùc tiÕp kiÓm so¸t viÖc
x©y dùng bÊt kú ®−êng hÇm nµo hay c¸c bé phËn phô
trî cña nã, vµ do ®ã chÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm vÒ t×nh tr¹ng
còng nh− viÖc qu¶n lý c¸c c«ng viÖc cã liªn quan.
Consultant /k”n'sʌlt”nt/ n Kü s− T− vÊn; công
ty/nhµ t− vÊn: A professional who carries out
services or studies for a client, a contractor, a
concessionaire or a owner: Là một nhà chuyên
nghiệp chuyên tiến hành các dịch vụ hoặc nghiên
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
cứu cho một khách hàng, một nhà thầu, một công ty
hay một chủ đầu tư nào đó.
Consulting Engineer = Consultant /k”n'sʌlti–
,end™i'ni”; k”n'sʌlt”nt/ n Kü s− T− vÊn; Nhµ t− vÊn:
Engineers or other specialists who offer their
services to a number of different customers on a job-
by-job basis. They usually work for relatively short
periods of time to solve specific problems for their
customers: Lµ c¸c kü s− hay c¸c chuyªn gia kh¸c,
mµ hä cung cÊp dÞch vô cña hä cho mét sè kh¸ch
hµng kh¸c nhau trªn c¬ së tõng-dù-¸n. Hä th−êng
lµm viÖc trong nh÷ng kho¶ng thêi gian thêi gian
t−¬ng ®èi ng¾n ®Ó gi¶i quyÕt nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò ®Æc thï
cho c¸c kh¸ch hµng cña hä.
contact grouting /'kɔntækt grautiô/ n b¬m v÷a tiÕp
xóc/lÊp kÝn: The filling of relatively minor voids
between a permanent tunnel lining and the
surrounding formation, such as at the crown of a
tunnel: Lµ sù lÊp kÝn c¸c kho¶ng trèng t−¬ng ®èi nhá
gi÷a mét vá hÇm vÜnh cöu vµ nÒn ®Êt xung quanh, vÝ
dô t¹i nãc hÇm.
contaminant /k”n't“min”nt/ n chÊt g©y « nhiÔm:
Substances present in the ground which are not part
of the natural soil; usually associated with ground
usage. Limits for the various contaminants present
in the tunnel environment are required to protect the
safety and health of both the motorist passing
through and the attendant patrolling a tunnel: Lµ
c¸c chÊt hiÖn diÖn trong ®Êt mµ nã kh«ng ph¶i lµ
mét phÇn cña ®Êt tù nhiªn; th−êng ®i kÌm víi sù sö
dông ®Êt. CÇn cã nh÷ng quy ®Þnh giíi h¹n vÒ nång
®é c¸c chÊt g©y « nhiÔm trong hÇm nh»m b¶o vÖ sù
an toµn vµ søc kháe cho c¶ ng−êi l¸i xe ®i qua hÇm
vµ nh©n viªn ®ang ®i tuÇn tra hÇm.
contaminated /k”n't“mineitid/ adj bÞ nhiÔm bÈn:
Contaminated air should be sufficiently cleared out
of the tunnel in advance of men entering.
Atmospheres in all active areas of tunnels should
contain at least 19.5% oxigen, and not more than
0.005% carbon monoxide, 0.5% carbon dioxide, 5
ppm nitrogen dioxide: Kh«ng khÝ « nhiÔm trong hÇm
ph¶i ®−îc lµm s¹ch ®Çy ®ñ tr−íc khi con ng−êi vµo
lµm viÖc. Kh«ng khÝ t¹i tÊt c¶ c¸c khu vùc thi c«ng
trong hÇm ph¶i chøa Ýt nhÊt 19.5% «xy O2, vµ kh«ng
qu¸ 0.005% m«n«xit cacbon CO, 0.5% ®i«xit
cacbon CO2, 5 phÇn triÖu ®i«xit nit¬ NO2.
contamination /k”n,t“mi'nei‘n/ n sù nhiÔm
bÈn: Introduction into water of any undesirable
substance not normally present: Lµ sù x©m nhËp vµo
n−íc cña bÊt kú chÊt kh«ng mong muèn nµo mµ b×nh
th−êng nã kh«ng hiÖn diÖn o The change of water

quality, contamination of surface water or
groundwater (contamination due to water sealing
method and water drainage inside tunnel), and
groundwater becoming saline should be checked in
order to control the effect on the environment: Sù
thay ®æi chÊt l−îng n−íc, sù nhiÔm bÈn n−íc mÆt
hay n−íc ngÇm (bÞ bÈn do ¸p dông ph−¬ng ph¸p bÞt
kÝn n−íc, do tho¸t n−íc bªn trong hÇm), vµ viÖc n−íc
ngÇm trë nªn mÆn, tÊt c¶ ®Òu ph¶i ®−îc kiÓm tra ®Ó
kiÓm so¸t t¸c ®éng tíi m«i tr−êng o Alarms for
excessive contamination of tunnel air should be
connected to the nearest police or highway
maintenance station: C¸c tÝn hiÖu b¸o ®éng vÒ ®é «
nhiÔm qu¸ møc cña kh«ng khÝ trong hÇm cÇn ®−îc
nèi víi tr¹m c¶nh s¸t hoÆc b¶o d−ìng ®−êng bé gÇn
nhÊt.
contingency /kən'tindʒənsi/ n chi phÝ dù phßng:
A markup applied to account for substantial
uncertainties in quantities, unit costs and the
possibility of currently unforeseen risk events related
to quantities, work elements or other project
requirements: Lµ mét sù t¨ng gi¸ ¸p dông ®Ó tÝnh
®Õn nh÷ng sù kh«ng ch¾n ch¾n ®¸ng kÓ vÒ c¸c khèi
l−îng, ®¬n gi¸ vµ kh¶ n¨ng x¶y ra nh÷ng rñi ro hiÖn
kh«ng l−êng tr−íc ®−îc liªn quan ®Õn c¸c khèi
l−îng, bé phËn c«ng viÖc hay nh÷ng yªu cÇu kh¸c
cña dù ¸n.
continental drilling /,kɔnti'nentəl driliŋ/
khoan th¨m dß lôc ®Þa: Deep drilling projects up to 5
km deep, conducted by scientific research
institutions worldwide to learn more about the deep
structure of the continental crust: Khoan s©u v−¬n
tíi ®é s©u ®Õn 5km, tiÕn hµnh bëi c¸c viÖn nghiªn
cøu khoa häc trªn kh¾p thÕ giíi ®Ó t×m hiÓu thªm vÒ
cÊu tróc d−íi s©u cña vá lôc ®Þa tr¸i ®Êt.
continuous mixer /kən'tinjuəs 'miksə/ n m¸y
trén liªn tôc: A mixer into which the concrete or
shotcrete ingredients (cement, aggregates, fiber,
water, etc.) are measured volumetrically and fed
continuously (usually into an auger-type mixer): Lµ
mét m¸y trén mµ trong ®ã c¸c thµnh phÇn cña
bªt«ng hay bªt«ng phun (xim¨ng, cèt liÖu, sîi thÐp,
n−íc, v.v...) ®−îc c©n ®ong theo thÓ tÝch vµ tiÕp liÖu
mét c¸ch liªn tôc (th−êng vµo mét m¸y trén kiÓu
xo¾n ruét gµ).
continuous pour /kən'tinjuəs p˜:/ n ®æ/rãt
bªt«ng liªn tôc: Process in which a concrete pour in
a tunnel is poured as a continuous operation. The
only shutdowns are for unforseen delays and
weekends: Lµ qu¸ tr×nh trong ®ã mét ®o¹n vá hÇm
bªt«ng ®−îc ®æ nh− mét thao t¸c/ho¹t ®éng liªn tôc.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
65
ChØ cã c¸c tr−êng hîp ph¶i dõng lµ do sù cè bÊt ngê
vµ do ngµy nghØ cuèi tuÇn.
continuous sliplining = lining with continuous
pipe /kən'tinjuəs sliplainiη/ n luån èng liªn tôc.
contour holes /'k˜ntu” houlz/ n c¸c lç khoan ®ång
møc: By careful choice of type and amount of
explosives in the contour holes, a minimum amount
of damage to the surrounding rock is ensured. This
will lead to a reduction in scaling and reduce the
number of rockbolts required both for temporary
and final support: Nhê lùa chän cÈn thËn vÒ lo¹i vµ
sè l−îng thuèc næ trong c¸c lç m×n ®ång møc, cã thÓ
®¶m b¶o ®−îc mét sù ph¸ ho¹i nhá nhÊt ®èi víi nÒn
®¸ xung quanh hÇm. §iÒu nµy dÉn ®Õn gi¶m c«ng t¸c
®ôc tÈy mÆt ®¸ vµ gi¶m sè l−îng bul«ng neo cÇn
thiÕt ®Ó chèng ®ì t¹m còng nh− vÜnh cöu.
contour line /'k˜ntu” lain/ n ®−êng ®ång møc;
biªn hÇm: The lines on a map that indicate points of
equal elevation (height): Lµ c¸c ®−êng trªn mét tÊm
b¶n ®å thÓ hiÖn c¸c ®iÓm cã cïng cao ®é (chiÒu cao)
o The NATM is characterised by the fact that a
tunnel is excavated in different parts (for example,
crown, bench and invert), where subsequent parts
are executed at a certain distance (lag) behind the
previous part. After each excavation part the tunnel
contour is secured by means of a temporary lining of
sprayed concrete: Ph−¬ng ph¸p lµm hÇm míi cña ¸o
n (NATM) cã ®Æc ®iÓm lµ hÇm ®−îc ®µo thµnh nhiÒu
phÇn (v.d. vßm ®Ønh, bËc thÒm vµ vßm ®¸y), trong ®ã
c¸c phÇn tiÕp sau ®−îc thi c«ng víi mét kho¶ng c¸ch
(®é trÔ) nhÊt ®Þnh ë phÝa sau phÇn tr−íc. Sau khi ®µo
mçi phÇn, ®−êng biªn hÇm ®−îc chèng ®ì b»ng vá
hÇm t¹m thêi b»ng bªt«ng phun.
contract /'k˜ntr“kt/ n hîp ®ång: The contract is
the basic document which delineates the work to be
done by the contractor, the time of performance, and
the amount and method of payment by the owner:
Hîp ®ång lµ tµi liÖu c¬ së m« t¶ c«ng viÖc cÇn ph¶i
lµm bëi nhµ thÇu, thêi gian thùc hiÖn, gi¸ trÞ vµ
ph−¬ng thøc thanh to¸n bëi chñ c«ng tr×nh o The
owner's contracting officer must be competent to
make equitable contract adjustments for the
egregious cases, where he in good conscience could
find that site conditions indeed differ so clearly from
those described. Nonetheless, many cases remained
in which the owner and the contractor did not agree
on whether the conditions differed, and these cases
still ended up, after the contract appeals process was
exhausted, in court: C¸n bé phô tr¸ch ký hîp ®ång
cña chñ ®Çu t− ph¶i ®ñ n¨ng lùc ®Ó cã thÓ chÊp
thuËn nh÷ng ®iÒu chØnh hîp ®ång mét c¸ch c«ng
 66
b»ng, khi anh ta b»ng l−¬ng t©m trong s¹ch cã thÓ
thÊy r»ng c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn hiÖn tr−êng qu¶ thùc thay
®æi qu¸ râ rµng so víi nh÷ng g× ®· m« t¶. Tuy nhiªn,
vÉn cã nhiÒu tr−êng hîp mµ chñ ®Çu t− vµ nhµ thÇu
kh«ng thèng nhÊt víi nhau vÒ chuyÖn c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn
hiÖn tr−êng cã thay ®æi hay kh«ng, vµ nh÷ng tr−êng
hîp nµy vÉn ph¶i kÕt thóc t¹i tßa ¸n, sau khi qu¸
tr×nh tranh c·i vÒ ®iÒu chØnh hîp ®ång ®· thÊt b¹i.
contract interface /'k˜ntr“kt 'int”feis/ n ranh
giíi ph©n chia c¸c gãi hîp ®ång: The engineer
should be concerned with coordination of survey
work at contract interfaces. He makes sure that
underground survey control of two adjacent
contractors agrees at the interface: T− vÊn cã tr¸ch
nhiÖm dµn xÕp sù phèi hîp vÒ c«ng t¸c kh¶o s¸t t¹i
c¸c ranh giíi ph©n chia c¸c hîp ®ång. T− vÊn ph¶i
®¶m b¶o r»ng sù kiÓm so¸t kh¶o s¸t d−íi ngÇm cña
hai nhµ thÇu kÒ nhau ph¶i cã sù thèng nhÊt t¹i ranh
giíi.
contract limit /'k˜ntr“kt 'limit/ n giíi h¹n hîp
®ång: Currently, the project is approximately 80%
complete and the tunnel is complete. The cost of the
additional support construction and design work will
exceed the contract limit, including contingency:
HiÖn t¹i, toµn bé dù ¸n ®· hoµn thµnh kho¶ng 80%
vµ riªng ®−êng hÇm th× ®· xong. Nh−ng gi¸ thµnh
cña c«ng t¸c thiÕt kÕ vµ thi c«ng hÖ chèng ®ì bæ
sung sÏ v−ît qu¸ giíi h¹n hîp ®ång, bao gåm c¶ chi
phÝ dù phßng.
contract modification /'k˜ntr“kt ,mɔdifi'kei∫n/ n
söa ®æi hîp ®ång: Change in a construction contract
that either increase or decrease the scope of work,
amount of materials, or length of performance time
originally envisaged: Thay ®æi trong mét hîp ®ång
x©y dùng mµ nã lµm t¨ng hoÆc lµ lµm gi¶m ph¹m
vi/quy m« c«ng viÖc, khèi l−îng vËt liÖu, hay kho¶ng
thêi gian thi c«ng v¹ch ra lóc ban ®Çu.
Contractor /k”n'tr“kt”/ n Nhµ thÇu: The
obligation of the Contractor is to execute and
complete the Works, for which he has submitted his
Tender, within the time specified in the Contract.
The Contractor receives and complies with
instructions from the Engineer acting on behaft of
the Employer and is responsible for the care of the
Works throughout the construction period until the
Works are officially taken over by the Employer or
are deemed to be taken by the Employer: NghÜa vô
cña Nhµ thÇu lµ thùc hiÖn vµ hoµn thµnh C«ng viÖc
mµ hä ®· tr×nh Hå s¬ thÇu, trong thêi h¹n ghi trong
Hîp ®ång. Nhµ thÇu nhËn vµ lµm theo c¸c chØ dÉn tõ
T− vÊn lµm viÖc thay mÆt Chñ ®Çu t− vµ cã tr¸ch
nhiÖm b¶o tr× C«ng tr×nh trong suèt giai ®o¹n thi
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
c«ng cho tíi khi C«ng tr×nh ®−îc chÝnh thøc bµn
giao cho Chñ ®Çu t− hoÆc ®−îc cho lµ ®· ®−îc Chñ
®Çu t− nhËn bµn giao.
Contractor's personnel /k”n'tr“kt” ,p”:s”'nel/ n
®éi ngò nh©n viªn cña Nhµ thÇu: The construction of
Hai Van Pass Tunnel shall be accomplished using
the drilling and blasting methods in accordance with
NATM. It shall be understood that the Contractor's
supervisory personnel will be knowledgeable,
experienced, and familiar with drilling and blasting
methods of tunnel construction in connection to
NATM, and the specification and details described:
Thi c«ng HÇm §Ìo H¶i V©n sÏ sö dông ph−¬ng ph¸p
khoan næ m×n phï hîp víi NATM. Ph¶i hiÓu r»ng
®éi ngò kü s− cña Nhµ thÇu lµ cã hiÓu biÕt, cã kinh
nghiÖm vµ quen thuéc víi c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p khoan næ
m×n trong x©y dùng hÇm liªn quan víi NATM, còng
nh− quy tr×nh kü thuËt vµ c¸c quy ®Þnh kh¸c.
control criterion /k”n'troul krai'ti”ri”n/ n tiªu
chuÈn kiÓm tra: The criterion to evaluate the result
of observation and measurement: Lµ tiªu chuÈn ®Ó
®¸nh gi¸ c¸c kÕt qu¶ quan tr¾c vµ ®o ®¹c o
Observation and measurement results shall be
utilized for rational design and construction suitable
for the ground conditions. To this end, the behaviour
of the surrounding ground and the tunnel support
shall be determined and then evaluated in
accordance with control criteria: C¸c kÕt qu¶ quan
tr¾c vµ ®o ®¹c sÏ ®−îc sö dông ®Ó cã ®−îc thiÕt kÕ
vµ thi c«ng hîp lý phï hîp víi ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt. V×
thÕ, nh÷ng øng xö cña m«i tr−êng ®Êt ®¸ vµ hÖ chèng
®ì hÇm ph¶i ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh råi ®¸nh gi¸ theo c¸c
tiªu chuÈn kiÓm so¸t.
control point /k”n'troul p˜int/ n ®iÓm (tr¹m) kiÓm
tra: Primary working points that are established to
control the survey on a tunnel project: Lµ c¸c ®iÓm
lµm viÖc chñ yÕu ®−îc lËp ®Ó kiÓm so¸t sù ®o ®¹c
kh¶o s¸t trong mét dù ¸n hÇm.
control point outside tunnel /k”n'troul p˜int
'autsaid tʌnl/ n mèc kiÓm tra bªn ngoµi hÇm:
Control points shall be set up outside a tunnel for
construction survey. Their mutual distance is defined
with the required accuracy. They shall be fixed at
places where no damages or movements are
expected and shall be well protected. For setting up
the control points, a suitable survey method shall be
adopted in compliance with the tunnel length,
topographical conditions: C¸c ®iÓm mèc kiÓm tra
ph¶i ®−îc lËp ë bªn ngoµi hÇm phôc vô kh¶o s¸t khi
thi c«ng. Kho¶ng c¸ch gi÷a chóng ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh víi
®é chÝnh x¸c yªu cÇu. Chóng cÇn ®−îc ®Æt t¹i nh÷ng
 67
n¬i kh«ng thÓ x¶y ra h− háng hay chuyÓn dÞch vµ cÇn
®−îc b¶o vÖ tèt. Khi thiÕt lËp c¸c mèc kiÓm tra, ph¶i
¸p dông mét ph−¬ng ph¸p kh¶o s¸t thÝch hîp c¨n cø
vµo chiÒu dµi hÇm vµ c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa h×nh.
control room (center) /k”n'troul ru:m ('sent”)/
n tr¹m (phßng) ®iÒu khiÓn, phßng ®iÒu vËn; tr¹m
kiÓm tra: In a manned tunnel, a control center is
provided, into which all information regarding
traffic, air quality, visibility, support equipment
status and condition is channeled, observed by
experienced operating personnel who take
appropriate action according to changing
requirements or deviations from normal conditions:
Trong mét ®−êng hÇm cã ng−êi tr«ng coi, th−êng cã
mét trung t©m ®iÒu khiÓn, tõ ®ã mäi th«ng tin vÒ giao
th«ng, chÊt l−îng m«i tr−êng, tÇm nh×n, t×nh tr¹ng vµ
®iÒu kiÖn c¸c thiÕt bÞ cøu hé sÏ ®−îc thu thËp vµ xö
lý bëi c¸c nh©n viªn ®iÒu hµnh cã kinh nghiÖm, hä sÏ
thùc hiÖn c¸c biÖn ph¸p thÝch hîp c¨n cø vµo c¸c
yªu cÇu hoÆc nh÷ng sai lÖch lu«n biÕn ®æi so víi
®iÒu kiÖn b×nh th−êng.
controlled blasting /k”n'trould bla:stiô/ n næ m×n
®−îc kiÓm so¸t: Blasting patterns and sequences
designed to achieve a particular objective. Cast
blasting, where the muck pile is cast in a particular
direction, and deck blasting, where holes are loaded
once but blasted in successive blasts days apart, are
examples: Lµ c¸c d¹ng thøc vµ tr×nh tù næ m×n ®−îc
thiÕt kÕ ®Ó ®¹t ®−îc mét môc tiªu ®Æc biÖt. Mét vµi vÝ
dô cã thÓ kÓ ra bao gåm næ m×n bung ph¸, trong ®ã
®èng ®¸ th¶i ®−îc tung theo mét h−íng nhÊt ®Þnh, vµ
næ m×n theo tÇng, trong ®ã tÊt c¶ c¸c lç khoan ®−îc
n¹p thuèc cïng mét lÇn nh−ng l¹i ®−îc kÝch næ
thµnh nhiÒu lÇn c¸ch nhau vµi ngµy.
controlled blasting techniques /k”n'trould bla:stiô
tek'ni:ks/ n c¸c kü thuËt næ m×n cã ®iÒu khiÓn (cã
kiÓm so¸t): The principle in controlled blasting is to
create a wide enough crack between the holes with
the lowest possible charge concentration (kg/m) to
facilitate cutting the rock: Nguyªn t¾c trong næ cã
®iÒu khiÓn lµ t¹o ra mét khe nøt ®ñ lín gi÷a c¸c lç
m×n víi mËt ®é thuèc (kg/m) thÊp nhÊt cã thÓ nh»m
t¹o dÔ dµng cho viÖc c¾t ph¸ ®¸ o Either "line
drilling", pre-splitting", "smooth blasting", or other
controlled blasting techniques can be employed: Cã
thÓ ¸p dông mét trong c¸c kü thuËt næ cã kiÓm so¸t
nh− "khoan theo biªn ®µo", "t¹o khe nøt tr−íc", "næ
vi sai", hay c¸c kü thuËt næ cã kiÓm so¸t kh¸c.
controlled boring process (CBP) /k”n'trould
'bɔ:riη 'prouses/ n qu¸ tr×nh khoan cã kiÓm so¸t.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
conventional shield /k”n'ven‘”nl ‘i:ld/ n khiªn ®µo
truyÒn thèng: Shields which allow some form of
direct access to the soil face. Also known as open
shields: Lµ c¸c khiªn cho phÐp mét sè h×nh thøc tiÕp
cËn trùc tiÕp tíi mÆt g−¬ng ®µo.
conventional trenching /k”n'ven‘”nl trent∫iη/ n
®µo r·nh truyÒn thèng: Method in which access is
gained by excavation from ground level to the
required level underground for the installation,
maintenance or inspection of a pipe, conduit, cable
or tunnel. The excavation is then backfilled and the
surface reinstated: Ph−¬ng ph¸p trong ®ã lèi vµo
®−îc më b»ng c¸ch ®µo tõ trªn mÆt ®Êt xuèng tíi
cao ®é yªu cÇu d−íi ngÇm ®Ó thi c«ng, b¶o d−ìng
hay kiÓm tra mét ®−êng èng, cèng, c¸p hay hÇm. Sau
®ã hè ®µo ®−îc lÊp l¹i råi kh«i phôc l¹i mÆt ®Êt.
conventional tunneling /k”n'ven‘”nl 't∧nliô/ n lµm
hÇm b»ng ph−¬ng ph¸p th«ng th−êng: Methods of
tunnel construction ranging from manual excavation
to the use of a self-propelled TBM. Where a lining is
required, bolted segmental rings are frequently used,
although shotcrete and gunite (i.e., blown concrete)
is gaining in popularity because of increased
productivity: Lµ c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p x©y dùng hÇm kÓ
tõ ®µo b»ng tay cho ®Õn cã dïng m¸y khoan TBM tù
hµnh. Khi cÇn ph¶i x©y vá, ng−êi ta th−êng dïng c¸c
vßng vá hÇm l¾p ghÐp bul«ng, mÆc dï bªt«ng phun
vµ hçn hîp xim¨ng-c¸t kh« ngµy cµng ®−îc dïng
nhiÒu do cã n¨ng suÊt cao.
conventional tunneling method /k”n'ven‘”nl
't∧nliô 'meθ”d/ n ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo hÇm th«ng
th−êng: In conventional tunneling method, a tunnel
is excavated while the ground is stabilized by steel
support and lagging. This lagging method has a
number of shortcomings including the inevitable
loosening of the ground, the relative weakness of
steel supports against unsymmetrical pressures, and
the difficulty in completely filling the gap between
the tunnel and the ground even when backfill
grouting is carried out: Trong ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo hÇm
truyÒn thèng, ®−êng hÇm sÏ ®−îc ®µo trong khi ®Êt
®¸ ®−îc chèng gi÷ b»ng c¸c v× chèng thÐp vµ tÊm
chèng ngang. Ph−¬ng ph¸p chèng ngang nµy cã mét
sè nh−îc ®iÓm nh− sù r·o rêi tÊt yÕu cña ®Êt, tÝnh
t−¬ng ®èi yÕu cña v× chèng thÐp khi chÞu ¸p lùc bÊt
®èi xøng, vµ sù khã kh¨n trong viÖc lÊp ®Çy hoµn
toµn khe hë gi÷a hÇm vµ khèi ®Êt ®¸ ngay c¶ khi sö
dông c¸ch thøc b¬m v÷a lÊp nhÐt.
convergence /k”n'v”:d™”ns/ n [tÝnh, sù] héi
tô, ®é héi tô; sù nhËp (®iÓm): Changes in the
distance between fixed points on a (cross-section of
 68
a) tunnel lining as a result of loading on the lining.
In other words, convergence of the tunnel along line
a is the relative displacement of a diametrically-
opposed pair of points on the tunnel wall on this line
as the working face advances: Lµ sù thay ®æi vÒ
kho¶ng c¸ch gi÷a c¸c ®iÓm cè ®Þnh trªn mét (mÆt c¾t
ngang cña mét) hÇm do kÕt qu¶ cña sù gia t¶i lªn vá
hÇm. Nãi c¸ch kh¸c, sù héi tô cña hÇm theo mét
®−êng th¼ng a nµo ®ã lµ sù dÞch chuyÓn t−¬ng ®èi
víi nhau cña mét cÆp ®iÓm trªn t−êng hÇm n»m ®èi
diÖn qua ®−êng kÝnh hÇm theo h−íng ®−êng th¼ng a
nµy trong khi g−¬ng hÇm tiÕp tôc ®−îc ®µo tiÕn s©u
o Besides regular geometrical levelling of tunnel
roof and invert movements, convergences of a few
side wall points are to be measured: Ngoµi viÖc ®o
cao tr×nh vÒ mÆt h×nh häc th«ng th−êng ®èi víi c¸c
chuyÓn vÞ cña m¸i trÇn vµ ®¸y hÇm, th× sù héi tô (sù
nhÝch l¹i gÇn nhau) cña mét vµi ®iÓm trªn v¸ch hÇm
còng ph¶i ®−îc ®o ®¹c.
convergence-confinement method /k”n'v”:d™”ns
k”n'fainm”nt / n ph−¬ng ph¸p héi tô-khèng chÕ: A
method for designing tunnel support taking account
of the ground/support interaction. Instead of the
three-dimensional problem, the convergence-
confinement method addresses a two-dimensional
plane strain problem of the ground/support
interaction. Selecting the confinement loss λd
corresponding to the convergence occurring before
the suppport starts interacting with the ground is the
most critical point in the convergence-confinement
method: Lµ mét ph−¬ng ph¸p thiÕt kÕ hÖ thèng chèng
®ì hÇm xÐt ®Õn t−¬ng t¸c ®Êt nÒn/kÕt cÊu. Thay v× xÐt
bµi to¸n ba chiÒu, ph−¬ng ph¸p héi tô-khèng chÕ chØ
gi¶i quyÕt bµi to¸n biÕn d¹ng ph¼ng hai chiÒu cña
t−¬ng t¸c ®Êt nÒn/hÖ chèng ®ì. ViÖc lùa chän mét hÖ
sè mÊt sù khèng chÕ ba chiÒu cña ®Êt ®¸ λd t−¬ng
øng víi ®é héi tô x¶y ra tr−íc khi hÖ chèng ®ì b¾t
®Çu lµm viÖc cïng víi ®Êt nÒn lµ ®iÓm quan träng
nhÊt trong ph−¬ng ph¸p héi tô-khèng chÕ.
convergence measurement /k”n'v”:dʒ”ns
'm”ʒ”m”nt/ n viÖc ®o ®é héi tô: The convergence
and crown settlement measurement shall be
measured, in principle, in the same cross section.
Typical measurement intervals of crown settlement
and convergence range from 10 to 30 meter,
depending on the ground condition and construction
step: ViÖc ®o ®é héi tô vµ ®é lón cña ®Ønh vßm hÇm,
vÒ nguyªn t¾c, ph¶i ®−îc tiÕn hµnh trªn cïng mét
mÆt c¾t. Kho¶ng c¸ch ®o th−êng tõ 10 ®Õn 30 mÐt,
tuú thuéc vµo ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt vµ b−íc thi c«ng.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
convergence point /k”n'v”:dʒ”ns p˜int/ n ®Çu
®o ®é héi tô: The tunneling contractor will monitor
convergence reference points to detect movement
within the tunnel. Convergence reference points are
anchors embedded in the tunnel support system to
measure changes in the tunnel width. The maximum
allowable movement for convergence point
monitoring will be 0.4 percent, and the movement of
0.3 percent will trigger corrective action such as the
addition of increased support until movement
ceases: Nhµ thÇu lµm hÇm ph¶i theo dâi c¸c ®iÓm ®o
héi tô ®Ó ph¸t hiÖn chuyÓn dÞch bªn trong hÇm. C¸c
®iÓm ®o héi tô lµ nh÷ng thanh neo ®−îc ch«n vµo hÖ
thèng chèng ®ì hÇm ®Ó ®o c¸c thay ®æi vÒ chiÒu
réng hÇm. ChuyÓn dÞch cho phÐp lín nhÊt ®èi víi
quan tr¾c ®Çu ®o héi tô sÏ b»ng kho¶ng 0,4% vµ
møc chuyÓn dÞch 0,3% sÏ b¸o ®éng r»ng cÇn ph¶i cã
biÖn ph¸p ®iÒu chØnh, vÝ dô nh− t¨ng c−êng hÖ chèng
cho ®Õn khi dÞch chuyÓn dõng l¹i.
convex seating /k˜n'veks 'si:ti–/ n mÆt tùa låi
(cña b¶n ®Öm bul«ng neo).
conveyor /k”n'vei”:/ n b¨ng t¶i: An apparatus for
moving material from one point to another in a
continuous fashion. This is accomplished with an
endless (that is, looped) procession of hooks,
buckets, wide rubber belt, etc.: Mét c¬ cÊu ®Ó vËn
chuyÓn vËt liÖu tõ ®iÓm nµy tíi ®iÓm kh¸c mét c¸ch
liªn tôc. §iÒu nµy lµ nhê mét d·y ch¹y thµnh vßng
kÝn cña c¸c mãc, gµu, b¨ng cao su réng, v.v...
coordinate /kou'˜:dineit/ n täa ®é: A computer
printout listing coordinates of points, tangent
bearing, and elevetion of points and slope at 1.5-
meter intervals on the tunnel centerline should be
incorporated into the tunnel contract documents:
Ph¶i ®−a vµo tµi liÖu hîp ®ång x©y dùng hÇm mét
b¶n in b»ng m¸y tÝnh, cã liÖt kª tÊt c¶ c¸c täa ®é cña
c¸c ®iÓm, c¸c gãc ph−¬ng vÞ cña tiÕp tuyÕn ®−êng
cong, vµ cao ®é cña c¸c ®iÓm còng nh− m¸i dèc víi
c¸ch qu·ng 1.5 m.
core /k˜:/ n nh©n, lâi, lâi khoan; mÉu thö: A
cylindrical sample of hardened grout, concrete,
rock, or grouted deposits usually obtained by means
of a core drill: Lµ mét mÉu h×nh trô cña v÷a ®«ng
cøng, bªt«ng, ®¸, hay ®Êt ®¸ ®· ®−îc gia cè b»ng
b¬m v÷a, th−êng thu ®−îc nhê dïng mét m¸y khoan
lÊy lâi o After curing in the manner proposed for
the production work, cores and beams should be
taken and tested: Sau khi b¶o d−ìng theo ®óng c¸ch
thøc ®Ò nghÞ ¸p dông cho c«ng tr×nh thùc, cÇn ph¶i
khoan lÊy mÉu vµ chÕ t¹o dÇm thö, sau ®ã thÝ
nghiÖm.
 69
core loss /k˜: l˜s/ n sù mÊt lâi khoan, l−îng lâi
khoan kh«ng thu håi ®−îc: In borings the places
where no core is recovered are important, since they
indicate a weakness in the rock. When core loss
occurs, the geologist must refer to his drilling notes
to locate the actual point of the loss: Trong c¸c lç
khoan, c¸c vÞ trÝ kh«ng thu håi ®−îc lâi khoan lµ cã
ý nghÜa, v× chóng chØ ra sù mÒm yÕu cña ®¸. Khi x¶y
ra mÊt lâi, nhµ ®Þa chÊt ph¶i ghi chó vµo sæ theo dâi
khoan cña m×nh ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh vÞ trÝ mÊt lâi thùc tÕ.
core recovery /k˜: ri'k—v”ri/ n l−îng/tû lÖ thu håi
lâi khoan: In rock core drilling, the amount of the
drilled rock withdrawn as core (i.e., recovered);
generally expressed as a percentage of the cored
interval or coring "run". Examples: a 5 ft coring run
that yields 4 ft of rock core constitutes a recovery of
80 percent: Trong khoan lÊy mÉu ®¸, ®ã lµ l−îng lâi
®¸ lÊy ra ®−îc tõ lç khoan (tøc lµ thu håi ®−îc); nãi
chung ®−îc biÓu thÞ b»ng phÇn tr¨m cña chiÒu dµi
toµn bé lâi khoan. VÝ dô: mét lç khoan 5 ft mµ thu
håi ®−îc 4 ft lâi ®¸ sÏ cho ta tû lÖ thu håi lµ 80 phÇn
tr¨m.
core sample /k˜: l˜s/ n mÉu lâi khoan: A
cylinder sample generally 1-5" in diameter drilled
out of an area to determine the geologic and
chemical analysis of the overburden and coal: Lµ
mét mÉu h×nh trô nãi chung cã ®−êng kÝnh 1-5 in-s¬
®−îc khoan lÊy ra khái mét khu vùc ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh c¸c
®Æc tr−ng ®Þa chÊt vµ hãa häc cña tÇng ®Êt phñ vµ
than.
core test /k˜: test/ n thÝ nghiÖm trªn/b»ng lâi
khoan: Compression strength test on a concrete
sample cut from hardened concrete or shotcrete by
means of a core drill: Lµ thÝ nghiÖm c−êng ®é nÐn
thùc hiÖn trªn mét mÉu bªt«ng c¾t ra tõ khèi bªt«ng
®· ®«ng cøng hay bªt«ng phun b»ng mét m¸y khoan
lÊy lâi.
coring /k˜:riô/ n nh©n, lâi, lâi khoan; mÉu thö; sù
khoan lÊy mÉu: The concrete test panels (at least
1000 mm x 1000 mm in size and 200 mm thick) must
not be moved for 18 hours after spraying and must
be stored without disturbance at a temperature of
+200C ¡50C and covered by polythene sheet until the
time of coring (the test cores to be taken from panels
will be 100 mm diameter and 100 mm long): C¸c
tÊm bªt«ng dïng cho môc ®Ých thÝ nghiÖm (kÝch
th−íc 1000x1000x200 mm) kh«ng ®−îc di chuyÓn
trong vßng 18 giê sau khi phun vµ ph¶i ®−îc b¶o
qu¶n kh«ng bÞ ®ông ch¹m ë nhiÖt ®é +200C ¡50C vµ
b¶o d−ìng (phñ) b»ng tÊm nhùa tæng hîp p«liten
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
(PE) cho tíi thêi ®iÓm khoan lÊy mÉu thö (c¸c mÉu
thö lÊy tõ panen sÏ dµi 100mm, ®−êng kÝnh 100mm).
corrective measures /kə'rektiv 'meʒə/ n c¸c biÖn
ph¸p söa ch÷a/kh¾c phôc: Group of measures
adopted in order to restore environmental damages
caused in the construction: Nhãm c¸c biÖn ph¸p ¸p
dông nh»m kh«i phôc c¸c t¸c h¹i/xuèng cÊp vÒ m«i
tr−êng g©y bëi qu¸ tr×nh thi c«ng.
correlation /,kɔri'lei∫n/ n mèi liªn hÖ qua l¹i;
suy dÉn: In order to find out the correlation between
depletion of groundwater and tunnel excavation, a
series of investigation should be executed including
geological and geophysical investigation: §Ó t×m
hiÓu mèi quan hÖ gi÷a sù sôt gi¶m n−íc ngÇm víi
qu¸ tr×nh ®µo hÇm, ph¶i tiÕn hµnh hµng lo¹t kh¶o
s¸t bao gåm kh¶o s¸t ®Þa chÊt vµ ®Þa vËt lý.
corrosion /k”'rou™n/ n sù ¨n mßn:
Deterioration of metal, concrete, or other materials
by chemical or electrochemical reaction resulting
from exposure to weather, oxygen, moisture,
chemicals, etc.: Lµ sù suy tho¸i cña kim lo¹i, bªt«ng,
hoÆc c¸c vËt liÖu kh¸c bëi ph¶n øng hãa häc hay
®iÖn hãa sinh ra tõ sù tiÕp xóc víi thêi tiÕt, «xy, h¬i
Èm, hãa chÊt, v.v… o Protection against corrosion
is provided by the highly alkaline environment of the
Portland cement hydrates within the concrete.
Carbonation, that is, the reaction of the hydrates
with carbon dioxide can, however, break down this
protection if it penetrates as far as the steel: Sù b¶o
vÖ chèng ¨n mßn cèt thÐp cã ®−îc lµ nhê m«i tr−êng
cã tÝnh kiÒm cao cña c¸c hi®rat xim¨ng Poocl¨ng
trong bªt«ng. Tuy nhiªn, sù cacbonat hãa, tøc lµ, sù
ph¶n øng gi÷a c¸c hi®rat víi ®i«xyt cacbon CO2, cã
thÓ ph¸ huû sù b¶o vÖ nµy nÕu nã th©m nhËp s©u vµo
®Õn cèt thÐp o There is no evidence, based on 100
years experience, of corrosion of cast iron liners:
Dùa vµo kinh nghiÖm hµng tr¨m n¨m, thÊy r»ng
kh«ng cã b»ng chøng nµo vÒ sù ¨n mßn c¸c vßng vá
hÇm b»ng gang c¶.
corrosion protection /k”'rou™n pr”'tek‘n/ n b¶o
vÖ chèng ¨n mßn: The integrity of the corrosion
protection applied to any anchor of permanent or
semi-permanent usage is critical to the success of
the performance of the anchor: PhÈm chÊt cña kü
thuËt b¶o vÖ chèng ¨n mßn cho bÊt kú øng dông neo
vÜnh cöu hay b¸n vÜnh cöu nµo lµ rÊt quan träng cho
sù thµnh c«ng cña kh¶ n¨ng lµm viÖc cña neo o
Australia probably leads the way with the most
extensive use of long ultra high capacity dam
anchors (12,000kN working load, up to 120m long)
complete with modern corrosion protection systems:
¤xtr©ylia cã lÏ lµ n−íc dÉn ®Çu trong viÖc sö dông
 70
réng r·i lo¹i neo dµi cã søc chÞu t¶i rÊt cao cho c¸c
®Ëp (t¶i träng lµm viÖc 12.000 kN, dµi tíi 120m),
céng víi nh÷ng hÖ thèng b¶o vÖ chèng ¨n mßn hiÖn
®¹i.
corrosive water /k”'rousiv 'w˜:t” / n n−íc ¨n mßn:
Water containing chemicals, such as sulfides, can
react with temporary steel support or permanent
concrete lining, causing deterioration and reduction
in strength and possibly ultimate failure. If corrosive
water is present, suitable steps must be taken, such
as waterproofing or use of special cements: N−íc cã
chøa c¸c hãa chÊt, nh− c¸c muèi sunfua, cã thÓ ph¶n
øng víi hÖ v× chèng t¹m b»ng thÐp hay vá hÇm vÜnh
cöu, g©y ra h− háng vµ gi¶m c−êng ®é, vµ rÊt cã thÓ
g©y ph¸ ho¹i hoµn toµn. NÕu n−íc ¨n mßn hiÖn diÖn,
ph¶i cã c¸c biÖn ph¸p thÝch hîp, nh− líp phßng n−íc
hoÆc sö dông c¸c lo¹i xim¨ng ®Æc biÖt.
cost analysis /k˜st ”'n“l”sis/ n ph©n tÝch gi¸ thµnh:
Cost-benefit analysis consist of identifying and
quantifying the costs and benefits and, where
possible, ascribing values to them. It is used
particularly for non-marketable goods: Ph©n tÝch
chi phÝ - lîi nhuËn bao gåm viÖc x¸c ®Þnh vµ l−îng
hãa c¸c kho¶n chi phÝ vµ c¸c kho¶n lîi nhuËn, vµ
nÕu cã thÓ, g¸n cho chóng c¸c gi¸ trÞ cô thÓ. Nã ®Æc
biÖt ®−îc sö dông cho c¸c hµng hãa kh«ng thÓ b¸n
®−îc. o An example of the cost analysis of heading
costs is as follows: unit bid price of tunnel - $3000
per foot, average advance per day - 40 feet per day,
average income per hour - $5000 per hour: Mét vÝ
dô vÒ ph©n tÝch gi¸ thµnh ®èi víi chi phÝ ®µo hÇm lµ
nh− sau: ®¬n gi¸ bá thÇu cña hÇm - 9850 USD/mÐt,
®é tiÕn s©u trung b×nh mçi ngµy - 12 mÐt/ngµy, thu
nhËp trung b×nh mçi giê - 5000 USD/giê.
cost effective /k˜st i'fektiv/ n chi phÝ cã hiÖu qu¶:
Having a benefit-cost ratio greater than 1 when all
costs and benefits can be monetarized. Otherwise,
cost judged to be worthwhile against benefits. When
several options are being compared, the option with
the highest benefit-cost ratio: Cã tû sè lîi nhuËn -
chi phÝ lín h¬n 1 khi mäi chi phÝ vµ lîi nhuËn cã thÓ
l−îng hãa b»ng tiÒn ®−îc. MÆt kh¸c, chi phÝ ®−îc
ph©n tÝch ®Ó thÊy ®−îc lµ nã ®¸ng gi¸ khi xÐt ®Õn lîi
nhuËn. Khi so s¸nh mét sè ph−¬ng ¸n, th× ph−¬ng ¸n
cã chi phÝ hiÖu qu¶ chÝnh lµ c¸i ®em l¹i tû lÖ lîi
nhuËn trªn chi phÝ cao nhÊt.
cost validation /k˜st ,væli'dei∫n/ n thÈm ®Þnh
gi¸/chi phÝ: A detailed examination of the Project
Team Estimate for the project under consideration to
assess validity, reasonableness, consistency and
accuracy of these costs. Development of a project
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
Base Cost is a product of the validation process.
Cost Validation is a key component to a Cost
Estimate Validation Process (CEVP) workshop, -
full validation does not take place in a typical Cost
Risk Assessment (CRA): Lµ mét sù kiÓm tra chi tiÕt
vÒ Dù to¸n cña bªn ®¹i diÖn dù ¸n ®èi víi dù ¸n
®ang ®−îc xem xÐt nh»m thÈm ®Þnh tÝnh cã gi¸ trÞ,
tÝnh hîp lý/ph¶i ch¨ng, chi phÝ dù phßng vµ tÝnh
chÝnh x¸c cña nh÷ng chi phÝ nµy. ViÖc ®−a vµo ¸p
dông gi¸ c¬ së cña mét dù ¸n chÝnh lµ mét s¶n phÈm
cña qu¸ tr×nh thÈm ®Þnh gi¸. ThÈm ®Þnh chi phÝ lµ
mét thµnh phÇn c¬ b¶n ®èi víi mét héi th¶o Qu¸
tr×nh ThÈm ®Þnh Dù to¸n Chi phÝ (CEVP) - v× sù
thÈm ®Þnh ®Çy ®ñ sÏ kh«ng thùc hiÖn trong mét §¸nh
gi¸ Rñi ro Chi phÝ (CRA) th«ng th−êng.
countermeasures for ground water /,kaunt”,meʒ”
f˜: 'graund,w˜:t”/ n c¸c biÖn ph¸p ®èi phã víi n−íc
ngÇm: For mountain tunneling methods: when
there is a water inflow that effects the self-support of
the face or the stability of the ground during
excavation, a water sealing method such as
grouting, and a groundwater lowering method such
as by deep well, well point, or drainage tunnel
become necessary. For shield methods: usually
closed-type shield does not require an auxiliary
method, but the open type does. For cut-and-
cover methods: auxiliary methods such as deeper
penetration of earth retaining wall, ground water
reducing method, soil improvement, etc. usually
become necessary to overcome the boiling or
heaving: ➊ §èi víi ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo hÇm qua nói:
NÕu cã dßng n−íc ch¶y vµo hÇm g©y ¶nh h−ëng ®Õn
kh¶ n¨ng tù chèng ®ì cña g−¬ng ®µo hoÆc tÝnh æn
®Þnh cña khèi ®Êt trong khi ®µo, th× cÇn ¸p dông biÖn
ph¸p bÞt kÝn n−íc nh− b¬m v÷a, vµ biÖn ph¸p h¹
thÊp mùc n−íc ngÇm nh− dïng giÕng b¬m s©u, giÕng
läc, hoÆc hÇm tho¸t n−íc. ➋ §èi víi ph−¬ng ph¸p
®µo hÇm b»ng khiªn: th−êng th× lo¹i khiªn kÝn kh«ng
®ßi hái biÖn ph¸p bæ trî, nh−ng lo¹i khiªn hë th×
ph¶i cÇn. ➌ §èi víi ph−¬ng ph¸p lé thiªn: c¸c biÖn
ph¸p bæ sung nh− dïng t−êng ch¾n ®Êt ®Æt s©u h¬n,
h¹ thÊp mùc n−íc ngÇm, c¶i t¹o ®Êt… lµ cÇn thiÕt ®Ó
kh¾c phôc sù ®Èy tråi (bïng nÒn).
counterproductive /,kaunt”-pr”'d—ktiv/ adj
ph¶n t¸c dông: It's counter-productive for the
tunnel's support system to be too rigid: it just makes
the lining sensitive to cracking: ThËt lµ ph¶n t¸c
dông khi hÖ thèng chèng ®ì cña hÇm qu¸ cøng r¾n:
nã chØ tæ lµm cho vá hÇm dÔ bÞ nøt.
 71
counter-weight fill /,kaunt”weit fil/ n ®Êt ®¾p
®èi träng: At portal section, unsymmetrical pressure
may act on the tunnel section and a large stress may
occur in the tunnel depending on the positions of the
slope and tunnel. Unless the tunnel stabilizes,
measures are required to balance the earth pressure
by using a counter-weight fill or cut for slope
stabilization: T¹i cæng hÇm, ¸p lùc bÊt ®èi xøng cã
thÓ t¸c dông lªn ®o¹n hÇm nµy vµ mét øng suÊt lín
cã thÓ xuÊt hiÖn trong hÇm tïy thuéc vµo vÞ trÝ t−¬ng
quan gi÷a m¸i dèc vµ ®−êng hÇm. Trõ phi ®−êng
hÇm tù æn ®Þnh ®−îc, cÇn cã c¸c biÖn ph¸p nh»m
lµm c©n b»ng ¸p lùc ®Êt b»ng c¸ch t¹o mét khèi ®¾p
®èi träng, hoÆc ®µo bít m¸i dèc ®Ó cho nã æn ®Þnh.
country rock /'kʌntri r˜k/ n ®¸ bªn c¹nh, khèi ®¸
bao quanh: Rock intruded by and surrounding an
igneous intrusion: Lµ ®¸ x©m nhËp ë bªn c¹nh hoÆc
xung quanh mét thÓ x©m nhËp macma.
coupling /'kʌpli–/ n sù ghÐp, sù nèi; khíp nèi,
èng nèi: The two main coupling types are the sleeve
and the bridge type. In the sleeve type coupling the
thread runs straight through the coupling and the
percussion energy is transmitted through the joint
between the rod ends. In the bridge type there is a
central land in the coupling, and the threads are
produced separately from each end. Here the drive
between the rods is transmitted through the bridge,
which also contains a flushing hole. The coupling
diameter normally determines the maximum rod
diameter that can be used with a given hole diameter
(bit diameter): Cã hai kiÓu nèi cÇn khoan c¬ b¶n lµ
èng nèi tiÕp xóc vµ èng nèi b¾c cÇu. Trong c¸ch nèi
kiÓu èng bäc, c¸c ren ch¹y th¼ng suèt èng nèi vµ
n¨ng l−îng ®Ëp ®−îc truyÒn qua chç tiÕp xóc gi÷a
hai ®Çu cÇn khoan. Trong kiÓu b¾c cÇu, cã mét
kho¶ng trèng ë gi÷a èng nèi, vµ c¸c ren ®−îc chÕ t¹o
riªng biÖt tõ hai ®Çu èng. Sù truyÒn ®éng gi÷a c¸c
cÇn khoan ®−îc th«ng qua cÇu nèi, t¹i ®©y còng cã
mét lç röa m¹t khoan. Th−êng th× ®−êng kÝnh èng
nèi sÏ quyÕt ®Þnh ®−êng kÝnh lín nhÊt cña cÇn khoan
®Ó sö dông cho mét ®−êng kÝnh lç khoan (mòi khoan)
nhÊt ®Þnh.
* Table: Largest rod diameters for different bit sizes in bench
drilling: B¶ng: §−êng kÝnh cÇn khoan lín nhÊt t−¬ng øng víi c¸c
cì mòi khoan vµ èng nèi kh¸c nhau dïng trong khoan bËc thÒm
Bit diameter Largest rod Coupling
(§−êng kÝnh diameter diameter
mòi khoan, (§−êng kÝnh cÇn (§−êng kÝnh cót
mm) khoan lín nhÊt, nèi, mm)
mm)
41 25 36
45 28 40
51 32 44
57 32 44
64 38 55
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
70 38 55
76 45 63
89 51 72
coupling and uncoupling of rods /'kʌpli– “nd
ʌn'kʌpli–/ n sù ghÐp nèi vµ th¸o c¸c cÇn khoan:
Hydraulic rock drills are mounted on chain feeds
which can handle either 3.05 m, 3.66 m or 6.1 m
drill steels. The feeds are fitted with a retaining
centralizer for coupling and uncoupling of rods, and
a hose reel when toe holes need to be drilled with the
rig: C¸c bóa khoan thñy lùc ®−îc l¾p trªn c¸c bé
dÉn tiÕn b»ng xÝch mµ chóng cã thÓ xö lý ®−îc c¸c
lo¹i cÇn khoan dµi 3,05 m, 3,66 m hay 6,1 m. C¸c
èng dÉn ®−îc l¾p mét bé phËn gi÷ c©n b»ng ®Ó nèi
vµ th¸o c¸c ®o¹n cÇn khoan, vµ mét cuén èng thñy
lùc ®Ó dïng khi gi¸ khoan ph¶i khoan c¸c lç ë ch©n
g−¬ng ®µo.
cover /'kʌv”/ n líp ®Êt phñ: The material,
including soil and/or rock, as measured along a
perpendicular from the tunnel crown to the ground
surface. See also overburden: Lµ líp vËt liÖu gåm
®Êt vµ/hoÆc ®¸ ®−îc ®o theo chiÒu d©y däi tõ ®Ønh
hÇm tíi bÒ mÆt ®Êt. Còng xem "Overburden".
cover /'kʌv”/ n líp bªt«ng b¶o vÖ: In reinforced
concrete or shotcrete, the least distance between the
surface of the reinforement and the outer surface of
the concrete or shotcrete: Trong bªt«ng cèt thÐp hay
bªt«ng phun, lµ kho¶ng c¸ch bÐ nhÊt gi÷a bÒ mÆt cèt
thÐp vµ mÆt ngoµi cña bªt«ng hay bªt«ng phun.
covering up /'kʌv”ri– ʌp/ n sù che phñ, lÊp ®i:
Before covering up the examination and
measurement of work should be done. Arrangements
must exist for the Engineer to inspect work which is
to be covered up: CÇn ph¶i kiÓm tra vµ ®o ®¹c c«ng
viÖc tr−íc khi ch«n lÊp. Ph¶i bè trÝ cho T− vÊn
nghiÖm thu h¹ng môc c«ng viÖc s¾p ®−îc lÊp phñ.
CPM (critical-path-method schedule) /si:pi:em/ n
TiÕn ®é lËp theo Ph−¬ng ph¸p §−êng G¨ng: For
complex or expensive projects a critical-path-
method (CPM) schedule is commonly used: §èi víi
c¸c dù ¸n phøc t¹p vµ gi¸ thµnh lín mét b¶ng tiÕn
®é theo ph−¬ng ph¸p ®−êng g¨ng (ph−¬ng ph¸p
®−êng tíi h¹n - CPM) th−êng ®−îc sö dông.
CPT (cone penetration test) /si:pi:ti:/ n thÝ nghiÖm
xuyªn c«n: CPT is an in-situ method of testing soil
using a Static or Dutch Cone: Lµ mét ph−¬ng ph¸p
hiÖn tr−êng ®Ó thÝ nghiÖm ®Êt b»ng c¸ch dïng mét
c«n tÜnh.
crack /kr“k/ n vÕt nøt, khe nøt; vÕt r¹n: The
presence of cracks in concrete reduces its resistance
to the action of leaching, corrosion of reinforcement,
 72
attack by sulphates and other chemicals, alkali-
aggregate reaction and freezing and thawing, all of
which may lead to disruption of concrete: Sù cã mÆt
c¸c khe nøt trong bªt«ng lµm gi¶m søc chèng chÞu
cña nã ®èi víi t¸c dông bµo mßn do hßa tan, ¨n mßn
cèt thÐp, tÊn c«ng bëi sunph¸t vµ c¸c hãa chÊt kh¸c,
ph¶n øng kiÒm-cèt liÖu còng nh− ®ãng b¨ng - tan
b¨ng, tÊt c¶ c¸c yÕu tè ®ã ®Òu cã thÓ dÉn tíi sù ph¸
háng bªt«ng.
crack in lining /kr“k in 'lainiô/ n vÕt/khe
nøt/r¹n trong vá hÇm: Cracks in the lining are easily
formed due to deformation caused by an excessive
load, as well as by the strain applied by concrete
shrinkage. Cracks in the lining significantly reduce
the strength characteristic and watertightness of the
lining, and adversely affect durability, safety, and
the original function of lining due to water leakage,
the formation of icicles, freezing, and thawing: C¸c
khe nøt trong vá hÇm rÊt dÔ h×nh thµnh do sù biÕn
d¹ng g©y bëi mét t¶i träng qu¸ møc, còng nh− bëi
biÕn d¹ng do co ngãt bªt«ng. C¸c vÕt nøt nµy lµm
gi¶m ®¸ng kÓ tÝnh chÊt c−êng ®é vµ tÝnh kÝn n−íc
cña vá hÇm, vµ ¶nh h−ëng xÊu ®Õn ®é bÒn, ®é an
toµn, vµ chøc n¨ng ban ®Çu cña vá hÇm do bëi sù rß
thÊm n−íc, sù h×nh thµnh c¸c cét b¨ng, sù ®ãng b¨ng
vµ tan b¨ng.
cracking /kr“kiô/ n sù r¹n nøt, sù t¹o thµnh
vÕt nøt: When a change in volume of concrete (due
to the chemical combination of water and cement,
the subsequent drying of concrete, etc.) is resisted by
internal or external forces this can produce
cracking; the greater the imposed restraint, the more
severe the cracking: Khi mét sù thay ®æi vÒ thÓ tÝch
cña bªt«ng (do sù kÕt hîp cña n−íc víi xim¨ng, do
sù kh« ®i sau ®ã cña bªt«ng, v.v…) bÞ chèng l¹i bëi
c¸c néi lùc hay ngo¹i lùc, nã cã thÓ sinh ra vÕt nøt;
sù ng¨n c¶n ®ã cµng lín, th× sù t¹o thµnh vÕt nøt
cµng trÇm träng.
cracking agent /kr“kiô 'eidʒ”nt/ n chÊt t¹o vÕt
nøt; chÊt ph¸ vì ®Êt ®¸: In places where the use of
explosives and blasting is simply impossible,
cracking and demolition agents represent a suitable
alternative. The advantages are: no ground
vibrations or noise, no flyrock or scattering of
stones, cracking agents are not restricted by the laws
governing explosives. The use of cracking agents is
more expensive and can therefore be justified only in
cases where blasting is completely impossible: T¹i
nh÷ng n¬i mµ viÖc dïng thuèc næ vµ næ m×n lµ kh«ng
thÓ ®−îc, th× c¸c chÊt lµm nøt vµ ph¸ hñy lµ mét
ph−¬ng ¸n thay thÕ phï hîp. C¸c −u ®iÓm lµ: kh«ng
cã chÊn ®éng ®Êt hay tiÕng ån, kh«ng cã ®¸ bay hay
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
v¨ng v·i ®¸ côc, c¸c chÊt lµm nøt kh«ng bÞ giíi h¹n
bëi luËt vÒ thuèc næ. Nh−ng dïng chÊt lµm nøt sÏ ®¾t
h¬n, do ®ã chØ ®−îc xÐt ®Õn khi mµ viÖc næ m×n lµ
hoµn toµn kh«ng thÓ ®−îc o When the agent is
mixed with water, the mass expands and hardens.
The expansion force is typically in eccess of 40 MPa
(4000 tonnes/m2). In general, a force of 15 MPa is
required for cracking rock and concrete. The
expansion continues even after cracks have
appeared in the rock. This continuing expansion
widens the crack, which facilitates demolition work:
Khi hãa chÊt ®−îc trén víi n−íc, hçn hîp në ra vµ
cøng l¹i. Lùc gi·n në th«ng th−êng v−ît qu¸ 40 MPa
(4000 tÊn/m2). Nãi chung, mét lùc 15 MPa lµ ®ñ ®Ó
lµm nøt vì ®¸ vµ bªt«ng. Sù gi·n në tiÕp tôc ngay c¶
sau khi c¸c vÕt nøt ®· xuÊt hiÖn trong khèi ®¸. Sù
gi·n në liªn tôc nµy lµm më réng khe nøt, do ®ã t¹o
dÔ dµng cho viÖc ph¸ vì.
cradle for shields /'kreidl f˜: ‘i:ldz/ n bÖ ®ì
khiªn ®µo: A concrete cradle having a radius
conforming to the outside radius of the shield is
constructed to support it during erection and to
provide a track long enough ahead of the shield for
about two shoves: Mét bÖ ®ì bªt«ng cã b¸n kÝnh phï
hîp víi b¸n kÝnh ngoµi cña khiªn ®µo ®−îc lµm
nh»m ®ì khiªn trong khi l¾p dùng vµ ®Ó t¹o mét lèi
di chuyÓn ®ñ dµi tr−íc mòi khiªn kho¶ng hai b−íc
®µo.
crane /krein/ n cÇn trôc, xe cÈu: A device that
moves and lifts heavy weights: Lµ mét thiÕt bÞ ®Ó di
chuyÓn vµ n©ng c¸c vËt nÆng o Shafts (accessing a
tunnel) in soft ground are normally excavated with a
crane using a clamshell bucket to hoist the muck
from the shaft and drop it into a hopper or truck on
the surface: C¸c giÕng ®øng (vµo hÇm) trong ®Êt yÕu
th−êng ®−îc ®µo b»ng mét cÇn cÈu cã dïng gµu xóc
®Ó n©ng ®Êt ®¸ th¶i khái giÕng vµ ®æ nã vµo mét
thïng chøa hay xe t¶i trªn mÆt ®Êt.
creep /kri:p/ n tõ biÕn: Time-dependent deformation
due to load / Time-dependent deformation of
concrete under sustained load: Lµ biÕn d¹ng phô
thuéc theo thêi gian cña bªt«ng d−íi t¶i träng l©u
dµi o Slow movement of rock debris or soil usually
imperceptible except to observations of long
duration. Timedependent strain or deformation, for
example, continuing strain with sustained stress: Lµ
sù chuyÓn ®éng chËm cña vôn ®¸ hay ®Êt th−êng lµ
kh«ng nhËn thÊy ®−îc trõ phi cã c¸c quan s¸t trong
thêi gian dµi. Lµ biÕn d¹ng phô thuéc theo thêi gian,
vÝ dô, biÕn d¹ng tiÕp diÔn víi øng suÊt kh«ng ®æi.
 73
creep deformation of concrete /kri:p ,di:f˜:'mei‘n/
n biÕn d¹ng tõ biÕn cña bªt«ng: When concrete is
subjected to a sustained load, it first undergoes an
instantaneous deformation (elastic) and thereafter
continues to deform with time. The increase in strain
with time is termed creep: Khi bªt«ng chÞu mét t¶i
träng kh«ng ®æi, tr−íc hÕt nã tr¶i qua mét sù biÕn
d¹ng tøc thêi (®µn håi), vµ sau ®ã tiÕp tôc biÕn d¹ng
theo thêi gian. Sù t¨ng biÕn d¹ng theo thêi gian gäi
lµ tõ biÕn.
creep of metal /kri:p/ n sù r·o, sù tõ biÕn kim lo¹i:
At elevated temperatures, or at room temperature
for some low melting point metals, prolonged
loading at stresses below the normal yield point may
lead to a process of plastic flow or creep: ë nhiÖt ®é
cao, hoÆc ë nhiÖt ®é phßng ®èi víi mét sè kim lo¹i
cã ®iÓm nãng ch¶y thÊp, sù chÊt t¶i kÐo dµi t¹i møc
øng suÊt thÊp h¬n giíi h¹n ch¶y b×nh th−êng cã thÓ
dÉn tíi mét qu¸ tr×nh ch¶y dÎo, hay cßn gäi lµ sù tõ
biÕn.
creep of rock /kri:p/ n sù r·o, sù tõ biÕn, sù lë ®¸:
Rock masses usually fail because some limit of strain
has been exceeded; that is, a modest stress level held
for a sufficient time will eventually cause most rocks
to fail. We say rocks creep: C¸c khèi ®¸ th−êng bÞ
ph¸ ho¹i bëi v× mét giíi h¹n nµo ®ã cña biÕn d¹ng
®· bÞ v−ît qu¸; nghÜa lµ, mét cÊp ®é øng suÊt võa
ph¶i sau khi ®· duy tr× trong mét kho¶ng thêi gian
nµo ®ã cuèi cïng sÏ lµm cho hÇu hÕt c¸c ®¸ ph¸ hñy.
Ta nãi ®¸ bÞ lë (r·o, tõ biÕn).
crib /krib/ n giµn chèng gç: A roof support of prop
timbers or ties, laid in alternate cross-layers, log-
cabin style. It may or may not be filled with debris.
Also may be called a chock or cog: Mét hÖ chèng
nãc hÇm b»ng c¸c thanh gç gi»ng ngang däc, xÕp ®Æt
theo kiÓu tóp nhµ lµm b»ng gç ghÐp víi c¸c líp chÐo
nhau. Nã cã thÓ ®−îc ®æ ®Çy ®¸ sái hoÆc kh«ng. Cßn
gäi lµ "chock" hay "cog".
cribbing /kribiô/ n hÖ giµn chèng gç: The
construction of cribs or timbers laid at right angles
to each other, sometimes filled with earth, as a roof
support or as a support for machinery: CÊu tróc cña
c¸c giµn chèng hay thanh gç l¾p ®Æt vu«ng gãc víi
nhau, ®«i khi ®æ ®Çy b»ng ®Êt, dïng lµm hÖ chèng
nãc hÇm hay lµm gi¸ ®ì cho m¸y mãc.
criteria /krai'tiəriə/ n tiªu chuÈn (®¸nh gi¸ tµi
chÝnh dù ¸n): Factors by reference to which a
decision is taken. Multi-criteria analysis may also be
carried out, possibly incorporating cost-benefit
analysis as one of the criteria: Lµ c¸c nh©n tè mµ
chóng ta dùa vµo ®ã ®Ó ra quyÕt ®Þnh. Còng cã thÓ
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
tiÕn hµnh ph©n tÝch ®a tiªu chuÈn, ch¼ng h¹n xem
phÐp ph©n tÝch chi phÝ - lîi nhuËn nh− lµ mét trong
nh÷ng tiªu chuÈn ®ã.
Critical-Path-Method Schedule (xem: CPM)
/'kritik”l p:• 'me•”d '‘edju:l/ n TiÕn ®é lËp theo
Ph−¬ng ph¸p §−êng G¨ng: An element in gaining
control over the project was gaining control over the
construction schedule. Reconstructing the Critical
Path Method (CPM) Schedule provided the
Consultant Team with another tool to determine the
project history for the sake of settling the
construction claims. CPM scheduling involves the
graphic representation of a project plan using a
schematic diagram showing the sequence and
interrelation of all project components. The visual
representation provides valuable insight into the
cumulative impact that a delay or schedule change
in one component can have on the overall project:
Mét yÕu tè trong viÖc kiÓm so¸t dù ¸n lµ kiÓm so¸t
®−îc tiÕn ®é thi c«ng. ViÖc x©y dùng l¹i TiÕn ®é
®−êng g¨ng CPM t¹o cho T− vÊn mét c«ng cô n÷a ®Ó
x¸c ®Þnh tiÕn tr×nh dù ¸n nh»m môc ®Ých xö lý c¸c
tranh chÊp. ViÖc lËp TiÕn ®é CPM sÏ thÓ hiÖn ®−îc
vÒ mÆt ®å häa cña kÕ ho¹ch dù ¸n b»ng c¸ch dïng
mét s¬ ®å thÓ hiÖn tr×nh tù vµ mèi t−¬ng quan gi÷a
tÊt c¶ c¸c bé phËn cña dù ¸n. ViÖc tr×nh bµy râ rµng
gióp ta cã c¸i nh×n thÊu ®¸o vÒ t¸c ®éng tÝch lòy mµ
mét sù chËm trÔ hay ®iÒu chØnh tiÕn ®é cña mét
thµnh phÇn nµo ®ã cã thÓ g©y ra cho toµn bé dù ¸n.
critical slope /'kritik”l sloup/ n ®é dèc tíi h¹n: The
maximum angle with the horizontal at which a
sloped bank of soil or rock of given height will stand
unsupported: Lµ gãc lín nhÊt so víi ph−¬ng ngang
mµ t¹i ®ã mét bê dèc ®Êt hay ®¸ víi chiÒu cao ®·
biÕt sÏ gi÷ ®−îc æn ®Þnh kh«ng cÇn chèng ®ì.
critical state /'kritik”l steit/ n tr¹ng th¸i tíi h¹n: A
particulate solid is in critical state if it is critically
consolidated (i.e. when it yields without change in
bulk density at a constant state of stress) with
respect to the state of stress applied: Mét chÊt r¾n
d¹ng h¹t sÏ ë trong tr¹ng th¸i tíi h¹n nÕu nã ®−îc cè
kÕt mét c¸ch trÇm träng (nghÜa lµ khi nã ph¸ ho¹i
mµ kh«ng cã sù thay ®æi vÒ mËt ®é khèi ë mét tr¹ng
th¸i øng suÊt kh«ng ®æi) bëi tr¹ng th¸i øng suÊt t¸c
dông.
cross bedding /kr˜:s bediη/ adj thí líp c¾t ngang:
Structure formed by a series of bedding planes
inclined at an angle to the main planes of
stratification in a sedimentary deposit. Planes are
usually curved and truncated in crosssection by
overlapping sets: CÊu tróc t¹o thµnh bëi mét lo¹t
c¸c mÆt ph¼ng ph©n líp n»m nghiªng mét ®é so víi
 74
c¸c mÆt ph¼ng ph©n tÇng chÝnh trong mét ®¸ trÇm
tÝch. C¸c mÆt ph¼ng th−êng bÞ uèn cong vµ c¾t côt
trªn h×nh c¾t ngang bëi c¸c tËp hîp khe nøt chång
lÊn lªn nhau.
cross connection /kr˜:s k”'nek‘n/ n hÇm
ngang nèi hai hÇm song song: Cross-connections in
twin-tube tunnels which provide an escape and
rescue route in the event of an accident in one tube
shall be used. Pedestrian cross-connections shall
link the tubes at intervals of less than 500 m,
depending on traffic, allowing people to escape on
their own: CÇn cã c¸c hÇm nèi ngang trong ®−êng
hÇm èng ®«i ®Ó t¹o ®−êng tho¸t hiÓm vµ cøu n¹n
trong tr−êng hîp x¶y ra t¹i n¹n t¹i mét hÇm. C¸c
hÇm nèi ngang bé hµnh ph¶i nèi c¸c hÇm èng víi
nhau víi kho¶ng c¸ch bÐ h¬n 500m, tïy thuéc vµo
giao th«ng, ®Ó cho phÐp mäi ng−êi tù tho¸t hiÓm.
cross gallery /kr˜:s 'g“l”ri/ n lß xuyªn vØa.
crossbar /kr˜:sb:/ n thanh ngang, thanh
gi»ng: The horizontal member of a roof timber set
supported by props located either on roadways or at
the face: Lµ thanh ®ì n»m ngang cña mét hÖ chèng
gç ®−îc n©ng ®ì bëi c¸c cét chèng ®øng n»m trªn
®−êng xe ch¹y hay t¹i g−¬ng ®µo.
cross-hole logging /kr˜:s,houl 'l˜giη/ n thÝ
nghiÖm lç khoan; PhÐp đo/carota ngang lỗ khoan
(b»ng ph−¬ng ph¸p ®Þa vËt lý): A nondestructive
testing method for locating low-quality concrete with
transducers positioned along the length of holes
drilled into a deep foundation. (See also ultrasonic
pulse velocity): Lµ mét ph−¬ng ph¸p thÝ nghiÖm
kh«ng ph¸ hñy ®Ó ®Þnh vÞ bªt«ng chÊt l−îng kÐm víi
c¸c bé c¶m biÕn ®Æt däc theo chiÒu dµi c¸c lç ®−îc
khoan vµo mét mãng s©u. (Còng xem ultrasonic
pulse velocity).
cross-hole test /kr˜:s,houl test/ n thÝ nghiÖm lç
xuyªn: Cross-hole test is one of many items that are
carired out in hydrogeological investigation to
define the characteristics of aquifer. Hydraulic
coefficients such as permeability, storage coefficient
etc. are evaluated by hydraulic theories to forecast
water inflow amount and water intake area: ThÝ
nghiÖm lç khoan xuyªn lµ mét trong nhiÒu h¹ng môc
®−îc tiÕn hµnh trong ®iÒu tra ®Þa chÊt thñy v¨n ®Ó
x¸c ®Þnh c¸c tÝnh chÊt cña tÇng ngËm n−íc. C¸c hÖ
sè thñy lùc nh− ®é thÊm, hÖ sè tr÷ n−íc… ®−îc ®¸nh
gi¸ b»ng c¸c lý thuyÕt thñy lùc ®Ó dù b¸o l−îng n−íc
ch¶y vµo hÇm vµ diÖn tÝch khu vùc nhËn n−íc.
cross passage /kr˜:s 'p“sid™/ n hµnh lang [lèi ®i,
hÇm] ngang nèi hai hÇm song song: Access and
egress to tunnels will be via connected stations,
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
tunnel portals or cross passageways between
tunnels. Intervention shafts for access or egress shall
only be provided in place of the above options if they
are demonstrated to the owner to be the optimum
option. Where cross passages are provided signs
should be provided at regular intervals indicating
the direction and distance to the nearest cross
passage: C¸c lèi vµo hÇm vµ lèi ra khái hÇm sÏ
th«ng qua c¸c tr¹m (ga) nèi, cæng hÇm hay c¸c hµnh
lang nèi gi÷a c¸c hÇm chÝnh. C¸c giÕng cøu hé phôc
vô vµo vµ ra khái hÇm chØ ®−îc phÐp x©y dùng thay
thÕ cho c¸c lùa chän nãi trªn nÕu chøng minh ®−îc
víi chñ dÇu t− r»ng chóng lµ lùa chän tèi −u. Khi cã
hÇm nèi ngang, cÇn bè trÝ c¸c biÓn b¸o t¹i nh÷ng
qu·ng c¸ch ®Òu nhau ®Ó b¸o hiÖu h−íng vµ kho¶ng
c¸ch dÉn tíi hÇm nèi ngang gÇn nhÊt.
cross section /kr˜:s 'sek‘n/ n mÆt c¾t ngang, tiÕt
diÖn (ngang): The shape of the structural cross
section of the tunnel varies with the type and
magnitude of loadings. All cross sections are
dimensioned to provide adequate space for
ventilation ducts: H×nh d¹ng cña mÆt c¾t ngang kÕt
cÊu cña hÇm thay ®æi theo lo¹i vµ ®é lín cña c¸c t¶i
träng. Mäi d¹ng tiÕt diÖn hÇm ph¶i ®−îc ®Þnh kÝch
th−íc ®Ó cung cÊp ®ñ kh«ng gian cho c¸c èng th«ng
giã o Careful records of the field surveys must be
made in order to check post-construction or as-built
cross sections against the survey data laid out with
respect to the design data: Ph¶i tiÕn hµnh ghi chÐp
cÈn thËn c¸c ®o ®¹c kh¶o s¸t hiÖn tr−êng ®Ó kiÓm tra
®èi chiÕu c¸c mÆt c¾t ngang sau x©y dùng hoÆc hoµn
c«ng víi sè liÖu kh¶o s¸t ®· triÓn khai dùa vµo d÷
liÖu thiÕt kÕ.
cross tunnel = crossing tunnel /kr˜:s 'tʌnl/ n
hµnh lang nèi, hÇm ngang; hÇm giao nhau: Tunnel to
give access between tubes for the operators and the
emergency services: Lµ hÇm ®Ó t¹o lèi tiÕp cËn gi÷a
c¸c ®−êng hÇm chÝnh song song cho ng−êi vËn hµnh
vµ phôc vô c¸c dÞch vô khÈn cÊp.
crossing /kr˜:si–/ n ®o¹n v−ît: A section of utility
line where a pipe or cable has to pass under an
existing road, railway, river or other area where the
surface should not be disturbed: Mét ®o¹n tuyÕn
c«ng tr×nh t¹i ®ã mét ®−êng èng, c¸p hay hÇm ph¶i
v−ît qua bªn d−íi mét ®−êng «t«, ®−êng s¾t, s«ng
hay diÖn réng kh¸c mµ ë ®ã bÒ mÆt kh«ng ®−îc phÐp
lµm x¸o trén ¶nh h−ëng.
crossover /'kr˜s,ouv”/ n sù c¾t nhau, chç giao
nhau; ®−êng ghi nèi: The maximum grades for the
rapid transit system may be of 3% between stations
and 1.5% for crossovers and turnouts: §é dèc tèi ®a
 75
®èi víi hÖ thèng hÇm qu¸ c¶nh nhanh cã thÓ lÊy 3%
gi÷a c¸c ga vµ 1,5% cho c¸c chç giao nhau vµ c¸c
®−êng tr¸nh.
crown /kraun/ n ®Ønh vßm hÇm: The highest point
of an arched tunnel cross section; the roof or back of
a tunnel. The configuration of the upper portion of a
tunnel section above the springline: Lµ ®iÓm cao
nhÊt cña mét mÆt c¾t hÇm h×nh cung; lµ m¸i hay
l−ng cña mét hÇm. Còng lµ h×nh d¹ng phÇn phÝa trªn
cña mét mÆt c¾t hÇm phÝa trªn ®−êng ph©n chia
t−êng-vßm o For reasons of safety and to optimize
the sequences of drilling, blasting and support
measures, the full section of tunnel will usually be
divided into three parts to be separately excavated -
crown (top heading), bench and invert: V× nh÷ng lý
do an toµn vµ nh»m tèi −u hãa tr×nh tù khoan, næ
m×n vµ biÖn ph¸p chèng ®ì, toµn mÆt c¾t cña hÇm
th−êng ®−îc chia lµm ba phÇn ®Ó tiÕn hµnh ®µo
riªng biÖt - phÇn ®Ønh vßm (g−¬ng ®µo phÇn bªn
trªn), phÇn bËc khÊu vµ phÇn ®¸y (vßm ngöa).
crown bars /kraun ba:/ n thanh chèng ®ì ®Ønh
vßm hÇm: Timbers or steel members cantilevered
from previously installed sets nearest the heading to
temporarily support a rock tunnel roof while the next
set is being installed: Lµ c¸c bé phËn gç hay thÐp
ch×a ra khái c¸c v× chèng thÐp l¾p ®Æt tr−íc ®ã gÇn
khu vùc g−¬ng ®µo ®Ó t¹m thêi chèng ®ì mét m¸i
hÇm ®¸ trong khi ®ang l¾p ®Æt tiÕp c¸c v× chèng thÐp
kh¸c.
crown settlement measurement /kraun
'setlm”nt 'me™”m”nt/ n ®o lón ®Ønh vßm: This
measurement is used to observe the settlement of
crown and side walls as well as the heaving of
invert. Measurement results are used to study the
stability of ground around crown, the bearing
capacity of foot, and the stability of ground around
invert: PhÐp ®o nµy sÏ quan tr¾c ®é lón cña ®Ønh
vßm vµ c¸c t−êng hÇm, còng nh− sù tråi (bïng nÒn)
cña vßm ngöa. KÕt qu¶ ®o ®−îc sö dông ®Ó nghiªn
cøu sù æn ®Þnh cña ®Êt ®¸ xung quanh ®Ønh vßm,
n¨ng lùc chÞu t¶i cña ch©n t−êng, vµ sù æn ®Þnh cña
®Êt xung quanh vßm ngöa.
crush /krʌ ‘/ v nghiÒn n¸t, ®Ëp vôn; t¸n, xay nhá:
The rock may be crushed and screened to provide
several graded products for specific usage
requirements, such as raw material for concrete
aggregates, highway construction or railway
ballast: §¸ cã thÓ ®−îc nghiÒn vµ sµng ®Ó t¹o nªn
mét sè s¶n phÈm cÊp phèi cho nh÷ng yªu cÇu sö
dông nhÊt ®Þnh, nh− lµm cèt liÖu bªt«ng, nguyªn liÖu
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
cho x©y dùng ®−êng s¸ hay líp ®Öm ray (ba l¸t) cña
®−êng s¾t.
crush lining = pipe eating /krʌ ‘ lainiη/ n kü thuËt
lµm ®−êng èng b»ng c¸ch nghiÒn n¸t èng cò.
crushed /krʌ‘t/ adj bÞ nghiÒn n¸t, cµ n¸t, ®Ëp vôn;
bÞ t¸n, xay nhá: The rock support of the Oslofjord
Subsea Road Tunnel typically consists of rock bolts
and sprayed concrete. Only very limited sections of
the tunnel, in the crushed rock of the fault zones, are
lined with full concrete lining: HÖ chèng ®ì ®Êt ®¸
cña hÇm ®−êng bé d−íi biÓn Oslofjord chñ yÕu cÊu
t¹o tõ bul«ng neo vµ bªt«ng phun. ChØ cã rÊt Ýt ®o¹n
hÇm ®i qua nh÷ng khu vùc ®¸ n¸t vì thuéc c¸c ®íi
®øt g·y míi ®−îc lµm vá hÇm ®Çy ®ñ.
crushed zone /krʌ‘t zoun/ n ®íi vß nhµu, vïng bÞ
cµ n¸t: The hard rock tunneler must be prepared to
handle crushed zones near faults that behave
similarly to tunnels in cohesionless sand: Ng−êi lµm
hÇm trong ®¸ cøng cÇn ®−îc chuÈn bÞ kiÕn thøc ®Ó
®èi phã víi nh÷ng khu vùc n¸t vì gÇn c¸c ®øt g·y,
chóng hµnh xö gièng hÖt nh− ®èi víi c¸c hÇm ®µo
trong c¸t kh«ng dÝnh.
crushing plant /'krʌ‘i– pla:nt/ n tr¹m nghiÒn sµng
®¸: Out of the total rock volume of approximately
50,000m3 solid excavated from the new Saint
Gotthard railway base tunnel , nearly 60% was
classified to be class A material and was processed
in a crushing plant and reduced to concrete
aggregates: Trong tæng sè gÇn 50.000m3 ®¸ ®µo ra
tõ hÇm ®−êng s¾t Saint Gotthard míi, gÇn 60% ®−îc
ph©n lo¹i A vµ ®−îc xö lý trong mét tr¹m nghiÒn
sµng vµ trë thµnh cèt liÖu bªt«ng.
cryology /kraiɔ'lədʒi/ n khoa nghiªn cøu
nhiÖt ®é thÊp: The study of the properties of snow,
ice, and frozen ground: Lµ sù nghiªn cøu c¸c tÝnh
chÊt cña tuyÕt, b¨ng, vµ ®Êt ®ãng b¨ng.
crystal /'kristl/ n tinh thÓ: Homogeneous solid
chemical element or compound having a regular
atomic structure expressed by symmetrically-
arranged external plane faces. Term for a
pyroclastic rock composed predominantly of
pyroclasts in the form of crystals or crystal
fragments: Nguyªn tè hay hîp chÊt hãa häc r¾n
®ång nhÊt cã mét cÊu tróc nguyªn tö ®Òu ®Æn biÓu
hiÖn b»ng c¸c mÆt ph¼ng bªn ngoµi s¾p xÕp mét
c¸ch cã hÖ thèng. Còng lµ thuËt ng÷ chØ mét ®¸ cao
nhiÖt bao gåm chñ yÕu lµ c¸c vôn cao nhiÖt (®¸ nói
löa) d−íi d¹ng c¸c tinh thÓ hoÆc m¶nh tinh thÓ.
crystalline rock /'kristəlain r˜k/ n ®¸ kÕt
tinh: Rocks (igneous or metamorphic) consisting
wholly of crystals or fragments of crystals: C¸c lo¹i
 76
®¸ (macma hay biÕn chÊt) hoµn toµn cÊu t¹o tõ c¸c
tinh thÓ hay c¸c m¶nh tinh thÓ.
CSIR Classification /si:esaia: ,kl“sifi'kei‘n/ n
ph©n lo¹i ®¸ theo Héi ®ång nghiªn cøu khoa häc vµ
c«ng nghiÖp Nam Phi: One of the most widely used
rock classification systems was developed by the
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
(CSIR) in South Africa (referred to as the “Q-rating
system”). The CSIR classification system is the most
widely used procedure in the US. The CSIR
classification system considers the specific
properties or conditions of the rock/rock mass, as
well as an adjustment for the orientations of the
joints. The following properties and conditions of the
rock or rock mass are explicitly considered: (1)
compressive strength of the intact rock; (2) RQD
value; (3) joint spacing; (4) condition of the joints;
and (5) groundwater conditions: Mét trong nh÷ng hÖ
thèng ph©n lo¹i ®¸ ®−îc dïng réng r·i nhÊt ®· ®−îc
ph¸t triÓn bëi Héi ®ång nghiªn cøu khoa häc vµ c«ng
nghiÖp Nam Phi (CSIR), ®−îc gäi lµ “hÖ thèng ®¸nh
gi¸-Q”. HÖ thèng ph©n lo¹i CSIR ®−îc dïng phæ
biÕn nhÊt ë Mü. Nã xem xÐt c¸c tÝnh chÊt hoÆc ®iÒu
kiÖn ®Æc thï cña ®¸/khèi ®¸, còng nh− ®iÒu chØnh
cho h−íng c¸c khe nøt. C¸c tÝnh chÊt vµ ®iÒu kiÖn
sau ®©y cña ®¸/khèi ®¸ ®−îc xÐt tíi mét c¸ch cô thÓ:
(1) c−êng ®é nÐn cña ®¸ nguyªn khèi; (2) gi¸ trÞ
RQD; (3) kho¶ng c¸ch c¸c khe nøt; (4) t×nh tr¹ng
c¸c khe nøt; vµ (5) ®iÒu kiÖn n−íc ngÇm.
cube /kju:b/ n mÉu thö h×nh lËp ph−¬ng:
Densities, compressive cube and flexural beam
strengths can be obtained from cast specimens of the
batched material, from specimens that are obtained
by spraying directly into a mould, and from
specimens sawn from the in-situ sprayed panel. The
shotcrete reinforced with ‘Dramix’ steel fibres, may
have an unconfined compressive strength,
determined from tests on cubes, of 50 MPa: Träng
l−îng riªng, c−êng ®é uèn vµ c−êng ®é nÐn lËp
ph−¬ng cã thÓ thu ®−îc tõ c¸c mÉu thö ®óc b»ng hçn
hîp bªt«ng t−¬i, hay tõ c¸c mÉu thö lÊy ®−îc nhê
phun trùc tiÕp bªt«ng vµo mét khu«n ®óc, còng nh−
tõ c¸c mÉu thö ®−îc c−a ra tõ c¸c tÊm bªt«ng phun
t¹i chç. Lo¹i bªt«ng phun gia c−êng bÆng sîi thÐp
“Dramix” cã thÓ cã c−êng ®é nÐn në h«ng tíi
50MPa, x¸c ®Þnh b»ng thÝ nghiÖm mÉu lËp ph−¬ng.
culvert /'kʌlv”t/ n cèng: a pipeline intended to
convey water under a highway, railroad, canal, or
similar facility: lµ mét ®−êng èng dïng ®Ó dÉn n−íc
bªn d−íi mét ®−êng «t«, ®−êng s¾t, kªnh, hay mét
c«ng tr×nh t−¬ng tù.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
curbs /k”:bs/ n lÒ, dÇm mãng: Small pour made
on the bottom and at each side of a tunnel and
generally located outside the minimum concrete
line; used as a reference point and support for invert
and arch pour in the tunnel: Lµ d¶i bªt«ng nhá ®æ
trªn ®¸y hÇm t¹i mçi bªn hÇm vµ nãi chung n»m bªn
ngoµi ®−êng ®æ bªt«ng tèi thiÓu; ®−îc dïng nh− mét
®iÓm quan tr¾c vµ nh− mãng ®ì cho vßm ngöa vµ vá
hÇm.
cured time /kju” taim/ n thêi gian b¶o d−ìng: In
grouting, the interval between combining all grout
ingredients or the formation of a gel and substantial
development of its potential properties: Trong b¬m
v÷a, ®ã lµ kho¶ng thêi gian gi÷a lóc kÕt hîp mäi
thµnh phÇn cña v÷a víi nhau - hoÆc tõ lóc h×nh
thµnh kiÕn tróc keo - ®Õn khi ph¸t triÓn xong phÇn
lín c¸c tÝnh chÊt tiÒm n¨ng cña nã.
cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) /kju”d-in-pleis paip/
n èng cèng b¶o d−ìng t¹i chç: A lining system in
which a thin, flexible, resin-impregnated tube of
polymer or glass-fiber fabric is expanded by means
of fluid pressure into position on the inner wall of a
defective pipeline before curing the resin to harden
the material, typically assuming the shape of the
existing pipe. The uncured material may be installed
by winch or inverted by water or air pressure: Lµ
mét hÖ thèng vá l¸t èng cèng trong ®ã mét èng
máng, mÒm dÎo, ®−îc tÈm nhùa resin, èng nµy lµm
tõ polime hoÆc v¶i sîi thñy tinh, nã ®−îc lµm cho
d·n në b»ng ¸p lùc thñy lùc tíi vÞ trÝ Ðp s¸t vµo
thµnh t−êng bªn trong cña mét ®−êng èng cò h−
háng tr−íc khi d−ìng hé nhùa resin ®Ó lµm cøng vËt
liÖu, th−êng lµ theo h×nh d¹ng cña èng cò. VËt liÖu
kh«ng cÇn b¶o d−ìng cã thÓ ®−îc l¾p ®Æt b»ng têi,
hoÆc ®−îc lµm lén tõ trong ra ngoµi b»ng ¸p lùc
n−íc hay khÝ.
curing /kju”ri–/ n sù b¶o d−ìng: The maintenance
of appropriate temperature and humidity to ensure
proper concrete curing and protection from external
forces. Immediately after finishing, initial curing
shall be done for shotcrete in tunnel areas: Lµ sù
duy tr× mét nhiÖt ®é vµ ®é Èm thÝch hîp ®Ó ®¶m b¶o
d−ìng hé bªt«ng mét c¸ch ®óng ®¾n vµ b¶o vÖ
bªt«ng khái c¸c ngo¹i lùc. Ngay sau khi hoµn thiÖn,
viÖc b¶o d−ìng ban ®Çu cho bªt«ng phun ph¶i ®−îc
thùc hiÖn o Additional curing shall be provided
immediately following the initial curing and before
shotcrete has dried: B¶o d−ìng bæ sung sÏ ph¶i thùc
hiÖn sau thêi gian b¶o d−ìng ban ®Çu vµ tr−íc khi
bªt«ng ®· ®«ng cøng xong.
 77
curing compound /kju”ri– 'k˜mpaund/ n hîp
chÊt b¶o d−ìng: A liquid coating that can be applied
on fresh cementitious materials to minimize moisture
loss or reflect heat so that the properties of a
material can develop in a favorable environment: Lµ
mét líp phñ láng mµ cã thÓ ¸p dông lªn c¸c vËt liÖu
cã trén xim¨ng cßn −ít ®Ó gi¶m thiÓu sù mÊt ®é Èm
hoÆc ®Ó ph¶n x¹ nhiÖt sao cho c¸c tÝnh chÊt cña mét
vËt liÖu cã thÓ ph¸t triÓn ®−îc trong mét m«i tr−êng
thuËn lîi o When required, concrete repairs made
by bonding new concrete to repair areas without use
of an epoxy bonding agent or mortar grout should be
carried out with proper curing and protection. When
curing compound is used, the best curing
combination is an initial water-curing period of 7
days (never less than 24 hours) followed, while the
surface is still damp, by a uniform coat of the
compound. It is always essential that repairs receive
some water curing and be thoroughly damp before
the curing compound is applied: Khi cÇn thiÕt, cã
thÓ söa ch÷a bªt«ng b»ng c¸ch liªn kÕt bªt«ng míi
víi vïng cÇn söa mµ kh«ng dïng keo epoxy hay v÷a
xim¨ng, víi sù b¶o d−ìng vµ b¶o vÖ ®óng ®¾n. Nõu
dïng hîp chÊt b¶o d−ìng, c¸ch tèt nhÊt lµ phèi hîp
giai ®o¹n b¶o d−ìng 7 ngµy ®Çu tiªn b»ng n−íc
(kh«ng Ýt h¬n 24 giê), sau ®ã, khi bÒ mÆt vÉn cßn Èm,
b¶o d−ìng tiÕp b»ng mét líp phñ ®ång ®Òu hîp chÊt
b¶o d−ìng. §iÒu quan träng lµ c¸c chç söa ch÷a
lu«n ®−îc b¶o d−ìng mét chót b»ng n−íc vµ ph¶i
−ít ®Òu tr−íc khi dïng hîp chÊt b¶o d−ìng.
curing of concrete /kju”ri–/ n sù b¶o d−ìng
bªt«ng: Curing of concrete is a prerequisite for the
hydration of the cement content. Generally speaking,
the longer the period during which concrete is kept
in water, the greater its strength: B¶o d−ìng bªt«ng
lµ mét ®iÒu kiÖn tiªn quyÕt ®èi víi sù thñy hãa cña
l−îng xim¨ng. Nãi chung, thêi gian bªt«ng ®−îc gi÷
trong n−íc cµng l©u th× c−êng ®é cña nã cµng cao.
current velocity /'kʌr”nt vi'l˜s”ti/ n vËn tèc dßng
ch¶y: The riverbed where the Nanjing immersed tube
would be placed upon consists of fine sand and silt.
The current's velocity of the Yangtse River in
Nanjing can be up to 1.2 m/s: T¹i n¬i dù ®Þnh x©y
hÇm d×m Nam Kinh, ®¸y s«ng ®−îc cÊu t¹o tõ c¸t
mÞn vµ bïn phï sa. VËn tèc dßng n−íc ch¶y cña s«ng
D−¬ng Tö t¹i Nam Kinh cã thÓ lªn tíi 1,2 m/s.
curtain grouting /'kə:tn 'grautiô/ n b¬m v÷a mµn
ng¨n: Injection of grout into a subsurface formation
in such a way as to create a zone of grouted material
transverse to the direction of the anticipated water
flow: Lµ sù b¬m v÷a vµo mét thµnh hÖ ®Êt nÒn sao
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
cho t¹o ra ®−îc mét vïng vËt liÖu ®−îc gia cè v÷a
theo h−íng ngang so víi h−íng cña dßng n−íc ch¶y
dù kiÕn.
curve /k”:v/ n ®−êng cong, ®Æc tuyÕn: Lengths of
vertical curve at grade changes are governed by
design speed and stopping sight distance: ChiÒu dµi
c¸c ®−êng cong ®øng t¹i nh÷ng ®iÓm ®æi dèc ®−îc
quy ®Þnh bëi tèc ®é thiÕt kÕ vµ tÇm nh×n h·m xe.
curved tunnel /k”:vd 'tʌnl/ n hÇm cong: Curved
and even spiral tunnels have been used on many
railroads, particularly in mountainous areas. Radii
of curvature and superelevation of track are
governed by maximum train speeds of the particular
railroad: C¸c hÇm cong thËm chÝ cã d¹ng xo¾n ®·
®−îc sö dông trªn nhiÒu tuyÕn ®−êng s¾t, nhÊt lµ t¹i
c¸c vïng nói. B¸n kÝnh cong vµ siªu cao cña ®−êng
ray bÞ khèng chÕ bëi tèc ®é tèi ®a cña ®oµn tµu trªn
mét tuyÕn ®−êng s¾t nhÊt ®Þnh.
cushion blasting /'ku‘n 'bla:stiô/ n kü thuËt næ
®Öm (gi¶m chÊn) = smooth blasting: "Cushion
blasting" is the same as "smooth blasting" except in
cushion blasting the space between the borehole and
explosive charge is filled with crushed stone or other
stemming material: "Næ ®Öm" gÇn gièng nh− "næ
ªm" ngo¹i trõ mét ®iÒu trong næ ®Öm kho¶ng trèng
gi÷a lç khoan vµ thái thuèc næ ®−îc chÌn b»ng ®¸
d¨m hay vËt liÖu nhåi kh¸c.
cut /k—t/ n c¾t ®ét ph¸: A drilling pattern in the
tunnel face which provides relief for an explosive
charge: Lµ mét d¹ng thøc mÉu ®Ó khoan lç m×n trªn
g−¬ng hÇm cã t¸c dông t¹o ra khu ®ét ph¸ tr−íc tiªn
cho mét ®ît næ m×n.
cut hole /k—t houl/ n lç m×n c¾t ®ét ph¸: A
number of cut holes (usually 4 to 6) are drilled in a
wedge or pyramid shape near the center of the face,
with the apex in the direction of advance. These
holes should be drilled a little beyond the depth of
the other holes and are blasted first so that the rock
within the cut holes would be thrown into the open
tunnel: C¸c lç khoan ®ét ph¸ (th−êng tõ 4 ®Õn 6 lç)
®−îc khoan theo h×nh nªm hoÆc kim tù th¸p t¹i gÇn
t©m g−¬ng ®µo, ®Ønh nªm h−íng theo chiÒu tiÕn cña
hÇm. C¸c lç nµy ®−îc khoan s©u h¬n c¸c lç kh¸c, vµ
®−îc kÝch næ ®Çu tiªn ®Ó nÐm v¨ng ®¸ cña khu vùc lç
®ét ph¸ vÒ phÝa mÆt tho¸ng trong lßng hÇm.
cut-and-cover /kʌt-“nd-'kʌv”/ n ®µo vµ lÊp: A
sequence of construction in which a trench is
excavated, the tunnel or conduit section is
constructed, then covered with backfill. The cut-and-
cover tunneling method is usually economical for
tunnel depths up to 20 meters. The tunnel is designed
 78
as a rigid frame box structure: Mét tr×nh tù x©y dùng
trong ®ã mét hµo ®−îc ®µo, hÇm hay ®o¹n ®−êng
èng ®−îc thi c«ng, sau ®ã ®¾p b»ng vËt liÖu vïi lÊp.
Ph−¬ng ph¸p lµm hÇm ®µo vµ lÊp th−êng cã tÝnh
kinh tÕ ®èi víi chiÒu s©u hÇm tíi 20 mÐt. HÇm ®−îc
thiÕt kÕ nh− mét kÕt cÊu hép khung cøng.
cut-and-cover method /kʌt-“nd-'kʌv”/ n ph¸p khÝ nÐn vµ ph−¬ng ph¸p t−êng ch¾n ngÇm.
ph−¬ng ph¸p thi c«ng hÇm ®µo-vµ-lÊp, ph−¬ng ph¸p
lé thiªn: By far the most common type of tunnel
construction for shallow tunnels, which often occurs
in urban areas, is the cut-and-cover method. A
trench (an open cut) is excavated and the tunnel
lining assembled in it. The trench is then filled in:
Cho ®Õn nay, d¹ng thi c«ng phæ biÕn nhÊt ®èi víi
c¸c hÇm ®Æt n«ng, mµ th−êng x¶y ra trong c¸c vïng
®« thÞ, lµ ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo-vµ-lÊp. Mét hµo (r·nh
c¾t hë) ®−îc ®µo ra, råi vá hÇm ®−îc x©y dùng trong
®ã. Sau ®ã r·nh ®−îc lÊp l¹i o There are still
many situations in which cut-and-cover is the
appropriate technology, and sometimes the only
feasible method: VÉn cã nhiÒu tr−êng hîp trong ®ã
biÖn ph¸p thi c«ng c¾t-vµ-lÊp lµ c«ng nghÖ thÝch hîp
nhÊt, vµ ®«i khi lµ ph−¬ng ¸n kh¶ thi duy nhÊt o
The incremental excavation could be necessitated by
the changes of geological factors. Therefore, the
actual extent of cut-and-cover excavation could vary
depending on the actual soil conditions encountered:
ViÖc ®µo hÇm theo tõng b−íc tiÕn dÇn cã thÓ lµ cÇn
thiÕt do nh÷ng biÕn thiªn cña c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt.
Do ®ã, ph¹m vi thùc tÕ cña phÇn ®µo hÇm lé thiªn cã
thÓ thay ®æi phô thuéc vµo ®iÒu kiÖn ®Êt ®¸ thùc tÕ
gÆp ph¶i.
cut off of groundwater /kʌt ˜:f ”v 'graund,w˜:t”/ n
sù biÕn mÊt n−íc ngÇm: The cut-off of groundwater
flow and the impediment due to this need to be
considered as one of phenomena concerning the
effects of tunnel excavation on the environment: Sù
c¾t mÊt dßng n−íc ngÇm vµ trë ng¹i do nã g©y ra
cÇn ®−îc coi lµ mét trong nh÷ng hiÖn t−îng liªn
quan ®Õn nh÷ng t¸c ®éng cña viÖc ®µo hÇm tíi m«i
tr−êng xung quanh.
cut-off wall /kʌt˜:f w˜:l/ n t−êng ch¾n ngÇm ,
t−êng ng¨n n−íc (t−êng ch¾n ë d−íi mÆt ®Êt cña ®Ëp,
mãng…): A wall of impervious material (e.g.,
concrete, asphaltic concrete, timber, steel sheet
piling, or impervious grout curtain) located in the
foundation beneath a dam and which forms a water
barrier and reduces seepage under a dam or
spillway: Lµ mét t−êng b»ng vËt liÖu kh«ng thÊm (vÝ
dô: bªt«ng, bªt«ng ¸tphan, v¸n gç, cäc v¸n thÐp,
hoÆc mµn v÷a chèng thÊm) bè trÝ trong nÒn mãng
bªn d−íi mét th©n ®Ëp, nã t¹o thµnh mét barie chÆn
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
n−íc vµ lµm gi¶m sù thÊm n−íc d−íi mét ®Ëp hay
mét ®−êng trµn o Water sealing methods for water
inflow control include the grouting method, the
pneumatic method and the cutoff wall method: C¸c
ph−¬ng ph¸p bÞt kÝn n−íc ®Ó kiÓm so¸t n−íc ngÇm
ch¶y vµo hÇm gåm cã ph−¬ng ph¸p b¬m v÷a, ph−¬ng
cutter /'kʌt”/ n l−ìi c¾t, dao c¾t: Several types
of cutters have been developed for working most
efficiently in various formations. Drag cutter (simple
picks or teeth) is almost always used in a soft ground
tunneling machine. Different types of cutters are
used in rock tunneling machines, depending on the
rock hardness, such as disc cutters, roller cutters:
Ng−êi ta ®· chÕ t¹o mét sè lo¹i l−ìi c¾t ®Ó lµm viÖc
cã hiÖu qu¶ nhÊt trong nh÷ng lo¹i ®Êt ®¸ kh¸c nhau.
ë c¸c m¸y khoan hÇm qua ®Êt yÕu, th−êng dïng
nhÊt lµ lo¹i l−ìi c¾t cµo (lµ c¸c r¨ng hay mòi nhän
®¬n gi¶n). Trong c¸c m¸y khoan hÇm qua ®¸ cøng,
tïy theo ®é cøng cña ®¸ mµ dïng c¸c lo¹i dao c¾t
kh¸c, nh− dao phay ®Üa, dao quay.
cutterhead/cutting head/cutting wheel /'kʌt”hed,
'k—tiô wi:l/ n [vµnh l−ìi c¾t, ®Çu c¾t] cña m¸y ®µo
hÇm: The rotating front end of a mechanical
excavator which actually cuts through rock or soft
ground: §Çu quay phÝa tr−íc cña mét m¸y ®µo hÇm
c¬ khÝ mµ nã thùc sù lµm nhiÖm vô c¾t xuyªn qua ®¸
cøng hay ®Êt mÒm.
cutting head/edge /'kʌtiô hed/ n ®Çu c¾t, l−ìi
c¾t: Any rotating tool or system of tools on a
common support that excavates at the face of a bore.
Usually applies to mechanical methods of
excavation: Lµ bÊt kú dông cô xoay hay hÖ thèng c¸c
dông cô xoay nµo l¾p trªn cïng mét gi¸ ®ì, dïng ®Ó
®µo ®Êt t¹i mét g−¬ng hÇm. Th−êng ¸p dông cho c¸c
ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo c¬ khÝ.
cutting face /'k—tiô feis/ n g−¬ng ®µo, mÆt ®µo:
The mountain tunneling method is predicated upon
the ability of the cutting face and the tunnel crown to
support themselves until support erection is
completed: Ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo hÇm trong nói ®¸ dùa
vµo kh¶ n¨ng cña g−¬ng ®µo vµ cña nãc hÇm cã thÓ
tù chèng gi÷ cho tíi khi viÖc dùng hÖ chèng ®−îc
hoµn tÊt.
cutting face stabilization /'kʌtiô feis
,steib”lai'zei‘n/ n sù gia cè g−¬ng ®µo: In cases
where the cutting face is unable to support itself
until the completion of the support because of the
ground conditions, it is necessary to take
appropriate face stabilization measures to ensure
safe, smooth and efficient construction: Trong
 79

tr−êng hîp g−¬ng ®µo hÇm kh«ng thÓ tù chèng gi÷

cho ®Õn lóc hoµn thµnh viÖc l¾p v× chèng do ®iÒu
kiÖn ®Þa chÊt yÕu, th× cÇn ph¶i thùc thi nh÷ng biÖn
ph¸p æn ®Þnh hãa (gia cè) g−¬ng ®µo thÝch hîp ®Ó
®¶m b¶o tiÕn mét tr×nh thi c«ng an toµn, su«n sÎ vµ
hiÖu qu¶.
cutting screed /'kʌtiô skri:d/ n l−ìi g¹t, thanh g¹t
c¾t: After sprayed concrete has stiffened sufficiently,
it will be trimmed with an approved cutting screed to
remove excess thickness: Sau khi bªt«ng phun ®· ®ñ
cøng, nã sÏ ®−îc c¾t tØa b»ng mét l−ìi g¹t c¾t ®óng
quy c¸ch ®Ó tÈy bá phÇn chiÒu dµy thõa.
cutting wheel /'kʌtiô wi:l/ n vµnh l−ìi c¾t: Disc-
shaped or spoke-type tool carrier for a full face
cutting machine mainly equipped with soft ground
tools, used to excavate heterogeneous grounds: Lµ
c¬ cÊu/thiÕt bÞ ®Ó g¾n c¸c dông cô c¾t h×nh ®Üa hay
kiÓu táa trßn cña mét m¸y ®µo hÇm toµn tiÕt diÖn,
chñ yÕu ®−îc trang bÞ c¸c dông cô c¾t ®Êt mÒm,
dïng ®Ó ®µo c¸c lo¹i ®Êt kh«ng ®ång nhÊt.
cylinder /'silind”/ n mÉu thö h×nh trô: A cast
cylindrical specimen of concrete: Lµ mét mÉu h×nh
trô ®óc b»ng bªt«ng o Field-cured cylinders are
test cylinders that are left at the jobsite for curing as
nearly as practicable in the same manner as the
concrete in the structure to indicate when supporting
forms may be removed, additional construction
loads may be imposed, or the structure may be
placed in service: C¸c mÉu h×nh trô chÕ t¹o t¹i hiÖn
tr−êng lµ nh÷ng mÉu thö ®−îc ®Ó l¹i b¶o d−ìng t¹i
c«ng tr−êng víi ®iÒu kiÖn gÇn gièng víi kÕt cÊu thùc
nh»m biÕt ®−îc khi nµo th× cã thÓ th¸o dì v¸n khu«n,
khi nµo chÊt thªm t¶i träng thi c«ng, hoÆc khi nµo
®−a c«ng tr×nh vµo sö dông.

Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
 80
Dd
d-10 /di: ten/ n ®−êng kÝnh 10%: The diameter of a
soil particle (preferably in millimetres) at which 10
% by weight (dry) of the particles of a particular
sample are finer. Synonymous with the effective size
or effective grain size: Lµ gi¸ trÞ ®−êng kÝnh cña mét
h¹t ®Êt (th−êng tÝnh b»ng milimet) mµ t¹i ®ã 10%
träng l−îng (kh«) cña c¸c h¹t cña mét mÉu ®Êt ®·
cho lµ nhá/mÞn h¬n. §ång nghÜa víi kÝch th−íc cã
hiÖu hoÆc kÝch th−íc h¹t cã hiÖu.
daily report /'deili ri'p˜:t/ n b¶n b¸o c¸o hµng
ngµy: All operations require certain basic reports.
The most common is the daily report, which usually
includes the date, the weather, a brief summary of
what work is being done, the number of workers and
supervisors on the job, a list of the equipment in use,
and any unusual occurrences such as accident if
anyone is injured, important visitors, and any work
stoppages: Mäi c«ng viÖc ®Òu ®ßi hái mét sè b¸o c¸o
c¬ b¶n nhÊt ®Þnh. D¹ng th«ng th−êng nhÊt lµ b¸o
c¸o hµng ngµy, nã th−êng cã th«ng tin vÒ ngµy
th¸ng, thêi tiÕt, mét tãm t¾t ng¾n vÒ c«ng viÖc ®−îc
thùc hiÖn, sè l−îng c«ng nh©n vµ ng−êi gi¸m s¸t lµm
viÖc, mét danh s¸ch c¸c thiÕt bÞ sö dông, vµ bÊt cø sù
kiÖn bÊt th−êng nµo nh− tai n¹n g©y th−¬ng tÝch,
kh¸ch th¨m quan träng, vµ tÊt c¶ nh÷ng lóc ngõng
lµm viÖc.
dam plate /d“m pleit/ n tÊm bÝt ®Çu ®èt hÇm: Term
used in the United States for the temporary end
bulkhead: ThuËt ng÷ dïng ë Mü ®Ó chØ tÊm bÞt ®Çu
cña khoang hÇm d×m.
damp /'d“mp/ n khÝ má: Miner's term for gases
other than air which might be encoutered in an
underground excavation: ThuËt ng÷ cña thî má/thî
lµm hÇm ®Ó chØ c¸c thø khÝ kh¸c víi kh«ng khÝ mµ cã
thÓ b¾ gÆp trong mét hè ®µo d−íi ngÇm.
damper /'d“mp”/ n van ®iÒu tiÕt: In a rapit
transit tunnel, in addition to ventilation and lighting,
auxiliary electric power is also provided for exhaust
duct dampers, drainage pumps and fire pumps:
Trong mét hÇm tµu ®iÖn qu¸ c¶nh nhanh, ngoµi môc
®Ých th«ng giã vµ chiÕu s¸ng, cÇn ph¶i cung cÊp ®iÖn
n¨ng bæ sung cho c¸c van ®iÒu tiÕt cña èng khÝ x¶,
c¸c b¬m tiªu n−íc vµ b¬m cøu háa.
damping /'d“mpiη/ n t¾t dÇn: Reduction in the
amplitude of vibration of a body or system due to
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
dissipation of energy internally or by radiation: Lµ
sù gi¶m biªn ®é dao ®éng cña mét vËt thÓ hay hÖ
thèng do sù ph©n t¸n n¨ng l−îng tõ bªn trong hoÆc
bëi sù ph¸t x¹.
damping ratio /'d“mpiη 'rei∫iou/ n tû sè t¾t dÇn:
For a system with viscous damping, the ratio of
actual damping coefficient to the critical damping
coefficient: §èi víi mét hÖ thèng víi sù t¾t dÇn do
tÝnh nhít, ®ã lµ tû sè gi÷a hÖ sè t¾t dÇn thùc tÕ víi hÖ
sè t¾t dÇn tíi h¹n.
dangerous occurrence /'deindʒrəs ə'kʌrəns/ n sù
viÖc nguy hiÓm: An unplanned event which exposed
persons to danger but which did not cause personal
injury or acute ill health: Mét sù cè kh«ng dù tÝnh
tr−íc khiÕn cho con ng−êi bÞ ph¬i nhiÔm tr−íc nguy
hiÓm nh−ng vÉn ch−a g©y ra th−¬ng tÝch hay suy
gi¶m søc kháe nghiªm träng cho ng−êi. (thuËt ng÷ an
toµn lao ®éng).
Darcy's law /da:si l˜:/ n ®Þnh luËt thÊm Darcy:
(H1 − H 2 )
Q
Darcy's law can be expressed as =k ,
A l
i.e. the flow rate (Q, m3 s-1) per unit of total cross-
sectional area of soil (A), at right angles to the
direction of flow, is proportional to the rate of loss
of total head H with distance l along the average
flow path of the water, with k is the coefficient of
permeability: §Þnh luËt Darcy cã thÓ biÓu diÔn b»ng
Q (H1 − H 2 )
=k , nghÜa lµ l−u l−îng (Q, m3 s-1)
A l
trªn ®¬n vÞ diÖn tÝch mÆt c¾t ngang cña ®Êt (A), t¹i
gãc vu«ng víi h−íng dßng ch¶y, th× tû lÖ thuËn víi
tèc ®é mÊt m¸t tæng cét ¸p H trªn chiÒu dµi l däc
theo ®−êng dßng trung b×nh cña n−íc, víi k lµ hÖ sè
thÊm.
day shift /dei ∫i:ft/ n ca ngµy: Shift that extends
from 8:00 am to 4:00 pm. See swing shift: Lµ ca
(lµm viÖc trong hÇm) kÐo dµi tõ 8 giê s¸ng ®Õn 4 giê
chiÒu.
DB, DBA, decibel /di:bi:/ n ®Òxiben: Decibel - a
measure of sound level and used as a measure of
noise pollution. dBA indicates a weighting of the
measurements to increase the importance of low
frequency sounds: §Òxiben - mét sè ®o møc ®é ©m
thanh vµ dïng nh− mét th−íc ®o « nhiÔm tiÕng ån.
dBA biÓu thÞ mét søc nÆng cña c¸c phÐp ®o ®Ó lµm
t¨ng ®é quan träng cña c¸c ©m thanh tÇn sè thÊp.
dead load /ded loud/ n t¶i träng tÜnh, tÜnh t¶i:
The total weight of all the materials in a structure;
in other words, the weight of the structure itself: Lµ
tæng träng l−îng cña tÊt c¶ c¸c vËt liÖu trong kÕt
 81
cÊu; nãi c¸ch kh¸c, träng l−îng cña b¶n th©n kÕt cÊu
o Total dead load on the tunnels can be written in
the form of W = CwγB2 (proposed by Anson Marston,
1951), where W... : Tæng tÜnh t¶i t¸c dông lªn hÇm
cã thÓ viÕt d−íi d¹ng W = CwγB2 (®Ò nghÞ bëi Anson
Marston, 1951), trong ®ã W...
debris flow /'debri: flou/ n dßng vËt liÖu th¶i;
dßng bïn ®Êt lë: Debris flows are instationary two-
phase flows of water-sediment mixtures in steep
channels. Their appearance and flow characteristics
depend on the material composition and water
content. Debris flows can roughly be divided into
two types: granular debris flows (in which the
portion of fines is small and cohesive materials do
not play an important role) and viscous debris flows:
C¸c dßng bïn ®Êt lë lµ nh÷ng dßng hai pha ®éng cña
hçn hîp ®Êt-n−íc trong c¸c kªnh s©u. Sù xuÊt hiÖn
vµ c¸c ®Æc ®iÓm cña nã phô thuéc vµo thµnh phÇn
vËt liÖu vµ hµm l−îng n−íc. Dßng bïn ®Êt cã thÓ
chia lµm hai lo¹i: dßng bïn ®Êt d¹ng h¹t (trong ®ã tû
lÖ c¸c h¹t mÞn lµ nhá vµ vËt liÖu dÝnh kh«ng ®ãng vai
trß quan träng), vµ dßng bïn ®Êt nhít o The
landslides in December 1999 in Cervinara (Italy)
involved the 1 to 2 m thick pyroclastic mantle which
overlies the carbonate hill slopes and took the form
of a debris flow, although in the early stages debris
slide/debris avalanche movement occurred along the
39° slope with further debris flows developing along
gullies: C¸c vô lë ®Êt th¸ng 12-1999 ë Cervinara
(Italia) kÌm theo dßng manti nói löa dµy 1 ®Õn 2m,
nã bao phñ toµn bé c¸c s−ên ®åi cacbonat vµ cã
d¹ng mét dßng bïn ®¸, mÆc dï vµo thêi gian ®Çu,
chuyÓn ®éng lë ®Êt chØ x¶y ra däc theo s−ên dèc 390
cã kÌm theo c¸c dßng bïn ®Êt ch¶y däc theo c¸c
r·nh nhá.
decanting basins /di'kæntiη 'beisnz/ n bÓ l¾ng/
bÓ läc: Basins used for decanting of drilling
bentonite mud: Lµ c¸c bÓ dïng ®Ó läc bïn khoan
bent«nÝt.
decay time /di'kei taim/ n thêi gian suy gi¶m: The
interval of time required for a pulse to decay from its
maximum value to some specified fraction of that
value: Lµ kho¶ng thêi gian cÇn thiÕt cho mét xung ®Ó
suy gi¶m tõ gi¸ trÞ cùc ®¹i cña nã ®Õn mét phÇn nhá
nµo ®ã cña gi¸ trÞ Êy.
decision maker /di'siʒn 'meikə/ n ng−êi ra quyÕt
®Þnh: A person who makes decisions. The term
usually refers to people making decisions on behalf
of businesses or government: Lµ mét ng−êi cã quyÒn
®−a ra c¸c quyÕt ®Þnh. ThuËt ng÷ th−êng chØ tíi
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
nh÷ng ng−êi ra quyÕt ®Þnh ®¹i diÖn cho c¸c c«ng ty
hay chÝnh phñ.
deck /dek/ n thÒm chê miÖng giÕng: The area
around the shaft collar where men and materials
enter the cage to be lowered underground: Khu vùc
xung quanh miÖng giÕng ®øng, t¹i ®ã ng−êi vµ vËt
liÖu ®i vµo lång c«ng t¸c ®Ó h¹ xuèng d−íi ngÇm.
decline /,di:klain/ n hÇm xiªn: A sloping
underground opening, usually driven at a grade of
about 15% to 20%, for machine access from level to
level or from surface; also called a ramp. An
underground tunnel developed on a sloping grade
for traveling around an underground mine in a self-
propelled vehicle or mining machine. These tunnels
are often driven in a spiral, much the same as a
staircase, to access different elevations in the mine:
Mét hang ngÇm cã dèc, th−êng ®µo víi ®é dèc 15-
20%, ®Ó ®−a thiÕt bÞ tõ hÇm ngang nµy sang hÇm
ngang kia hoÆc tõ mÆt ®Êt xuèng hÇm; còng gäi lµ
mét dèc hÇm. Cßn lµ mét hÇm ngÇm t¹o ra theo mét
dèc nghiªng ®Ó ®i l¹i quanh mét má ngÇm b»ng xe tù
hµnh hay m¸y khoan hÇm. C¸c hÇm nµy th−êng ®−îc
®µo theo ®−êng cong xo¾n, gièng nh− kiÓu cÇu
thang, ®Ó tiÕp cËn tíi c¸c cao ®é kh¸c nhau trong
khu má.
decommissioning (closure) = abandonment
/dikə'mi∫niη 'klouʒə/ n sù ®ãng cöa, sù dêi bá mét
c«ng ®Þa.
decomposed /,di:k”m'pouzd/ adj ph©n hñy, ph©n
ly, t¸ch rêi: Degree of rock weathering ranges from
unweathered to decomposed, the later implies rock
reduced to a soil with relicit rock texture, generally
molded and crumbled by hand: Møc ®é phong hãa
®¸ cã nhiÒu møc tõ nguyªn tr¹ng ®Õn ph©n hñy,
trong ®ã møc ph©n hñy dïng ®Ó chØ ®¸ ®· bÞ gi¶m
chÊt l−îng biÕn thµnh ®Êt víi cÊu tróc ®¸ cßn sãt l¹i,
nãi chung cã thÓ nÆn vµ bãp n¸t ®−îc b»ng tay o
The in-situ rock, or rock mass, is comprised of intact
blocks of rock separated by discontinuities such as
joints, bedding planes, folds, sheared zones and
faults. These rock blocks may vary from fresh and
unaltered rock to badly decomposed and
disintegrated rock: §¸ t¹i chç hay khèi ®¸ cÊu t¹o tõ
c¸c khèi ®¸ nguyªn d¹ng bÞ ph©n chia bëi c¸c bÊt
liªn tôc nh− khe nøt, mÆt ph¼ng ph©n líp, uèn nÕp
®íi chÞu c¾t (vß nhµu) vµ ®øt g·y. C¸c khèi ®¸ nµy
cã thÓ biÕn ®æi tõ ®¸ t−¬i vµ ch−a thay ®æi ®Õn ®¸
ph©n hñy vµ gi¶m yÕu m¹nh.
decomposed rock /,di:k”m'pouzd r˜k/ n ®¸
ph©n hñy: The rock is weathered to the condition of
a soil in which the original material fabric is still
 82
intact, but some or all of the mineral grains are
decomposed: §¸ bÞ phong hãa tíi t×nh tr¹ng cña ®Êt
trong ®ã cÊu tróc vËt liÖu gèc vÉn cßn nguyªn vÑn,
nh−ng mét sè hoÆc toµn bé c¸c h¹t kho¸ng vËt ®· bÞ
ph©n hñy.
decomposition grade /,di:k˜mp”'zi‘n greid/ n
møc ®é ph©n hñy (ph©n ly, t¸ch rêi): Class assigned
to rock material on the basis of its degree of
decomposition (chemical weathering), in terms of
physical characteristics such as strength,
discolouration, slakeability, presence or absence of
original rock texture, and decomposition state of
individual minerals: Lµ sù ph©n lo¹i vËt liÖu ®¸ trªn
c¬ së møc ®é ph©n hñy cña nã (sù phong hãa hãa
häc), vÒ c¸c ®Æc tÝnh vËt lý nh− c−êng ®é, sù biÕn ®æi
mµu, tÝnh bong trãc m¶ng, sù cã mÆt hay biÕn mÊt
cÊu tróc ®¸ nguyªn gèc, vµ t×nh tr¹ng ph©n hñy cña
c¸c kho¸ng vËt riªng rÏ.
decompressed zone /,di:k”m'prest zoun/ n vïng
®Þa chÊt ®· gi¶m /khö øng suÊt: The loss of
confinement caused by tunnel driving causes stress
redistribution around the excavation and
deformations. Detailed analysis of the curves which
plot the correlation between convergence
measurements and distance to working face and time
will yield very instructive information about the
influence distance of the working face, and
therefore, about the extent of the decompressed zone
and whether or not time-dependent deformations
will occur: Sù mÊt tr¹ng th¸i nÐn Ðp do ®µo hÇm sÏ
g©y ra ph©n bè l¹i øng suÊt vµ biÕn d¹ng quanh
hang ngÇm. ViÖc ph©n tÝch kü ®−êng cong thÓ hiÖn
mèi quan hÖ gi÷a biÕn d¹ng héi tô vµ kho¶ng c¸hc
tíi g−¬ng hÇm vµ thêi gian sÏ cung cÊp cho ta nhiÒu
th«ng tin cã Ých vÒ kho¶ng c¸ch t¸c ®éng cña g−¬ng
®µo, vµ nhê ®ã, biÕt ®−îc quy m« cña vïng nÒn ®·
gi¶m øng suÊt vµ liÖu c¸c biÕn d¹ng theo thêi gian
cã x¶y ra hay kh«ng.
decompression /,di:k”m'pre‘n/ n sù gi¶m
¸p, sù khö ¸p; sù níi øng suÊt: Whereas all the older
methods of temporary support are bound without
exception to cause loosening and voids by yielding
of the different parts of the supporting structure, a
thin layer of shotcrete together with a suitable
system of rock bolting aplied to the rock face
immediately after blasting entirely prevents
loosening and reduces decompression to a certain
degree, transforming the surrounding rock into a
self-supporting arch (Rabcewicz): Trong khi tÊt c¶
c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p chèng ®ì t¹m cò ®Òu g©y ra sù lë
rêi vµ t¹o lç rçng trong ®¸ mµ kh«ng cã ngo¹i lÖ
nµo, do sù lón cña nh÷ng phÇn kh¸c nhau trªn kÕt
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
cÊu chèng ®ì, th× mét líp máng bªt«ng phun kÕt hîp
víi mét hÖ thèng bul«ng neo ®¸ phï hîp ®−îc l¾p
®Æt vµo khèi ®¸ ngay sau khi næ ph¸ còng hoµn toµn
cã thÓ chèng l¹i sù r·o rêi ®¸ vµ lµm gi¶m sù níi
øng suÊt trong ®¸ xuèng mét møc ®é nhÊt ®Þnh, biÕn
khèi ®¸ xung quanh trë thµnh mét vßm tù chèng ®ì
(theo Rabcewicz).
decompression time /,di:k”m'pre‘n taim/ n thêi
gian gi¶m ¸p, khö ¸p sau khi lµm viÖc trong m«i
tr−êng khÝ nÐn: Strict codes for hours of work and
decompression time must be formulated for working
in compresses air tunnels to avoid "the blends" or
the "blind stagger" (e.g. see table below): CÇn ph¶i
cã nh÷ng quy ®Þnh chÆt chÏ vÒ sè giê lµm viÖc vµ
thêi gian nghØ ng¬i khö ¸p ®èi víi c«ng viÖc tiÕn
hµnh trong c¸c hÇm dïng khÝ nÐn ®Ó tr¸nh x¶y ra
bÖnh khÝ Ðp hoÆc bÖnh lo¹ng cho¹ng (xem b¶ng
d−íi).
Pressure Hours of Decompression
(kg/cm2) labor (Sè giê time (minutes)
¸p suÊt lao ®éng) (T/g khö ¸p)
0 - 0.84 8 3
1.13 6 33
1.41 4 7
1.41 4 43
3 15
1.69 4 92
3 52
1.97 3 98
2 41
2.25 2 85
1.5 43
decontamination /di:k”n,t“mi'nei‘n/ n lo¹i trõ
nhiÔm bÈn: The process of removing undesirable
physical or chemical constituents, or both, from
equipment to reduce the potential for cross-
contamination: Lµ qu¸ tr×nh lo¹i bá c¸c thµnh phÇn
vËt lý hay hãa häc kh«ng mong muèn, hoÆc c¶ hai,
khái c¸c thiÕt bÞ ®Ó lµm gi¶m kh¶ n¨ng nhiÔm bÈn
l©y lan o The process of removing or reducing to
a known level undesirable physical or chemical
constituents, or both, from a sampling apparatus to
maximize the representativeness of physical or
chemical analysis proposed for a given sample: Lµ
qu¸ tr×nh lo¹i bá hay lµm gi¶m tíi mét møc nhÊt
®Þnh c¸c thµnh phÇn vËt lý hay hãa häc kh«ng mong
muèn, hoÆc c¶ hai, khái mét thiÕt bÞ lÊy mÉu nh»m
lµm tèi ®a hãa tÝnh ®¹i diÖn cña phÐp ph©n tÝch hãa
häc hay vËt lý ®Ò ra cho mét mÉu thö nhÊt ®Þnh.
decoupling /'di:'kʌpliη/ n lµm hë thái thuèc
trong lç m×n: The ratio of the radius of the blasthole
to the radius of the charge. In general, a reducing of
the strain wave amplitude by increasing the spacing
 83
between charge and blasthole wall: Lµ tû sè gi÷a
b¸n kÝnh cña mét lç khoan víi b¸n kÝnh cña thái
thuèc næ. Nãi chung, ®ã lµ mét sù gi¶m ®i cña biªn
®é sãng biÕn d¹ng b»ng c¸ch lµm t¨ng kho¶ng c¸ch
gi÷a thái thuèc næ vµ thµnh lç khoan.
decrease of water /'di:cri:s ”v w˜:t”/ n sù
gi¶m n−íc: The water inflow in the Äspö HRL tunnel
is continually monitored. During the first five years
of operation the tunnel shows a decrease of the
water flow of approximately 4% per year: Dßng
n−íc ngÇm ch¶y vµo hÇm Äspö HRL ®−îc theo dâi
liªn tôc. Trong 5 n¨m ®Çu ho¹t ®éng, l−u l−îng n−íc
®· gi¶m ®i trung b×nh kho¶ng 4% mét n¨m.
deep shaft /di:p ∫ɑ:ft/ n giÕng ®øng s©u: A shaft of
relatively (but not formally defined) great depth,
usually associated with mines and underground
waste storage and less often with civil engineering
projects which are relatively shallow: Lµ mét giÕng
cã chiÒu s©u t−¬ng ®èi lín (nh−ng kh«ng ®−îc chØ
®Þnh mét c¸ch chÝnh thøc), th−êng thi c«ng trong c¸c
hÇm má vµ hÇm ch«n chÊt th¶i, vµ Ýt thÊy h¬n víi
c¸c dù ¸n x©y dùng d©n dông ë ®ã c¸c giÕng lµ t−¬ng
®èi n«ng.
deep well /di:p wel/ n giÕng b¬m tho¸t n−íc ®Æt
s©u: Deep wells have been particularly effective in
controlling the water table at sites where highly
permeable formations occur beneath less permeable
formations. Deep wells often must be constructed in
such a way that they can remove large volumes of
water without allowing large quantities of soil to
enter the casing: C¸c giÕng b¬m th¸o n−íc s©u ®Æc
biÖt cã hiÖu qu¶ trong viÖc kiÓm so¸t mùc n−íc ngÇm
t¹i c¸c ®Þa ®iÓm mµ t¹i ®ã c¸c líp ®Êt thÊm n−íc
xuÊt hiÖn bªn d−íi c¸c líp Ýt thÊm h¬n. GiÕng lo¹i
nµy th−êng ph¶i ®−îc cÊu t¹o sao cho chóng cã thÓ
b¬m th¸o nh÷ng l−îng n−íc lín mµ kh«ng cho phÐp
nhiÒu ®Êt lät vµo trong èng b¬m.
deflection angle /di'flek‘n '“–gl/ n gãc lÖch:
Angle from the back tangent or chord extended to
the next chord: Lµ gãc tõ tiÕp tuyÕn hay d©y cung
phÝa sau kÐo dµi ®Õn d©y cung kÕ tiÕp.
deflectometer /di'flekt”,mi:t”/ n m¸y ®o ®é lÖch: A
device for precisely measuring the relative rotation
of adjacent line segments along a common axis. The
products of the sine of the relative rotation angle
and length of line segment are summed by means of
double integration techniques to obtain a
displacement profile: Lµ mét dông cô ®Ó ®o chÝnh
x¸c sù quay t−¬ng ®èi cña c¸c ®èt vá hÇm kÒ nhau
däc theo mét trôc chung. C¸c tÝch cña sin cña gãc
quay t−¬ng ®èi vµ chiÒu dµi cña ®o¹n vá hÇm sÏ
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
®−îc tæng hîp b»ng c¸ch lÊy tÝch ph©n kÐp ®Ó nhËn
®−îc mét biªn d¹ng chuyÓn vÞ.
deflocculated /di'fl˜kjuleitid/ adj ®· ®−îc lµm mÊt
(lµm tan) tÝnh kÕt b«ng (kÕt côm, vãn côc): Gel of
strictly deflocculated clay bentonite may be used as
a grout for the purpose of watertightening of the soft
soils: ChÊt gel (keo) cña sÐt bent«nit ®· ®−îc lµm
tan kü vãn côc cã thÓ ®−îc dïng nh− mét lo¹i v÷a
cho môc ®Ých chèng thÊm n−íc trong ®Êt yÕu.
deformability /,di:f˜:'m”bil”ti/ n tÝnh biÕn d¹ng: In
grouting, a measure of the elasticity of the grout to
distort in the interstitial spaces as the sediments
move: Trong b¬m v÷a, ®ã lµ mét sè ®o vÒ tÝnh ®µn
håi cña v÷a ®Ó cã thÓ biÕn h×nh trong c¸c kho¶ng hë
rÊt bÐ khi ®Êt nÒn di chuyÓn.
deformation /,di:f˜:'mei‘n/ n biÕn d¹ng: A change
of shape of a structure or part of a structure or the
ground. Usually refers to the change in shape with
respect to load and time of the inner profile of the
tunnel: Lµ sù thay ®æi vÒ h×nh d¹ng cña mét kÕt cÊu
hoÆc mét phÇn kÕt cÊu hoÆc ®Êt nÒn. Th−êng chØ ®Õn
sù thay ®æi h×nh d¹ng theo t¶i träng vµ thêi gian cña
biªn d¹ng phÝa trong cña ®−êng hÇm o During
tunnel excavation, when geological deformation is
expected, the Engineer shall determine the
anticipated geological deformation, and redefine the
consequential pay line for excavation: Trong qu¸
tr×nh ®µo hÇm, nÕu tiªn ®o¸n sÏ cã biÕn d¹ng ®Þa
chÊt, T− vÊn sÏ quyÕt ®Þnh gi¸ trÞ biÕn d¹ng ®Þa chÊt
dù kiÕn, vµ x¸c ®Þnh l¹i ®−êng giíi h¹n thanh to¸n
®µo kÐo theo.
deformation gage /,di:f˜:'mei‘n geid™/ n ®ång
hå ®o biÕn d¹ng: The measurement of in situ stresses
is important in the design of underground openings
such as power houses, crushing stations, mines,
tunnels and the like. For many years, one of the most
popular device for measuring in situ stresses has
been the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) Borehole
Deformation Gage. This device consists of three
pairs of strain gaged cantilevers, each pair oriented
at 120° to the next, held within a sealed, stainless-
steel housing: §o ®¹c øng suÊt t¹i hiÖn tr−êng cã ý
nghÜa quan träng trong thiÕt kÕ c¸c c«ng tr×nh ngÇm
nh− gian m¸y thñy ®iÖn, tr¹m nghiÒn, má, hÇm v.v…
Trong nhiÒu n¨m qua, mét trong nh÷ng thiÕt bÞ phæ
biÕn nhÊt ®Ó ®o øng suÊt t¹i hiÖn tr−êng lµ lo¹i ®ång
hå ®o biÕn d¹ng lç khoan cña Côc Má Mü USBM.
Dông cô nµy cã ba cÆp dÇm ®o biÕn d¹ng, c¸c cÆp
®Çu ®o bè trÝ lÖch nhau mét gãc 1200, ®−îc l¾p trong
mét èng vá kÝn b»ng thÐp kh«ng rØ.
 84
deformation of concrete /,di:f˜:'mei‘n/ n biÕn
d¹ng cña bªt«ng: Concrete deforms under load, the
deformation increasing with the applied load and
being commonly known as elastic deformation.
Concrete continues to deform with time, under
constant load; this is known as time-dependent
deformation or creep. Another deformations are due
to concrete shrinkage and changes in temperature:
Bªt«ng bÞ biÕn d¹ng d−íi t¶i träng, biÕn d¹ng t¨ng
lªn theo t¶i träng t¸c dông vµ th−êng ®−îc gäi lµ
biÕn d¹ng ®µn håi. Bªt«ng tiÕp tôc biÕn d¹ng theo
thêi gian, d−íi t¶i träng kh«ng ®æi; nã ®−îc gäi lµ
biÕn d¹ng theo thêi gian hay tõ biÕn. C¸c biÕn d¹ng
kh¸c ®−îc g©y bëi sù co ngãt bªt«ng vµ nh÷ng thay
®æi vÒ nhiÖt ®é.
deformation of flexible lining /,di:f˜:'mei‘n/ n biÕn
d¹ng cña vá hÇm mÒm: All primary flexible lining
have only limited bending resistance and therefore
adapt themselves to the soil pressure by compressive
deformation until equilibrium is established. This
deformation is generally used as a design criterion,
and a deformation of 32mm/3.05m of diameter is
admissible: Mäi kÕt cÊu vá hÇm mÒm bªn trong ®Òu
cã søc kh¸ng uèn kÐm vµ do ®ã chóng sÏ tù thÝch øng
víi ¸p lùc ®Êt nhê biÕn d¹ng nÐn cho tíi khi sù c©n
b»ng ®−îc thiÕt lËp. BiÕn d¹ng nµy th−êng ®−îc
dïng nh− mét tiªu chuÈn thiÕt kÕ, vµ mét gi¸ trÞ biÕn
d¹ng 32mm trªn 3.05m ®−êng kÝnh lµ chÊp nhËn
®−îc.
deformation of metal /,di:f˜:'mei‘n/ n biÕn d¹ng
cña kim lo¹i: The importance of metals as
constructional materials is almost invariably related
to their loadbearing capacity in either tension or
compression and their ability to withstand limited
deformation without fracture: TÇm quan träng cña
c¸c kim lo¹i nh− lµ c¸c vËt liÖu x©y dùng hÇu nh−
lóc nµo còng ®−îc liªn hÖ víi kh¶ n¨ng chÞu t¶i cña
chóng khi nÐn hoÆc khi kÐo, vµ kh¶ n¨ng chÞu ®−îc
l−îng biÕn d¹ng nhÊt ®Þnh mµ kh«ng bÞ ph¸ háng.
deformation property /,di:f˜:'mei‘n 'pr˜p”ti/ n
tÝnh chÊt biÕn d¹ng: Deformation property of ground
is examined by precise investigation such as
standard penetration test, horizontal borehole load
test, and laboratory test: TÝnh chÊt biÕn d¹ng cña
®Êt ®¸ ®−îc kiÓm tra b»ng c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p kh¶o s¸t
chÝnh x¸c nh− thÝ nghiÖm xuyªn tiªu chuÈn SPT, thö
t¶i lç khoan ngang, vµ x¸c ®Þnh trong phßng thÝ
nghiÖm.
degradation /di'lei/ n chËm trÔ; sù chËm tiÕn ®é:
Deleterious change in physical properties or
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
appearance: Lµ sù thay ®æi cã h¹i vÒ c¸c tÝnh chÊt
vËt lý hay vÎ bÒ ngoµi.
degree of saturation /di'gri: əv ,sæt∫ə'rei∫n/ n
®é b·o hßa: The extent or degree to which the voids
in rock contain fluid (water, gas, or oil). Usually
expressed in percent related to total void or pore
space: Lµ møc ®é mµ c¸c lç rçng trong ®¸ cã thÓ
chøa ®−îc chÊt láng (n−íc, khÝ, hay dÇu). Th−êng
biÓu thÞ b»ng phÇn tr¨m so víi tæng thÓ tÝch lç rçng.
degree of utilisation /di'gri: əv ,ju:təlai'zei∫n/ n
møc ®é sö dông: Ratio of maximum stress level on
the sprayed concrete and its strength at a given age:
Lµ tû sè gi÷a møc øng suÊt lín nhÊt trong bªt«ng
phun vµ c−êng ®é cña nã t¹i mét tuæi nµo ®ã.
degrees-of-freedom /di'gri:z əv 'fri:dəm/ n
®é/bËc tù do: The minimum number of independent
coordinates required in a mechanical system to
define completely the positions of all parts of the
system at any instant of time. In general, it is equal
to the number of independent displacements that are
possible: Lµ sè täa ®é nhá nhÊt cÇn thiÕt trong mét
hÖ thèng c¬ häc ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh hoµn toµn ®−îc vÞ trÝ
cña mäi bé phËn cña hÖ thèng t¹i bÊt cø thêi ®iÓm
nµo. Nãi chung, nã b»ng víi sè chuyÓn vÞ ®éc lËp
kh¶ dÜ.
delay /di'lei/ n chËm trÔ; sù chËm tiÕn ®é: An
enforced wait in an activity. Pertains to value-of-
time studies: Lµ mét sù ®îi chê b¾t buéc trong mét
c«ng viÖc. Thuéc lÜnh vùc nghiªn cøu gi¸ trÞ cña thêi
gian (qu¶n lý - kÕ ho¹ch) o Prevention of delay of
tunneling operations is important to the contractor:
Phßng ngõa sù chËm tiÕn ®é cña c¸c c«ng t¸c x©y
dùng hÇm cã ý nghÜa quan träng ®èi víi nhµ thÇu.
delay /di'lei/ n kho¶ng trÔ, kho¶ng vi sai, thø tù cÊp
m×n: time interval (fraction of a second) between
detonation of explosive charges: Lµ kho¶ng thêi gian
(tÝnh b»ng phÇn nhá cña gi©y) gi÷a c¸c lóc kÝch næ
cña c¸c khèi thuèc m×n o Blasting caps are
manufactured for instantaneous explosion or with 15
or more delays and with various wire lengths up to
30m: C¸c kÝp næ ®−îc s¶n xuÊt ®Ó ph¸t næ tøc thêi,
hoÆc víi 15 cÊp vi sai hay nhiÒu h¬n, víi nhiÒu ®é
dµi kh¸c nhau cã thÓ ®Õn 30m.
delay (blasting) cap/ delay connector /di'lei
'bla:stiô k“p/ n kÝp vi sai: Exploders used in the
tunnel face, that have delay provisions resulting in
the charges' firing in rotation. Delay caps are used
so that the rock will be exploded into an area into
which it can expand: Lµ c¸c kÝp næ dïng ®Ó næ ph¸
g−¬ng hÇm, chóng cã ®é dù tr÷ næ vÒ thêi gian khiÕn
cho viÖc kÝch næ c¸c thái thuèc diÔn ra mét c¸ch
 85
tuÇn tù. T¸c dông cña c¸c kÝp vi sai lµ lµm cho khèi
®¸ bÞ ph¸ vì vÒ phÝa mét khu vùc mÆt tho¸ng ®Ó ®¸
vôn cã thÓ bung në thÓ tÝch.
delay pattern /di'lei 'p“tn/ n d¹ng thøc trÔ khi næ
m×n, s¬ ®å vi sai: Improper procedures or mistakes
by the loading crew can cause holes to detonate out
of sequence or without proper relief, which can
result in flyrock, excessive vibration, cutoffs and
misfires. To ensure that the designed delay pattern is
being followed, the blaster normally “lays out” the
pattern by placing the initiators and/or delay devices
at the collar of the hole before loading. This
eliminates any possibility of the loading crews
selecting the wrong initiator or delay and allows the
blaster to effectively monitor the loading operation:
Kü thuËt kÐm hoÆc sai lçi cña ®éi tra m×n cã thÓ
khiÕn cho c¸c lç m×n ph¸t næ kh«ng theo tr×nh tù
hoÆc ph¸ vì ®¸ kh«ng nh− ý, ®iÒu nµy sÏ sinh ra ®¸
bay, chÊn ®éng qu¸ m¹nh, næ ch−a hÕt vµ m×n thèi.
§Ó ®¶m b¶o r»ng s¬ ®å vi sai thiÕt kÕ ®−îc tu©n thñ
®óng, thî næ m×n th−êng “s¾p ®Æt” s¬ ®å næ b»ng
c¸ch ®Æt s½n c¸c kÝp næ hay kÝp vi sai lªn miÖng lç
khoan tr−íc khi n¹p thuèc. ViÖc nµy sÏ lo¹i trõ ®−îc
kh¶ n¨ng ®éi tra m×n lùa chän kÝp vi sai kh«ng ®óng,
®ång thêi cho phÐp ng−êi giËt m×n theo dâi ho¹t
®éng n¹p m×n mét c¸ch cã hiÖu qu¶.
deliverry hose /'deliv”ri houz/ n èng ph©n
phèi: Hose through which shotcrete passes; also
known as a material or conveying hose: Lµ èng qua
®ã bªt«ng phun ®i qua; còng gäi lµ èng vËt liÖu hay
èng vËn chuyÓn.
DEM (discrete element method) /dis'kri:t 'elimənt
'meθəd/ n ph−¬ng ph¸p phÇn tö riªng: Cundall and
Hart (1993) propose that the term discrete element
method applies to computer methods that allow finite
displacements and rotations of discrete bodies,
including complete detachment, and recognize new
contacts automatically as the calculation progresses.
Four main classes of computer methods conform to
this definition: Distinct element methods, Modal
methods, Discontinuous deformation methods, and
Momentum-exchange methods: Cundall vµ Hart
(1993) ®Ò nghÞ r»ng thuËt ng÷ ph−¬ng ph¸p phÇn tö
riªng lµ ¸p dông cho c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p m¸y tÝnh mµ
chóng cho phÐp cã nh÷ng chuyÓn vÞ vµ sù quay h÷u
h¹n cña c¸c vËt thÓ riªng, kÓ c¶ t¸ch rêi hoµn toµn,
vµ chÊp nhËn c¸c tiÕp xóc míi mét c¸ch tù ®éng
trong qu¸ tr×nh tÝnh to¸n. Bèn líp ph−¬ng ph¸p m¸y
tÝnh chÝnh phï hîp víi ®Þnh nghÜa nµy lµ: ph−¬ng
ph¸p phÇn tö riªng, ph−¬ng ph¸p d¹ng dao ®éng,
ph¬ng ph¸p biÕn d¹ng kh«ng liªn tôc, vµ ph−¬ng
ph¸p trao ®æi-®éng l−îng.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
DEM (discrete element model) /dis'kri:t 'elimənt
'mɔdl/ n m« h×nh phÇn tö riªng: Discontinuum
models feature numerical approaches involving
equations of motion for rigid particles or blocks.
Such models are frequently referred to as discrete
element models. Discontinuum approaches are
primarily used when analyzing the stability and/or
kinematics of one or more independent and
recognizable rock blocks. Because the rock blocks
are treated as rigid bodies, discontinuum models are
not used to analyze magnitudes of rock
deformations: C¸c m« h×nh m«i tr−êng kh«ng liªn
tôc ®Æc tr−ng cho c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p sè liªn quan ®Õn
c¸c ph−¬ng tr×nh chuyÓn ®éng cña c¸c h¹t hay khèi
r¾n. C¸c m« h×nh ®ã th−êng ®−îc gäi lµ m« h×nh
phÇn tö riªng. C¸ch tiÕp cËn kh«ng liªn tôc chñ yÕu
®−îc dïng khi ph©n tÝch tÝnh æn ®Þnh vµ/hoÆc ®éng
häc cña mét hay nhiÒu khèi ®¸ ®éc lËp vµ nhËn thÊy
®−îc. V× c¸c khèi ®¸ ®−îc xem nh− c¸c vËt thÓ r¾n,
nªn m« h×nh kh«ng liªn tôc nµy kh«ng ®−îc dïng ®Ó
ph©n tÝch ®é lín cña biÕn d¹ng khèi ®¸.
demolition permit /,demə'li∫n 'pə:mit/ n giÊy
phÐp ph¸ dì: Permission required to demolish
buildings within areas with development plans.
Permission is obtained by Building Committee: Lµ
giÊy phÐp cÇn cã ®Ó ph¸ dì c¸c c«ng tr×nh trong
ph¹m vi mÆt b»ng x©y dùng. Cã thÓ nhËn ®−îc tõ ñy
ban CÊp phÐp.
dense-stream conveying /dens-stri:m k”n'veiiô/ n
®æ bªt«ng kiÓu dßng ®Æc: A method of conveyance of
wet mix from the shotcrete machine by which the wet
mix is conveyed through the delivery line without
compressed air: Lµ mét ph−¬ng ph¸p vËn chuyÓn
hçn hîp −ít tõ m¸y trén bªt«ng phun nhê ®ã hçn
hîp −ít nµy ®−îc ®Èy qua èng ph©n phèi bªt«ng mµ
kh«ng cÇn khÝ nÐn.
densification /'densifikei‘n/ n sù lµm chÆt, sù ®Çm
chÆt (xem: compaction): The subsidence over the
Walk of Fame tunnels was unusual since it was not
related to overmining or running ground conditions,
but was in large part due to consolidation of the soil
structure in the shallow sediments well above the
tunnel crowns. Two alternative theories were
explored as likely triggering mechanisms for the
observed soil densification: (1) vibration of the
ground by tunneling machinery/operations, and (2)
stresses induced in the ground above the tunnels by
reaction of the ground to the tunnel bores. Analyses
suggest that the primary subsidence mechanism was
consolidation of hydrodensifiable soils as stresses
induced above the tunnel openings passed through
 86
the area: Lón mÆt ®Êt phÝa trªn hÇm ®«i Walk of
Frame lµ bÊt th−êng bëi v× nã kh«ng liªn quan ®Õn
viÖc khai th¸c má qu¸ møc hay ®iÒu kiÖn ®Êt ch¶y,
mµ phÇn lín lµ do sù cè kÕt cña cÊu tróc ®Êt ë c¸c
®Þa tÇng n«ng ngay phÝa trªn nãc hÇm. Cã hai gi¶
thuyÕt ®−îc xem xÐt vÒ c¬ cÊu g©y ra hiÖn t−îng lµm
chÆt ®Êt ®· quan s¸t ®−îc: (1) chÊn ®éng ®Êt bëi
m¸y mãc/ho¹t ®éng lµm hÇm, vµ (2) c¸c øng suÊt
sinh ra trong ®Êt phÝa trªn hÇm do t−¬ng t¸c cña ®Êt
nÒn víi hang hÇm. C¸c ph©n tÝch cho thÊy c¬ cÊu lón
chñ yÕu lµ sù cè kÕt cña ®Êt nÐn ®−îc do chøa n−íc,
v× c¸c øng suÊt sinh ra phÝa trªn hang hÇm ®i qua
khu vùc nµy.
density /'densiti/ n mËt ®é; ®é chÆt:
Shotcreting is a process of installing concrete at a
high velocity. Because the concrete is installed at a
high velocity, it will have a higher density than
conventional concrete in most cases. The increased
density will provide reduced permeability and higher
durability: Phun bªt«ng lµ mét qu¸ tr×nh t¹o ra
bªt«ng víi vËn tèc cao. V× bªt«ng ®−îc t¹o thµnh ë
vËn tèc lín, trong hÇu hÕt tr−êng hîp nã sÏ cã ®é
chÆt lín h¬n bªt«ng th−êng. §é chÆt lín nµy sÏ t¹o
nªn tÝnh chèng thÊm vµ ®é bÒn cao.
deposit /,depə'zit/ n trÇm tÝch: A mineralized
body which has been physically delineated by
sufficient drilling, trenching, and/or underground
work, and found to contain a sufficient average
grade of metal or metals to warrant further
exploration and/or development expenditures; such
a deposit does not qualify as a commercially
mineable ore body or as containing ore reserves: Lµ
mét khèi kho¸ng hãa mµ nã ®· ®−îc ph©n ®Þnh vÒ
mÆt vËt lý kh¸ ®Çy ®ñ bëi c«ng t¸c khoan, ®µo,
vµ/hoÆc c«ng t¸c ngÇm, vµ cho thÊy cã chøa mét
hµm l−îng trung b×nh cña kim lo¹i hoÆc ®a kim ®ñ
lín ®Ó ®¸ng ®−îc th¨m dß kü h¬n vµ/hoÆc tiÕn hµnh
lËp má khai th¸c; mét khèi trÇm tÝch nh− vËy ch−a
®−îc coi lµ mét khèi quÆng khai th¸c ®−îc vÒ mÆt
th−¬ng m¹i, còng nh− ch−a ®−îc coi lµ nguån dù tr÷
quÆng o Mineral deposit or ore deposit is used to
designate a natural occurrence of a useful mineral,
or an ore, in sufficient extent and degree of
concentration to invite exploitation: TrÇm tÝch
kho¸ng vËt hay trÇm tÝch quÆng ®−îc dïng ®Ó quy
®Þnh sù hiÖn diÖn tù nhiªn cña mét kho¸ng vËt cã
Ých, hay mét má quÆng, víi quy m« vµ møc ®é tËp
trung ®ñ ®Ó mêi gäi khai th¸c.
deposition /,depə'zi∫n/ n sù tÝch/l¾ng ®äng: The
act or process of settling solid material from fluid
suspension: Ho¹t ®éng hay qu¸ tr×nh l¾ng kÕt c¸c
vËt liÖu r¾n tõ dung dÞch láng (thÓ vÈn).
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
depression /di'pre‘n/ n sù sôt lón, sù tôt, h¹
xuèng: Permanent depression of the water table
commonly occurs in the vicinity of tunels because
they act as drains which collect infiltrating
groundwater: Sù h¹ thÊp vÜnh viÔn cña mùc n−íc
ngÇm th−êng x¶y ra t¹i khu vùc xung quanh tuyÕn
hÇm bëi v× c¸c ®−êng hÇm cã t¸c dông nh− lµ nh÷ng
èng dÉn n−íc, thu thËp n−íc ngÇm x©m nhËp vµo.
depth of round /dep• ”v raund/ n chiÒu s©u b−íc
®µo; b−íc tiÕn cña mét chu tr×nh ®µo hÇm: The depth
of round needs to be made as long as conditions will
permit, since this will reduce the lost time between
each operation of the round: B−íc tiÕn chu tr×nh ®µo
hÇm cÇn ph¶i s©u tèi ®a mµ ®iÒu kiÖn thi c«ng cho
phÐp, v× nh− vËy sÏ gi¶m ®−îc thêi gian l·ng phÝ
gi÷a mçi c«ng viÖc cña chu tr×nh.
depth pin /dep• pin/ n chèt kiÓm tra ®é dµy,
chèt ®Þnh cì (= check pin): The thickness and
position of the sprayed concrete are to be defined by
screed boards, guides wires, depth pins or other
means: BÒ dµy vµ vÞ trÝ cña bªt«ng phun ph¶i ®−îc
x¸c ®Þnh b»ng tÊm d−ìng khu«n (thanh g¹t), d©y dÉn
h−íng, chèt ®Þnh cì hoÆc c¸c biÖn ph¸p kh¸c.
desanding plant /di's“ndi– pla:nt/ n tr¹m khö c¸t:
Equipment used for treating and eliminating sand of
bentonite mud: ThiÕt bÞ dïng ®Ó xö lý vµ lo¹i bá c¸t
trong bïn bent«nÝt.
desaturation /di,sæt∫ə'rei∫n/ n gi¶i b·o hßa,
gi¶m tÝnh b·o hßa: The tests on thick hollow
cylinders (small-scale model of tunnel) submitted to
desaturation–resaturation processes in their hole
allow us to specify orders of magnitude of moisture
transfer phenomenon and damage in claystone
subjected to ventilation. The hydric loading lead to
the failure in material according to the anisotropic
direction. A hydromechanical model is etablished to
interpret the experimental results. The nonlinear
behavior according to the relative humidity is taken
into account. This nonlinear model is applied to
predict the hydromechanical responses in tunnel
subjected to ventilation, with the analytical and
numerical solutions (Pham Q.T. 2005): C¸c thÝ
nghiÖm trªn c¸c h×nh trô rçng thµnh dµy (m« h×nh cì
nhá cña hÇm) chÞu c¸c qu¸ tr×nh gi¶i b·o hßa-t¸i
b·o hßa bªn trong lßng cña chóng cho phÐp t¸c gi¶
Ph¹m Q.T. (2005) x¸c ®Þnh møc ®é cña hiÖn t−îng
truyÒn ®é Èm vµ sù ph¸ ho¹i trong sÐt kÕt d−íi ®iÒu
kiÖn th«ng giã. ViÖc chÞu t¶i liªn quan ®Õn n−íc dÉn
®Õn ph¸ ho¹i cña vËt liÖu theo chiÒu dÞ h−íng. Mét
m« h×nh thñy c¬ häc ®−îc thiÕt lËp ®Ó ph©n tÝch t×m
hiÓu c¸c kÕt qu¶ thùc nghiÖm. Sù lµm viÖc phi tuyÕn
 87
phô thuéc vµo ®é Èm t−¬ng ®èi ®−îc xÐt ®Õn. M«
h×nh phi tuyÕn nµy ®−îc ¸p dông ®Ó dù b¸o c¸c øng
xö thñy c¬ häc trong hÇm d−íi ®iÒu kiÖn th«ng giã,
råi ®−a ra c¸c lêi gi¶i ph©n tÝch vµ lêi gi¶i sè.
design /di'zain/ n thiÕt kÕ: The information
required to carry out engineering works: Th«ng tin
cÇn ®Ó thi c«ng c¸c c«ng tr×nh kü thuËt o Because
of the risks and uncertainties in tunnel and shaft
construction, design of underground structures
cannot be carried out by one or a few engineers.
Design must be a careful and eliberate process that
incorporates knowledge from many disciplines. Very
few engineers know enough about design,
construction, operations, environmental concerns,
and commercial contracting practices to make all
important decisions alone: Do bëi nh÷ng rñi ro vµ
bÊt tr¾c trong x©y dùng hÇm, nªn viÖc thiÕt kÕ c¸c
c«ng tr×nh ngÇm kh«ng thÓ ®−îc tiÕn hµnh chØ bëi
mét hoÆc mét vµi kü s−. ViÖc thiÕt kÕ ph¶i lµ mét qu¸
tr×nh cÈn thËn vµ tû mû dùa trªn kiÕn thøc cña nhiÒu
ngµnh chuyªn m«n. Cã rÊt Ýt kü s− biÕt ®−îc tÊt c¶ vÒ
thiÕt kÕ, thi c«ng, vËn hµnh, c¸c vÊn ®Ò m«i tr−êng,
vµ th«ng lÖ kÝ kÕt hîp ®ång lµm hÇm ®Ó cã thÓ ®¬n
®éc ®−a ra nh÷ng quyÕt ®Þnh quan träng.
design based on similar conditions /di'zain beist
˜n 'simil” k”n'di∫n/ n thiÕt kÕ hÇm dùa trªn c¸c ®iÒu
kiÖn t−¬ng tù: The design engineer shall design a
tunnel by an appropriate method. In the design
phase, the ground condition, environmental
condition, tunnel section, etc. shall be considered.
When a case involving similar design conditions is
available, the tunnel is designed based on that case:
Kü s− thiÕt kÕ sÏ thiÕt kÕ mét ®−êng hÇm b»ng mét
ph−¬ng ph¸p thÝch hîp. Trong giai ®o¹n thiÕt kÕ, cÇn
ph¶i xem xÐt c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt, ®iÒu kiÖn m«i
tr−êng, tiÕt diÖn hÇm v.v... NÕu tån t¹i mét tr−êng
hîp cò cã nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn thiÕt kÕ t−¬ng tù, th×
®−êng hÇm sÏ ®−îc thiÕt kÕ dùa trªn tr−êng hîp ®ã.
design by an analytical method /di'zain bai ”n
,“n”'litik”l 'meθ”d/ n thiÕt kÕ hÇm b»ng ph−¬ng
ph¸p ph©n tÝch/tÝnh to¸n lý thuyÕt: It is essential to
use a combination of empirical, analytical and
observational approaches to fulfill the tunnel project
objectives - on time, within budget and in quality.
Analytical method may usually be used for
evaluating the ground response to the excavation
and for the structural design of the support and
lining: CÇn ph¶i sö dông kÕt hîp c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p
kinh nghiÖm, tÝnh to¸n lý thuyÕt vµ quan tr¾c ®Ó ®¹t
®−îc c¸c môc tiªu cña dù ¸n hÇm - ®óng tiÕn ®é,
kh«ng v−ît ng©n s¸ch vµ ®¶m b¶o chÊt l−îng.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
Th−êng cã thÓ dïng ph−¬ng ph¸p tÝnh to¸n lý thuyÕt
®Ó ®¸nh gi¸ ®¸p øng cña nÒn ®Êt ®èi víi qu¸ tr×nh
®µo hÇm vµ ®Ó thiÕt kÕ kÕt cÊu hÖ chèng ®ì còng nh−
vá hÇm.
design criteria /di'zain krai'tiəriə/ n tiªu chuÈn
thiÕt kÕ: Quantitative formulations describing the
conditions to be fulfilled for each limit state: Lµ c¸c
quy ®Þnh mang tÝnh ®Þnh l−îng ®Ó m« t¶ c¸c ®iÒu
kiÖn cÇn ph¶i ®¸p øng cho mçi tr¹ng th¸i giíi h¹n.
design load /di'zain loud/ n t¶i träng thiÕt kÕ
hÇm: In general, seismic design loads for
underground structures are characterized in terms
of the deformations and strains imposed on the
structure by the surrounding ground, often due to the
interaction between the two: Nãi chung, t¶i träng
thiÕt kÕ ®éng ®Êt cho c«ng tr×nh ngÇm ®−îc ®Æc
tr−ng bëi c¸c chuyÓn vÞ vµ biÕn d¹ng sinh ra trªn kÕt
cÊu bëi ®Êt nÒn bao quanh, th−êng lµ do t−¬ng t¸c
gi÷a kÕt cÊu vµ ®Êt nÒn.
design speed /di'zain spi:d/ n tèc ®é thiÕt kÕ:
Design speed in the US interstate highway tunnels
cannot be less than 95 km/h unless otherwise
restricted in urban area: Tèc ®é thiÕt kÕ trong c¸c
hÇm ®−êng cao tèc liªn bang Mü kh«ng ®−îc nhá
h¬n 95 km/h, trõ khi cã h¹n chÕ kh¸c trong khu ®«
thÞ o Other tunnels should be designed for the
speeds governing on the approach highways
according to state or local regulations: C¸c hÇm
kh¸c ph¶i ®−îc thiÕt kÕ theo tèc ®é khèng chÕ trªn
c¸c ®−êng cao tèc dÉn vµo hÇm theo ®óng quy ®Þnh
cña bang hoÆc cña ®Þa ph−¬ng.
design working life /di'zain 'w”:kiη laif/ n tuæi
thä thiÕt kÕ: Duration of the period during which a
structure or a structural element, when designed, is
assumed to perform for its intended purpose with
expected maintenance but without major repair
being necessary: Lµ kho¶ng thêi gian mµ trong ®ã
khi thiÕt kÕ mét c«ng tr×nh hay mét bé phËn kÕt cÊu
ng−êi ta gi¶ thiÕt r»ng nã sÏ thùc hiÖn chøc n¨ng ®·
®Þnh víi sù b¶o tr× dù kiÕn nh−ng kh«ng cÇn söa
ch÷a lín.
designer /di'zain”/ n nhµ thiÕt kÕ; ng−êi ph¸c
häa: Most tunnel designers are quite innocent of any
awareness of how tunnels are actually built: HÇu hÕt
c¸c nhµ thiÕt kÕ hÇm rÊt ng©y th¬ vÒ kiÕn thøc hÇm
®−îc thùc sù thi c«ng nh− thÕ nµo.
destressing = removal of pressure /di'stresi–/ n sù
gi¶i phãng øng suÊt: Failure occurs when the loads
or stresses acting on the rock material (intact rock
or discontinuity) exceed the strength (compressive or
tensile) of the rock. Failure could also occur through
 88
destressing of the rock: Sù ph¸ ho¹i x¶y ra khi t¶i
träng hay øng suÊt v−ît t¸c dông trong vËt liÖu ®¸
(®¸ nguyªn tr¹ng hay ®¸ nøt nÎ) v−ît qu¸ c−êng ®é
nÐn hay kÐo cña ®¸. Ph¸ ho¹i còng cã thÓ x¶y ra
th«ng qua sù gi¶i phãng øng suÊt cña ®¸.
destressing rock joint /di'stresi– r˜k dʒ˜int/ n
khe nøt trong khèi ®¸ ®· mÊt lùc liªn kÕt, khe nøt ®¸
bÞ khö øng suÊt.
destructive testing /di'strʌktiv 'testi–/ n thö
nghiÖm ph¸ huû mÉu: In destructive testing, tests are
carried out to the specimen’s failure. These tests are
generally much easier to carry out, yield more
information, and are easier to interpret than
nondestructive testing. Some types of destructive
testing are stress tests, fatigue tests and hardness
tests: Trong thÝ nghiÖm ph¸ hñy mÉu, thÝ nghiÖm
®−îc tiÕn hµnh cho tíi khi mÉu bÞ ph¸ háng. C¸c thÝ
nghiÖm nµy nãi chung rÊt dÔ lµm, cung cÊp nhiÒu
th«ng tin, vµ dÔ ph©n tÝch sè liÖu h¬n so víi thÝ
nghiÖm kh«ng ph¸ hñy mÉu. Mét vµi d¹ng thÝ nghiÖm
ph¸ ho¹i mÉu gåm cã thÝ nghiÖm øng suÊt, thÝ
nghiÖm mái vµ thÝ nghiÖm ®é cøng o Destructive
testing can be performed to evaluate the strength
and fatigue resistance of the various mixtures.
Destructive testing (where permitted by the structure
owner) may include pull-off resistance, extraction of
a core for petrographic examination and
measurement of carbonation and chloride ingress:
ThÝ nghiÖm ph¸ hñy mÉu cã thÓ tiÕn hµnh ®Ó x¸c
®Þnh c−êng ®é vµ søc kh¸ng mái cña c¸c hçn hîp
bªt«ng kh¸c nhau. ThÝ nghiÖm ph¸ hñy mÉu (khi
®−îc sù cho phÐp cña chñ c«ng tr×nh) cã thÓ bao
gåm thÝ nghiÖm søc kh¸ng kÐo ®øt, t¸ch lÊy lâi khoan
®Ó kiÓm tra th¹ch häc vµ ®o ®¹c chiÒu s©u cacbonat
hãa vµ x©m nhËp clorua.
detailed design /'di:teildl di'zain/ n thiÕt kÕ chi tiÕt:
Special attention has to be paid on experience in
detailed design of both, mostly applied methods of
tunneling: conventional tunneling and TBM
tunneling. Detailed design of conventional driven
tunnels covers tunnels constructed following
principles of mostly NATM technology as well as
other types of conventional tunnel excavation
methodology: CÇn chó ý ®Æc biÖt vÒ kinh nghiÖm
thiÕt kÕ chi tiÕt cña c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p lµm hÇm ®−îc
¸p dông nhiÒu nhÊt: ph−¬ng ph¸p th«ng th−êng vµ
®µo b»ng m¸y khoan hÇm TBM. ThiÕt kÕ chi tiÕt c¸c
hÇm ®µo b»ng c¸ch th«ng th−êng sÏ ¸p dông cho tÊt
c¶ c¸c hÇm ®−îc thi c«ng theo c¸c nguyªn t¾c cña
c«ng nghÖ ¸o míi NATM còng nh− c¸c lo¹i ph−¬ng
ph¸p ®µo hÇm truyÒn thèng kh¸c.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
detector /di'tekt”/ n m¸y dß, bé dß, bé ph¸t
hiÖn: The use of electrically operated methane
detectors is mandatory, because methane CH4 is the
most commonly encountered dangerous natural gas
found in tunnels (air mixture with 5 to 15% CH4 by
volume are flammable and will explode in confined
areas): ViÖc dïng c¸c m¸y ph¸t hiÖn khÝ mªtan ch¹y
b»ng ®iÖn lµ b¾t buéc, v× mªtan CH4 lµ khÝ tù nhiªn
nguy hiÓm th−êng gÆp nhÊt trong hÇm (hçn hîp khÝ
víi 5 - 15% CH4 theo thÓ tÝch dÔ b¾t löa vµ sÏ næ
trong ®iÒu kiÖn giam h·m).
deteriorate /di'ti”ri”reit/ v lµm h− háng; lµm
gi¶m gi¸ trÞ; suy gi¶m: Steel can deteriorate in saline
conditions: S¾t cã thÓ h− háng (do ¨n mßn, gØ) trong
m«i tr−êng mÆn o In tunnels excavated in jointed
rock masses at relatively shallow depth, the most
common types of failure are those involving wedges
falling from the roof or sliding out of the sidewalls of
the openings. Unless steps are taken to support these
loose wedges, the stability of the back and walls of
the opening may deteriorate rapidly: Trong hÇm ®µo
qua ®¸ nøt nÎ ë ®é s©u kh«ng lín, c¸c d¹ng ph¸ ho¹i
th«ng th−êng nhÊt ®Òu liªn quan ®Õn c¸c khèi ®¸
h×nh nªm bÞ r¬i khái nãc vµ tr−ît khái t−êng hang
ngÇm. NÕu kh«ng cã nh÷ng biÖn ph¸p chèng ®ì
nh÷ng khèi h×nh nªm nµy, th× ®é æn ®Þnh cña l−ng
vßm vµ t−êng bªn cña hang cã thÓ bÞ suy gi¶m nhanh
chãng.
deterioration /di'ti”ri”rei‘n/ n sù h− háng; sù suy
tho¸i: Physical manifestation of failure of a material
(e.g., cracking, delamination, flaking, pitting,
scaling, spalling, staining) caused by service
conditions or internal autogenous influences: Lµ sù
thÓ hiÖn vÒ mÆt vËt lý cña sù ph¸ ho¹i cña mét vËt
liÖu (vÝ dô, nøt, t¸ch líp, bong trãc, rç, ®Ëp vì,
nhuém mµu…) g©y bëi c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn kh¾c nghiÖt
hoÆc nh÷ng ¶nh h−ëng tù sinh tõ bªn trong.
detonate /'detouneit/ v kÝch næ; lµm næ:
Powergelå 3151 is highly water resistant and will
detonate reliably under heads of water up to 150m,
making this explosive suitable for most underwater
blasting applications: Lo¹i thuèc næ Powergelå 3151
cã tÝnh chèng thÊm n−íc cao vµ sÏ ph¸t næ mét c¸ch
tin cËy d−íi nh÷ng cét n−íc s©u ®Õn 150m, khiÕn cho
lo¹i thuèc nµy thÝch hîp víi hÇu hÕt c¸c øng dông
ph¸ næ d−íi n−íc.
detonating cord /,detou'neitiô k˜:d/ n d©y
kÝch næ: Detonating cord is a flexible tube
containing a center core of a high-velocity (6500-
7000m/s), cap-sensitive explosive that is used to
detonate other high explosives with which it comes
 89
in contact, and to transmit a detonation wave from
detonating cord to detonating cord or to a non-
electric cap: D©y kÝch næ lµ mét èng mÒm chøa lâi
thuèc næ nh¹y, tèc ®é cao (6500-7000m/s), nã ®−îc
dïng ®Ó kÝch næ c¸c khèi thuèc næ m¹nh kh¸c tiÕp
xóc víi nã, vµ ®Ó truyÒn sãng næ tõ d©y næ nµy ®Õn
d©y næ kh¸c hoÆc tíi mét kÝp kh«ng sö dông ®iÖn o
Detonating cords of lower charge mass than 10g/m
are not recommended for use with certain
explosives: C¸c d©y næ cã khèi l−îng n¹p thuèc nhá
h¬n 10g/m ®«i khi kh«ng ®−îc khuyªn dïng víi mét
vµi lo¹i thuèc næ nhÊt ®Þnh.
detonation velocity /,detou'nei‘n vi'l˜s”ti/ n tèc
®é kÝch næ, vËn tèc næ: The detonation velocity of an
explosive is the speed, in metres per second, at
which the detonation wave travels through a column
of explosive charge. Many factors affect the
detonation velocity, including product type,
diameter, confinement, temperature, and degree of
priming. The detonation velocities of today's
commercial explosives range from about 1500 to
7000 metres per second: Tèc ®é næ cña mét lo¹i
thuèc næ lµ vËn tèc tÝnh b»ng m/s t¹i ®ã sãng h¬i næ
(sãng næ) ®i qua mét cét thuèc m×n. Cã nhiÒu yÕu tè
¶nh h−ëng ®Õn vËn tèc næ, bao gåm lo¹i s¶n phÈm,
®−êng kÝnh, sù ®ãng gãi, nhiÖt ®é, vµ møc ®é måi næ.
Tèc ®é næ cña c¸c lo¹i thuèc næ th−¬ng m¹i hiÖn nay
lµ tõ 1500~7000 m/s.
detonator /'detouneit”/ n ngßi næ, kÝp m×n: A
device containing a small detonating charge that is
used for detonating an explosive, including, but not
limited to, blasting caps, exploders, electric
detonators, and delay electric blasting caps: Lµ mét
thiÕt bÞ cã chøa mét khèi thuèc kÝch næ nhá dïng ®Ó
ph¸t háa mét khèi næ, th−êng bao gåm c¸c lo¹i nh−
kÝp næ, ngßi næ, kÝp ®iÖn, vµ kÝp ®iÖn vi sai o
Electric detonators, delays and caps will not be
allowed if stray electric current exists near the blast
area: KÝp næ, ngßi næ ®iÖn kh«ng ®−îc phÐp dïng
nÕu thÊy cã dßng ®iÖn l¹c (rß rØ) gÇn víi khu vùc næ
m×n.
development plan (DP) /di'veləpmənt plæn/ n kÕ
ho¹ch ph¸t triÓn: Zoning plans used to regulate land
use and the construction of buildings and facilities in
greater detail. DPs are binding for private and
public. DPs are adopted by the City Council after a
legal process: Lµ c¸c kÕ ho¹ch ph©n vïng dïng ®Ó
®iÒu chØnh viÖc sö dông ®Êt vµ viÖc thi c«ng c¸c tßa
nhµ vµ c«ng tr×nh ë møc ®é chi tiÕt h¬n. KHPT lµ
yªu cÇu b¾t buéc ®èi víi c¸ nh©n vµ c«ng céng.
KHPT sÏ do Héi ®ång Thµnh phè chÊp thuËn sau
mét qu¸ tr×nh ph¸p lý.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
deviation /,di:vi'ei‘n/ n sù lÖch, ®é lÖch: Under
normal ground conditions, deviation of the tunnel
alignment is kept to less than one-tenth of a foot (i.e.
the as-built centerline should be located within the
limits of a 30-mm bull's eye centered on the
theoretical tunnel centerline). In soft soil, however,
the deviation may reach half a foot: D−íi ®iÒu kiÖn
®Þa chÊt b×nh th−êng, sai lÖch vÒ h−íng tuyÕn hÇm
®−îc gi÷ thÊp d−íi 1/10 fut (nghÜa lµ, ®−êng tim
hoµn c«ng ph¶i n»m trong ph¹m vi 30mm quanh lç
m¾t tr©u (®iÓm ®en) ®Þnh t©m däc theo ®−êng tim
hÇm lý thuyÕt). Tuy nhiªn, trong ®Êt yÕu, sai sè cã
thÓ ®¹t ®Õn nöa fut (150mm).
deviator stress /'di:vieit” stres/ n øng suÊt lÖch
trung b×nh: It is an additional vertical stress (σ1 - σ3)
applying axially on to the end faces of the cylindrical
specimen under triaxial compression: §ã lµ øng suÊt
th¼ng ®øng phô thªm (σ1 - σ3) t¸c dông lªn c¸c mÆt
®¸y cña mÉu thö nÐn ba trôc.
dewater /di'w˜:t” / n b¬m th¸o n−íc: Reduction of
the ground water level by pumping. Often used in
connection with the vacuum wellpoint method: Lµ sù
lµm gi¶m møc n−íc ngÇm b»ng c¸ch b¬m. Th−êng
dïng kÕt hîp víi ph−¬ng ph¸p giÕng hót ch©n kh«ng.
de-watering /di'w˜:t”ri–/ n sù b¬m th¸o n−íc:
The removal and control of subsurface groundwater
from soil or rock formations. All excavation should
be maintained free of water; stand-by pumps must be
maintained on site at all times to ensure no
interruption in the continuity of de-watering
procedures: Lµ sù lo¹i bá vµ kiÓm so¸t n−íc ngÇm
khái c¸c thµnh hÖ ®Êt ®¸. Mäi hè ®µo [g−¬ng ®µo]
ph¶i ®−îc gi÷ kh«ng cã n−íc; c¸c m¸y b¬m dù
phßng ph¶i lu«n ®−îc duy tr× t¹i c«ng tr−êng ®Ó ®¶m
b¶o kh«ng cã sù ng¾t qu·ng nµo trong viÖc b¬m th¸o
n−íc o Dewatering for tunnel excavation may be
done by a series of wellppoints extended from the
surface. Test wells with pumping tests should be
made to determine the permeability of the soil: ViÖc
b¬m tho¸t n−íc khi ®µo hÇm cã thÓ nhê mét lo¹t c¸c
giÕng tho¸t n−íc kiÓu läc, nh« lªn mÆt ®Êt. CÇn ph¶i
lµm c¸c giÕng thö cã tiÕn hµnh b¬m hót thö ®Ó x¸c
®Þnh ®é thÊm cña ®Êt.
diabase /'dai”beis/ n ®¸ ®iaba: A common basic
igneous rock usually occurring in dykes or sills: Lµ
mét lo¹i ®¸ phun trµo th−êng xuÊt hiÖn theo kiÓu thÓ
t−êng (®ai m¹ch) hay vØa m¹ch x©m nhËp.
diamond /'dai”m”nd/ n kim c−¬ng: The hardest
known mineral, composed of pure carbon; low-
quality diamonds are used to make bits for diamond
drilling in rock: Lo¹i kho¸ng vËt cøng nhÊt tõng biÕt
 90
®Õn, cÊu t¹o tõ cacbon tinh khiÕt; c¸c lo¹i kim c−¬ng
chÊt l−îng kÐm ®−îc dïng ®Ó chÕ t¹o c¸c mòi khoan
trong kiÓu khoan kim c−¬ng trong ®¸.
diamond cut /'dai”m”nd kʌt/ n ®ét ph¸ h×nh
thoi: Inclined short drill holes near the center of the
tunnel face, so arranged that when the first shots are
exploded in the round, a diamond-shaped wedge of
rock is removed, which allows relief for the
remaining rock when the delay exploders set off the
charges in the other drill holes: Lµ c¸c lç khoan
ng¾n, nghiªng, gÇn t©m cña g−¬ng hÇm, ®−îc bè trÝ
sao cho khi nh÷ng thái thuèc ®Çu tiªn ®−îc kÝch næ
trong mét b−íc ®µo, th× sÏ ph¸ ®−îc mét khèi (nªm)
®¸ h×nh d¹ng h×nh thoi, t¹o ra mÆt tho¸ng ph¸ vì
cho phÇn ®¸ cßn l¹i - khi mµ c¸c kÝp næ vi sai kÝch
ho¹t c¸c thái thuèc næ trong c¸c lç khoan kh¸c.
diamond drill /'dai”m”nd dril/ n khoan mòi kim
c−¬ng: A rotary type of rock drill in which the
cutting is done by abrasion rather than percussion.
The cutting bit is set with diamonds and is attached
to the end of long hollow rods through which water
is pumped to the cutting face. The drill cuts a core of
rock that is recovered in long cylindrical sections,
two centimetres or more in diameter: Mét kiÓu
khoan xoay trong ®¸ trong ®ã viÖc c¾t ®¸ ®−îc thùc
hiÖn nhê sù mµi mßn h¬n lµ ®Ëp. Mòi khoan ®−îc
bäc kim c−¬ng vµ ®−îc g¾n vµo ®Çu c¸c thanh rçng
dµi, n−íc sÏ ®−îc b¬m qua lç rçng nµy tíi mÆt
g−¬ng. M¸y khoan c¾t ®−îc mét lâi ®¸ h×nh trô dµi
vµ ®−îc lÊy ra, ®−êng kÝnh ≥ 2cm.
diaphragm wall /'dai”fr“m w˜:l/ n t−êng
ch¾n ngÇm, t−êng ®óc (trong ®Êt): Wall built by
concreting within a deep and narrow trench the
sides of which are held in place by a thixotropic
slurry: Lµ lo¹i t−êng x©y dùng b»ng c¸ch ®æ bªt«ng
trong lßng mét hµo hÑp vµ s©u mµ c¸c thµnh bªn cña
nã ®−îc gi÷ æn ®Þnh nhê mét dung dÞch v÷a cã tÝnh
chÊt ph¸t triÓn c−êng ®é theo thêi gian o The use
of diaphragm walls is particularly advantageous
where there is groundwater at the site, as they are
practically impervious to water. They are suitable
for almost all types of soil: ViÖc sö dông c¸c t−êng
ch¾n ngÇm ®Æc biÖt cã lîi khi cã n−íc ngÇm t¹i hiÖn
tr−êng, v× trªn thùc tÕ c¸c t−êng nµy lµ kh«ng thÊm
n−íc. Chóng phï hîp ®èi víi hÇu hÕt c¸c lo¹i ®Êt
nÒn.
differential displacement /,dif”'ren‘”l
dis'pleism”nt/ n lón lÖch: A relative variation in rate
and/or magnitude of settlement in different areas of
a structure: Lµ sù sai kh¸c t−¬ng ®èi vÒ tèc ®é lón
vµ/hoÆc ®é lín cña lón t¹i nh÷ng khu vùc kh¸c nhau
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
cña mét kÕt cÊu o Once the liquefaction potential
is mitigated, the use of flexible joints that allow for
differential displacement may still be required for
tunnel connections: NÕu ph¶i ®Ò phßng kh¶ n¨ng
hãa láng ®Êt, cã thÓ ph¶i sö dông lo¹i mèi nèi mÒm
gi÷a c¸c ®èt vá hÇm ®Ó cho phÐp lón lÖch.
diffusiometer /di'fju:zi˜mi:t”/ n m¸y ®o ®é
khuyÕch t¸n.
dig /dig/ v ®µo: The first tunnel under the
Thames River in London was dug out of clay beneath
the riverbed between 1825 and 1843 under the
direction of Sir Marc Brunel, who had designed a
tunneling shield that made the work possible: §−êng
hÇm ®Çu tiªn d−íi S«ng Thames ë London ®−îc ®µo
qua líp ®Êt sÐt bªn d−íi ®¸y s«ng tõ n¨m 1825 ®Õn
1843, d−íi sù chØ ®¹o cña Ngµi Marc Brunel, ng−êi
®· thiÕt kÕ mét c¸i khiªn ®µo hÇm mµ nhê nã c«ng
viÖc míi thùc hiÖn ®−îc.
digger /'dig”/ n m¸y ®µo.
digger shield /'dig” ‘i:ld/ n khiªn ®µo: A shield
with means for rotary mechanical excavation: Mét
khiªn cã thiÕt bÞ quay c¬ khÝ ®Ó ®µo hÇm.
digging /'digi–/ n sù ®µo ®Êt ®¸, sù khai th¸c má,
sù ®µo má, ®µo hÇm: Tunnels are dug in various
types of materials, from soft clays to hard rocks.
Depending on the type of soil, a method of
excavation is chosen. When digging soft clays, the
New Austrian Tunneling method or NATM might be
applied. When digging in weak rocks a tunnel boring
machine or TBM is often used: HÇm ®−îc ®µo trong
nhiÒu lo¹i ®Êt ®¸ kh¸c nhau, tõ sÐt mÒm ®Õn ®¸ cøng.
Tïy thuéc vµo lo¹i ®Êt, sÏ chän ®−îc mét ph−¬ng
ph¸p ®µo hÇm. Khi ®µo hÇm trong ®Êt sÐt, cã thÓ ¸p
dông ph−¬ng ph¸p lµm hÇm míi cña ¸o. Khi ®µo
hÇm trong ®¸ mÒm, th−êng dïng mét m¸y khoan hÇm
TBM.
digging operation /'digi– ,˜p”'rei‘n/ n c«ng t¸c
(viÖc) ®µo ®Êt ®¸: The potential danger to human
operators needs to be removed when excavation
tasks in hazardous environments, such as toxic waste
removal and deep tunnel excavation are carried out.
Employing an automated digging operation, not only
operator safety is improved but also the operator's
workload -often repetitive and tiring- is reduced:
Mèi nguy hiÓm tiÒm tµng cho con ng−êi cÇn ®−îc
lo¹i bá khi thùc hiÖn c¸c nhiÖm vô ®µo trong c¸c m«i
tr−êng nhiÒu nguy c¬, nh− dêi chuyÓn chÊt th¶i ®éc
h¹i vµ ®µo hÇm s©u. B»ng c¸ch sö dông ph−¬ng thøc
®µo tù ®éng, sÏ kh«ng nh÷ng n©ng cao an toµn cho
thî vËn hµnh mµ cßn gi¶m ®−îc khèi l−îng c«ng viÖc
 91
- th−êng mang tÝnh lÆp l¹i vµ mÖt mái - cho ng−êi
thî.
digital tunneling /'didʒitl 'tʌnliη/ n lµm hÇm víi trî
gióp cña kü thuËt sè: While computers cannot yet
physically drive our tunnels for us, they are playing
an ever increasing role in making tunnelling easier,
more accurate and predictable. Obvious examples
are the use of Computer Aided Design (CAD) in
tunnel planning, computerised guidance systems on
tunnel boring machines, highly computerised drill
rig control systems which make drilling the ‘perfect’
round achievable time after time and numerous
other aids to make mechanical procedures more
consistent and equipment design and manufacture
more reliable. However, the use of new technology is
going much further than this. There are three
completely different systems that rely upon the
power of present day computing to help achieve
better prediction and/or safety in modern tunnelling.
The first of these relates to the use of Finite Element
Analysis (FEA) in the design. A second ‘new’
technology is the use of Tunnel Reflection
Tomography to predict structures ahead of the
tunnel face. The third item of new technology is the
use of loader and drill rig simulators to help train
and refresh underground operators of this
equipment: MÆc dï m¸y tÝnh kh«ng thÓ thùc sù ®µo
ra ®−êng hÇm cho chóng ta, nh−ng chóng ®ãng mét
vai trß ngµy cµng lín trong viÖc lµm cho viÖc lµm
hÇm trë nªn dÔ dµng h¬n, chÝnh x¸c vµ dÔ dù b¸o
h¬n. C¸c vÝ dô hiÓn nhiªn gåm cã: viÖc dïng thiÕt kÕ
víi trî gióp cña m¸y tÝnh (CAD) trong quy ho¹ch
hÇm, c¸c hÖ thèng dÉn h−íng b»ng m¸y tÝnh trong
m¸y khoan hÇm (TBM), c¸c hÖ thèng kiÓm so¸t gi¸
khoan ®−îc sè hãa cao khiÕn cho viÖc khoan trë
thµnh mét chu tr×nh “hoµn h¶o” ®¹t ®−îc mét c¸ch
tuÇn tù, cïng v« sè sù trî gióp kh¸c ®Ó lµm cho c¸c
quy tr×nh c¬ khÝ trë nªn nhÊt qu¸n h¬n, viÖc thiÕt kÕ
chÕ t¹o thiÕt bÞ trë nªn tin cËy h¬n. Tuy nhiªn, viÖc
øng dông c«ng nghÖ míi cßn ®ang tiÕn xa h¬n n÷a.
Cã ba hÖ thèng kh¸c nhau hoµn toµn mµ chóng dùa
vµo søc m¹nh tÝnh to¸n hiÖn nay ®Ó gióp cã ®îc sù
dù b¸o tèt h¬n vµ/hoÆc an toµn h¬n trong kü thuËt
lµm hÇm hiÖn ®¹i. Thø nhÊt lµ viÖc sö dông ph©n tÝch
phÇn tö h÷u h¹n (FEA) trong thiÕt kÕ. C«ng nghÖ
“míi” thø hai lµ viÖc sö dông kü thuËt ®o vÏ ph¶n x¹
trong hÇm (TRT) ®Ó kh¶o s¸t dù b¸o cÊu tróc ®Þa
chÊt phÝa tr−íc g−¬ng ®µo. Thø ba lµ viÖc dïng c¸c
m« h×nh m« pháng gi¸ khoan vµ m¸y xóc ®Ó trî gióp
viÖc ®µo t¹o vµ huÊn luyÖn l¹i ®éi ngò nh©n lùc lµm
hÇm vÒ nh÷ng thiÕt bÞ nµy.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
dilatancy /dai'leit”nsi/ n tr−¬ng në: Tendency of a
volume increase under increasing shear stress: Xu
h−íng t¨ng lªn vÒ thÓ tÝch d−íi øng suÊt c¾t t¨ng lªn.
dilatancy angle /dai'leit”nsi '“–gl/ n gãc
tr−¬ng në: The dilatancy angle ψ is used in the
plastic potential function, and determines the plastic
volume expansion due to shearing. This parameter is
required to model positive plastic volumetric strain
increments (dilatancy) as actually observed for
dense soils: Gãc tr−¬ng në ψ ®−îc dïng trong
ph−¬ng tr×nh thÕ n¨ng dÎo, vµ nã x¸c ®Þnh ®é në thÓ
tÝch ë tr¹ng th¸i dÎo cña ®Êt g©y bëi hiÖn t−îng c¾t.
Th«ng sè nµy lµ cÇn thiÕt ®Ó m« h×nh hãa ®é gia t¨ng
biÕn d¹ng thÓ tÝch d−¬ng ë tr¹ng th¸i dÎo (gäi lµ sù
tr−¬ng në) nh− thùc tÕ ®· quan s¸t thÊy ®èi víi c¸c
lo¹i ®Êt chÆt.
dilation /dai'lei∫n/ n sù gi·n, sù në, tr−¬ng në:
Increase in volume, or decrease in bulk density of a
particulate solid subject to deformation. Dilation is
the opposite to compaction: Lµ sù t¨ng vÒ thÓ tÝch,
hoÆc gi¶m vÒ mËt ®é khèi cña mét chÊt r¾n d¹ng h¹t
khi chÞu biÕn d¹ng. Tr−¬ng në cã nghÜa ng−îc l¹i so
víi nÐn chÆt.
dilatometer /dai,leitou'mi:t”/ n dông cô ®o gi·n
në: This instrument is used to evaluate the
deformational properties of soils, where the
deformation of the soil is measured by the change in
volume of the pressure cell as gas pressure is varied:
Dông cô nµy dïng ®Ó ®¸nh gi¸ c¸c tÝnh chÊt vÒ biÕn
d¹ng cña ®Êt, trong ®ã biÕn d¹ng ®Êt ®−îc ®o b»ng
l−îng biÕn ®æi thÓ tÝch cña hép ®o ¸p lùc khi ta thay
®æi l−îng khÝ cÊp vµo.
dilute /dai'lju:t/ v lµm lo·ng: To lower the
concentration of a mixture; in this case the
concentration of any hazardous gas in mine air by
addition of fresh intake air: Lµm gi¶m nång ®é cña
mét hçn hîp; trong tr−êng hîp nµy lµ nång ®é cña
bÊt kú khÝ ®éc nµo trong kh«ng gian má b»ng c¸ch
®−a thªm khÝ s¹ch vµo.
dimmer /'dim”/ n biÕn trë chØnh s¸ng.
diorite /'dai”rait/ n ®¸ ®i«rit: An intrusive igneous
rock composed chiefly of sodic plagioclase,
hornblende, biotite or pyroxene: Lo¹i ®¸ macma cÊu
thµnh chñ yÕu tõ plagioclase n¸tri, hornblende,
biotite hay pyroxene.
dip /dip/ n ®é nghiªng, ®é dèc, h−íng dèc, gãc
dèc: Dip is the angle of inclination of the plane of
stratification with the horizontal plane: Gãc dèc lµ
gãc nghiªng cña mÆt ph¼ng ph©n líp so víi mÆt
ph¼ng ngang.
 92
direct advantage /di'rekt əd'vɑ:ntidʒ/ n −u
®iÓm trùc tiÕp: The "direct advantages" of
underground structures are those that are observed
in comparison with structures built above ground
and which have the same purpose, i.e. those that
provide the same type of services: Nh÷ng “−u ®iÓm
trùc tiÕp” cña c¸c c«ng tr×nh ngÇm lµ nh÷ng c¸i mµ
cã thÓ quan s¸t ®−îc khi so s¸nh víi c¸c kÕt cÊu x©y
dùng phÝa trªn mÆt ®Êt vµ cã cïng môc ®Ých sö dông,
nghÜa lµ nh÷ng c«ng tr×nh cung cÊp nh÷ng dÞch vô
cïng lo¹i.
directional drilling /di'rek∫ənl 'driliη/ n khoan
®Þnh h−íng: Steerable method for the installation of
pipes, conduits and cables in a shallow arc using a
surface launched drilling rig. In particular, the term
applies to large scale crossings in which a fluid
filled pilot bore is drilled without rotating the drill
string, and this is then enlarged by a washover pipe
and back reamer to the size required for the product
pipe. The required deviation during pilot boring is
provided by the positioning of a bent sub: Lµ ph−¬ng
ph¸p chØnh h−íng ®−îc trong l¾p ®Æt èng, cèng vµ
c¸p trong mét ®−êng cong n«ng sö dông mét gi¸
khoan tõ trªn mÆt ®Êt. §Æc biÖt, thuËt ng÷ nµy ¸p
dông cho nh÷ng ®o¹n v−ît cì lín trong ®ã mét hang
hoa tiªu ®Çy n−íc ®−îc khoan mµ kh«ng lµm quay
trôc cÇn khoan, vµ sau ®ã nã ®−îc më réng ra b»ng
mét èng dÉn vµ bé doa ng−îc tíi kÝch cì yªu cÇu cho
®−êng èng thiÕt kÕ. §é sai lÖch yªu cÇu trong khi
khoan hoa tiªu ®−îc ®¸p øng b»ng viÖc ®iÒu chØnh vÞ
trÝ cña mét ®o¹n l¸i ®Çu khoan.
disaster /di'z:st”/ n tai häa: Worker must
take sufficient care of avoiding the cause of disasters
and do works inside tunnels taking safety into
consideratrion: C«ng nh©n ph¶i cÈn träng tr¸nh g©y
nªn c¸c tai n¹n vµ lµm viÖc trong hÇm víi ý thøc an
toµn lao ®éng cao.
disc cutter /disk kʌt”/ n l−ìi c¾t h×nh ®Üa: The
most common type of roller cutter, taking the form of
a single circular disc or cutter blade of hardened
steel alloy which revolves freely about its axis as it
rolls around the rock face. May carry double or
triple disc blades on a single cutter mounting: Lµ
lo¹i l−ìi c¾t quay th«ng dông nhÊt, cã h×nh d¹ng mét
chiÕc ®Üa trßn ®¬n; hoÆc lµ l−ìi c¾t b»ng hîp kim
thÐp t«i cøng quay tù do quanh trôc cña nã khi nã
c¾t tuÇn tù trªn g−¬ng hÇm. NhiÒu lo¹i ®Çu c¾t mang
c¸c l−ìi c¾t ®Üa kÐp ®«i hay kÐp ba trªn mét khèi ®Çu
c¾t duy nhÊt o Discs or disc cutters are rotating
tools equipped with hardened cutter rings for hard
rock tunnelling. During the advance of the machine,
the discs are pushed against the rock and break off
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
chips of rock: C¸c ®Üa c¾t - hay l−ìi c¾t h×nh ®Üa - lµ
nh÷ng dông cô xoay trßn ®−îc g¾n c¸c vµnh c¾t
®−îc gia c«ng rÊt cøng dïng trong ®µo hÇm trong ®¸
cøng. Trong qu¸ tr×nh m¸y khoan hÇm TBM tiÕn lªn,
c¸c ®Üa c¾t ®−îc Ðp m¹nh vµo mÆt g−¬ng ®µo vµ ph¸
vì ®¸ ra thµnh tõng m¶nh vôn.
discoloured rock /dis'kʌl”d rɔk/ n ®¸ biÕn mµu:
The colour of the original fresh rock material is
changed: Mµu cña vËt liÖu ®¸ t−¬i ban ®Çu ®· bÞ
biÕn ®æi.
discontinuity /,disk”n'tinju:iti/ n tÝnh kh«ng liªn
tôc, tÝnh [sù] gi¸n ®o¹n, ®iÓm gi¸n ®o¹n; [hÖ] khe
nøt: A discontinuity is a fracture or plane of
weakness in the rock mass across which the rock
material is structurally discontinuous and has zero,
or a relatively low, tensile strength. "Discontinuity"
is a collective term and includes joints, fissures,
faults, shear planes, cleavages, schistocity, bedding
planes and other planes of weakness: Mét khe nøt lµ
mét mÆt g·y hay mÆt ph¼ng suy yÕu trong khèi ®¸
mµ ngang qua ®ã vËt liÖu ®¸ bÞ gi¸n ®o¹n vÒ mÆt cÊu
tróc vµ cã c−êng ®é kÐo b»ng zero, hoÆc lµ t−¬ng ®èi
thÊp. "Khe nøt" lµ mét thuËt ng÷ tËp hîp, nã bao
hµm c¸c vÕt nøt, chç t¸ch, ®øt g·y, mÆt tr−ît, thí
chÎ, tÝnh ph©n phiÕn, mÆt ph¼ng ph©n líp vµ c¸c mÆt
suy yÕu kh¸c o Complete descriptions of
discontinuities should include information on their
location and orientation, spacing, persistence,
roughness, aperture, infilling and seepage
characteristics: M« t¶ ®Çy ®ñ vÒ hÖ khe nøt ph¶i nªu
®−îc c¸c th«ng tin vÒ c¸c ®Æc ®iÓm cña vÞ trÝ vµ ®Þnh
h−íng, kho¶ng c¸ch, tÝnh kh«ng ®øt ®o¹n, ®é nh¸m,
®é më, chÊt lÊp nhÐt vµ tÝnh thÊm cña chóng.
discrepancy /dis'krep”nsi/ n sù kh¸c biÖt; sù
kh«ng khíp; sù sai lÖch; sai sè khÐp.
discrete sliplining = lining with discrete pipe
/dis'kri:t sliplainiη/ n luån èng gi¸n ®o¹n.
disintegrated /dis'intigreitid/ adj tan r·, ph©n r·.
ph©n hñy: One of the most difficult project was the
extension of the existing hydropower plant in Ybbs,
Austria. The rock excavations and support of the 40
m deep excavation pits and the 220 sqm tunnels was
performed under highly fractured and partially
disintegrated rock conditions: Mét trong nh÷ng dù
¸n khã kh¨n nhÊt lµ viÖc më réng nhµ m¸y thñy ®iÖn
cò Ybbs ë ¸o. ViÖc ®µo ®¸ vµ chèng ®ì hang ®µo s©u
40m vµ c¸c hÇm cã diÖn tÝch 220m2 ®· ®−îc thùc
hiÖn trong ®iÒu kiÖn ®¸ n¸t vì m¹nh vµ ph©n r· mét
phÇn.
disintegrated rock /dis'intigreitid rɔk/ n ®¸
[ph©n r·, tan r·]: The rock is weathered to the
 93
condition of a soil, in which the original material
fabric is still intact. The rock is friable, but the
mineral grains are not decomposed: §¸ bÞ phong
hãa ®Õn t×nh tr¹ng cña ®Êt, trong ®ã cÊu tróc vËt liÖu
ban ®Çu vÉn cßn nguyªn vÑn. §¸ bë dÔ vôn, nh−ng
c¸c h¹t kho¸ng ch−a bÞ ph©n hñy.
disintegration /dis,inti'grei‘n/ n sù tan r·, sù ph©n
r·. sù ph©n hñy: Reduction of a mass to components,
fragments, or particles: Lµ sù suy tho¸i cña mét khèi
vËt liÖu (®Êt ®¸) biÕn thµnh c¸c khèi, c¸c m¶nh vôn,
hoÆc c¸c h¹t o Severe cracking can lead to
complete disintegration of the concrete surface
particularly when this is accompanied by alternate
expansion and cantraction: Sù h×nh thµnh trÇm träng
vÕt nøt cã thÓ dÉn ®Õn ph¸ hñy hoµn toµn bÒ mÆt
bªt«ng, ®Æc biÖt khi nã ®−îc ®i kÌm bëi sù gi·n në vµ
co rót thay phiªn nhau.
dispersion /dis'pə:∫n/ n ph©n t¸n: State of a
clay slurry in which the particles remain separated
rather than flocculated or coagulated: Lµ tr¹ng th¸i
cña mét v÷a sÐt trong ®ã c¸c h¹t ®−îc duy tr× ph©n
c¸ch nhau chø kh«ng ph¶i lµ kÕt thµnh b«ng/côm
hoÆc ®«ng l¹i.
displacement /dis'pleism”nt/ n lón, chuyÓn vÞ,
dÞch chuyÓn: NATM exploits the inherent strength of
the virgin rock mass and intends to minimize
displacements soonest after excavation: NATM lîi
dông c−êng ®é vèn cã cña khèi ®¸ gèc vµ nh»m tèi
thiÓu hãa chuyÓn vÞ sím nhÊt sau khi ®µo hÇm o
The ability of elastic theory to predict displacements
depends more markedly on the in situ nonlinearity
and material inhomogeneity than for stress
calculations: Kh¶ n¨ng cña lý thuyÕt ®µn håi nh»m
dù b¸o lón phô thuéc vµo tÝnh phi tuyÕn tÝnh t¹i hiÖn
tr−êng vµ tÝnh kh«ng ®ång nhÊt cña vËt liÖu nhiÒu
h¬n so víi khi tÝnh to¸n øng suÊt.
displacement grouting /dis'pleism”nt 'grautiô/ n
b¬m v÷a chiÕm chç: injection of grout into a
formation in such a manner as to move the
formation; movement may be controlled or
uncontrolled. (See also penetration grouting): lµ sù
b¬m v÷a vµo mét thµnh hÖ ®Êt ®¸ theo mét c¸ch thøc
sao cho v÷a sÏ lµm chuyÓn dÞch vµ thay thÕ ®Êt ®¸;
sù dÞch chuyÓn ®Êt ®ã cã thÓ ®−îc kiÓm so¸t hoÆc
kh«ng kiÓm so¸t (xem thªm penetration grouting).
disposal area /dis'pouz”l 'e”ri”/ n khu vùc ®æ chÊt
th¶i, b·i th¶i: Upon completion, all of the disposal
area containing the deposited excavation material
shall be back fill covered: Khi hoµn thµnh c«ng
tr×nh, toµn bé khu vùc b·i th¶i cã chøa c¸c vËt liÖu
®µo th¶i ®i sÏ ph¶i ®−îc ®¾p lÊp tr¶ l¹i.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
dispute /dis'pju:t/ n tranh chÊp: Upon receipt
from the Contractor of an intent to claim, the
Resident Engineer should immediately forward the
original letter of intent to claim to the Employer,
acknowledge in writing receipt of the intent to claim,
and assemble any and all documents regarding the
dispute: Ngay khi nhËn ®−îc th− cña Nhµ thÇu vÒ ý
®Þnh kiÖn c¸o, Kü s− Th−êng tró ph¶i göi b¶n gèc
cña th− th«ng b¸o ý ®Þnh yªu s¸ch cho Chñ ®Çu t−,
x¸c nhËn b»ng v¨n b¶n r»ng m×nh ®· nhËn ®−îc
th−, vµ tËp hîp bÊt kú hay tÊt c¶ tµi liÖu liªn quan
®Õn vô tranh chÊp o On all disputes submitted by
the contractor, the resident engineer must prepare a
factual analysis with detailed citations to the
evidence that will either support or rebut the
contractor's position, using daily reports, diary
entries, photographs, etc.: §èi víi mäi vÊn ®Ò tranh
chÊp tr×nh bëi nhµ thÇu, kü s− th−êng tró ph¶i lËp
mét b¶n ph©n tÝch c¨n cø trªn sù thùc, cã kÌm nh÷ng
trÝch dÉn chi tiÕt vÒ chøng cø mµ chóng hoÆc lµ sÏ
ñng hé hay lµ cù tuyÖt luËn ®iÓm cña nhµ thÇu, nhê
dïng c¸c b¸o c¸o hµng ngµy, sæ s¸ch nhËt ký, ¶nh
chôp, v.v…
distance /'dist”ns/ n kho¶ng c¸ch, tÇm xa, qu·ng
®−êng, tÇm nh×n: For distance measurement, a clear
line of sight is required. The range of measurement
is one kilometer to 80 km, and there exists an
inherent instrumental error about 12mm plus or
minus 2 or 3 parts per million of the distance
measured: §èi víi ®o kho¶ng c¸ch, cÇn thiÕt cã mét
tÇm nh×n (®−êng ng¾m) râ rµng. TÇm ®o lµ tõ 1km
tíi 80km, vµ lu«n tån t¹i mét sai sè thiÕt bÞ cè h÷u
kho¶ng 12mm ± 2 hay 3 phÇn triÖu cña kho¶ng c¸ch
®−îc ®o.
distress /distres/ n h− háng: Physical manifestation
of cracking and distortion in a structure as the result
of stress, chemical action, or both: Lµ sù biÓu hiÖn
vÒ mÆt vËt lý cña nøt nÎ vµ biÕn d¹ng trong mét kÕt
cÊu do hËu qu¶ cña øng suÊt, t¸c ®éng hãa häc,
hoÆc c¶ hai.
distribution of stress /,distri'bju:‘n ”v stres/ n
ph©n bè øng suÊt: Excavation in a stressed rock
mass leads to re-distribution of stresses around the
created opening, the stresses acting on the faces of a
wedge are often very different from in situ
conditions. The distribution of stress components in
the rock mass surrounding a tunnel in the vicinity of
the rock face and ahead of it can be presented by an
axi-symmetrical three-dimensional Finite Element
Model: ViÖc ®µo trong khèi ®¸ cã øng suÊt sÏ dÉn
®Õn ph©n bè l¹i øng suÊt quanh hang võa t¹o ra, khi
 94
®ã c¸c øng suÊt t¸c dông trªn bÒ mÆt cña mét khèi
®¸ h×nh nªm th−êng rÊt kh¸c so víi ®iÒu kiÖn tù
nhiªn. Sù ph©n bè c¸c thµnh phÇn øng suÊt trong
khèi ®¸ xung quanh hÇm gÇn khu vùc g−¬ng ®µo vµ ë
phÝa tr−íc g−¬ng ®µo cã thÓ ph©n tÝch b»ng mét m«
h×nh phÇn tö h÷u h¹n ba chiÒu ®èi xøng trôc.
disturb /dis't”:b/ v lµm x¸o lén, lµm nhiÔu lo¹n:
Much recent emphasis has been on trying to
construct tunnels without disturbing the ground
surface and the existing structures thereon: GÇn ®©y
cã nhiÒu cè g¾ng ®Ó x©y hÇm mµ kh«ng lµm ¶nh
h−ëng rèi lo¹n mÆt ®Êt vµ c¸c c«ng tr×nh trªn mÆt
®Êt o Blasting disturbs the balance of the bedrock
and often results in jointing, rock falls and collapses
in the faces: ViÖc næ m×n lµm mÊt c©n b»ng cña khèi
®¸ vµ th−êng g©y ra c¸c vÕt nøt, r¬i vµ sËp ®¸ trªn
g−¬ng ®µo.
disturbance /dis't”:b”ns/ n sù rèi lo¹n, x¸o lén,
sù lµm nhiÔu lo¹n; sù nhiÔu lo¹n; t¹p ©m: In a
congested urban area, it is impossible to built a
tunneling project without any disturbance at all for
adjacent properties and various organizations:
Trong mét khu ®« thÞ ®«ng ®óc, kh«ng thÓ x©y dùng
mét c«ng tr×nh hÇm mµ kh«ng g©y ra bÊt cø mét x¸o
lén nµo cho tµi s¶n kÕ bªn vµ rÊt nhiÒu tæ chøc.
divergence /dai'v”:d™”ns/ n sù ph©n kú, sù ph©n
ly; sù kÐo gi·n (nhÝch) ra xa (cña c¸c ®iÓm nµo ®ã).
dizziness /'dizinis/ n sù hoa m¾t, sù cho¸ng v¸ng
chãng mÆt: Gases in tunnels such as propane C3H8
and butane C4H10 may produce symptoms of
drowsiness or dizziness, though they are not
dangerous to breathe: C¸c khÝ trong hÇm nh−
propan C3H8 vµ butan C4H10 cã thÓ g©y ra c¸c triÖu
chøng uÓ o¶i hay cho¸ng v¸ng mÆc dï hÝt thë chóng
kh«ng nguy hiÓm.
dizzying effect /'diziiô i'fekt/ n hiÖu øng hoa m¾t
(trong hÇm giao th«ng): Directional traffic should be
separated for safety reasons and to relieve the
dizzying effect of two-way traffic in the confined
space: Giao th«ng ®Þnh h−íng ph¶i ®−îc ph©n luång
v× lý do an toµn vµ nh»m lµm nhÑ bít hiÖu øng hoa
m¾t g©y bëi giao th«ng hai chiÒu trong kh«ng gian
chËt hÑp.
document search /'d˜kjum”nt s”:t∫/ n sù t×m
kiÕm tµi liÖu.
documentation and reporting /,d˜kjumen'tei‘n
“nd ri'p˜:tiô/ n sù tËp hîp (cung cÊp) tµi liÖu vµ
b¸o c¸o.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
dolomite /'dɔləmait/ n ®olomit : A sedimentary
rock consisting chiefly of magnesium carbonate:
Mét ®¸ trÇm tÝch cÊu t¹o chñ yÕu tõ cacbonat magiª.
double heading /'dʌbl 'hediη/ n g−¬ng ®µo
kÐp: Two headings in a tunnel that can be driven
from one plant location. Double headings are
possible, for example, when a tunnel passes through
and daylights in a depression or canyon or when two
headings are driven from one adit: Lµ hai g−¬ng ®µo
trong mét hÇm mµ chóng cã thÓ ®µo tõ mét vÞ trÝ
thiÕt bÞ. Ch¼ng h¹n, g−¬ng ®µo kÐp lµ kh¶ thi khi
hÇm xuyªn qua mét kho¶ng kh«ng trong mét vïng
tròng hay khe nói, hoÆc khi hai g−¬ng ®−îc ®µo tõ
mét hÇm tiÕp cËn.
double-sheld construction method /'dʌbl ‘el
k”n'str—k‘n 'me•”d/ n ph−¬ng ph¸p thi c«ng vá
hÇm hai líp: Tunnel lining consisting of two or
several shell elements designed to meet different
static and structural requirements (not forming a
composite structure), placed in separate operations
and by different methods (e.g. outer sprayed
concrete shell, in-situ concrete arch) : Vá hÇm cÊu
t¹o tõ hai hay mét sè líp vßng vá ®−îc thiÕt kÕ ®Ó
®¸p øng c¸c yªu cÇu vÒ kÕt cÊu vµ tÜnh häc kh¸c
nhau (nh−ng kh«ng t¹o thµnh mét kÕt cÊu tæ hîp),
®−îc ®æ bªt«ng theo c¸c b−íc riªng biÖt vµ b»ng c¸c
ph−¬ng ph¸p kh¸c nhau (v.d. vá bªt«ng phun ë phÝa
ngoµi, vµ vßm bªt«ng ®æ t¹i chç ë phÝa trong).
double shell lining /'dʌbl ‘el 'laini–/ n vá hÇm hai
líp: A shotcrete lining is unfortunately not
watertight. The inadequate insulation against water,
particularly in areas with occasional temperatures
below the freezing point, necessitates a second
watertight inner shell of placed concrete. The two
shells, the outer shotcrete and the inner placed
concrete lining cannot function as a cost saving
composite system, as no shear forces can be
transferred: Vá hÇm bªt«ng phun lµ kh«ng kÝn n−íc.
Do tÝnh c¸ch n−íc kh«ng ®ñ, ®Æc biÖt lµ trong nh÷ng
vïng thØnh tho¶ng cã nhiÖt ®é d−íi ®iÓm ®ãng b¨ng,
nªn cÇn ph¶i cã mét líp vá thø hai bªn trong kÝn
n−íc b»ng bªt«ng ®æ t¹i chç. Hai líp vá nµy, vá
ngoµi lµ bªt«ng phun vµ vá trong lµ bªt«ng ®æ t¹i
chç, kh«ng ph¶i lµ mét hÖ thèng tæ hîp gióp gi¶m
gi¸ thµnh, bëi v× chóng kh«ng thÓ truyÒn lùc c¾t cho
nhau.
dowel /'dau”l/ n thanh neo: Rock reinforcement,
usually a reinforcing bar, that is inserted
untensioned and fully grouted in place in a
borehole: Thanh gia cè ®¸, th−êng lµ mét thanh
 95
thÐp, nã ®−îc c¾m vµo mét lç khoan ®Çy v÷a mµ
kh«ng c¨ng tr−íc (kh«ng dù øng lùc).
downgrade /'daungreid/ n dèc xuèng, dèc xu«i:
Water in any appreciable quantity in a tunnel driven
downgrade can cause trouble in drilling the bottom
holes: Trong mét hÇm ®µo dèc xuèng, bÊt kú l−îng
n−íc ®¸ng kÓ nµo còng g©y phiÒn to¸i cho viÖc
khoan c¸c lç khoan ë ®¸y g−¬ng ®µo.
downtime /'dauntaim/ n thêi gian chÕt cña m¸y
mãc, thêi gian ngõng viÖc: Regular shotcrete
equipment maintenance is essential if costly
downtime is to be avoided: ViÖc b¶o d−ìng th−êng
xuyªn thiÕt bÞ phun bªt«ng lµ b¾t buéc nÕu muèn
tr¸nh thêi gian chÕt g©y l·ng phÝ cña m¸y trong khi
lµm viÖc o It may prove desirable to provide
protection against malfunction on tunnel's apparatus
which is costly to replace or requires a long period
of down-time, thus resulting in the operation of the
total facility at reduced capacity: Thùc tÕ chøng tá
r»ng cÇn ph¶i cã biÖn ph¸p chèng thao t¸c ®iÒu
khiÓn sai ®èi víi m¸y mãc cña hÇm nÕu m¸y ®ã ®¾t
®á khi ph¶i thay thÕ, hoÆc nã cÇn mét thêi gian
ngõng ®Ó söa qu¸ l©u, nh− thÕ sÏ g©y ra sù ho¹t ®éng
kÐm hiÖu qu¶ cña toµn bé hÖ thèng thiÕt bÞ trong
hÇm.
draft /dra:ft / n mín n−íc: The depth below the
still-water surface of the deepest part of a floating
body: Lµ ®é s©u bªn d−íi bÒ mÆt n−íc tÜnh cña phÇn
ngËp s©u nhÊt cña mét vËt thÓ næi (vÝ dô: ®èt hÇm
d×m khi ®ang lai d¾t ra vÞ trÝ l¾p ®Æt).
drag bit /drein/ n l−ìi/mòi c¾t kÐo: A spade-
shaped cutter mounted on a butterhead: Lµ mét l−ìi
c¾t h×nh c¸i xÎng l¾p trªn c¬ cÊu ®Çu khoan cña m¸y
khoan hÇm TBM.
drain /drein/ n r·nh, m−¬ng, m¸ng, cèng; v tiªu
(n−íc), tho¸t (n−íc), rót (n−íc): A pipe or channel
used to remove water: Lµ mét èng hoÆc kªnh/m¸ng
dïng ®Ó lo¹i bá n−íc.
drain ditch /drein dit∫/ n r·nh tho¸t n−íc: It
shall be verified that the quality of materials used for
tunnel drain satisfies the design requirements, and
the prescribed inspections shall be conducted
whenever necessary: CÇn thÈm tra ®Ó ch¾c r»ng
chÊt l−îng cña c¸c vËt liÖu dïng cho tho¸t n−íc
trong hÇm tháa m·n c¸c yªu cÇu thiÕt kÕ, vµ cÇn tiÕn
hµnh c¸c b−íc nghiÖm thu b¾t buéc khi cÇn thiÕt o
It shall be verified that the construction of the drain
ditch conforms to the design requirements. In
addition, it should be verified that the sufficient
dewatering capacity is secured: CÇn thÈm tra ®Ó
ch¾c r»ng viÖc thi c«ng r·nh tho¸t n−íc tu©n thñ c¸c
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
yªu cÇu thiÕt kÕ. Ngoµi ra, cÇn kiÓm tra r»ng n¨ng
lùc th¸o n−íc ®ñ ®· ®−îc ®¶m b¶o.
drain hole /drein houl/ n lç tho¸t n−íc:
Horizontal drains are simply holes drilled into the
side of the excavation to intercept high angle
fractures within the rock mass. The drain holes are
sloped slightly toward the excavation to allow the
water to drain from the fractures: C¸c lç tho¸t n−íc
ngang lµ nh÷ng lç ®−îc khoan vµo mÆt bªn cña hè
®µo ®Ó c¾t ngang vµ thu nhËn n−íc ngÇm tõ c¸c ®íi
n¸t vì cã gãc dèc lín trong khèi ®¸. C¸c lç tho¸t
n−íc ®−îc t¹o gãc xiªn nhá vÒ phÝa hang ®µo ®Ó cho
phÐp n−íc tho¸t dÔ dµng tõ c¸c ®íi n¸t vì.
drain pipe /drein paip/ n èng tho¸t n−íc: Weep
hole and horizontal drain pipes are typically 37.5 to
50 mm diameter plastic pipe. Weep holes are
typically installed on 2 to 3 m spacings. The
spacings and depths of longer horizontal drains are
dependent on the site specific groundwater
conditions, but are typically installed on 8 m centers,
and can extend to depths beyond the reinforced
zone: C¸c lç vµ èng tho¸t n−íc ngang th−êng lµm
b»ng c¸c èng nhùa ®−êng kÝnh tõ 37,5 ®Õn 50 mm.
C¸c lç thÊm ng¾n th−êng ®−îc bè trÝ c¸ch nhau tõ 2
®Õn 3 m. Cßn kho¶ng c¸ch vµ chiÒu s©u cña c¸c èng
tho¸t n−íc ngang dµi h¬n th× phô thuéc vµo ®iÒu kiÖn
n−íc ngÇm cô thÓ tõng n¬i, nh−ng th−êng lµ ®Æt c¸ch
nhau 8 m, vµ cã thÓ ®−îc c¾m s©u v−ît khái vïng ®Êt
nÒn ®−îc gia cè.
drainage /'dreinidʒ/ n sù tiªu n−íc, sù th¸o
n−íc; hÖ thèng tho¸t n−íc: The roadway drainage
system for a tunnel can be either open or closed. The
open type consists of a continuous gutter recessed
into the curb and has been used in many tunnels. The
closed gravity flow system should be used in all
situations, since it does not permit propagation of a
fire of burning fuel in the event of a serious
accident: HÖ thèng tho¸t n−íc cña mét ®−êng hÇm
«t« cã thÓ lµ lo¹i hë hoÆc kÝn. Lo¹i hë lµ mét c¸i
m¸ng (r·nh) liªn tôc ¨n lâm vµo lÒ ®−êng vµ ®· ®−îc
dïng trong nhiÒu hÇm. Cßn d¹ng ch¶y kÝn do träng
lùc th× ph¶i dïng trong mäi tr−êng hîp, v× nã kh«ng
cho phÐp sù lan truyÒn mét vô háa ho¹n do nhiªn
liÖu ch¸y trong tr−êng hîp x¶y ra tai n¹n nghiªm
träng.
drainage boring /'dreinidʒ 'b˜:ri–/ n khoan th¸o/
tho¸t n−íc.
drainage drift/gallery /'dreinidʒ drift/ n hÇm däc
tho¸t n−íc: A passageway from which grout holes or
drainage holes, or both, are drilled. Most commonly
constructed within the base of concrete dams, but -
 96
less commonly - within a concrete core block in the
base of an embankment dam (for example, Oroville
Dam): Lµ mét lèi ®i ngÇm mµ tõ ®ã ng−êi ta cã thÓ
khoan ®−îc c¸c lç b¬m v÷a hay lç tho¸t n−íc, hoÆc
c¶ hai. RÊt hay ®−îc x©y dùng bªn trong mãng cña
c¸c ®Ëp bªt«ng, nh−ng - dï Ýt th«ng dông h¬n - l¹i ë
bªn trong khèi lâi bªt«ng trong nÒn mãng cña mét
®Ëp ®Êt ®¾p cao (vÝ dô, §Ëp Oroville).
drainage method /'dreinidʒ 'meθ”d/ n ph−¬ng
ph¸p tho¸t n−íc.
drainage of seepage /'dreinidʒ ”v 'si:pidʒ/ n tho¸t
n−íc rØ ngÇm: Almost all mountain tunnels have
water infiltration problems. Surface water
penetrates through fissures and percolates through
permeable soils. Attemps to seal off the rock by
grouting with either cement or chemicals usually are
not successful. Concrete linings are not completely
watertight. Water will find its way through shrinkage
cracks in the linings into the interior tunnels: HÇu
hÕt c¸c hÇm qua nói ®Òu cã c¸c vÊn ®Ò vÒ thÊm rß
n−íc. N−íc mÆt xuyªn qua c¸c khe nøt hay thÊm qua
c¸c líp ®Êt thÊm n−íc. Nh÷ng cè g¾ng ®Ó bÞt kÝn nÒn
®¸ b»ng kü thuËt b¬m v÷a xim¨ng hay hãa chÊt
th−êng lµ kh«ng thµnh c«ng triÖt ®Ó. Vá hÇm bªt«ng
th× kh«ng hoµn toµn kÝn n−íc. N−íc sÏ t×m ®−îc lèi
®i cho nã qua c¸c khe nøt do co ngãt bªt«ng trªn vá
hÇm råi chui vµo bªn trong hÇm.
drainage pump /'dreinidʒ pʌmp/ n b¬m tho¸t
n−íc: Drainage pumps are always provided in
subaqueous tunnels at the low point in the tunnel, or
at some other location of the low point, and at each
portal. These pumps lift collected fluids accumulated
due to rain at the portals and in mid-tunnel by
tunnel-washing operations and spillage: C¸c m¸y
b¬m th¸o n−íc lu«n ®−îc l¾p ®Æt trong c¸c hÇm d−íi
n−íc t¹i ®iÓm thÊp nhÊt trong hÇm, hay t¹i gÇn ®iÓm
thÊp nhÊt, còng nh− t¹i c¸c cöa hÇm. HÖ thèng b¬m
nµy sÏ b¬m bá c¸c chÊt láng ®−îc gom tÝch lòy do
m−a t¹i cöa hÇm còng nh− bªn trong hÇm do c¸c
ho¹t ®éng röa vÖ sinh vµ n−íc trµn ®æ kh¸c.
drainage system /'dreinidʒ 'sist”m/ n hÖ thèng
tho¸t n−íc: A drainage system is required in all
tunnels to remove water from rainfall, tunnel-
washing operations, vehicle drippings or fire-
fighting operations, or from any combination of
these sources: Mét hÖ thèng tho¸t n−íc lµ cÇn thiÕt
®èi víi mäi ®−êng hÇm ®Ó th¸o bá n−íc do m−a, do
c«ng t¸c röa vÖ sinh hÇm, dÇu n−íc ch¶y nhá giät tõ
«t« hay do ho¹t ®éng cøu háa, hoÆc do bÊt kú sù kÕt
hîp nµo cña c¸c nguyªn nh©n (nguån) nµy.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
drainage time /'dreinidʒ taim/ n thêi gian tho¸t
n−íc: A measure of the stability of a foam; the time
required for a sample of foam to lose 25% of its
initial volume (see also half-life): Lµ mét ®¹i l−îng
®o tÝnh æn ®Þnh cña mét lo¹i bät c¶i thiÖn ®Êt; lµ thêi
gian cÇn cho mét mÉu bät ®Ó mÊt 25% thÓ tÝch ban
®Çu cña nã (xem thªm thêi gian b¸n r·).
Drawings /'dr˜:i–/ n b¶n vÏ: "Drawings"
means all drawings, calculations and technical
information of a like nature provided by the
Employer to the Contractor under the Contract and
all drawings, calculations, samples, patterns,
models, operation and maintenance manuals and
other technical information of a like nature
submitted by the Contractor and approved by the
Engineer: "B¶n vÏ" nghÜa lµ tÊt c¶ c¸c b¶n vÏ, tÝnh
to¸n vµ th«ng tin kü thuËt cã cïng b¶n chÊt cung cÊp
bëi Chñ ®Çu t− cho Nhµ thÇu theo Hîp ®ång, vµ tÊt
c¶ c¸c b¶n vÏ, b¶n tÝnh, mÉu thö, mÉu hµng, m«
h×nh, sæ tay vËn hµnh vµ b¶o d−ìng cïng nh÷ng
th«ng tin kü thuËt kh¸c cã cïng tÝnh chÊt ®· ®−îc ®Ö
tr×nh bëi Nhµ thÇu vµ chÊp thuËn bëi T− vÊn o
The Drawings must be in sufficient detail to enable
tenderers to assess accurately, in juction with the
Specification and the Bill of Quantities, the nature
and scope of work included in the Contract. Only
rarely, is it possible to provide, at tender stage, a
complete set of drawings so fully detailed that the
work can be executed without any further drawings
becoming necessary. On most contracts
supplementary drawings will be issued after award
as work proceeds: B¶n vÏ ph¶i ®ñ chi tiÕt ®Ó cho
phÐp nh÷ng ng−êi bá thÇu ®¸nh gi¸ ®−îc mét c¸ch
chÝnh x¸c, cïng víi Tiªu chuÈn Kü thuËt vµ BiÓu
Khèi l−îng, b¶n chÊt vµ møc ®é (ph¹m vi) c«ng viÖc
cña Hîp ®ång. RÊt hiÕm khi, ë giai ®o¹n bá thÇu, cã
thÓ cung cÊp ®−îc mét bé b¶n vÏ ®Çy ®ñ chi tiÕt ®Õn
møc cã thÓ tiÕn hµnh thi c«ng mµ kh«ng cÇn c¸c b¶n
vÏ bæ sung lóc Êy trë nªn lµ cÇn thiÕt. Trong hÇu hÕt
c¸c hîp ®ång, c¸c b¶n vÏ bæ sung sÏ ®−îc ph¸t hµnh
sau khi giao thÇu khi c«ng viÖc b¾t ®Çu tiÕn triÓn.
dredge /dred™/ n sù n¹o vÐt; m¸y n¹o vÐt (s«ng,
hå, biÓn), tµu hót bïn; v n¹o vÐt, hót bïn: A trench of
18-meter width is dredged in the bay mud to accept
the tube sections. The dredge axcavating the trench
is guided by laser beam: Mét ®−êng hµo réng 18 mÐt
®−îc n¹o vÐt d−íi ®¸y bïn cña vÞnh biÓn ®Ó ®Æt c¸c
®o¹n èng hÇm. M¸y n¹o vÐt dïng ®Ó ®µo hµo ®−îc
dÉn h−íng bëi chïm s¸ng laze.
dredging /dred™iô/ n sù n¹o vÐt, c«ng viÖc n¹o
vÐt, sù xóc bèc ®Êt ®¸: Pumping silt or sand usually
 97
from the bottom of a body of water such as a river or
a harbor: Lµ viÖc b¬m hót phï sa hoÆc c¸t th−êng lµ
tõ ®¸y mét khèi n−íc nh− mét con s«ng hay mét c¶ng
biÓn ch¼ng h¹n. o The operation of excavating the
trench for an immersed tunnel: Cßn lµ ho¹t ®éng
®µo mét ®−êng hµo d−íi ®¸y s«ng ®Ó thi c«ng hÇm
d×m.
DRI (Drilling Rate Index) /'drili– reit 'indeks/ n
ChØ sè Tèc ®é Khoan: The Drilling Rate Index is not
a direct indication of drilling rate in the field, but it
is a relative measure of the penetration rate: ChØ sè
Tèc ®é Khoan kh«ng ph¶i lµ mét chØ b¸o trùc tiÕp vÒ
tèc ®é khoan t¹i hiÖn tr−êng, mµ nã lµ mét ®¹i l−îng
t−¬ng ®èi cña tèc ®é xuyªn (xem b¶ng).
Table: Classification of Drilling Rate Index (B¶ng Ph©n lo¹i
ChØ sè Tèc ®é Khoan)
Drilling Rate Index DRI
(ChØ sè Tèc ®é Khoan)
Extremely low (cùc thÊp) 21
Very low (rÊt thÊp) 28
Low (thÊp) 37
Medium (trung b×nh) 49
High (cao) 65
Very high (rÊt cao) 86
Extremely high (cùc cao) 114
drift /drift/ n lß c¸i; lß xuyªn vØa; lß nghiªng;
h−íng ®µo lß; hÇm thi c«ng: One or more small
tunnels, excavated within and ahead of the full
cross-section. Depending upon its location in the
final tunnel cross section, it may be classified as a
"crown drift", "side drift", "invert drift", etc.: Lµ mét
hay nhiÒu hÇm nhá, ®µo trong ph¹m vi mÆt c¾t hÇm
vµ ®µo vÒ phÝa tr−íc cña g−¬ng hÇm. Tïy thuéc vµo
vÞ trÝ cña nã trong ph¹m vi tiÕt diÖn hÇm cuèi cïng,
mµ nã cã thÓ ®−îc gäi lµ mét “lß ®Ønh”, “lß bªn”,
“lß ®¸y”, v.v…
drift advancing method /drift ”d'v:nsiô 'meθ”d/
n ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo hÇm b»ng lß xuyªn vØa/lß
nghiªng.
drift pin /drift pin/ n mòi ®ét, con lãi.
drifter = rock drill /'drift”/ n bóa khoan lín:
Efficient machines used for drilling holes for rock
bolts include drifters, leg hammers and air augers.
The drifters are large and have a high drilling
capacity, suitable for drilling large and deep holes
at a relatively large face in hard rock and semi-hard
rock. They have a percussion and rotary drilling
mechanism, and are mainly hydraulically powered.
Method for removing dust is by water or compressed
air: C¸c m¸y khoan hiÖu qu¶ ®Ó khoan c¸c lç l¾p
bul«ng neo gåm cã bóa khoan lín, bóa cã ch©n vµ
m¸y khoan khÝ nÐn. C¸c bóa khoan ngang th× lín vµ
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
cã n¨ng suÊt khoan cao, thÝch hîp ®Ó khoan c¸c lç
khoan lín vµ s©u t¹i g−¬ng hÇm réng trong ®¸ cøng
hay cøng võa. Chóng cã c¬ cÊu khoan ®Ëp vµ xoay,
vµ chñ yÕu ho¹t ®éng b»ng thñy lùc. Ph−¬ng ph¸p
lo¹i bá bôi khoan lµ dïng n−íc hoÆc khÝ nÐn.
drill = rock drill /dril/ n mòi khoan; m¸y
khoan; bóa khoan: A machine or piece of equipment
designed to penetrate earth or rock formations, or
both, using either rotary, rotary-percussive, sonic,
or driving techniques: Lµ mét m¸y hoÆc bé phËn
thiÕt bÞ ®−îc thiÕt kÕ ®Ó xuyªn qua c¸c thµnh hÖ ®Êt
hay ®¸, hay c¶ hai, b»ng c¸ch sö dông c¸c kü thuËt
xoay, xoay-®Ëp, ©m, hoÆc khoan o The operation
of a hydraulic rock drill consist of two independent
functions - percussion and rotation: Ho¹t ®éng cña
mét bóa khoan ®¸ thñy lùc bao gåm hai chøc n¨ng
®éc lËp - ®Ëp vµ xoay o Rock drills will penetrate
up to 1.22m/minute, depending on the hardness and
quality of the rock: C¸c bóa khoan ®¸ cã thÓ xuyªn
víi tèc ®é tíi 1.22/phót, phô thuéc vµo ®é cøng vµ
chÊt l−îng cña ®¸.
drill /dril/ n sù khoan: In reference to construction
operations, the making of a relatively small circular
hole in earth or rock with a cutting tool, while
removing the cuttings by means of a circulating
fluid. Distinguished from bore: ThuËt ng÷ dïng
trong ho¹t ®éng thi c«ng hÇm, ®ã lµ sù t¹o ra mét
c¸i lç t−¬ng ®èi nhá trong ®Êt hay ®¸ b»ng mét dông
cô c¾t, vµ th¶i bá c¸c m¹t khoan b»ng mét chÊt láng
tuÇn hoµn. Ph©n biÖt víi khoan ®−êng kÝnh lín.
drill and blast /dril “nd bla:st/ n khoan vµ næ: A
method of desintegrating rock by drilling small
diameter holes on a planned layout, packing these
with explosives and then firing to a fixed program to
shatter the rock in a desired form: Mét ph−¬ng ph¸p
ph¸ vì ®¸ b»ng c¸ch khoan c¸c lç ®−êng kÝnh nhá
theo mét s¬ ®å lËp s½n, nhåi chóng b»ng thuèc næ vµ
sau ®ã kÝch næ theo mét ch−¬ng tr×nh cè ®Þnh ®Ó c¾t
khÊu ®¸ thµnh mét h×nh d¹ng mong muèn.
drill-and-shoot /dril “nd ∫u:t/ n khoan vµ næ.
drill availability /dril ”,veil”'biliti/ n tÝnh s½n
sµng khoan ®−îc: Availability is a commonly used
measure of performance of a repairable system. All
the machines in construction sites are repairable,
thus the availability study forms a sound basis for
measuring their performance. Availability is
commonly defined as the probability of the system
operating satisfactorily, and is represented as A =
100 T1/(T1 + T2) % where T1 = total uptime, T2 =
total downtime (h). This definition is universally
accepted for day to day scheduling and monitoring
 98

of drilling machines and the effectiveness of unstable materials: Lµ mét chÊt sÒn sÖt pha trén
operation. The productive drilling time within an 8- lo·ng dïng trong kü thuËt khoan xoay ®Ó chèng l¹i
hour workshift is 5 to 7 hours: Sù cã hiÖu lùc (tÝnh sù sËp thµnh v¸ch hè khoan, nh− mét m«i chÊt tuÇn
cã thÓ sö dông) lµ mét phÐp ®o ®−îc dïng réng r·i hoµn ®Ó chuyÓn th¶i cÆn khoan ra khái mòi khoan vµ
cho tÝnh n¨ng cña mét hÖ thèng cã thÓ s÷a ch÷a. Mäi hè khoan, vµ ®Ó tr¸m kÝn c¸c vïng n¸t vì hay thµnh
m¸y mãc trªn c«ng tr−êng ®Òu cã thÓ bÞ háng vµ söa hÖ dÔ thÊm n−íc, hoÆc c¶ hai t¸c dông nµy, ng¨n
®−îc, do ®ã sù nghiªn cøu vÒ tÝnh cã thÓ sö dông ngõa sù mÊt m¸t chÊt láng tuÇn hoµn. Hå/bïn khoan
gióp t¹o thµnh mét c¬ së tin cËy ®Ó ®o l−êng hiÖu th«ng dông nhÊt dïng cho c¸c lç khoan th¨m dß lµ
suÊt cña chóng. TÝnh s½n sµng th−êng ®−îc ®Þnh mét hçn hîp n−íc-bent«nit. Tuy nhiªn, mét thø
nghÜa lµ x¸c suÊt cña hÖ thèng cã thÓ vËn hµnh tèt, “bïn” dùa trªn polyme lµ ®−îc −a dïng h¬n khi ph¶i
vµ ®−îc biÓu diÔn A = 100 T1/(T1 + T2) %, trong ®ã khoan c¸c lç b¬m v÷a trong c¸c vËt liÖu nÒn kh«ng
T1 lµ thêi gian m¸y ch¹y, T2 lµ thêi gian m¸y chÕt. æn ®Þnh.
§Þnh nghÜa nµy ®−îc chÊp nhËn réng r·i ®Ó lËp kÕ drill rod /dril r˜d/ n cÇn khoan: The percussion
ho¹ch vµ ®iÒu phèi hµng ngµy c¸c m¸y khoan còng energy produced in the rock drill by the piston is
nh− hiÖu qu¶ ho¹t ®éng. Thêi gian s¶n xuÊt sinh lîi transmitted to the rock through the drill rods. Rock
trong mét ca lµm viÖc 8 tiÕng chØ lµ tõ 5 ®Õn 7 giê is broken in the bottom of the hole by the crushing
mµ th«i. effect: N¨ng l−îng ®Ëp sinh ra trong bóa khoan ®¸
drill bit /dril bit/ n mòi khoan: How fast the drill bëi piston ®−îc truyÒn vµo nÒn ®¸ th«ng qua cÇn
bit penetrates through rock depends on the output of khoan. §¸ bÞ ph¸ vì t¹i ®¸y lç khoan do t¸c dông
the impact mechanism and also on the rock nghiÒn n¸t.
hardness, normally expressed as compressive drill steels /dril sti:lz/ n bé cÇn khoan: The three
strength. A soft sandstone maybe drilled at 4.0 main drill steel types are integral drill steels,
m/min while penetration in hard granite is 2.5 extension drill steels and tube steels, as shown in
m/min: Mòi khoan xuyªn vµo ®¸ nhanh ®Õn ®©u phô table below. Extension drill steels consist of four
thuéc vµo sù lµm viÖc cña c¬ cÊu va ®Ëp vµ vµo ®é main components: drill bit, extension rod, coupling
cøng cña ®¸, th−êng ®−îc biÓu thÞ b»ng c−êng ®é and shank adapter. Low to medium carbon steels,
nÐn. Lo¹i sa th¹ch mÒm cã thÓ khoan víi tèc ®é 4.0 containing 0.2% to 0.27% carbon, 2% to 3%
mÐt/phót trong khi ®ã víi lo¹i granit cøng lµ 2.5 chromium or nickel as well as manganese and
m/ph. molybdenium, are used for drill rods, shank
drill core quality /dril k˜: 'kw˜liti/ n chÊt l−îng adaptors, coupling and bits: Cã ba lo¹i cÇn khoan
cña lâi khoan (x. RQD): chÝnh lµ lo¹i cÇn liÒn, lo¹i nèi dµi vµ lo¹i èng, nh−
drill jumbo /dril 'd™—mbou/ n m¸y (gi¸) khoan trong b¶ng d−íi. Ng−êi ta dïng thÐp c¸cbon thÊp
hÇm lín, cç m¸y khoan ®¸: In drill-and-blast tunnel hoÆc trung b×nh, chøa 0.2~0.27% cacbon, 2~3%
construction, a rubber-tyred or track mounted cr«m hay niken víi c¶ mangan vµ molyp®en, ®Ó s¶n
movable frame with platforms to support men and xuÊt cÇn khoan, chu«i cÇn khoan, èng nèi vµ mòi
drills: Trong thi c«ng hÇm b»ng ph−¬ng ph¸p khoan khoan.
næ, ®ã lµ mét khung m¸y di ®éng ch¹y b»ng b¸nh lèp Table. Ranges of use for drill steels (B¶ng. Ph¹m vi sö dông c¸c
lo¹i cÇn khoan)
hay ch¹y trªn ray vµ cã c¸c sµn ®Ó g¾n bóa khoan vµ Steel type Cross-section Rod diameter Hole diameter
t¹o chç lµm viÖc cho thî vËn hµnh. o Drill jumbos (lo¹i cÇn) shape (d¹ng tiÕt (®−êng kÝnh cÇn (®−êng kÝnh lç
diÖn) khoan, mm) khoan, mm)
have made it possible to drill any size tunnel full Integral hexagonal (s¸u 19, 22, 25 22…45
face: M¸y khoan hÇm lín ®· khiÕn cho cã thÓ khoan (liÒn) c¹nh)
toµn tiÕt diÖn mét hÇm víi bÊt kú kÝch th−íc nµo. Extension hexagonal, round 25, 28, 32, 38, 45, 38…127
(më réng) (s¸u c¹nh, trßn) 51
drill mud /dril mʌd/ n bïn khoan: A slurry used in Tube (èng) round (trßn) 76, 87, 100, 127, 89…251
rotary drilling to prevent caving of the bore hole 152, 165

walls, as a circulation medium to carry cuttings

away from the bit and out of the hole, and to seal
fractures or permeable formations, or both,
preventing loss of circulation fluid. The most
common drill mud for exploratory holes is a water-
bentonite mixture. However, a polymer-based
“mud” is preferred for drilling grout holes in
drill string/stem /dril sti:lz/ n sîi/th©n cÇn
khoan: The total length of drill rods/pipe, bit, swivel
joint etc. in a bore: Lµ toµn bé chiÒu dµi cña cÇn/èng
khoan, mòi khoan, khíp quay, v.v… trong mét t¸c vô
khoan.

Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
 99
drillability /dril”bil”ti/ n tÝnh dÔ khoan cña ®¸,
kh¶ n¨ng khoan xuyªn: Rock drillability is a specific
value expressing the drilling properties of a rock,
defined as the penetration rate of a certain type of
drill bit and feed pressure into the rock: Kh¶ n¨ng
khoan ®−îc cña ®¸ lµ mét gi¸ trÞ ®Æc thï thÓ hiÖn
c¸c tÝnh chÊt vÒ khoan cña mét lo¹i ®¸, ®−îc ®Þnh
nghÜa nh− lµ tèc ®é xuyªn cña mét d¹ng mòi khoan
d−íi ¸p lùc Ên nhÊt ®Þnh vµo trong khèi ®¸.
driller /dril”/ n thî khoan, m¸y khoan.
drilling /driliô/ n sù khoan: Instructions for
successful drilling and blasting suggest that,
excessive amounts of explosive should not be used
on account of fragmentation, the handling of blasted
rock, and throw: C¸c chØ dÉn gióp cã ®−îc sù khoan
næ m×n thµnh c«ng ®Òu khuyªn r»ng kh«ng nªn dïng
l−îng thuèc næ qu¸ thõa khi xÐt ®Õn c¸c mÆt nh− ®é
ph¸ vì, xóc chuyÓn ®¸ th¶i, vµ v¨ng xa o Drilling
should be carried out to provide holes of the
diameters, lengths, inclinations within the deviation
limits: ViÖc khoan ph¶i ®−îc tiÕn hµnh sao cho t¹o
®−îc c¸c lç khoan cã ®−êng kÝnh, chiÒu dµi, ®é
nghiªng n»m trong ph¹m vi sai lÖch cho phÐp.
drilling deviation /driliô ,di:vi'ei‘n/ n sai lÖch khi
khoan.
drilling equipment /driliô i'kwipm”nt/ n thiÕt bÞ
khoan: The choice of drilling equipment for a
worksite is usually based on the size of excavation
and the output requirement for each stage of
operation: ViÖc lùa chän thiÕt bÞ khoan cho mét
c«ng tr−êng th−êng dùa trªn quy m« ®µo ph¸ vµ yªu
cÇu s¶n l−îng trong mçi giai ®o¹n thi c«ng.
drilling fluid/mud /driliô 'flu:id mʌd/ n chÊt
láng röa lç khoan: Mixture of water and, usually,
bentonite or polymer continuously pumped to the
cutting head or drill bit to facilitate the removal
cuttings, stabilise the bore, cool the head and
lubricate the passage of the product pipe. In suitable
ground conditions water alone may be used: Lµ hçn
hîp cña n−íc vµ th−êng lµ bent«nit hay polyme ®−îc
liªn tôc b¬m vµo ®Çu c¾t hay mòi khoan ®Ó t¹o dÔ
dµng cho viÖc lo¹i bá mïn khoan, lµm æn ®Þnh hang
®µo, lµm m¸t ®Çu c¾t vµ b«i tr¬n ®−êng ®i cña èng
s¶n phÈm. Trong nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn thÝch hîp, cã thÓ
chØ sö dông n−íc mµ th«i o An air/foam mixture,
which consists of air, fresh water, foaming agent
(AirQuick) and a co-polymer mud (Clear Mud), can
be used as a drilling fluid to minimize consumption
of water if the supply of water for drilling is limited:
Cã thÓ sö dông mét chÊt hçn hîp t¹o khÝ/bät, nã gåm
khÝ, n−íc s¹ch, chÊt t¹o bät (AirQuick) vµ mét chÊt
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
v÷a ®ång trïng hîp (V÷a S¹ch), lµm chÊt láng röa lç
khoan ®Ó gi¶m thiÓu sù tiªu tèn n−íc khi sù cung cÊp
n−íc cho c«ng t¸c khoan bÞ h¹n chÕ.
drilling machine /driliô m”'∫i:n/ n m¸y
khoan: Since the late seventies, the hydraulic drilling
machines have completely replaced pneumatic
machines. Typically, modern hydraulic machines
can penetrate at 1.5 to 2.0 m/min. even in hard
granitic rocks: Tõ cuèi nh÷ng n¨m 1970, c¸c m¸y
khoan thñy lùc ®· hÇu nh− thay thÕ lo¹i m¸y khoan khÝ
nÐn. Th«ng th−êng, c¸c m¸y khoan thñy lùc hiÖn ®¹i cã
thÓ khoan xuyªn víi tèc ®é 1,5 ®Õn 2,0 m/phót ngay c¶
trong c¸c ®¸ granit cøng.
drilling pattern /driliô 'p“tn/ n s¬ ®å (d¹ng
thøc) khoan næ m×n: Drilling patterns depend on the
size and shape of the tunnel and the quality of the
rock to be excavated. It is necessary for an
experienced tunnelman to be at the heading during
each round where changing conditions are being
experienced so that the drill pattern can be adjusted
as required: C¸c s¬ ®å khoan næ phô thuéc vµo kÝch
th−íc vµ h×nh d¹ng cña hÇm vµ chÊt l−îng ®¸ ®−îc
®µo. Mét nh©n viªn lµm hÇm cã kinh nghiÖm cÇn
ph¶i cã mÆt t¹i g−¬ng ®µo trong mçi chu tr×nh ®µo
khi ®ang gÆp ph¶i nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt thay ®æi
®Ó cã thÓ ®iÒu chØnh ®−îc d¹ng thøc khoan næ m×n
yªu cÇu.
drive /draiv/ n hang ngÇm; v dÉn ®éng; l¸i, ®iÒu
khiÓn; ®µo lß, ®µo hÇm: An underground excavation
within the mine: Lµ mét hang ®µo ngÇm trong khu
má o To excavate horizontally or at an
inclination, as in a drift, tunnel, adit, or entry.
Distinguished from sink or raise: §µo n»m ngang
hay theo mét gãc nghiªng, vÝ dô trong mét lß vØa,
hÇm, hÇm tiÕp cËn, hay lèi vµo. Ph©n biÖt víi h¹
(d×m) hÇm hay n©ng hÇm.
drive/entry shaft/pit /draiv pit/ n hè khëi ph¸t,
giÕng xuÊt ph¸t: Excavation from which trenchless
technology equipment is launched for the
installation or renovation of a pipeline, conduit or
cable. It may incorporate a thrust wall to spread
reaction loads to the ground: Lµ hè ®µo mµ tõ ®ã
thiÕt bÞ cña c«ng nghÖ kh«ng ®µo r·nh ®−îc ph¸t
xuÊt ®Ó thùc hiÖn c«ng viÖc l¾p r¸p míi hay c¶i t¹o
mét ®−êng èng, cèng hoÆc c¸p truyÒn. Nã cã thÓ cã
mét t−êng chÞu lùc ®Èy nh»m ph©n bè ph¶n lùc cña
kÝch vµo nÒn ®Êt.
driving method /'draiviô 'meθ”d/ n ph−¬ng ph¸p
®µo lß/hÇm: Performing of underground space by
means of drilling, blasting or by means of TBM: Lµ
 100
c¸ch thi c«ng kh«ng gian ngÇm b»ng c¸ch khoan, næ
m×n hay khoan b»ng m¸y TBM.
driving record /'draiviô 'rek˜:d/ n ghi chÐp vÒ ®µo
lß, b¸o c¸o ®µo hÇm.
driving tunnel / adit /draiviô 'tʌnl '“dit/ n hÇm /
hÇm tiÕp cËn ®µo b»ng khoan/khoan næ; hÇm ®µo
kÝn: Underground space performed by driving
technology without removing of overburden: Kh«ng
gian ngÇm thi c«ng b¨ng c«ng nghÖ khoan hay khoan
næ mµ kh«ng ®µo bá líp ®Êt phñ phÝa trªn.
drop off /dr˜p ˜:f/ n, v r¬i rít xuèng (cña
®¸/bªt«ng phun tõ trÇn vßm): Mixture of sprayed
concrete and substrate dropping off on due to lack of
adhesive strength of the substrate: Lµ hçn hîp cña
bªt«ng phun vµ ®Êt ®¸ nÒn bÞ r¬i xuèng do thiÕu
c−êng ®é dÝnh b¸m cña chÊt nÒn ®−îc phun o Due
to cracks, part of rock may drop off, but stability of
whole tunnel can be maintained for several days: Do
cã nh÷ng khe nøt, mét phÇn vßm ®¸ cã thÓ sôt r¬i,
nh−ng sù æn ®Þnh cña toµn bé hÇm cã thÓ duy tr×
®−îc vµi ngµy.
dropping /'dr˜piô/ n sù r¬i rít xuèng, sù sôt
cña ®¸.
drum digger /drʌm 'dig”/ n khiªn ®µo d¹ng tang
trèng: A mechanical tunnelling shield having a
cutting head mounted on a drum which revolves
inside the outer skin of the shield, providing access
to the tunnel face through the drum: Lµ mét khiªn
®µo ®µo hÇm c¬ khÝ cã mét ®Çu c¾t ®Êt l¾p trªn mét
tang trèng, tang nµy quay trßn bªn trong vá thÐp cña
khiªn ®µo, t¹o ra lèi tiÕp cËn ®Õn g−¬ng hÇm qua
lßng trèng.
dry bore /drai b˜:/ n khoan kh«: Method of
creating a bore without the use of a drilling fluid.
Usually associated with guided impact moling, but
may also apply to some rotary methods: Lµ ph−¬ng
ph¸p t¹o ra mét hang ®µo mµ kh«ng sö dông mét
chÊt láng khoan. Th−êng ®i liÒn víi kü thuËt ®ãng
èng chÊn ®éng cã dÉn h−íng, nh−ng còng cã thÓ ¸p
dông cho mét sè ph−¬ng ph¸p khoan xoay.
dry dock /drai d˜k/ n ô/©u tµu kh«, x−ëng c¹n:
Usually a man-made area that can be dewatered for
the repair of ships. A dry dock may also be a semi-
submersible floating structure. Immersed tunnel
elements are sometimes fabricated or repaired in dry
docks. The term is also sometimes applied to a
graving dock or casting basin: Th−êng lµ mét khu
vùc nh©n t¹o cã thÓ b¬m n−íc ra ngoµi ®Ó söa ch÷a
tµu. Mét x−ëng c¹n còng cã thÓ lµ mét kÕu cÊu næi
b¸n ngËp. C¸c ®èt hÇm cña hÇm d×m ®«i khi ®−îc
chÕ t¹o hay söa ch÷a trong x−ëng c¹n. Tõ nµy còng
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
®«i khi ¸p dông cho mét x−ëng röa tµu hay ©u h¹
thñy.
dry-mix /drai-miks/ n trén kh«: Early
shotcrete projects have used the dry-mix process, in
which the mixing water is added at the nozzle: C¸c
dù ¸n dïng bªt«ng phun ®Çu tiªn ®· sö dông qu¸
tr×nh trén kh«, trong ®ã n−íc trén chØ ®−îc ®−a vµo
t¹i ®Çu vßi phun o Dry-mix shotcrete consists of a
mixture of damp aggregate and cement fed into a
placing machine, fed at a uniform rate into an
airstream to travel through a hose to the nozzle. The
water of hydration is added at the nozzle before
discharge to the surface: Bªt«ng phun trén kh« bao
gåm mét hçn hîp cña cèt liÖu Èm vµ xim¨ng n¹p vµo
mét m¸y phun, ®−a vµo mét luång khÝ víi tèc ®é
®ång ®Òu ®Ó ®i qua mét èng dÉn tíi vßi phun. N−íc
thñy hãa ®−îc cho vµo trén t¹i vßi phun tr−íc khi
phôt vµo mÆt ®Êt.
dry mix process /drai miks 'prouses/ n qu¸
tr×nh trén kh«: The process of producing sprayed
concrete in which a mixture of cement, aggregate,
and admixtures other than accelerators when
required, are weigh batched, thoroughly mixed in a
dry condition and fed into a purpose made machine
wherein the mixture is pressurised, metered into a
dry air stream and conveyed through hoses or pipes
to a nozzle immediately before which water and
accelerator as a spray is introduced into the mix
which is projected into place without interuption: Lµ
qu¸ tr×nh chÕ t¹o bªt«ng phun trong ®ã mét hçn hîp
cña xim¨ng, cèt liÖu, vµ phô gia (kh¸c víi phô gia
t¨ng c−êng ninh kÕt khi cÇn), ®−îc c©n ®ong khèi
l−îng, trén kü trong ®iÒu kiÖn kh« råi ®−a vµo mét
m¸y chÕ t¹o ®Æc biÖt, t¹i ®ã hçn hîp ®−îc gia t¨ng
¸p suÊt, ®−a vµo mét dßng khÝ kh« råi ®Èy chuyÓn
qua èng cøng hay mÒm tíi vßi phun, mµ ngay tr−íc
lóc ®ã n−íc vµ phô gia t¨ng ®«ng cøng d−íi d¹ng tia
phun ®−îc ®−a vµo hçn hîp, hçn hîp nµy ®−îc b¾n
vµo vÞ trÝ cÇn phun mét c¸ch liªn tôc.
dry-mix sprayed concrete /drai-miks spreid
'k˜nkri:t/ n bªt«ng phun trén kh«: Sprayed concrete
made from dry mix or moist mix as base mixture: Lµ
bªt«ng phun chÕ t¹o tõ hçn hîp kh« hoÆc hçn hîp
Èm nh− lµ hçn hîp c¬ së/ban ®Çu.
dry packing /drai 'p“ki–/ n sù nhÐt (g¾n, bÞt) kÝn
kiÓu kh«: Filling a void with stiff mortar, placed in
small increments, or gravel packed into the space
between rock excavation, and poured in place tunnel
lining to permit drainage of seepage water: Lµ sù
lÊp ®Çy mét hang rçng b»ng v÷a ®Æc, rãt (b¬m) theo
tõng l−îng nhá, hoÆc nhÐt sái vµo kho¶ng trèng gi÷a
 101
hè ®µo trong ®¸, vµ sau ®ã ®æ bªt«ng vá hÇm t¹i chç
®Ó cho phÐp tho¸t n−íc thÊm.
dry shocrete /drai ‘˜tkri:t/ n bªt«ng phun trén
kh«: Particular emphasis should be placed on the
provision of adequate ventilation for dry shotcrete:
CÇn dµnh sù chó ý ®Æc biÖt vÒ cung cÊp ®ñ th«ng giã
cho bªt«ng phun kh«.
drying shrinkage /'draiô '∫ri–kidʒ/ n co ngãt
do qu¸ tr×nh kh« mÊt n−íc: The drying shrinkage of
shotcrete varies with the mix proportions used, but
generally falls within the range of 0.06 to 0.10
percent. This is higher than most low slump
conventional concrete. Most shotcrete has a high
cement factor and higher water content (compared
to cast-in-place concrete) and, therefore, has a
greater potential for drying shrinkage cracking
which may require a closer control joint spacing or
increased use of reinforcement. Shotcrete typically
requires a thorough wet cure to mitigate restrained
drying shrinkage cracking and to enhance strength
and durability: Sù co ngãt do qu¸ tr×nh kh« ®i cña
bªt«ng phun biÕn ®æi theo thµnh phÇn hçn hîp sö
dông, nh−ng nãi chung n»m trong kho¶ng tõ 0,06
®Õn 0,10 phÇn tr¨m. Gi¸ trÞ nµy cao h¬n hÇu hÕt c¸c
lo¹i bªt«ng th«ng th−êng cã ®é sôt thÊp. §a sè c¸c
lo¹i bªt«ng phun cã hÖ sè xim¨ng cao vµ hµm l−îng
n−íc cao h¬n (so víi bªt«ng ®æ t¹i chç), vµ do ®ã cã
nguy c¬ lín h¬n cho sù h×nh thµnh vÕt nøt co ngãt
khi kh«, ®iÒu nµy ®ßi hái ph¶i bè trÝ kho¶ng c¸ch c¸c
mèi nèi kiÓm so¸t gÇn h¬n hoÆc dïng cèt gia c−êng
nhiÒu h¬n. Nãi chung bªt«ng phun ®ßi hái ph¶i b¶o
d−ìng −ít kh¸ kü ®Ó kh¾c phôc vÊn ®Ò nøt do co ngãt
khi kh« trong ®iÒu kiÖn khèng chÕ, còng nh− ®Ó n©ng
cao c−êng ®é vµ ®é bÒn.
duct /'dʌkt/ n èng, èng dÉn: A tube or channel
that carries somethings, as an aqueduct carries
water. A system of ducts is used for ventilation in
most tunnels: Lµ mét èng/èng dÉn ®Ó mang chuyÓn
c¸i g× ®ã, vÝ dô mét m¸ng (cèng) dÉn n−íc. Trong
hÇu hÕt c¸c hÇm, ®Òu cã mét hÖ thèng ®−êng èng
vµ/hoÆc khoang däc dïng ®Ó th«ng giã hay chøa c¸c
thiÕt bÞ phô trî.
ductility /dʌk'tiliti/ n tÝnh mÒm dÎo; tÝnh dÔ kÐo
sîi (kim lo¹i); kh¶ n¨ng lµm viÖc ®µn håi: The
ductility of a material is its ability to deform
pemanently under tensile forces prior to fracture.
This may be measured in terms of the percentage
elongation at fracture: TÝnh mÒm dÎo cña mét vËt
liÖu lµ kh¶ n¨ng cña nã cã thÓ biÕn d¹ng th−êng
xuyªn d−íi c¸c lùc kÐo tr−íc khi ph¸ hñy. Nã cã thÓ
®−îc ®o b»ng ph©n tr¨m ®é d·n dµi lóc ph¸ ho¹i o
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
Ductility of shotcrete (the ability to incur large
deformation without rupture) is obtained by the use
of fiber reinforcement: TÝnh mÒm dÎo cña bªt«ng
phun (kh¶ n¨ng sinh ra biÕn d¹ng lín mµ kh«ng bÞ
ph¸ ho¹i) cã ®−îc nhê dïng cèt sîi thÐp.
dump truck /'dʌmp trʌk/ n « t« tù ®æ, xe t¶i tù
trót hµng: Trucks are generally used as prime
movers of rock fill. The three basic truck types are
the end dump, the bottom dump, and the side dump.
End dump trucks are probably the most frequently
used vehicles for rock hauling because of their
speed, mobility, and generally lower first costs to the
contractor. End dumps vary in size from the light
“dump truck” to semitrailer types with capacities in
excess of 100 cu yd: C¸c xe t¶i th−êng ®−îc dïng
lµm ph−¬ng tiÖn chÝnh ®Ó vËn chuyÓn ®Êt ®¸. Cã ba
lo¹i xe t¶i c¬ b¶n lµ tù ®æ phÝa sau, ®æ phÝa ®¸y vµ
®æ phÝa bªn. C¸c xe t¶i tù ®æ phÝa sau cã lÏ lµ
ph−¬ng tiÖn ®−îc dïng nhiÒu nhÊt ®Ó vËn chuyÓn ®¸
nhê tèc ®é cña chóng, tÝnh c¬ ®éng/linh ho¹t, vµ nãi
chung lµ cã chi phÝ thÊp ®èi víi c¸c nhµ thÇu. C¸c
xe t¶i tù ®æ phÝa sau cã nhiÒu kÝch cì, tõ lo¹i xe tù
®æ nhÑ cho ®Õn c¸c lo¹i xe toa kÐo cùc lín víi søc
chë v−ît qu¸ 75 mÐt khèi.
durability /,djuərə'biliti/ n tÝnh bÒn l©u, tuæi thä,
tuæi bÒn: The ability of concrete or shotcrete to resist
weathering action, chemical attack, abrasion, and
other conditions of service: Lµ kh¶ n¨ng cña bªt«ng
th−êng hay bªt«ng phun chèng chÞu t¸c ®éng cña
thêi tiÕt, sù tÊn c«ng cña hãa chÊt, sù mµi mßn, vµ
c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn khai th¸c kh¸c o The ability of a
structure or its components to maintain
serviceability in a given environment over a
specified time: Lµ kh¶ n¨ng cña mét kÕt cÊu hoÆc
c¸c bé phËn cña nã ®Ó duy tr× ®−îc kh¶ n¨ng phôc
vô trong mét m«i tr−êng ®· cho trong mét kho¶ng
thêi gian nhÊt ®Þnh.
durability factor /,djuərə'biliti/ n hÖ sè bÒn l©u: A
measurement of the ability of a material to retain its
properties over a period of time in which it is
exposed to deleterious conditions; usually expressed
as percentage of the value of a given property before
exposure: Lµ mét sè ®o vÒ kh¶ n¨ng cña mét vËt liÖu
®Ó gi÷ ®−îc c¸c tÝnh chÊt cña nã trong mét kho¶ng
thêi gian trong ®ã nã ph¶i chÞu nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn bÊt
lîi; th−êng ®−îc biÓu diÔn b»ng sè phÇn tr¨m cña
gi¸ trÞ cña mét tÝnh chÊt nµo ®ã tr−íc khi lµm viÖc
trong m«i tr−êng cã h¹i Êy.
dust /dʌst/ n bôi: All solid particulate matter that is
suspended in the air, or has settled after being
airborne. May be derived from sand, cement,
fertilizer, coal, soil, paint, ash, animal products, or
 102
wood: Lµ mäi chÊt d¹ng h¹t r¾n l¬ löng trong kh«ng
khÝ, hoÆc ®· l¾ng xuèng sau khi sinh ra trong kh«ng
khÝ. Cã thÓ ph¸t sinh tõ c¸t, xim¨ng, ph©n bãn, than,
®Êt, s¬n, tro, s¶n phÈm ®éng vËt, hoÆc gç.
dust collection /dʌst k”'lek‘n/ n sù thu thËp bôi:
Of utmost importance today is that the drill rig be
equipped to suppress all dust generated during the
drilling operation. Dust not only creates a health
hazard for the mining personnel working near the
drill rig but is also harmful to the equipment that is
exposed to it: Ngµy nay, ®iÒu tèi quan träng lµ m¸y
khoan ph¶i ®−îc trang bÞ ®Ó triÖt tiªu tÊt c¶ l−îng
bôi sinh ra trong qu¸ tr×nh khoan. Bôi kh«ng chØ lµ
mét mèi nguy h¹i cho søc kháe cña con ng−êi lµm
viÖc gÇn gi¸ khoan, mµ cßn cã h¹i ®èi víi c¸c thiÕt
bÞ ph¶i tiÕp xóc víi nã.
dust collection system /d—st k”'lek‘n 'sist”m/ n
hÖ thèng thu thËp bôi: Dust created by the drill may
be suppressed by either of the two following
methods, the wet system or the dry system. The wet
system consts of injecting a small amount of water or
a solution of water and drilling foam into the air
stream that is going to the bit. Dry dust suppression
consists of having the drill rig equipped with a dust
collector. All the dust and cuttings that are ejected
from the hole are directed to the collection system:
Bôi t¹o ra bëi m¸y khoan cã thÓ ®−îc khö b»ng mét
trong hai c¸ch: −ít hoÆc kh«. HÖ thèng khö bôi kiÓu
−ít ¸p dông sù phun mét l−îng n−íc nhá hay mét
dung dÞch n−íc vµ bät khoan vµo dßng khÝ ®i tíi mòi
khoan. Sù khö bôi kiÓu kh« ¸p dông viÖc trang bÞ cho
m¸y khoan mét buång tÝch bôi. TÊt c¶ bôi vµ m¹t
khoan phun ra tõ lç khoan ®−îc dÉn vÒ hÖ thèng hót
thu thËp.
dust collector /dʌst k”'lekt”/ n buång tÝch bôi,
[m¸y, bé] hót bôi: A dust collector has a course
collector and fine filtering system. The coarse
cuttings can be collected by a cyclone collector, then
the air with the fine particles is led to a set of filters
in the fine filtering system: Mét m¸y hót bôi bao gåm
mét buång tÝch h¹t th« vµ hÖ thèng läc tinh. M¹t
khoan cì lín ®−îc hót vµo bé hót bôi kiÓu xo¸y lèc,
cßn kh«ng khÝ lÉn h¹t bôi nhá ®−îc dÉn vµo mét bé
c¸c èng läc n»m trong hÖ thèng läc tinh.
dust exhaust system /dʌst ig'z˜:st 'sist”m/ n hÖ
thèng khö bôi: Equipment designed to allow the
elimination of dust in air: Lµ thiÕt bÞ ®−îc thiÕt kÕ ®Ó
cho phÐp lo¹i bá bôi trong kh«ng khÝ.
dust extractor /dʌst iks'træktə/ n thiÕt bÞ khö
bôi.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
dwell time /dwel taim/ n thêi gian dõng tµu:
The total time a train services the station, measured
as the time from when the doors are opened to the
time when the doors are closed and locked: Lµ tæng
thêi gian mét ®oµn tµu dõng t¹i ga, tÝnh tõ lóc më
cöa tíi lóc ®ãng vµ khãa cöa.
dyke /daik/ n thÓ t−êng, ®ai m¹ch: Sheet- or
table-like body of intrusive igneous rock which cuts
across the bedding or other structural planes of the
country rock: Lµ c¸c thÓ d¹ng tÊm (vØa) hoÆc d¹ng
khèi cña ®¸ macma x©m nhËp mµ chóng c¾t qua thÕ
n»m hay c¸c mÆt ph¼ng cÊu tróc kh¸c cña ®¸ khèi
bªn c¹nh (xung quanh).
dynamic modulus of elasticity /'dain”mik
'm˜djul”s ”v ,el“s'tisiti/ n m«®un ®µn håi ®éng:
The modulus of elasticity computed from the size,
weight, shape, and fundamental frequency of
vibration of a concrete test specimen, or from pulse
velocity: Lµ m«®un ®µn håi ®−îc tÝnh to¸n tõ kÝch
th−íc, träng l−îng, h×nh d¹ng, vµ tÇn sè c¬ b¶n cña
dao ®éng cña mét mÉu thÝ nghiÖm bªt«ng, hoÆc tõ
tèc ®é xung.
dynamic properties of materials /'dain”mik
'prɔpəti ”v mə'tiəriəl/ n c¸c tÝnh chÊt ®éng häc cña
vËt liÖu.
dynamite /'dain”mait/ n thuèc næ ®inamit: There
are three basic types of dynamite: granular, semi-
gelatin and gelatin. The basic distinction is that
gelatin and semi-gelatin dynamites contain
nitrocotton C24H31N9O38, a cellulose nitrate that
combines with nitroglycerin C3H5(ONO2)3 to form a
cohesive gel. Granular dynamites, on the other hand
do not contain nitrocotton and have a grainy
texture: Cã ba d¹ng ®inamit c¬ b¶n: d¹ng h¹t, b¸n-
gelatin vµ gelatin (dÎo, keo ®«ng). Kh¸c nhau c¬ b¶n
lµ ë chç c¸c thuèc næ ®inamit d¹ng gelatin vµ b¸n-
gelatin cã chøa nitro b«ng C24H31N9O38, mét nitrat
xenlulo mµ nã kÕt hîp víi nitroglyxerin
C3H5(ONO2)3 ®Ó t¹o thµnh mét thÓ keo dÝnh. Ng−îc
l¹i, lo¹i ®inamit d¹ng h¹t kh«ng chøa nitro b«ng vµ
cã kÕt cÊu næi h¹t.
Table . Technical properties of dynamite (B¶ng c¸c tÝnh chÊt kü
thuËt cña ®inamit).
Density (tû träng) kg/dm3 1.4
1)
Detonation velocity (VËn tèc m/s 5500 - 6000
truyÒn næ)
Explosion propagation (Cù ly cm 10
truyÒn næ)
Gas production (S¶n l−îng khÝ) l/kg 860
Explosion heat (NhiÖt næ) MJ/kg 4.4
Strength/unit weight (§é m¹nh S 1.0
theo ®¬n vÞ träng l−îng)
 103

Strength/unit volume (§é 1.0 - 1.4

m¹nh theo ®¬n vÞ thÓ tÝch)
1)
Φ 40 mm

Dywidag rebars /ri:ba:/ n thanh thÐp Diwidag:

The tunnel arch reinforced with rock bolts, installed
in regular pattern. 4.2 m long Dywidag rebars are
used and fastened in the holes with cement grout:
Vßm hÇm gia cè b»ng bul«ng neo ®¸, ®−îc l¾p ®Æt
theo c¸ch th«ng th−êng. C¸c thanh thÐp Dywidag dµi
4,2m ®−îc sö dông vµ g¾n chÆt vµo lç khoan b»ng
v÷a xim¨ng.

Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
 104
Ee
early strength /'”:li 'stre–•/ n c−êng ®é sím:
Strength of shotcrete usually as developed at various
times during the first few hours after shotcrete
placement: Lµ c−êng ®é cña bªt«ng phun th−êng
ph¸t triÓn ë mét sè thêi ®iÓm kh¸c nhau trong vßng
mÊy giê ®Çu tiªn sau khi phun bªt«ng.
earplug / ear protector /'i”pl—g pr”'tekt”/ n
nót bÞt b¶o vÖ tai: To protect your hearing, always
wear a protector such as earplugs or earmuffs while
working inside tunnels. For the operators, all sound
protecting provisions of the machine must be closed
during operation: §Ó b¶o vÖ thÝnh gi¸c cña b¹n, h·y
lu«n mang mét ®å b¶o vÖ nh− nót bÞt lç tai hay mò
che tai khi lµm viÖc trong hÇm. Víi thî m¸y, mäi bé
phËn b¶o vÖ chèng ån cña m¸y mãc ®Òu ph¶i ®−îc
®ãng l¹i trong khi vËn hµnh.
earth piercing /”:• 'piəsiη/ n ®ãng èng b»ng chÊn
®éng: Term commonly used in North America as an
alternative to Impact Moling: Lµ thuËt ng÷ th−êng
dïng ë B¾c Mü nh− mét tõ thay thÕ cho Impact
Moling.
earth pressure /”:• 'pre∫”(r)/ n ¸p lùc ®Êt: To
analyse an excavation, in addition to the profile of
stiffness with depth it is necessary to know the
horizontal earth pressures at rest over the depth of
excavation: §Ó tÝnh to¸n mét hè ®µo, ngoµi biÓu ®å
®é cøng theo chiÒu s©u cßn cÇn ph¶i biÕt ¸p lùc ®Êt
n»m ngang nghØ trªn toµn bé chiÒu s©u hè ®µo o
For the struts and /or anchors an alternative to
design using conventional Rankine or Coulomb
earth pressure distributions is to rely on empirical
data from similar excavations. This is a method
developed by Peck, and outlined in Peck et al.
(1974): §Ó thiÕt kÕ c¸c thanh chèng vµ/hoÆc neo
[cho hè ®µo], th−êng dïng biÓu ®å ph©n bè ¸p lùc
®Êt truyÒn thèng cña Rankine hoÆc Coulomb, nh−ng
còng cã thÓ dùa vµo c¸c sè liÖu thùc nghiÖm tõ c¸c
hè ®µo t−¬ng tù. §©y lµ ph−¬ng ph¸p ®−a ra bëi
Peck (1974).
earth pressure balance machine (EPBM) /”:•
'pre∫”(r) 'b“l”ns m”'∫i:n/ n m¸y ®µo hÇm c©n b»ng
¸p lùc ®Êt: Closed shield TBM with active face
support by the pressurised soil: Lµ m¸y TBM cã
khiªn kÝn, sö dông vËt liÖu ®µo ®−îc t¹o ¸p ®Ó chñ
®éng chèng ®ì g−¬ng ®µo o The only available
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
tunnelling technique that can keep the ground water
in-leakage near zero, is the Earth Pressure Balance
Machine (EPBM), full face mechanical excavation
using a pressurised shield and gasketed concrete
segment installation. Such machines are for soil
excavation and are limited to shallow depths
(typically less than 15 meters): HiÖn chØ cã mét kü
thuËt lµm hÇm duy nhÊt cã thÓ gi÷ cho sù thÊm n−íc
ngÇm vµo trong hÇm gÇn nh− b»ng kh«ng, ®ã lµ m¸y
®µo hÇm c©n b»ng ¸p lùc ®Êt (EPBM), ®ã lµ d¹ng
®µo c¬ khÝ toµn tiÕt diÖn cã sö dông mét khiªn t¹o ¸p
lùc vµ l¾p ®Æt c¸c ph©n ®o¹n vá hÇm bªt«ng cã g¾n
gio¨ng. C¸c m¸y ®ã dïng ®Ó ®µo hÇm trong ®Êt vµ
chØ giíi h¹n ë c¸c chiÒu s©u kh«ng lín (®iÓn h×nh lµ
bÐ h¬n 15 mÐt).
earth pressure balance shield (EPBS) /”:•
'pre∫”(r) 'b“l”ns ∫i:ld/ n khiªn ®µo c©n b»ng ¸p lùc
®Êt: The ground is supported by the spoil maintained
in the working chamber, which applies pressure to
the face through openings in the full-face cutter
wheel: §Êt ®−îc chèng gi÷ bëi vôn ®µo ®−îc gi÷ l¹i
trong khoang lµm viÖc, trong ®ã cã t¸c dông mét ¸p
lùc vµo mÆt g−¬ng th«ng qua c¸c lç hë trªn vµnh c¾t
toµn tiÕt diÖn.
earth tunnel /”:• 'tʌnl/ n hÇm trong ®Êt: A tunnel
driven in relatively easily excavated earth or soil
rather than in rock. Also commonly referred to as a
soft-ground tunnel: Lµ mét hÇm ®µo trong nÒn ®Êt
t−¬ng ®èi dÔ ®µo h¬n so víi trong ®¸. Còng th−êng
®−îc gäi lµ hÇm trong ®Êt yÕu.
earth-balance shield (xem EPB) /”:• 'b“l”ns
∫i:ld/ n khiªn ®µo c©n b»ng ¸p lùc ®Êt: A close-face
shield designed for tunnelling in fine-grained soils
by trapping excavated materials against the face and
removing them at a rate slow enough to maintain
pressures that counterbalance earth pressures,
stabilize the face, and prevent ingress of water: Lµ
mét khiªn kÝn thiÕt kÕ ®Ó ®µo hÇm trong c¸c ®Êt h¹t
mÞn b»ng c¸ch gi÷ chÆn c¸c vËt liÖu ®µo Ðp vµo mÆt
g−¬ng vµ dêi bá chóng víi mét tèc ®é ®ñ chËm ®Ó
duy tr× ¸p lùc sao cho c©n b»ng víi ¸p lùc ®Êt, lµm
æn ®Þnh g−¬ng hÇm, vµ chèng sù x©m nhËp cña n−íc
ngÇm.
earthflows /”:•flou/ n sù ch¶y ®Êt.
earthquake /'”:•kweik/ n ®éng ®Êt: This term is
used to describe both sudden slip on a fault, and the
resulting ground shaking and radiated seismic
energy caused by the slip, or by volcanic or
magmatic activity, or other sudden stress changes in
the earth: ThuËt ng÷ nµy dïng ®Ó m« t¶ sù tr−ît ®ét
ngét däc mét ®øt g·y, vµ sù chÊn ®éng nÒn ®Êt còng
 105
nh− n¨ng l−îng ®Þa chÊn ph¸t ra g©y bëi có tr−ît ®ã,
hoÆc bëi ho¹t ®éng nói löa hay t¹o sinh macma,
hoÆc nh÷ng thay ®æi ®ét ngét vÒ øng suÊt kh¸c trong
lßng tr¸i ®Êt o The design engineer shall consider
the ground conditions or seismic loads whenever
necessary for the design of the support and lining in
portal zones. Since an earthquake may have an
adverse effect near the portal, a study of such an
effect should be made in case of poor ground
conditions: Kü s− thiÕt kÕ ph¶i xÐt ®Õn c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn
®Þa chÊt hoÆc c¸c t¶i träng ®Þa chÊn nÕu thÊy cÇn
trong viÖc thiÕt kÕ hÖ chèng ®ì vµ vá hÇm t¹i khu vùc
cæng hÇm. V× mét trËn ®éng ®Êt cã thÓ cã t¸c ®éng
tai h¹i gÇn cöa hÇm, nªn cÇn ph¶i nghiªn cøu t¸c
®éng ®ã trong tr−êng hîp ®iÒu kiÖn ®Êt yÕu.
effect on water table /i'fekt ˜n 'w˜:t” 'teibl/ n
¶nh h−ëng/t¸c ®éng ®Õn mùc n−íc ngÇm: In certain
cases of underground construction, for the reason of
respect of the environment in city centers, bentonite
mud cannot be used to ensure greater cleanliness in
the work site and eliminate problems of
transpportation to authorised dumps and pollution
of the water table: Trong mét sè tr−êng hîp x©y
dùng ngÇm, v× lý do b¶o vÖ m«i tr−êng t¹i c¸c khu
trung t©m thµnh phè, ng−êi ta kh«ng cho phÐp sö
dông v÷a bent«nit nh»m ®¶m b¶o sù s¹ch sÏ tèt trªn
c«ng tr−êng vµ lo¹i trõ c¸c vÊn ®Ò vÒ vËn chuyÓn
th¶i ®Êt bïn còng nh− « nhiÔm mùc n−íc ngÇm o
Consideration must be given to leakage, pressure
and the water table: the tunnels are sealed to
prevent groundwater from leaking in. A lowering of
the groundwater table must be avoided so as not to
risk settlement of nearby buildings: CÇn xem xÐt ®Õn
c¸c vÊn ®Ò nh− thÊm, ¸p suÊt vµ mùc n−íc ngÇm:
hÇm cÇn ®−îc lµm kÝn ®Ó kh«ng cho n−íc ngÇm ch¶y
vµo. Ph¶i tr¸nh lµm h¹ mùc n−íc ngÇm ®Ó kh«ng g©y
ra lón cho c¸c c«ng tr×nh kÕ bªn.
effectiveness /i'fektivnis/ n sù cã hiÖu lùc; hiÖu
lùc, hiÖu qu¶: The effectiveness of shotcrete for
prevention of rock loosening has been demonstrated
in a variety of geologic conditions: HiÖu qu¶ cña
bªt«ng phun chèng l¹i sù ph¸ ho¹i cña ®Êt ®¸ ®·
®−îc chøng minh trong rÊt nhiÒu ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt.
EFNARC (European Federation for Construction
Chemicals and Concrete Systems) n Liªn ®oµn
Bªt«ng vµ Hãa chÊt X©y dùng ch©u ¢u.
egress /'i:gres / n sù ra, con ®−êng ra: Emergency
exits must allow users to exit the tunnel and should
have no dead ends. These are recommended, as in
the event of a fire smoke will be blown one way
down the tunnel and users in the smoke filled parts
of the tunnel may need an alternative, safe method of
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
emergency egress: C¸c lèi tho¸t khÈn cÊp ph¶i cho
phÐp ng−êi sö dông tho¸t ra khái ®−îc hÇm vµ kh«ng
®−îc phÐp cã gãc côt. Nh÷ng lèi tho¸t nµy lµ b¾t
buéc, v× ch¼ng h¹n khi cã ch¸y, khãi sÏ bÞ qu¹t thæi
mét chiÒu däc theo hÇm vµ ng−êi dïng t¹i nh÷ng
phÇn dµy ®Æc khãi trong hÇm cã thÓ ph¶i cÇn tíi mét
ph−¬ng ph¸p tho¸t hiÓm bæ trî, an toµn o For
tunnel under construction, unnecessary
accumulation of muck, spoil and/or debris shall be
avoided. Particular attention shall be given to the
maintaining of clear areas at shaft stations, rail
areas, places of access, egress and safety alcoves:
Víi hÇm ®ang thi c«ng, cÇn tr¸nh c¸c ®èng tÝch lòy
kh«ng cÇn thiÕt cña vËt liÖu ®µo, bïn r¸c th¶i
vµ/hoÆc vôn ®Êt ®¸ kh¸c. CÇn chó ý ®Æc biÖt ®Õn
viÖc duy tr× vÖ sinh s¹ch sÏ t¹i c¸c tr¹m giÕng ®øng,
c¸c khu vùc ray, c¸c vÞ trÝ tiÕp cËn vµo vµ tho¸t ra
khái hÇm, vµ c¸c hèc/gãc thôt an toµn.
elastic /i'l“stik/ adj ®µn håi: Describes a material
or a state of material where strain or deformation is
recoverable, nominally instantaneously but actually
within certain tolerances and within some arbitrary
time. Capable of sustaining stress without permanent
deformation: M« t¶ mét vËt liÖu hay mét tr¹ng th¸i
t¹i ®ã biÕn d¹ng lµ cã thÓ kh«i phôc ®−îc, th−êng lµ
tøc thêi nh−ng trªn thùc tÕ trong kho¶ng dung sai
nhÊt ®Þnh vµ trong kho¶ng thêi gian bÊt kú. Cã kh¶
n¨ng chÞu øng suÊt mµ kh«ng bÞ biÕn d¹ng vÜnh viÔn.
elastic area/zone /i'l“stik 'e”ri”/ n vïng ®µn håi
xung quanh hang hÇm: In finite element analyses, as
rock masses remain within the elastic zone it is
possible to compare the calculated values with some
empirical methods developed based on the elastic
theory: Trong c¸c tÝnh to¸n b»ng ph−¬ng ph¸p phÇn
tö h÷u h¹n, khi khèi ®¸ vÉn n»m trong vïng ®µn håi,
th× cã thÓ so s¸nh c¸c gi¸ trÞ tÝnh to¸n ®−îc víi mét
sè ph−¬ng ph¸p thùc nghiÖm dùa trªn lý thuyÕt ®µn
håi.
elastic behavior /i'l“stik bi'heivj”/ n sù øng xö
®µn håi (vËt liÖu): Theoretically, a beam material
having a perfectly elastic behavior up to first crack
and a perfectly plastic behavior thereafter will have
a toughness index I5 value of 5.0, 10.0 for I10, etc.:
VÒ mÆt lý thuyÕt, mét vËt liÖu dÇm cã mét øng xö ®µn
håi hoµn h¶o cho tíi khi xuÊt hiÖn vÕt nøt ®Çu tiªn,
vµ sau ®ã cã mét øng xö dÎo hoµn toµn, sÏ cã mét
gi¸ trÞ chØ sè ®é bÒn I5 lµ 5.0, I10 lµ 10.0, v.v...
elastic modulus of concrete /i'l“stik 'm˜djul”s/ n
m«®un ®µn håi cña bªt«ng: Unlike that for metals,
the load - deformation relationship for concrete
subjected to a continuously increasing load is
 106
nonlinear in character. Concrete should be
considered as a quasi-elastic material and when
computing the elastic constants, namely the modulus
of elasticity and Poisson's ratio, the method
employed should be clearly stated. It is only for
simplicity and convenience that the elastic modulus
is assumed to be constant in both concrete
technology and the design of concrete structures:
Kh«ng gièng nh− víi c¸c kim lo¹i, quan hÖ t¶i träng
- biÕn d¹ng cña bªt«ng khi chÞu mét t¶i träng t¨ng
dÇn liªn tôc kh«ng ph¶i lµ tuyÕn tÝnh xÐt vÒ b¶n chÊt.
Bªt«ng ph¶i ®−îc xem nh− mét vËt liÖu gÇn nh− -®µn
håi vµ khi tÝnh to¸n c¸c h»ng sè ®µn håi, nh− m«®un
®µn håi vµ hÖ sè Poatx«ng, th× ph−¬ng ph¸p tÝnh
to¸n ph¶i ®−îc chØ ra mét c¸ch râ rµng. ChØ v× môc
®Ých ®¬n gi¶n hãa vµ thuËn tiÖn mµ ng−êi ta míi coi
m«®un ®µn håi lµ h»ng sè, c¶ trong c«ng nghÖ
bªt«ng vµ trong thiÕt kÕ c¸c kÕt cÊu bªt«ng.
elastic rock zone /i'l“stik r˜k zoun/ n vïng
®¸ ®µn håi: The zone outside the relaxed rock zone
where excavation has altered the in situ stress field.
Rock in the elastic zone undergoes recoverable
elastic deformation: Lµ vïng phÝa ngoµi khu vùc ®¸
®· bÞ gi¶i phãng øng suÊt, t¹i ®ã hang ®µo ®· thay
®æi tr−êng øng suÊt t¹i chç ban ®Çu. §¸ trong vïng
®µn håi sÏ cã biÕn d¹ng håi phôc ®−îc.
elastic theory /i'l“stik '•i”ri/ n lý thuyÕt ®µn håi:
Although soils do not behave as a linear elastic
material, the rationale for use of elastic theory has
been the availability of solutions to problems for
which the boundary conditions correspond
approximately to the boundary conditions for soils
engineering problems of interest, and the lack of
available alternatives: MÆc dï ®Êt kh«ng lµm viÖc
nh− mét vËt liÖu ®µn håi tuyÕn tÝnh, nh−ng c¬ së hîp
lý cña viÖc dïng lý thuyÕt ®µn håi lµ do sù cã s½n
nh÷ng lêi gi¶i ®èi víi c¸c bµi to¸n mµ ®iÒu kiÖn biªn
cña chóng gÇn t−¬ng hîp víi ®iÒu kiÖn biªn cña c¸c
bµi to¸n c¬ häc ®Êt ta ®ang quan t©m, vµ cßn do sù
thiÕu v¾ng nh÷ng ph−¬ng ¸n gi¶i tèt h¬n.
elastic wave velocity /i'l“stik weiv vi'l˜s”ti/ n
vËn tèc sãng ®µn håi: In the field of civil engineering
in Japan, rock mass is typically divided into classes
or grades by rock type, elastic wave velocity,
continuity of the drillcore, ratio of unconfined
compressive strength and overburden pressure and
spacing and condition of fractures: Trong lÜnh vùc
kü thuËt d©n dông ë NhËt B¶n, khèi ®¸ th−êng ®−îc
ph©n chia thµnh c¸c lo¹i hay c¸c cÊp, dùa vµo lo¹i
®¸, vËn tèc sãng ®µn håi, tÝnh liªn tôc cña lâi khoan,
tû sè gi÷a c−êng ®é nÐn në h«ng vµ ¸p lùc ®Þa tÇng,
còng nh− kho¶ng c¸ch vµ t×nh tr¹ng c¸c khe nøt.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
elasticity /,el“s'tisiti/ n tÝnh ®µn håi, ®µn tÝnh; ®é
®µn håi: That property of a material that enables it
to return to its original size and shape after
deformation: Lµ tÝnh chÊt cña mét vËt liÖu mµ nã
cho phÐp vËt liÖu trë l¹i kÝch th−íc vµ h×nh d¹ng ban
®Çu sau khi biÕn d¹ng o It is unusual for the
elastic behaviour of the grouted ground around the
anchor tendon to be compatible with the elasticity of
the tendon and allow a uniform distribution of the
load along the fixed length: HiÕm khi mµ tÝnh chÊt
®µn håi cña vïng ®Êt ®· ®−îc b¬m v÷a xung quanh
mét c¸p neo l¹i t−¬ng thÝch víi tÝnh ®µn håi cña b¶n
th©n c¸p neo vµ cho phÐp mét sù ph©n bè ®ång ®Òu
t¶i träng däc theo ®o¹n chiÒu dµi ®−îc neo gi÷.
electric circuits /i'lektrik 's”:kits/ n m¹ng ®iÖn:
Electric circuits must be installed and hooked up to
equipment by properly trained personnel, with
proper safety installations to avoid stray currents or
other conditions that might cause premature blasts
of explosives: C¸c m¹ch ®iÖn ph¶i ®−îc l¾p ®Æt vµ
nèi kÕt bëi nh©n viªn ®−îc ®µo t¹o tèt, víi c¸ch thøc
l¾p ®Æt an toµn chuÈn x¸c ®Ó tr¸nh g©y næ sím c¸c
khèi thuèc næ.
electric log /i'lektrik lɔg/ n nhËt ký kh¶o s¸t b»ng
®iÖn: A record or log of a borehole obtained by
lowering electrodes into the hole and measuring any
of the various electrical properties of the materials
traversed: Lµ mét b¶n ghi hoÆc nhËt ký cña mét lç
khoan nhËn ®−îc b»ng c¸ch h¹ c¸c ®iÖn cùc/®Çu ®o
vµo mét lç khoan vµ ®o ®¹c mäi tÝnh chÊt ®iÖn kh¸c
nhau cña vËt liÖu ®−îc kh¶o s¸t qua.
electric shock /i'lektrik ∫ɔk/ n ®iÖn giËt: Electric
shock caused by machines or circuits used in
tunneling will result in serious injury or death: §iÖn
giËt bëi c¸c m¸y mãc hay m¹ng ®iÖn dïng trong lµm
hÇm sÏ g©y ra th−¬ng tÝch nÆng nÒ hoÆc c¸i chÕt.
electrical components /i'lektrik”l k”m'poun”nts/ n
c¸c thiÕt bÞ ®iÖn: The electrical components
associated with the tunnel work shall be provided by
and installed under a separate contract; this
includes such items as the electrical conduit and
accessories: C¸c thiÕt bÞ ®iÖn liªn quan ®Õn c«ng
tr×nh hÇm sÏ ®−îc cung cÊp bëi vµ l¾p ®Æt d−íi mét
hîp ®ång riªng; c¸c h¹ng môc cÇn thiÕt cã thÓ gåm
èng (c¸p) ®iÖn vµ c¸c phô tïng vÒ ®iÖn.
electrical logging /i'lektrik”l 'l˜gi–/ n carota ®iÖn
(phÐp ®o lç khoan b»ng ph−¬ng ph¸p ®Þa vËt lý): Site
investigations may comprise the use of geophysical
methods to define in greater detail the subsurface
conditions, such as the depth to bed rock or depth to
water table in specific sections of the power house
 107
base. During this stage, use of borehole geophysical
methods, such as electrical logging, may be found
advantageous to define particular characteristics of
overburden and bed rock: ViÖc kh¶o s¸t hiÖn tr−êng
bao gåm viÖc sö dông c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p ®Þa vËt lý ®Ó
x¸c ®Þnh ë møc ®é chi tiÕt h¬n c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa
chÊt, nh− chiÒu s©u cña nÒn ®¸ gèc hoÆc chiÒu s©u
mùc n−íc ngÇm t¹i nh÷ng ®o¹n nhÊt ®Þnh cña nÒn
mãng nhµ m¸y ®iÖn. Trong giai ®o¹n nµy, viÖc dïng
c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p ®Þa vËt lý lç khoan, nh− car«ta
®iÖn, lµ rÊt h÷u Ých ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh c¸c tÝnh chÊt ®Æc thï
cña tÇng ®Êt phñ bªn trªn còng nh− nÒn ®¸ gèc bªn
d−íi.
electrical prospecting /i'lektrik”l 'pr˜spekti–/ n sù
th¨m dß b»ng ®iÖn: Electrical geophysical
prospecting methods detect the surface effects
produced by electric current flow in the ground.
Using electrical methods, one may measure
potentials, currents, and electromagnetic fields
which occur naturally or are introduced artificially
in the ground: C¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p th¨m dß ®Þa vËt lý
dïng dßng ®iÖn gióp ta ph¸t hiÖn c¸c hiÖu øng bÒ
mÆt t¹o ra bëi dßng ®iÖn ch¹y trong lßng ®Êt. Khi
dïng c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p ®iÖn, ng−êi ta cã thÓ ®o ®−îc
c¸c ®iÖn thÕ, c−êng ®é dßng ®iÖn, vµ ®iÖn tõ tr−êng
mµ chóng xuÊt hiÖn mét c¸ch tù nhiªn hay ®−îc t¹o
ra mét c¸ch nh©n t¹o trong lßng ®Êt.
electrical system /i'lektrik”l 'sist”m/ n hÖ thèng
®iÖn: The electrical system is the heart of tunnel
operation and requires first class maintenance: HÖ
thèng ®iÖn lµ trung t©m cña qu¸ tr×nh vËn hµnh hÇm,
nã ®ßi hái mét sù b¶o d−ìng tèt nhÊt.
electronic distance-measuring instrument (EDM)
/,ilek'tr˜nik 'dist”ns 'me™”ri– 'instrum”nt/ n thiÕt
bÞ ®iÖn tö ®o kho¶ng c¸ch: Electronic distance
measuring instrucments, such as the "Geodimeter"
and the "Tellurometer", help to connect project
control to existing survey networks. They assist in
checking the baseline and almost all calculated
distances between triangulation stations. These
instruments are also used to run primary surface
traverse along the tunnel alignment: C¸c thiÕt bÞ
®iÖn tö ®o kho¶ng c¸ch, ch¼ng h¹n "Geodimeter" vµ
"Tellurometer", dïng ®Ó nèi hÖ mèc kiÓm tra cña dù
¸n víi c¸c m¹ng l−íi tr¾c ®Þa ®· cã. Chóng hç trî
viÖc kiÓm tra ®−êng chuÈn vµ hÇu hÕt c¸c kho¶ng
c¸ch tÝnh to¸n gi÷a c¸c tr¹m tam gi¸c ®¹c. c¸c m¸y
tr¾c ®¹c nµy còng dïng ®Ó triÓn khai ®−êng chuyÒn
ngang c¬ së trªn mÆt ®Êt däc theo tuyÕn hÇm.
electroosmosis /,ilek'trou-˜z'mousis/ n hiÖn
t−îng ®iÖn thÈm, sù thÈm (thÊu) ®iÖn: Foundations
of compressible fine-grained soils can be
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
strengthened by use of wick drains, electroosmotic
treatment, and slow construction and/or stage
construction to allow time for consolidation to
occur. Because of its high cost, electroosmosis has
been used (but only rarely) to strengthen
foundations. It was used at West Branch Dam (now
Michael J. Kirwan Dam), Wayland, Ohio, in 1966,
where excessive foundation movements occurred
during embankment construction: C¸c nÒn mãng
thuéc lo¹i ®Êt h¹t mÞn nÐn ®−îc cã thÓ ®−îc gia
c−êng b»ng c¸ch sö dông bÊc thÊm, xö lý ®iÖn thÊm,
vµ thi c«ng chËm vµ/hoÆc ph©n kú x©y dùng ®Ó cho
phÐp cã ®ñ thêi gian diÔn ra cè kÕt. Do gi¸ thµnh cao
cña nã nªn ph−¬ng ph¸p ®iÖn thÈm rÊt Ýt ®−îc dïng
®Ó gia cè ®Êt. Nã ®· ®−îc dïng t¹i §Ëp nh¸nh T©y
(West Branch, nay lµ §Ëp Michael J. Kirwan ë
Ohio-Mü) n¨m 1966, ë ®ã ®· x¶y ra dÞch chuyÓn
mãng rÊt m¹nh trong qu¸ tr×nh x©y dùng nÒn/th©n
®Ëp.
electrostatic precipitator /i'lektrou'st“tik
pri'sipit”t˜r/ n [bé, hÇm] läc bôi tÜnh ®iÖn: In the
design of the electrostatic precipitator room and
ventilation duct, aerodynamic flow is considered
before determining the shape of the branch: Khi
thiÕt kÕ hÇm läc bôi tÜnh ®iÖn vµ èng th«ng giã, l−u
l−îng khÝ ®éng lùc cÇn ®−îc xem xÐt tr−íc khi quyÕt
®Þnh h×nh d¹ng cho hÇm ph©n nh¸nh.
electrostatic separator /i'lektrou'st“tik
'sep”reit”/ n m¸y läc tÜnh ®iÖn: Machine employing
static electrical charges to separate heavy mineral
concentrates: Lµ m¸y sö dông ®iÖn tÝch tÜnh ®iÖn ®Ó
ph©n t¸ch c¸c lo¹i bét kho¸ng vËt nÆng.
element /'elim”nt/ n ®èt hÇm: A length of tunnel
that is floated and immersed as a single rigid unit:
Mét ®o¹n hÇm d×m mµ nã sÏ ®−îc chë næi ra s«ng vµ
®¸nh ch×m/h¹ xuèng hµo nh− mét khèi r¾n ®¬n lÎ.
elephant's feed /'elif”nt fi:t/ n ®Õ ch©n voi:
Enlarged bearing areas at the bases of partially
constructed linings, normally of the crown section:
Lµ diÖn tÝch chÞu lùc më réng t¹i ch©n ®Õ cña ®o¹n
vá hÇm míi x©y dùng ®−îc mét phÇn, th−êng lµ
thuéc phÇn vßm hÇm.
elephant trunk /'elif”nt tr—–k/ n èng ®æ bªt«ng
h×nh vßi voi: Concrete must be placed as soon as
possible to its final position in the form by using
conveyor belts, concrete buckets, pumping, or
elephant trunks to prevent the concrete from
dropping in free fall for more than 1.52m vertical
distance: Bªt«ng ph¶i ®−îc ®æ cµng sím cµng tèt
vµo vÞ trÝ cuèi cïng cña nã trong v¸n khu«n b»ng
c¸ch dïng b¨ng t¶i, gµu ®æ bªt«ng, b¬m, hay èng ®æ
 108

vßi voi, nh»m tr¸nh cho bªt«ng khái r¬i tù do theo approximately every 200 m within a tunnel, and
chiÒu ®øng cao qu¸ 1.52m. close to each end. The latter are preferably to be
elevated car (platform truck) /'eliveitid ka:/ n «t« located outside the tunnel. If lay-bys are provided, a
cã thang n©ng: Maintenance of tunnel lighting recess is to be provided in each one, or in its
system often requires the use of a light elevated car immediate vicinity if this is impossible: C¸c hèc cøu
(platform truck) of convenient height with storage hé ph¶i ®−îc x©y dùng c¸ch nhau kho¶ng 200m däc
racks for fluorescent tubes and containers for other bªn trong hÇm, vµ gÇn víi c¸c cöa hÇm. Nãi chung
replacement parts: C«ng viÖc b¶o d−ìng hÖ thèng c¸c hèc gÇn cöa nªn ®−îc bè trÝ ra h¼n bªn ngoµi
chiÕu s¸ng trong hÇm th−êng ®ßi hái ph¶i sö dông hÇm. NÕu cã c¸c phÇn hÇm më réng tr¸nh xe trong
mét xe cã thang n©ng lo¹i nhÑ, cã chiÒu cao thÝch hÇm, th× chóng ®Òu ph¶i cã mét hèc nh− vËy, hoÆc
hîp, cã c¸c gi¸ ®Ó ®Ìn huúnh quang, vµ c¸c hép ngay gÇn ®ã.
®ùng nh÷ng bé phËn thay thÕ kh¸c. emergency truck /i'm”:d™ensi tr—k/ n xe t¶i cøu
eluvium /i'l(j)u:viəm/ n tµn tÝch, ®¸ sãt: Material hé: Emergency trucks are required near each portal
produced by decomposing rock formations where to remove incapacitated vehicles from the tunnel as
water movement and abrasion are not present: Lµ quickly as possible and to carry fire-fighting
vËt liÖu t¹o thµnh b»ng c¸ch ph©n hñy c¸c thµnh hÖ equipment: C¸c xe t¶i cøu hé cÇn cã mÆt gÇn mçi
®¸, ë ®ã kh«ng cã sù chuyÓn ®éng cña n−íc vµ sù cöa hÇm ®Ó kÐo bá c¸c xe chÕt m¸y ra khái hÇm cµng
bµo mßn. nhanh cµng tèt, vµ ®Ó chë c¸c thiÕt bÞ chèng ch¸y.
embodied energy /im'bɔdid 'enədʒi/ n n¨ng emissions /i'mi∫n/ n sù ph¸t ra, sù bèc ra, sù táa;
l−îng bao hµm: The energy necessary to extract and l−îng ph¸t th¶i: Quantity of a substance that is
process raw materials and then to construct a thrown to the air. The following table shows the
manufactured material or structure. Represents an standard emission rate of toxic gases from
initial energy investment in that material or explosives and from diesel engines. Air volume
structure: Lµ n¨ng l−îng cÇn thiÕt ®Ó khai th¸c vµ xö required to rarefy the gas emissions should then be
lý c¸c nguyªn liÖu vµ sau ®ã ®Ó x©y dùng mét vËt liÖu calculated: Lµ khèi l−îng cña mét chÊt mµ nã ®−îc
tiÒn chÕ hay kÕt cÊu. BiÓu thÞ ®Çu t− n¨ng l−îng ban nÐm/th¶i vµo kh«ng khÝ. B¶ng sau ®©y tr×nh bµy møc
®Çu trong vËt liÖu hay kÕt cÊu ®ã. (thuËt ng÷ ®¸nh ®é ph¸t táa tiªu chuÈn cña c¸c khÝ ®éc cña c¸c lo¹i
gi¸ kinh tÕ/tµi chÝnh dù ¸n). thuèc næ vµ c¸c lo¹i ®éng c¬ ®iªzen. C¨n cø vµo
emergency lock /i'm”:d™ensi l˜k/ n khoang khÈn l−îng ph¸t táa khÝ ®éc ®ã, cÇn tÝnh to¸n l−îng kh«ng
cÊp: A lock designed to hold and permit the quick khÝ s¹ch ®Ó [th«ng giã] hßa lo·ng chóng:
Explosive (Thuèc næ) Toxic gas Average Emission
passage of an entire shift: Lµ mét khoang ®−îc thiÕt (KhÝ ®éc) (L−îng ph¸t th¶i trung
kÕ ®Ó chøa vµ cho phÐp th«ng qua nhanh chãng toµn b×nh, m3/kg)
bé mét ca lµm viÖc. Dynamite (Ekoni No.2) 8 x 10-3
Other Dynamites Carbon 11 x 10-3
emergency service recess /i'm”:d™ensi 's”:vis Slurry Explosive Monoxide 2 x 10-3
ri'ses/ n khoang/hèc cøu hé: Emergency recesses Emulsion Explosive (CO) 5 x 10-3
are designed to hold various items of emergency ANFO 30 x 10-3
equipment, in particular emergency telephones and Diesel engine Shovel Type Dump Truck Other
extinguishers. It is strongly recommended that they Type (Lo¹i ®éng Machine Type (Lo¹i xe Types
be fitted with doors which can reduce inside noise c¬ ®iªzen) (M¸y xóc ®¸ t¶i tù ®æ) (C¸c lo¹i
levels and protect equipment from dirt. Even in lo¹i gµu lín) kh¸c)
Nitric Oxide (NOx)
circumstances where they are fitted with doors, 55 x 10-6 20 x 10-6 20 x 10-6
(m3/(min/PS))
recesses must not be designed for the protection of
empirical method (1) /em'pirik”l 'meθ”d/ n
users from the effects of a fire: C¸c khoang cøu hé
ph−¬ng ph¸p kinh nghiÖm: Empirical methods for
®−îc thiÕt kÕ ®Ó chøa nhiÒu trang thiÕt bÞ cøu hé
the design of rock support can be used as a design
kh¸c nhau, ®Æc biÖt lµ ®iÖn tho¹i khÈn cÊp vµ b×nh
tool by classifying the rock immediately upon
ch÷a ch¸y. Lêi khuyªn lµ chóng ph¶i ®−îc l¾p cöa
exposure. The classification system’s recommended
®Ó gi¶m møc ®é ån bªn trong vµ b¶o vÖ c¸c thiÕt bÞ
rock support can then be installed. This approach
khái bÞ bôi bÈn. Ngay c¶ khi chóng ®· ®−îc l¾p cöa,
takes care of the variation in rock quality as it is
c¸c hèc nµy còng kh«ng ®−îc phÐp thiÕt kÕ cho môc
actually encountered and is not dependent upon
®Ých b¶o vÖ ng−êi sö dông hÇm khái háa ho¹n o
presumptions concerning rock quality. The Q-
Emergency recesses are to be provided at
method developed by the Norwegian Geotechnical
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan

Institute (Dr. Nick Barton et. al.) is probably the best
established method of this kind: C¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p
kinh nghiÖm ®Ó thiÕt kÕ hÖ thèng chèng ®ì ®Êt ®¸ cã
thÓ dïng nh− mét c«ng cô thiÕt kÕ b»ng c¸ch ph©n
lo¹i ®Êt ®¸ ngay sau khi ®µo lé ra. Tõ ®ã, ng−êi ta sÏ
dïng hÖ chèng ®ì ®Ò xuÊt bëi hÖ thèng ph©n lo¹i ®¸
Êy ®Ó l¾p ®Æt. Ph−¬ng ph¸p nµy dùa trªn sù thay ®æi
vÒ chÊt l−îng ®¸ khi gÆp ph¶i trong thùc tÕ thi c«ng
vµ kh«ng phô thuéc vµo c¸c gi¶ thiÕt tr−íc vÒ chÊt
l−îng ®¸. HÖ thèng ph©n lo¹i Q do ViÖn §Þa kü thuËt
Na Uy ph¸t triÓn (TS. Nick Barton vµ nnk) cã lÏ lµ
ph−¬ng ph¸p tèt nhÊt thuéc lo¹i nµy.
empirical method (2) /em'pirik”l 'meθ”d/
ph−¬ng ph¸p thiÕt kÕ hÇm theo kinh nghiÖm:
Empirical method can be proposed to estimate the
magnitude and extent of the surface settlement
trough. It was found that the predicted surface
settlement troughs were consistent with the field
measurements. The empirical method is frequently
used in engineering practice; however, it has no
theoretical justification. Moreover, critical
information immediately preceding the collapse of a
tunnel is not available because of the obvious
danger. Therefore, it is not possible to understand
the mechanism involved by means of observation
alone: Cã thÓ dïng ph−¬ng ph¸p kinh nghiÖm ®Ó tÝnh
to¸n ®é lín vµ quy m« cña m¸ng lón trªn mÆt ®Êt
g©y bëi ®µo hÇm. Ng−êi ta thÊy r»ng c¸c m¸ng lón
bÒ mÆt dù b¸o kh¸ phï hîp víi ®o ®¹c hiÖn tr−êng.
Ph−¬ng ph¸p kinh nghiÖm th−êng ®−îc dïng trong
thùc hµnh x©y dùng; tuy nhiªn, nã kh«ng cã c¬ së lý
thuyÕt ch¾c ch¾n. H¬n n÷a, kh«ng thÓ lÊy ®−îc c¸c
th«ng tin quan träng ngay tr−íc khi x¶y ra sËp hÇm
do tÝnh nguy hiÓm th−êng trùc. Do ®ã, kh«ng thÓ
hiÓu ®−îc c¬ chÕ g©y ra sËp hÇm chØ b»ng biÖn ph¸p
quan tr¾c.
The Employer (Client, Owner) /im'pl˜i”/ n Chñ
®Çu t−: The Employer may authorize work to be
completed by others if the Contractor is in default
(failing to perform or in certain other
circumstances). The Employer, if he defaults (fail to
meet obligations), can also be subject to
cancellation of the Contract by the Contractor or to
suspension of work by the Contractor: Chñ ®Çu t− cã
thÓ giao c«ng viÖc cho c¸c ph¸p nh©n kh¸c thùc hiÖn
nÕu Nhµ thÇu cã lçi (kh«ng lµm viÖc, thÊt b¹i trong
hµnh ®éng, hay trong mét sè hoµn c¶nh nhÊt ®Þnh
kh¸c). Chñ ®Çu t−, nÕu cã lçi (kh«ng hoµn thµnh
bæn phËn), còng cã thÓ bÞ Nhµ thÇu xo¸ Hîp ®ång
hoÆc Nhµ thÇu dõng c«ng viÖc o The Employer
and the Engineer should maintain such contact with
each other as will facilitate smooth and unhindered
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
109
progress of the Works: Chñ ®Çu t− vµ T− vÊn ph¶i
duy tr× liªn hÖ víi nhau sao cho gióp t¹o dÔ dµng
cho sù tiÕn triÓn tèt ®Ñp vµ kh«ng bÞ c¶n trë cña
C«ng viÖc.
emulsion explosives /i'mʌl∫n iks'plousivz/ n
thuèc næ d¹ng nhò t−¬ng: Emulsion explosives are
distinguished by very high resistance to water.
Compared with conventional explosives, moreover,
they generate much lower amounts of toxic blast
gases on detonation: Thuèc næ nhò t−¬ng cã ®iÓm
kh¸c biÖt lµ chÞu n−íc rÊt tèt. H¬n n÷a, so víi c¸c
thuèc næ th«ng th−êng kh¸c, nã t¹o ra mét l−îng rÊt
n thÊp c¸c khÝ næ m×n ®éc h¹i khi ®−îc kÝch næ.
end of tunnel element /end/ n ®Çu ®èt hÇm [d×m]:
(1) Primary or Inboard End: The end of the tunnel
element that is to be connected first. This end will
face either the previously immersed and adjoining
element, or the terminal structure. This end is
usually the end equipped with the immersion gasket.
(2) Secondary or Outboard End: The other end of
the tunnel element: (1) §Çu ®Çu tiªn hay bªn trong:
Lµ ®Çu mót cña ®èt hÇm d×m mµ nã sÏ ®−îc nèi
tr−íc tiªn. §Çu nµy sÏ tiÕp gi¸p víi ®èt kÕ bªn võa
míi h¹ tr−íc ®ã, hoÆc tiÕp gi¸p víi kÕt cÊu nèi víi
hÇm d×m. §Çu nµy th−êng lµ ®Çu ®−îc trang bÞ
gio¨ng c¸ch n−íc. (2) §Çu thø hai hay bªn ngoµi: Lµ
®Çu mót kh¸c cña ®èt hÇm d×m.
energy conservation /'enədʒi ,kɔnsə:'vei∫n/ n
tiÕt kiÖm n¨ng l−îng: The saving of energy by one
project alternative in comparison with another. In
complete analyses, this may include an analysis of
the embodied energy involved in constructing and
disposing of the facility at the beginning and end of
its useful life: Kho¶n tiÕt kiÖm n¨ng l−îng nhê mét
ph−¬ng ¸n dù ¸n thay thÕ khi so s¸nh víi dù ¸n kh¸c.
Trong nh÷ng ph©n tÝch hoµn chØnh, ®©y cã thÓ bao
gåm mét ph©n tÝch vÒ n¨ng l−îng bao hµm cÇn cã
trong x©y dùng vµ th¸o dì mét c«ng tr×nh t¹i lóc b¾t
®Çu vµ kÕt thóc tuæi thä phôc vô cã Ých cña nã. (thuËt
ng÷ ®¸nh gi¸ kinh tÕ/tµi chÝnh dù ¸n).
engineer /,end™i'ni”/ n kü s−; c«ng binh; ng−êi
l¸i ®Çu m¸y: Mastery of tunnel building field is
acquired only by long practical experience; but all
tunnel engineers should have some familiarity with
the practical problems confronting a tunnel
construction contractor: ViÖc n¾m ch¾c (th«ng th¹o)
lÜnh vùc lµm hÇm chØ cã thÓ cã ®−îc nhê kinh
nghiÖm thùc tÕ l©u dµi; nh−ng tÊt c¶ c¸c kü s− hÇm
cÇn ph¶i quen thuéc (cã tr×nh ®é) nhÊt ®Þnh vÒ
nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò thùc tÕ mµ c¸c nhµ thÇu x©y dùng hÇm
ph¶i ®èi mÆt.
 110
The Engineer = Consultant /,end™i'ni”/ n T− vÊn,
Kü s− T− vÊn: "Engineer" means the person
appointed by the Employer to act as Engineer for the
purpose of the Contract and named as such in Part
II of these Conditions: "T− vÊn" chØ ph¸p nh©n ®−îc
chØ ®Þnh bëi Chñ ®Çu t− ®Ó hµnh ®éng nh− lµ T− vÊn
phôc vô cho Hîp ®ång vµ ®−îc ghi râ tªn nh− trong
PhÇn II cña Hîp ®ång nµy o It should be noted
that this definition identifies the Engineer as the
person named as such in Part II of the Conditions,
the effect of which is to prevent the Employer from
changing the Engineer without the consent of the
Contractor: CÇn l−u ý r»ng ®Þnh nghÜa nµy x¸c ®Þnh
râ T− vÊn chØ ®−îc phÐp lµ ph¸p nh©n ®−îc ghi trong
PhÇn II cña Hîp ®ång mµ th«i, t¸c dông cña nã lµ
chèng l¹i viÖc Chñ ®Çu t− thay ®æi T− vÊn mµ ch−a
cã sù ®ång ý cña Nhµ thÇu o The Engineer should
carefully avoid dictating to the Contractor how the
work involved is to be carried out. The method of
carrying out the Works is the responsibility of the
Contractor: T− vÊn nªn cÈn thËn tr¸nh ra lÖnh cho
Nhµ thÇu ph¶i tiÕn hµnh c«ng viÖc liªn quan nh− thÕ
nµo. Ph−¬ng ph¸p tiÕn hµnh C«ng viÖc lµ thuéc
tr¸ch nhiÖm cña Nhµ thÇu.
engineering /,end™i'ni”ri–/ n khoa c«ng tr×nh; kü
thuËt, ngµnh kü thuËt; c«ng nghÖ: Succinctly,
engineering applies technical knowledge to solve
human problems. More specifically, engineering is a
technological activity that uses professional
imagination, judgement, integrity, and intellectual
discipline in the application of science, technology,
mathematics, and practical experience to design,
produce, and operate useful objects or processes
that meet the needs and desires of humanity.
Engineering is also the organization of
technological tools, activities, knowledge, and
processes. Professional practitioners of engineering
are called engineers: Mét c¸ch ng¾n gän, ngµnh kü
thuËt ¸p dông kiÕn thøc kü thuËt ®Ó gi¶i quyÕt c¸c
vÊn ®Ò cña con ng−êi. Cô thÓ h¬n, ngµnh kü thuËt lµ
mét ho¹t ®éng c«ng nghÖ sö dông sù t−ëng t−îng,
ph¸n ®o¸n chuyªn m«n, sù trung thùc, vµ nguyªn t¾c
trÝ tuÖ trong viÖc ¸p dông khoa häc, c«ng nghÖ, to¸n
häc, vµ kinh nghiÖm thùc tÕ ®Ó thiÕt kÕ, chÕ t¹o, vµ
vËn hµnh c¸c ®èi t−îng hay c¸c qu¸ tr×nh cã Ých mµ
chóng ®¸p øng c¸c nhu cÇu vµ −íc muèn cña con
ng−êi. Ngµnh kü thuËt còng lµ sù tæ chøc c¸c c«ng
cô, ho¹t ®éng, kiÕn thøc, vµ qu¸ tr×nh c«ng nghÖ.
Nh÷ng ng−êi hµnh nghÒ chuyªn m«n trong ngµnh kü
thuËt ®−îc gäi lµ c¸c kü s−.
engineering management /,endʒi'ni”riη
'mænidʒmənt/ n qu¶n lý kü thuËt: Optimal use of
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
technology requires a purposeful continuity in
engineering management throughout the tunnel
project from initial concept to operation: ViÖc øng
dông c«ng nghÖ mét c¸ch tèi −u ®ßi hái ph¶i mét sù
qu¶n lý kü thuËt cã chñ ®Þnh liªn tôc xuyªn suèt dù
¸n hÇm tõ khi lËp dù ¸n ®Õn lóc vËn hµnh.
engineering properties of rock material
/,end™i'ni”riô 'pr˜p”ti ”v r˜k m”'ti”ri”l/ n c¸c tÝnh
chÊt kü thuËt cña ®¸: Important engineering
properties of rock material, which have an overall
effect on rock drilling, are hardness, abrasiveness,
texture, structure, and breaking characteristics: C¸c
tÝnh chÊt kü thuËt quan träng cña vËt liÖu ®¸, mµ
chóng cã mét t¸c ®éng s©u s¾c ®èi víi viÖc khoan ®¸,
gåm cã: ®é cøng, ®é mµi mßn, cÊu tróc, kÕt cÊu, vµ
c¸c ®Æc ®iÓm ph¸ vì.
enlargement /in'l:dʒm”nt/ n phÇn hÇm më réng:
Enlargements on both sides may be used for
constructing a station in a railroad tunnel. Full-face
enlargement is possible in good ground.
Enlargements on one side (layby) are planned for
structures such as an emergency parking site: PhÇn
hÇm më réng vÒ c¶ hai phÝa dïng ®Ó x©y dùng mét
tr¹m (ga) trong hÇm ®−êng s¾t. Cã thÓ më réng toµn
mÆt c¾t trong ®Þa chÊt tèt. PhÇn hÇm më réng vÒ mét
phÝa (gãc ®ç xe) ®−îc thiÕt kÕ cho nh÷ng c«ng tr×nh
ch¼ng h¹n nh− lµ mét chç ®ç xe khÈn cÊp.
entrance /'entr”ns/ n cöa vµo hÇm: The most
critical section of tunnel lighting is the entrance
section, because without sufficient portal brightness,
the entrance will appear to the approaching driver
as a black hole. Some of the most recent tunnel
lighting designs in Europe and on this continent
have incorporated a grid at the tunnel entrance to
screen out natural daylight in the proper amounts to
assist in the eye adaption process: §o¹n khã (quan
träng) nhÊt khi thiÕt kÕ chiÕu s¸ng hÇm lµ ®o¹n cöa
vµo, bëi v× nÕu thiÕu ®é s¸ng, cöa vµo sÏ hiÖn ra
tr−íc m¾t l¸i xe nh− lµ mét lç ®en. Mét vµi trong sè
nh÷ng thiÕt kÕ chiÕu s¸ng hÇm gÇn ®©y nhÊt ë Ch©u
¢u vµ nãi chung trªn c¶ lôc ®Þa nµy ®· ®−a vµo ¸p
dông mét m¹ng l−íi t¹i cöa vµo ®Ó ®iÒu chØnh ¸nh
s¸ng ban ngµy víi liÒu l−îng thÝch hîp nh»m hç trî
cho qu¸ tr×nh ®iÒu tiÕt cña m¾t.
entrance portal /'entr”ns 'p˜:tl/ n cöa vµo
hÇm: The entrances to the two tunnel sections of the
Chesapeake Bay Tunnel (Maryland, USA) are from
man-made islands in the bay: Cöa vµo hai ®−êng
hÇm cña dù ¸n HÇm VÞnh Chesapeake (USA) ®−îc
x©y dùng trªn c¸c hßn ®¶o nh©n t¹o n»m trong vÞnh
biÓn.
 111
entry /'entri/ n lèi vµo, hÇm dÉn vµo: An
underground horizontal or near-horizontal passage
used for haulage, ventilation, or as a mainway; a
coal heading; a working place where the coal is
extracted from the seam in the initial mining: Lµ mét
lèi ®i ngÇm n»m ngang hoÆc gÇn n»m ngang dïng ®Ó
vËn chuyÓn, th«ng giã, hay lµm mét lèi ®i chÝnh; lµ
mét g−¬ng lß than; mét ®Þa ®iÓm lµm viÖc t¹i ®ã than
®−îc ®µo ra khái vØa trong giai ®o¹n khai má ban
®Çu.
entry/exit angle /'entri 'eksit 'æηgl/ n gãc tíi/gãc
tho¸t: Angle to the ground surface at which the drill
string enters or exits in forming the pilot bore in a
directional drilling/guided drilling system: Lµ gãc so
víi bÒ mÆt ®Êt mµ t¹i ®ã sîi cÇn khoan ®i xuèng
hoÆc ®i lªn trong khi khoan ®Ó t¹o ra lç khoan hoa
tiªu trong mét hÖ thèng khoan dÉn h−íng/khoan ®Þnh
h−íng.
envelope grouting /'enviloup grautiô/ n b¬m
v÷a bao quanh: Grouting of rock surrounding a
hydraulic pressure tunnel to consolidate the rock
and reduce permeability of the area: Lµ kü thuËt
b¬m v÷a vµo ®¸ xung quanh mét ®−êng hÇm thñy lùc
®Ó gia cè ®Êt ®¸ vµ lµm gi¶m tÝnh thÊm cña khu vùc.
environment /in'vai”r”nm”nt/ n m«i tr−êng: A
general term used to describe the form and quality of
the surroundings for a person or place. Usually has
a strong connotation for the natural aspects of the
surroundings: Mét thuËt ng÷ chung dïng ®Ó m« t¶
h×nh thøc vµ chÊt l−îng cña vïng xung quanh ®èi víi
mét ng−êi hay ®Þa ®iÓm. Th−êng cã mét ý nghÜa
m¹nh vÒ c¸c khÝa c¹nh tù nhiªn cña m«i tr−êng xung
quanh o The choice of a method of heading
appropriate for a certain kind of geological rock
formation should be found in a way of optimization
which has to consider all environmetal influence on
the tunnel and the influence of tunnelling on the
environment: ViÖc lùa chän mét ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo
hÇm thÝch hîp víi mét d¹ng thµnh hÖ ®Þa chÊt nhÊt
®Þnh ph¶i ®−îc t×m ra theo con ®−êng tèi −u hãa, mµ
nã ph¶i xem xÐt ®Õn mäi ¶nh h−ëng cña m«i tr−êng
®èi víi ®−êng hÇm, còng nh− sù t¸c ®éng cña ®−êng
hÇm tíi m«i tr−êng.
environment conditions /in'vai”r”nm”nt
kən'di∫nz/ n c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn m«i tr−êng: By removing
various communal services, utilities and structures
under the surface, cities can increase open urban
areas for housing, parks, green squares and
recreation zones, that is to improve their
architectural appearance and to create more healthy
environmental conditions: B»ng c¸ch ®−a v« sè dÞch
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
vô c«ng céng, h¹ tÇng kü thuËt vµ c«ng tr×nh kh¸c
xuèng d−íi mÆt ®Êt, c¸c thµnh phè cã thÓ lµm gia
t¨ng diÖn tÝch ®« thÞ më phôc vô cho x©y dùng nhµ
cöa, c«ng viªn, qu¶ng tr−êng xanh vµ c¸c khu gi¶i
trÝ, tøc lµ ®· c¶i thiÖn ®−îc c¶nh quan kiÕn tróc
thµnh phè còng nh− t¹o ra c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn m«i tr−êng
sèng tèt h¬n.
environmental accounting /in,vair”n'mentl
”'kaunti–/ n xem xÐt vÒ m«i tr−êng: An analysis of
the full environmental impact of a project or
material from source of raw material through
eventual disposal. Based on a global accounting
rather than only local effects: Lµ mét ph©n tÝch vÒ sù
t¸c ®éng toµn diÖn tíi m«i tr−êng cña mét dù ¸n hay
vËt liÖu cã nguån gèc nguyªn liÖu th« qua sù th¶i bá
cuèi cïng. Nã dùa trªn mét sù xem xÐt toµn diÖn h¬n
lµ chØ dùa trªn nh÷ng t¸c ®éng côc bé.
environmental aspect /in,vair”n'mentl '“spekt/ n
khÝa c¹nh m«i tr−êng: Activity or action that could
cause an impact on the environment: Lµ ho¹t ®éng
hoÆc hµnh ®éng mµ nã cã thÓ g©y t¸c ®éng lªn méi
tr−êng.
environmental burden /in,vair”n'mentl 'b”:dn/ n
hËu qu¶ vÒ m«i tr−êng: The negative environmental
impacts of a project or material used in a project:
Lµ c¸c t¸c ®éng m«i tr−êng tiªu cùc cña mét dù ¸n
hay vËt liÖu dïng trong mét dù ¸n.
environmental elements /in,vair”n'mentl
'elim”nt/ n c¸c yÕu tè m«i tr−êng: Parts or elements
of the environment that could be modified by the
construction activities: Lµ c¸c thµnh phÇn hay yÕu tè
cña m«i tr−êng mµ cã thÓ bÞ thay ®æi do c¸c ho¹t
®éng x©y dùng.
environmental impact /in,vair”n'mentl 'imp“kt/
n t¸c ®éng m«i tr−êng: Damage on the environment
caused by an activity: Lµ t¸c h¹i cho m«i tr−êng g©y
bëi mét ho¹t ®éng nµo ®ã.
environmental impact assessment / study (EIA)
/in,vair”n'mentl 'imp“kt ”'sesm”nt / 'stʌdi/ n ®¸nh
gi¸ / nghiªn cøu t¸c ®éng m«i tr−êng: A study that
shows the effect a proposed structure will have on its
surroundings: the air, water, human, animal, and
plant life, for example. Such studies are now
required for most major construction projects in the
United States and many other countries: Lµ mét b¶n
nghiªn cøu t¸c ®éng mµ mét kÕt cÊu kiÕn nghÞ sÏ g©y
ra cho m«i tr−êng xung quanh nã, nh− kh«ng khÝ,
n−íc, con ng−êi, ®éng vËt, c©y cèi. Nh÷ng nghiªn
cøu nh− thÕ ngµy nay lµ b¾t buéc ®èi víi hÇu hÕt c¸c
dù ¸n x©y dùng lín ë Mü vµ nhiÒu quèc gia kh¸c.
 112
environmental impact evaluation procedure
(EIEP) /in,vair”n'mentl 'imp“kt i,v“lju'ei∫n
pr”'si:d™”/ n thñ tôc ®¸nh gi¸ t¸c ®éng m«i tr−êng:
Particular type of Environmental Impact Assessment
carried out in the European Union: Lµ mét d¹ng ®Æc
biÖt cña §¸nh gi¸ T¸c ®éng M«i tr−êng tiÕn hµnh ë
Liªn hiÖp ch©u ¢u.
environmental impact study /in,vair”n'mentl
'imp“kt stʌdi/ n nghiªn cøu t¸c ®éng m«i tr−êng: A
written report, compiled prior to a production
decision, that examines the effects proposed mining
activities will have on the natural surroundings of an
exploration property: Lµ mét v¨n b¶n b¸o c¸o, ®−îc
lËp tr−íc khi quyÕt ®Þnh s¶n xuÊt/thi c«ng, nh»m
®¸nh gi¸/kiÓm tra c¸c t¸c ®éng mµ c¸c ho¹t ®éng
khai má/®µo hÇm dù kiÕn sÏ g©y ra cho m«i tr−êng
tù nhiªn cña dù ¸n.
environmental investigation /in,vair”n'mentl
in,vesti'gei‘n/ n ®iÒu tra vÒ m«i tr−êng: Coordinate
the geotechnical investigation with the
environmental investigation to take advantage of
opportunities to reduce costs by combining efforts.
The environmental investigation includes
investigative efforts to characterize the chemical
properties of soils and groundwater, either natural
or due to contamination. Among the issues
addressed in the environmental investigation are
gasoline or other petroleum product spills, natural
gases in the ground, and corrosion of permanent
structures by exposure to soils and groundwater:
CÇn phèi hîp kh¶o s¸t ®Þa chÊt víi ®iÒu tra vÒ m«i
tr−êng ®Ó lîi dông c¸c c¬ héi lµm gi¶m gi¸ thµnh
b»ng c¸ch kÕt hîp c¸c nç lùc chung. Kh¶o s¸t m«i
tr−êng bao gåm c¸c nç lùc ®iÒu tra nh»m m« t¶ c¸c
tÝnh chÊt hãa häc cña ®Êt vµ n−íc ngÇm, dï lµ tù
nhiªn hay do « nhiÔm. Mét sè vÊn ®Ò cÇn ®Ò cËp
trong ®iÒu tra m«i tr−êng bao gåm sù trµn x¨ng hay
c¸c s¶n phÈm dÇu má kh¸c, c¸c khÝ tù nhiªn trong
lßng ®Êt, vµ sù ¨n mßn c¸c kÕt cÊu vÜnh cöu do n»m
trong ®Êt vµ tiÕp xóc víi n−íc ngÇm.
environmental preservation /in,vair”n'mentl
,prez”'vei‘n/ n b¶o tån m«i tr−êng: The
environmental preservation reasons for going
underground were given under two main headings:
(1) Aesthetics, less visual impact, and (2) Ecology, to
help preserve the natural vegetation, and less
damage to the local and global ecological cycle:
C¸c lý do vÒ b¶o tån m«i tr−êng ®Ó lý gi¶i cho viÖc
x©y dùng ngÇm th−êng ®−îc ®−a ra d−íi hai chñ ®Ò
chÝnh - (1) vÒ mÆt thÈm mü häc, tøc lµ Ýt t¸c ®éng
xÊu ®Õn thÞ gi¸c, vµ (2) vÒ mÆt sinh th¸i häc, gióp
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
b¶o tån c©y xanh tù nhiªn, vµ Ýt g©y h− h¹i cho chu
tr×nh sinh th¸i ®Þa ph−¬ng vµ toµn thÓ.
EPB (earth pressure balance shield) /”:•
'pre‘”(r) 'b“l”ns/ n khiªn ®µo c©n b»ng ¸p lùc ®Êt:
The Earth Pressure Balance shield uses the material
excavated by the cutting wheel as support medium
and does not require secondary support media such
as compressed air or suspension. However,
conditioning of the ground is generally required:
Khiªn ®µo c©n b»ng ¸p lùc ®Êt sö dông vËt liÖu ®µo
ra bëi vµnh c¾t nh− mét m«i chÊt chèng ®ì g−¬ng
hÇm vµ kh«ng cÇn tíi mét m«i chÊt chèng ®ì thø hai
nh− khÝ nÐn hay dung dÞch huyÒn phï ch¼ng h¹n. Tuy
nhiªn, nãi chung lµ ph¶i xö lý/®iÒu chÕ ®Êt.
EPC (Engineering - Procurement - Construction)
/,endʒi'niəriη prə'kjuəmənt kən'strʌk∫n/ n thiÕt
kÕ- cung øng vËt t− thiÕt bÞ - thi c«ng x©y dùng c«ng
tr×nh; tæng thÇu EPC: The engineering-procurement
and construction contract is an agreement under
which the contractor provides the works ready for
operation by the client, and may include financing
parts of the works: Hợp đồng tổng thầu là một thỏa
thuận mà theo đó nhà thầu sẽ tạo ra các công trình
sẵn sàng cho chủ đầu tư đưa vào sử dụng, và có thể
bao gồm các phần cung cấp tài chính cho công
trình.
epoxy resin /i'p˜ksi 'rezin/ n keo epoxy: A class of
organic chemical bonding systems used in the
preparation of special coatings for concrete,
adhesives for injection of cracked concrete, or as
binders in epoxy-resin mortars and concretes: Lµ
mét líp c¸c hÖ thèng chÊt dÝnh kÕt hãa häc h÷u c¬
dïng trong thi c«ng c¸c líp phñ ®Æc biÖt cña bªt«ng,
lµ chÊt kÕt dÝnh ®Ó b¬m vµo bªt«ng bÞ nøt, hoÆc nh−
lµ chÊt g¾n kÕt trong c¸c v÷a vµ bªt«ng keo-epoxy.
equipment /i'kwipm”nt/ n (®å) trang bÞ; thiÕt bÞ; sù
trang bÞ: Tunneling makes use of high-technology
equipment and advanced theory, but it is ultimately
performed by human beings: ViÖc kiÕn thiÕt hÇm sö
dông thiÕt bÞ c«ng nghÖ cao vµ lý thuyÕt t©n tiÕn,
nh−ng cuèi cïng nã vÉn ®−îc thùc thi bëi con ng−êi.
equipment lock / materials lock /i'kwipm”nt l˜k/
m”'ti”ri”l l˜k/ n khoang chøa thiÕt bÞ / khoang vËt
liÖu (cña m¸y TBM).
erecting /i'rekti–/ n sù l¾p dùng, sù l¾p r¸p: The
erecting of steel supports shall be verified to be
carried out with the specified interval and positions:
ViÖc l¾p dùng v× chèng thÐp cho hÇm ph¶i ®−îc kiÓm
tra ®Ó ®¶m b¶o r»ng ®· ®−îc tiÕn hµnh theo ®óng
c¸c kho¶ng c¸ch vµ vÞ trÝ quy ®Þnh.
 113
erection /i'rek‘n/ n sù l¾p dùng, sù l¾p r¸p:
Erection of the steel liner plates that function as
poling boards starts at the top of the arch and works
down: Sù l¾p ®Æt c¸c tÊm vá chèng hÇm b»ng thÐp ®Ó
chóng lµm viÖc nh− lµ c¸c tÊm gia cè t¹m sÏ b¾t ®Çu
tõ phÝa trªn vßm hÇm vµ ®i dÇn xuèng o Erection
of primary lining could be done under safe
conditions by using the shield: ViÖc l¾p líp vá hÇm
chèng t¹m ban ®Çu sÏ an toµn nÕu sö dông khiªn
®µo.
erector / erector arm /i'rekt” :m/ n c¸nh tay ®ßn
l¾p r¸p, cÇn l¾p: An erector arm is a part of the
shield used to pick up the liner segments and raise
them into position and hold them until they can be
bolted in place: Tay n©ng lµ mét bé phËn cña khiªn
®µo hÇm, dïng ®Ó nhÊc vµ n©ng c¸c ®o¹n vßng vá
hÇm vµ gi÷ chóng t¹i vÞ trÝ cho tíi khi chóng ®−îc
l¾p b»ng bul«ng xong vµo vÞ trÝ.
erosion /i'rou∫n/ n sù xãi mßn: The breaking
down and subsequent removal of either rock or
surface material by wind, rain, wave action, freezing
and thawing and other processes: Lµ sù ph¸ vì vµ
dêi chuyÓn c¸c vËt liÖu ®¸ hay vËt liÖu bÒ mÆt kh¸c
bëi t¸c ®éng giã, m−a, sãng, ®ãng b¨ng - tan b¨ng,
vµ c¸c qu¸ tr×nh kh¸c o The natural (geological)
processes of the wearing away of the land surface
(including soil, regolith or bedrock) by natural
agents and the transport of the derived material.
Erosion includes sheet, wind, creep, slump, flow, rill
gully, tunnel gully and stream erosion: Lµ c¸c qu¸
tr×nh (®Þa chÊt) tù nhiªn lµm bµo mßn mÆt ®Êt (bao
gåm ®Êt, ®¸ mÒm phñ, hoÆc ®¸ gèc) bëi c¸c t¸c nh©n
tù nhiªn vµ viÖc vËn chuyÓn c¸c vËt liÖu t¹o ra. Xãi
mßn bao gåm c¸c d¹ng nh− xãi mßn kiÓu m¶ng lín,
uèn l−în, r·o lë, vãn côc, dßng ch¶y, thµnh dßng
suèi nhá, r·nh lín vµ thµnh suèi.
estimate /'estimeit/ n sù ®¸nh gi¸; dù to¸n:
Quantitative assessment of the likely amount or
outcome. Usually applied to project costs, resources,
effort, and durations and is usually preceded by a
modifier (i.e. preliminary, conceptual, order-of-
magnitude, scoping, design…). An estimate should
include some indication of accuracy (e.g. +
percent): Lµ sù ®¸nh gi¸ vÒ mÆt sè l−îng cña mét
khèi l−îng hay kÕt qu¶ cã thÓ. Th−êng ¸p dông cho
c¸c chi phÝ dù ¸n, c¸c nguån lùc, nç lùc, vµ kho¶ng
thêi gian vµ th−êng cã mét bæ tõ ®øng tr−íc (nh−: s¬
bé, cã tÝnh kh¸i niÖm, ®¹i kh¸i, nh»m môc tiªu, thiÕt
kÕ…). Mét sù ®¸nh gi¸ ph¶i cã kÌm dÊu chØ ®é chÝnh
x¸c (v.d. + phÇn tr¨m).
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
evacuation tunnel /i,v“kju'ei‘n 'tʌnl/ n hÇm l¸nh
n¹n: The evacuation tunnel which will advance
ahead the main tunnel shall be an indicator for
expected rock conditions. It will assist the decision
of changing the support system in the main tunnel:
HÇm l¸nh n¹n ®−îc ®µo tr−íc hÇm chÝnh sÏ lµ mét
chØ b¸o vÒ c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt bÊt th−êng. Nã sÏ
trî gióp trong viÖcquyÕt ®Þnh thay ®æi hÖ chèng ®ì
t¹i hÇm chÝnh.
evaporite /i,v“p”'rait/ n ®¸ t¹o thµnh sau qu¸
tr×nh bay h¬i, ®¸ trÇm tÝch bèc h¬i: Sedimentary
rocks consisting of minerals resulting from the
evaporation of saline water: Lµ c¸c ®¸ trÇm tÝch bao
gåm c¸c kho¸ng vËt h×nh thµnh tõ sù bay h¬i cña
n−íc mÆn.
evaporation rate /i,v“p”'rei∫n reit/ n tèc ®é bèc
h¬i: The quantity of water which evaporates from a
given surface per unit of time, usually expressed in
inches or depth per day, month, or year: Lµ khèi
l−îng n−íc bèc h¬i tõ mét bÒ mÆt ®· cho trong mét
®¬n vÞ thêi gian, th−êng biÓu diÔn b»ng sè xentimet
hay chiÒu s©u trong mét ngµy, th¸ng, hoÆc n¨m.
evasÐ stack /eva:se st“k/ n èng x¶, èng tho¸t: An
air exhaust stack increasing in cross-section in the
direction of airflow to regain air pressure: Lµ mét
èng x¶ cã tiÕt diÖn t¨ng dÇn theo chiÒu dßng kh«ng
khÝ ®Ó trë l¹i ¸p suÊt b×nh th−êng.
event station /i'vent 'stei‘n/ n ga dù phßng: A
station that is only used during major events: Lµ mét
ga chØ ®−îc dïng trong nh÷ng sù kiÖn nghiªm träng.
exacerbate /ig'z“s”beit/ v lµm trÇm träng thªm,
t¨ng thªm, lµm cho xÊu ®i h¬n n÷a: Soft clay's
presence exacerbated the difficulties in excavation:
ViÖc xuÊt hiÖn ®Êt sÐt mÒm yÕu lµm trÇm träng thªm
nh÷ng khã kh¨n trong khi ®µo.
excavation /,eksk”'vei‘n/ n sù ®µo ®Êt ®¸, hè ®µo,
c«ng tr×nh khai ®µo: When tunnel excavation is
undertaken in urban areas, there are cases where it
is sometimes unavoidable to carry out construction
work in the vicinity of existing surface structures,
such as buildings and bridges. In such cases,
measures are taken, on an as-needed basis, to
protect those structures: Khi viÖc ®µo hÇm ph¶i lµm
trong khu ®« thÞ, ®«i khi cã nh÷ng tr−êng hîp kh«ng
thÓ tr¸nh ®−îc viÖc tiÕn hµnh thi c«ng bªn c¹nh c¸c
c«ng tr×nh hiÖn cã trªn mÆt ®Êt, nh− nhµ cöa, cÇu.
Khi ®ã, trªn c¬ së xÐt tõng tr−êng hîp cô thÓ, ph¶i cã
c¸c biÖn ph¸p nh»m b¶o vÖ c¸c c«ng tr×nh ®ã.
excavation chamber /,eksk”'vei‘n 't‘eimb”/ n
khoang ®µo: Chamber and/or rooom directly behind
 114
the cutter head: Lµ khoang vµ/hoÆc buång n»m ngay
phÝa sau ®Çu c¾t cña m¸y khoan hÇm TBM.
excavation tools /,eksk”'vei‘n tu:l/ n dông cô ®µo
(cña m¸y TBM): Excavation tools loosen and crush
the soil to be excavated at the tunnel face. They are
fixed to the cutter head. Type and number of the
tools being used depend on the geology to be
excavated. Generally, a distinction is made between
scraper tools and cutter discs: C¸c dông cô ®µo lµm
láng rêi vµ nghiÒn vôn ®Êt cÇn ®µo t¹i g−¬ng hÇm.
Chóng ®−îc l¾p trªn ®Çu c¾t. Lo¹i vµ sè l−îng dông
cô c¾t cÇn dïng phô thuéc vµo ®Þa chÊt sÏ ®µo qua.
Nãi chung, ng−êi ta ph©n biÖt hai lo¹i: dông cô ®µo
kiÓu cµo vµ kiÓu ®Üa c¾t.
excavator /'eksk”veit”/ n m¸y ®µo, m¸y xóc: There
are five basic types of excavators: power shovels,
draglines, clamshells, side-delivery loaders, and
scrapers. Each type offers certain advantages, and
in most cases veveral types are used on the same
project: Cã n¨m lo¹i m¸y ®µo c¬ b¶n: xÎng m¸y,
m¸y xóc cã gµu, gµu n¹o vÐt bïn, m¸y bèc dì t¶i mét
bªn h«ng, vµ m¸y c¹p ®Êt (m¸y xóc bèc). Mçi lo¹i cã
−u ®iÓm riªng vµ th−êng cã nhiÒu lo¹i m¸y ®µo cïng
lµm viÖc trong mét dù ¸n.
exfiltration /,eksfil'trei∫n/ n sù thÊm n−íc trë ra:
Exfiltration from water conveyance tunnels has
potential for undesirable effects. In flood control and
sewer tunnels, exfiltration may cause pollution of the
adjacent groundwater. Exfiltration from water
supply and power tunnels can result in serious
reductions in available drinking water and energy
supplies as well as revenue loss. The extent to which
infiltration and exfiltration should be reduced must
be determined before the design of the tunnel
commences: ViÖc thÊm n−íc ng−îc trë ra tõ c¸c hÇm
cung cÊp n−íc s¹ch cã thÓ g©y ra nh÷ng hËu qu¶
kh«ng mong muèn. Trong c¸c hÇm ph©n lò vµ dÉn
n−íc th¶i, sù thÊm n−íc trë ra cã thÓ g©y « nhiÔm
n−íc ngÇm xung quanh. Sù thÊm n−íc ra khái hÇm
cung cÊp n−íc s¹ch vµ hÇm thñy ®iÖn cã thÓ lµm sôt
gi¶m nghiªm träng nguån n−íc uèng vµ ®iÖn n¨ng,
còng nh− thiÖt h¹i vÒ kinh tÕ. Do vËy, møc ®é yªu
cÇu gi¶m sù thÊm n−íc vµo vµ ra khái hÇm ph¶i
®−îc quyÕt ®Þnh tr−íc khi b¾t ®Çu thiÕt kÕ hÇm.
exhaust /ig'z˜:st/ n khãi, khÝ th¶i: Gases from
engines, pollutant emissions: Lµ c¸c khÝ th¶i tõ c¸c
lo¹i ®éng c¬, c¸c chÊt ph¸t th¶i g©y « nhiÔm.
exhaust duct /ig'z˜:st 'dʌkt/ n èng dÉn khÝ th¶i:
Ventilation in long tunnels may become a major
problem, which can be solved by the use of forced
air from jet fans and a horizontal diaphragm at mid-
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
height, forming an exhaust duct at top of the tunnel:
Th«ng giã trong c¸c hÇm dµi cã thÓ trë thµnh mét
vÊn ®Ò phøc t¹p, nã cã thÓ ®−îc gi¶i quyÕt b»ng c¸ch
sö dông kh«ng khÝ thæi c−ìng bøc tõ c¸c qu¹t ph¶n
lùc vµ dïng mét mµng ch¾n ngang n»m ë kho¶ng
gi÷a hÇm, t¹o thµnh mét khoang dÉn khÝ th¶i t¹i phÝa
®Ønh hÇm.
exhaust fan /ig'z˜:st f“n/ n qu¹t x¶ khÝ th¶i:
Purging the hot gases generated during a fire is
usually accomplished by the use of exhaust fans
which are capable of removing the smoke and heat
in order to facilitate both the egress of tunnel
occupants and the entrance of fire-fighting
perssonel: ViÖc lµm s¹ch c¸c khÝ nãng sinh ra trong
mét vô ch¸y th−êng ®−îc thùc hiÖn bëi c¸c qu¹t
th«ng giã cã kh¶ n¨ng th¸o tÈy khãi vµ nhiÖt, nh»m
t¹o ®iÒu kiÖn dÔ dµng cho ng−êi trong hÇm tho¸t ra
®ång thêi cho ®éi cøa háa tiÕn vµo.
exhaust scrubber /ig'z˜:st 'skrʌb”/ n thiÕt bÞ
läc/dän khÝ th¶i: Equipment installed in all diesel
vehicles working in underground works. It depurates
gases from engines: Lµ thiÕt bÞ l¾p ®Æt trong mäi xe
cé ®iªzen lµm viÖc trong c¸c c«ng tr×nh ngÇm. Nã
läc s¹ch c¸c khÝ th¶i ra tõ ®éng c¬.
exit lighting /'eksit 'laiti–/ n chiÕu s¸ng ë ®o¹n cöa
ra cña hÇm: Tunnel lighting system is composed of
fundamental lighting, entrance lighting, exit lighting
and connecting roads lighting. The level of
luminance at the entrance lighting is higher than
that of the fundamental lighting: HÖ thèng chiÕu
s¸ng cña hÇm gåm cã chiÕu s¸ng c¬ b¶n, chiÕu s¸ng
cöa vµo, chiÕu s¸ng cöa ra vµ chiÕu s¸ng c¸c ®−êng
nèi vµo hÇm. Møc ®é chiÕu s¸ng ë ®o¹n chiÕu s¸ng
cöa vµo/cöa ra lµ cao h¬n so víi ë ®o¹n chiÕu s¸ng
chÝnh bªn trong.
exit portal /'eksit 'p˜:tl/ n cöa ra khái hÇm: In
the event of a fire in a tunnel serving unidirectional
traffic, it is usually assumed that the traffic ahead of
the fire will proceed to the exit portal and the traffic
behind the fire will come to a stop: Trong tr−êng hîp
x¶y ra ch¸y t¹i mét hÇm cã giao th«ng mét chiÒu,
ng−êi ta th−êng gi¶ thiÕt r»ng giao th«ng ë phÝa
tr−íc ®¸m ch¸y sÏ tiÕp tôc di chuyÓn vÒ phÝa cöa ra
vµ giao th«ng ë phÝa sau ®¸m ch¸y sÏ ph¶i dõng l¹i.
exit zone /'eksit zoun/ n ®o¹n cöa ra: That portion
at the end of the tunnel which during daytime
appears to be a brilliant "white hole" when a
motorist has driven for several minutes in the tunnel
interior: Lµ ®o¹n cuèi cña ®−êng hÇm mµ ban ngµy
nã cã vÎ nh− lµ mét "lç tr¾ng" rÊt s¸ng khi ng−êi l¸i
xe ®· ®i bªn trong hÇm ®−îc kho¶ng vµi phót.
 115
expanded ring /iks'p“ndid ri–/ n vµnh vá hÇm
gi·n në/më réng.
expander /iks'p“nd”/ n dông cô më réng: A tool
which enlarges a pilot bore during a pull-back
operation by compression of the surrounding ground
rather than by excavation. Sometimes used during a
thrusting process as well as during pull-back: Lµ
mét dông cô mµ nã më réng mét lç khoan hoa tiªu
trong mét thao t¸c kÐo ng−îc b»ng sù nÐn cña ®Êt
xung quanh h¬n lµ bëi t¸c dông ®µo. §«i khi ®−îc
dïng trong mét qu¸ tr×nh ®Èy Ðp còng nh− trong khi
kÐo ng−îc.
expanding anchoring ring /iks'p“ndi– '“–k”ri–
ri–/ n vµnh neo gi·n në (cña m¸y TBM).
expansion anchors /iks'p“n‘n '“–k”z/ n neo
tr−¬ng në: Anchor systems which develop their
strength from friction against the side of the drilled
hole, from keying into a localized crushed zone of
the concrete resulting from the setting operation, or
keying into an undercut at the bottom of the drilled
hole, or from a combination of friction and keying;
includes torque-controlled, deformation-controlled,
and undercut anchors: Lµ c¸c hÖ thèng neo mµ
chóng ph¸t triÓn c−êng ®é cña m×nh nhê ma s¸t tú
vµo thµnh lç khoan, nhê khãa vµo mét vïng vì n¸t
côc bé cña bªt«ng sinh ra tõ ho¹t ®éng l¾p ®Æt, hoÆc
khãa vµo mét hèc chªm ë ®¸y lç khoan, hoÆc nhê sù
kÕt hîp gi÷a ma s¸t vµ khãa mãc; gåm cã c¸c lo¹i
nh−: neo kiÓm so¸t b»ng lùc xo¾n, neo kiÓm so¸t
b»ng biÕn d¹ng, vµ neo chªm.
expansion joint /iks'p“n‘n dʒ˜int/ n khe co gi·n,
mèi nèi bï (gi·n në): Expansion joints are usually
located every 40 to 65 feet along the tunnel to
prevent possible shrinkage or thermal cracks: C¸c
khe co gi·n th−êng ®−îc bè trÝ c¸ch qu·ng 12 ®Õn 20
m däc theo hÇm ®Ó chèng sù co ngãt bªt«ng cã thÓ
vµ c¸c khe nøt do nhiÖt.
expansion shell rock bolt /iks'p“n‘n ∫el r˜k
boult/ n bul«ng neo kiÓu èng gi·n në: The CT Bolt
is a combi-coated (galvanized and epoxy powder
coated) expansion shell system with a special
polyethylene sleeve running the full length of the
bolt, and a hemispherical dome at the outer end,
which incorporates a grout port. The bolt is
anchored by its expansion shell and prestressed
during its installation. The principal advantage
claimed for this system is that it combines the
benefits of an immediate point anchor support
system (via the expansion shell) and can then be
grouted once it is fixed in place, either immediately,
or after a short interval: CT Bolt lµ mét hÖ thèng neo
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
kiÓu èng gi·n në ®−îc phñ b¶o bÖ kÐp (m¹ kÏm vµ
phñ b»ng bét epoxy), cã mét èng polyªtylen ®Æc biÖt
ch¹y suèt chiÒu dµi bul«ng, vµ mét khèi vßm b¸n cÇu
t¹i phÝa ®Çu ngoµi, dïng ®Ó l¾p èng b¬m v÷a. Bul«ng
nµy ®−îc neo ch¾c nhê èng gi·n në cña nã vµ ®−îc
t¹o dù øng lùc trong khi l¾p ®Æt. ¦u ®iÓm chÝnh cña
hÖ bul«ng nµy lµ nã kÕt hîp ®−îc lîi Ých cña mét hÖ
thèng neo tøc thêi (nhê èng gi·n në), vµ ®−îc b¬m
v÷a sau khi l¾p vµo vÞ trÝ, ngay lËp tøc hoÆc sau mét
kho¶ng thêi gian ng¾n.
expansive cement /iks'p“nsiv si'ment/ n xim¨ng
në: A type of cement that produces a paste that, after
setting, increases in volume to a significantly greater
degree than does portland-cement paste; used in
some repair materials to compensate for drying
shrinkage: Lµ mét lo¹i xim¨ng mµ nã t¹o ra mét thø
hå v÷a, mµ sau khi ninh kÕt, sÏ t¨ng thªm vÒ thÓ tÝch
tíi mét møc ®é lín h¬n nhiÒu so víi hå xim¨ng
poocl¨ng th«ng th−êng; ®−îc dïng trong mét sè vËt
liÖu söa ch÷a ®Ó bï l¹i sù co ngãt do kh«.
experimental modelling /eks,peri'mentl 'mɔdliη/
n m« h×nh hãa thùc nghiÖm.
experts /'ekspə:ts/ n chuyªn gia: Individuals who
are very skillful and trained in some special fields.
The word is often used interchangeably with
consultants: Lµ c¸c c¸ nh©n mµ hä rÊt tµi giái vµ
®−îc ®µo t¹o trong mét sè lÜnh vùc ®Æc biÖt. Tõ nµy
th−êng ®−îc dïng t−¬ng ®−¬ng víi tõ “nhµ t− vÊn”.
exploder /iks'ploud”/ n m¸y g©y næ: Exploders
are devices which provide the necessary initiation
impulse and current to ignite the detonator
(circuits). There are two basic types of exploders:
generator blasting machines and capacitor
discharge blasting machines: M¸y g©y næ lµ thiÕt bÞ
cung cÊp xung lùc vµ dßng ®iÖn khëi næ cÇn thiÕt ®Ó
kÝch ho¹t kÝp næ (m¹ch ®iÖn). Cã hai lo¹i m¸y g©y næ
c¬ b¶n: m¸y næ m×n d¹ng m¸y ph¸t ®iÖn, vµ m¸y næ
m×n d¹ng tô ®iÖn.
exploration /,ekspl˜:'rei‘n/ n sù th¨m dß, kh¶o s¸t:
Exploration (i.e. prospecting, sampling, mapping,
diamond drilling and other work ) is done to develop
knowledge of the physical conditions at the project
site: Sù th¨m dß ®−îc thùc hiÖn ®Ó cung cÊp hiÓu
biÕt vÒ c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt t¹i vÞ trÝ dù ¸n, bao
gåm th¨m dß, lÊy mÉu, vÏ b¶n ®å, khoan kh¶o s¸t vµ
c¸c c«ng viÖc liªn quan kh¸c.
exploratory /eks'pl˜:r”t”ri/ adj cã tÝnh c¸ch
th¨m dß, kh¶o s¸t: When approaching suspected
mixed face conditions, an exploratory hole should be
drilled 2.4 to 3.0 metres beyond the normal depth so
as to obtain advance warning: Khi ®µo hÇm gÇn tíi
 116
vïng g−¬ng ®µo nghi ngê cã ®Þa chÊt hçn hîp, cÇn
ph¶i khoan mét lç th¨m dß s©u h¬n chiÒu s©u b×nh
th−êng tõ 2.4 ®Õn 3.0 mÐt ®Ó nhËn ®−îc sù c¶nh b¸o
tr−íc vÒ viÖc ®µo tiÕn.
exploratory adit /eks'pl˜:r”t”ri '“dit/ n hµnh lang
(lß, hÇm) th¨m dß, kh¶o s¸t: For large underground
rock chambers, exploratory adits are a necessity:
§èi víi c¸c hÇm ngÇm lín trong ®¸, viÖc ®µo c¸c
hÇm th¨m dß lµ mét ®ßi hái cÇn thiÕt o They
provide direct access to the material through which
a tunnel is to be excavated, making it possible to
analyse engineering geology in detail, to measure
the physical properties of the rock, to test the
effectiveness of various types of support systems,
etc.: Chóng cung cÊp lèi vµo trùc tiÕp trong m«i
tr−êng mµ hÇm sÏ ®µo qua, khiÕn cho cã thÓ ph©n
tÝch ®−îc ®Þa chÊt c«ng tr×nh mét c¸ch chi tiÕt, ®o
®¹c c¸c tÝnh chÊt vËt lý cña ®Êt ®¸, thö nghiÖm tÝnh
hiÖu qu¶ cña c¸c d¹ng v× chèng kh¸c nhau, v.v…
exploratory boring /eks'pl˜:r”t”ri 'b˜:ri–/ n sù
khoan th¨m dß: With all of the variables in
exploratory boring, in most cases it has proven more
in the owner's interest to let exploratory boring
contracts on a per-hour rig time basis rather than on
a per-foot-drilled basis. This gives the engineer full
control over the work without creating areas of
potential dispute with the contractor: Víi mäi d¹ng
khoan kh¶o s¸t kh¸c nhau, trong ®a sè tr−êng hîp
®· chøng minh r»ng, chñ ®Çu t− −a thÝch cho thùc
hiÖn c¸c hîp ®ång khoan th¨m dß [®−îc thanh to¸n]
trªn c¬ së sè thêi gian sö dông giµn khoan h¬n lµ
trªn c¬ së sè mÐt khoan ®−îc. §iÒu nµy t¹o cho t−
vÊn sù kiÓm so¸t hoµn toµn ®èi víi c«ng viÖc mµ
kh«ng g©y ra c¸c vÊn ®Ò tranh c·i tiÒm tµng víi nhµ
thÇu.
exploratory drilling /eks'pl˜:r”t”ri 'driliô/ n sù
khoan th¨m dß: Exploratory drilling shall be made
from the Evacuation Tunnel, which is parallel to and
30 metres away from the Main Tunnel, to investigate
geological conditions, address rock water inflow and
define problem areas, and verify results ahead of the
working face for the Main Tunnel: ViÖc khoan th¨m
dß sÏ ®−îc thùc hiÖn tõ HÇm L¸nh n¹n - n»m song
song vµ c¸ch HÇm ChÝnh 30m - ®Ó kh¶o s¸t c¸c ®iÒu
kiÖn ®Þa chÊt, x¸c ®Þnh dßng n−íc ngÇm trong ®¸ vµ
®Þnh vÞ c¸c vïng cã vÊn ®Ò, còng nh− thÈm tra c¸c
kÕt qu¶ t¹i g−¬ng ®µo cña HÇm ChÝnh.
exploratory shaft /eks'pl˜:r”t”ri ‘ɑ:ft/ n giÕng
®øng th¨m dß, kh¶o s¸t: A shaft constructed for the
purpose of studying ground conditions in the vicinity
of a future underground opening: Lµ mét giÕng x©y
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
dùng cho môc ®Ých nghiªn cøu c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ®Êt ®¸
xung quanh mét hang ngÇm s¾p ®µo trong t−¬ng lai.
explosion /iks'plou∫n/ n sù næ, vô næ; tiÕng næ: No
one should be allowed return to the face until the
smoke, dust and fumes from the explosion have been
expelled: Kh«ng ai ®−îc phÐp trë l¹i g−¬ng hÇm cho
tíi khi khãi, bôi vµ c¸c lo¹i khÝ sinh ra tõ vô næ m×n
®· ®−îc ®Èy ra hÕt khái hÇm.
explosion heat /iks'plou∫n hi:t/ n nhiÖt næ, nhiÖt
l−îng næ: Explosion heat is the amount of energy
released when the explosive is fired, and is usually
expressed in kJ/kg. The work done, or the effect of
the gas pressure wave, is dependent on the amount
of heat and the volume of gases created by the
explosion. In heat expansion 30 - 40% of the heat is
converted into mechanical work: NhiÖt næ lµ sè
n¨ng l−îng sinh ra khi lµm næ thuèc, th−êng tÝnh
b»ng kJ/kg. C«ng sinh ra, hoÆc hiÖu lùc cña sãng ¸p
suÊt khÝ, phô thuéc vµo l−îng nhiÖt vµ thÓ tÝch khÝ
t¹o ra bëi vô næ. Trong sù truyÒn lan nhiÖt, 30-40%
nhiÖt l−îng ®−îc chuyÓn thµnh c«ng c¬ häc o The
effect of specific gas volume and explosion heat
combined is that the heat released expands the gases
produced. The greater the gas volume and the hotter
the gases, the more effective the explosive will be:
HiÖu qu¶ kÕt hîp cña thÓ tÝch khÝ ®¬n vÞ vµ nhiÖt
l−îng næ chÝnh lµ nhiÖt sinh ra gióp lµm gi·n në khÝ
t¹o thµnh. ThÓ tÝch khÝ cµng lín vµ khÝ cµng nãng, th×
thuèc næ cµng cã tÝnh hiÖu qu¶.
explosion proof /iks'plou∫n pru:f/ n sù chèng næ:
Flammable and explosive gases in tunnels can (and
should) be measured and monitored continuously. In
some cases, automatic alarms or equipment
shutdown is appropriate. Gas risks can be explored
by probeholes ahead of the tunnel. Remedial actions
include additional ventilation air, use of explosion-
proof machinery, installation of gas-proof tunnel
lining (used for the Los Angeles Metro), or
predrainage of gas through advance boreholes: C¸c
khÝ dÔ ch¸y vµ næ trong hÇm cã thÓ (vµ ph¶i) ®−îc
®o ®¹c vµ kiÓm so¸t liªn tôc. Trong mét sè tr−êng
hîp, cÇn ph¶i l¾p ®Æt thiÕt bÞ b¸o ®éng hoÆc ng¾t
m¸y tù ®éng. C¸c nguy c¬ vÒ khÝ gas cã thÓ kh¶o s¸t
b»ng c¸c lç khoan th¨m dß vÒ phÝa tr−íc g−¬ng hÇm.
C¸c c«ng t¸c cøu ch÷a bao gåm: th«ng giã bæ sung,
ding m¸y mãc chèng næ, lµm vá hÇm chèng gas
(dïng trong Metro Los Angeles), hoÆc th¸o tho¸t khÝ
tr−íc khi ®µo hÇm th«ng qua c¸c lç lç khoan vÒ phÝa
tr−íc.
explosion propagation /iks'plou∫n ,pr˜p”'gei∫n/
n sù truyÒn næ; kho¶ng c¸ch truyÒn næ: Explosion
propagation is the quality required to continue the
 117
reaction through the total charge, or the ability to
ignite the next charge through a distance in free air.
Some types of explosive are so sensitive that they
will propagate between blastholes over considerable
distances. Under most conditions it is important that
the individual charges do not propagate, but
detonate indipendently with a predetermined delay:
Sù truyÒn næ lµ chÊt l−îng yªu cÇu ®Ó tiÕp tôc ph¶n
øng næ qua suèt toµn bé cét thuèc, hoÆc lµ kh¶ n¨ng
kÝch næ cét thuèc tiÕp theo qua mét kho¶ng c¸ch
trong kh«ng khÝ. Mét sè lo¹i thuèc næ qu¸ nh¹y c¶m
®Õn møc chóng sÏ truyÒn næ gi÷a c¸c lç m×n qua
kho¶ng c¸ch kh¸ lín. Trong hÇu hÕt tr−êng hîp ®iÒu
quan träng lµ c¸c cét thuèc næ riªng biÖt kh«ng ®−îc
tù truyÒn næ lÉn nhau, mµ ph¶i ®−îc kÝch næ ®éc lËp
víi kho¶ng trÔ vi sai nhÊt ®Þnh.
explosive /iks'plousiv/ n chÊt næ: The Contractor
shall adhere to all local and governmental laws,
regulations and requirements for the storage,
transportation, use and possession of explosives ans
associate items and materials: Nhµ thÇu ph¶i t«n
träng triÖt ®Ó c¸c luËt, c¸c quy ®Þnh vµ yªu cÇu cña
chÝnh phñ vµ ®Þa ph−¬ng vÒ viÖc tµng tr÷, vËn
chuyÓn, sö dông vµ së h÷u c¸c lo¹i thuèc næ còng
c¸c phô kiÖn vµ vËt liÖu næ liªn quan o Explosives
need to be manufactured under a quality system
certified as complying with ISO 9002 by an
accredited certification body: Thuèc næ cÇn ®−îc
chÕ t¹o theo mét hÖ thèng chÊt l−îng ®−îc c«ng
nhËn lµ ®¸p øng tiªu chuÈn ISO 9002 bëi mét c¬
quan cÊp chøng nhËn ®−îc c«ng nhËn mét c¸ch
chÝnh thøc.
explosive blasting /iks'plousiv 'bla:stiô/ n ph¸
b»ng thuèc næ: Method for fracturing and removing
concrete with rapidly expanding gas confined within
a series of bore holes; a cost effective and expedient
means for removing large quantities of concrete:
Ph−¬ng ph¸p ®Ó ph¸ vì vµ dêi chuyÓn bªt«ng b»ng
khÝ tr−¬ng në nhanh bÞ giam h·m trong mét lo¹t c¸c
lç khoan; lµ mét ph−¬ng tiÖn hiÖu qu¶ vµ thiÕt thùc
®Ó ph¸ dì nh÷ng khèi l−îng lín bªt«ng.
explosive properties /iks'plousiv 'pr˜p”ti/ n c¸c
tÝnh chÊt cña thuèc næ: The explosive properties
which have the most influence on rock breakage are
charging density, detonation velocity, explosion
heat, gas pressure, and gas volume: C¸c tÝnh chÊt
cña thuèc næ mµ chóng cã ¶nh h−ëng nhiÒu nhÊt tíi
sù ph¸ vì ®¸ lµ: mËt ®é n¹p thuèc, tèc ®é kÝch næ,
nhiÖt cña vô næ, ¸p lùc khÝ, vµ thÓ tÝch khÝ t¹o thµnh.
exposure /iks'pouʒ”/ n vÕt lé: An outcrop of ore
or a rock luvial; Sand and gravel laid down by water
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
movement: Lµ mét vÕt/vØa lé cña quÆng hay ®¸ tÝch;
c¸t vµ sái tÝch l¹i do sù vËn ®éng cña n−íc.
extension /iks'ten‘n/ n c¬ cÊu kÐo dµi: The external
diameter of a microtunnelling machine can be
upsized by attaching the additional so-called
extension kit; i.e. in general the microtunnelling
machine can be used for jacking of pipes both of the
respective standard diameter and of the next larger
diameter: §−êng kÝnh ngoµi cña mét m¸y ®µo hÇm
nhá cã thÓ ®−îc më réng kÝch th−íc b»ng c¸ch g¾n
thªm mét c¬ cÊu më réng. Tøc lµ, nãi chung m¸y ®µo
hÇm nhá cã thÓ dïng ®Ó kÝch Ðp c¸c èng ngÇm, kÓ c¶
trªn ®o¹n cã ®−êng kÝnh tiªu chuÈn lÉn ®o¹n kÕ tiÕp
cã ®−êng kÝnh lín h¬n.
extension of time /iks'ten‘n ”v taim/ n sù kÐo dµi
thêi gian dù ¸n: The granting of an extension of time,
to which the Contractor become may entitled, might
arise from such factors as delay in obtaining
possession of the Site, delay in the issue of drawings
or instructions, adverse physical obstructions or
conditions, suspensions, extra work or damage or
delays to the Works: ViÖc c«ng nhËn mét kho¶ng
thêi gian kÐo dµi dù ¸n mµ Nhµ thÇu cã thÓ ®−îc
quyÒn h−ëng, cã thÓ lµ do c¸c nguyªn nh©n nh− sù
chËm nhËn ®−îc C«ng tr−êng, chËm trÔ trong viÖc
ph¸t hµnh b¶n vÏ hay chØ dÉn, xuÊt hiÖn c¸c ®iÒu
kiÖn vµ c¶n trë tù nhiªn bÊt lîi, sù dõng thi c«ng, do
c«ng viÖc ph¸t sinh hay h− háng hoÆc chËm C«ng
viÖc.
extensometer /,eksten's˜mit”/ n dông cô ®o ®é
gi·n, gi·n [në] kÕ: A device for precisely measuring
the convergence or divergence of reference points
along a common axis: Lµ mét dông cô ®Ó ®o chÝnh
x¸c sù héi tô hay ph©n kú cña c¸c ®iÓm ®o däc theo
mét trôc chung o Extensometers measure strain
differentials between two points, one of which is
fixed in the rock mass, out of the zone of influence of
the tunnel excavation: C¸c gi·n kÕ dïng ®Ó ®o ®¹c
c¸c chªnh lÖch vÒ biÕn d¹ng gi÷a hai ®iÓm, mét
trong hai ®iÓm nµy ®−îc g¾n cè ®Þnh vµo khèi ®¸,
n»m bªn ngoµi vïng ¶nh h−ëng cña hang ®µo hÇm.
extensometer points /,eksten's˜mit” p˜int/ n ®iÓm
®o nøt b»ng gi·n kÕ: An arrangement of three
embedded plugs or surface-mounted discs, two on
one side of a crack and the third on the other, which,
when used in combination with a mechanical strain
gage, provides a technique for monitoring crack
width: Lµ mét sù bè trÝ ba nót ®o trong ch«n s½n
hoÆc ba ®Üa l¾p t¹i bÒ mÆt, hai chiÕc ë mét bªn cña
vÕt nøt vµ chiÕc thø ba ë phÝa kia, mµ khi sö dông kÕt
hîp víi mét ®ång hå ®o biÕn d¹ng c¬ häc, chóng sÏ
 118
h×nh thµnh mét kü thuËt ®Ó theo dâi/kiÓm so¸t bÒ
réng vÕt nøt.
external effect/cost /eks't”:nl i'fekt/k˜st/ n t¸c
®éng/chi phÝ bªn ngoµi: An effect or cost of a project
or action that is real but is not of direct interest or
concern to the decisionmaker involved. Also called
"externality": Lµ mét t¸c ®éng hay chi phÝ cña mét
dù ¸n hay ho¹t ®éng mµ nã lµ cã thùc nh−ng kh«ng
thuéc mèi quan t©m hay lo l¾ng trùc tiÕp cña ng−êi
ra quyÕt ®Þnh cã liªn quan. Cßn gäi lµ "tÝnh chÊt bªn
ngoµi"
external hydraulic pressure /eks't”:nl hai'dr˜:lik
'pre‘”(r)/ n ¸p lùc thñy lùc bªn ngoµi: A continuous,
flexible membrane can be used as the waterproofing
layer that allows the water to flow towards the main
tunnel drainage system. This system can also be
supplemented by inserting pressure relief holes into
the surrounding soil/rock that provide a path of least
resistance for the infiltrating water, so that adverse
hydraulic pressures are not allowed to build up
behind the liner: Cã thÓ dïng mét mµng máng mÒm
dÎo, liªn tôc nh− mét líp c¸ch n−íc nh»m cho phÐp
n−íc ch¶y vÒ hÖ thèng tho¸t n−íc chÝnh cña hÇm. HÖ
thèng nµy cã thÓ ®−îc bæ sung b»ng c¸ch khoan c¸c
lç tho¸t n−íc gi¶m ¸p lùc vµo khèi ®Êt/®¸ bao quanh
hÇm nh»m t¹o ra mét ®−êng ch¶y Ýt c¶n trë nhÊt cho
n−íc ngÇm, do ®ã tr¸nh ®−îc sù h×nh thµnh c¸c ¸p
lùc thñy lùc bÊt lîi phÝa sau vá hÇm.
external inspection /eks't”:nl in'spek‘n/ n kiÓm tra
tõ bªn ngoµi: Periodic inspection of a building
material by an accredited inspection body: Lµ sù
kiÓm tra ®Þnh kú vÒ mét lo¹i vËt liÖu x©y dùng bëi
mét c¬ quan kiÓm tra cã thÈm quyÒn.
extinction coefficient [smoke] /iks'ti–k‘n
,koui'fi‘nt [smouk]/ n hÖ sè dËp t¾t khãi.
extra /'ekstr”/ n thanh to¸n phô thªm: Additional
payment made to a contractor as a result of work or
use of materials beyond the scope of the original
contract: Lµ phÇn thanh to¸n bæ sung ph¶i tr¶ cho
mét nhµ thÇu do ph¸t sinh tõ c«ng viÖc hoÆc do sö
dông c¸c vËt liÖu kh¸c víi ph¹m vi ®iÒu chØnh cña
hîp ®ång gèc.
extrados /eks'treid˜s/ n l−ng vßm: The exterior
surface of an arch. In a tunnel, it is the arch surface
lying against the excavated rock or soil surface: Lµ
bÒ mÆt phÝa ngoµi cña mét vßm. Trong mét hÇm, ®ã
lµ bÒ mÆt vßm n»m tùa vµo bÒ mÆt ®¸ hay ®Êt ®· ®µo
o With regards to the regularity of tunnel surfaces,
straight edge is applied in any position parallel to
axis of ring on extrados, intrados and cross joint
faces, and normal to axis on longitudinal joint and
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
cross joint: VÒ tÝnh c©n ®èi ®Òu ®Æn cña c¸c bÒ mÆt
hÇm, c¹nh (th−íc) th¼ng ®−îc ¸p dông t¹i bÊt cø vÞ
trÝ nµo song song víi trôc khoanh èng hÇm trªn l−ng
vßm, ®¸y vßm vµ c¸c mÆt nèi ngang, còng nh− c¸c vÞ
trÝ vu«ng gãc víi trôc trªn mèi nèi däc vµ nèi ngang.
extruded concrete lining /eks'tru:did 'k˜–kri:t
'laini–/ n vá hÇm bªt«ng Ðp ®Èy: The most modern
development in tunnel support is the extruded
concrete lining with steel fibre reinforcement.
Behind a tunnelling machine steel fibre concrete is
continually pumped through a slip form stop end
into a ring shaped space, which is limited at the
outside by the ground, at the inside by a replaceable
segmental shuttering and at the frontside by the slip
form stop end: Sù ph¸t triÓn míi ®©y nhÊt trong viÖc
chèng ®ì hÇm lµ vá hÇm bªt«ng Ðp ®ïn cã gia c−êng
b»ng cèt sîi thÐp. T¹i phÝa sau mét m¸y ®µo hÇm,
bªt«ng cèt sîi thÐp ®−îc b¬m liªn tôc qua mét v¸n
chÆn ®Çu cña v¸n khu«n tr−ît vµo mét kh«ng gian cã
d¹ng vá hÇm, mµ nã cã biªn ngoµi lµ nÒn ®Êt, biªn
trong lµ v¸n khu«n l¾p ghÐp th¸o dì ®−îc, vµ t¹i
phÝa tr−íc b»ng tÊm bÞt ®Çu cña v¸n khu«n tr−ît.
extrusive /eks'tru:siv/ adj phun trµo: Term for an
igneous rock that has been erupted onto the earth's
surface (e.g. rocks formed from lava flows). Also
applied to all pyroclastic rocks: ThuËt ng÷ cho mét
lo¹i ®¸ macma mµ nã ®· ®−îc phun lªn bÒ mÆt tr¸i
®Êt (v.d c¸c ®¸ h×nh thµnh tõ dßng dung nham).
Còng ¸p dông cho mäi lo¹i ®¸ h×nh thµnh tõ qu¸
tr×nh cao nhiÖt.
extrusive magma /eks'tru:siv 'm“gm”/ n ®¸
macma phun trµo: Extrusive magmas, which flow
onto the earth's surface from eruptions cool rapidly
and are fine grained: Macma phun trµo, trµo lªn
mÆt ®Êt trong c¸c ®ît phun trµo, nguéi l¹nh rÊt
nhanh vµ cã cÊu tróc h¹t mÞn.
eye hazards /ai 'hæzəd/ n c¸c nguy c¬ cho m¾t:
Any number of things that can harm an eye
including: foreign objects, dust, sparks, chemical
liquid and fumes, and harmful rays. May also
include tasks or conditions that create eye strain or
impair effective vision (excessive VDT use in poor
conditions, glare, poor lighting, etc.): Lµ bÊt kú sè
l−îng sù viÖc nµo cã thÓ g©y h¹i cho m¾t, bao gåm:
c¸c vËt l¹, bôi, tia löa ®iÖn, c¸c lo¹i khãi vµ hãa chÊt
láng, vµ c¸c tia ph¸t x¹ cã h¹i kh¸c. C¸c nguy c¬
cho m¾t còng cã thÓ bao gåm c¸c c«ng viÖc hay ®iÒu
kiÖn mµ chóng t¹o ra c¨ng th¼ng cho m¾t hoÆc lµm
gi¶m tÇm nh×n hiÖu qu¶ (nh− dïng mµn h×nh video
qu¸ l©u trong ®iÒu kiÖn xÊu, chãi m¾t, chiÕu s¸ng
kÐm, v.v…).
 119

eye protector /ai pr”'tekt”/ n dông cô b¶o vÖ m¾t:

Impact Resistance is the ability of a protector to
resist the force of an object that comes into contact
with the lens or eye protector at the velocity
specified in this standard: §é bÒn chèng va ®Ëp lµ
kh¶ n¨ng cña mét dông cô b¶o vÖ ®Ó chèng l¹i lùc va
cña mét vËt b¾n vµo vËt kÝnh hoÆc kÝnh b¶o vÖ m¾t
t¹i mét vËn tèc ®−îc quy ®Þnh trong tiªu chuÈn.

Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
 120
Ff
fabrication /,fæbri'kei∫n/ n chÕ t¹o: The stage of
construction of a tunnel element before it can float:
Lµ giai ®o¹n thi c«ng mét ®èt hÇm d×m tr−íc khi nã
cã thÓ chë næi ra s«ng ®Ó h¹.
face /feis/ n mÆt, bÒ mÆt, phÝa tr−íc; g−¬ng lß:
The vertical surface/wall at the head of a tunnel
excavation: Lµ bÒ mÆt th¼ng ®øng phÝa tr−íc khoang
®µo hÇm.
face bolting /feis boultiô/ n l¾p bul«ng neo t¹i
mÆt g−¬ng ®µo: Some face bolting may be required
to help stabilize the face when large tunnel sections
have to be excavated in soft materials. This can be
accomplished by means of fiberglass bolts that have
the capability of offering sufficient tensile resistance
without impeding the excavation process: §«i khi
cÇn ph¶i l¾p ®Æt c¸c neo gia cè mÆt g−¬ng ®Ó gióp
æn ®Þnh hãa g−¬ng ®µo khi ph¶i ®µo c¸c mÆt c¾t hÇm
lín qua ®Êt mÒm yÕu. Cã thÓ sö dông bul«ng sîi thñy
tinh cho môc ®Ých nµy v× chóng cã kh¶ n¨ng t¹o ra
søc chÞu kÐo ®ñ lín mµ kh«ng lµm gi¸n ®o¹n ®Õn qu¸
tr×nh ®µo hÇm o The slate encountered in tunnel
Lange Issel was unweathered, and the schistosity
planes inclined towards the face resulted in stable
face conditions without face bolting: §¸ phiÕn gÆp
ph¶i t¹i hÇm Lange Issel lµ ch−a bÞ phong hãa, vµ
c¸c mÆt ph¼ng ph©n líp dèc nghiªng vÒ phÝa g−¬ng
®µo khiÕn cho g−¬ng ®µo æn ®Þnh mµ kh«ng cÇn ph¶i
l¾p bul«ng gia cè mÆt g−¬ng.
face collapse /feis k”'læps/ n sù sËp g−¬ng ®µo:
Ground collapse may be experienced in situations
where unexpected conditions are encountered, or
when face pressures fail to be maintained at the
design level. Some attempts have been made to
anticipate and prevent localized face collapse
through a more systematic real time use of shield
parameters recorded during tunneling: SËp lë ®Êt ®¸
cã thÓ x¶y ra trong nh÷ng t×nh huèng gÆp ph¶i ®iÒu
kiÖn ®Þa chÊt bÊt ngê, hoÆc khi kh«ng duy tr× ®−îc ¸p
lùc thiÕt kÕ t¹i g−¬ng. §· cã mét sè cè g¾ng trong
viÖc dù b¸o vµ ng¨n ngõa sù sËp lë côc bé g−¬ng
hÇm b»ng c¸ch liªn tôc sö dông cã hÖ thèng c¸c
th«ng sè vÒ khiªn ®µo ghi ®−îc trong qu¸ tr×nh ®µo
hÇm.
face observation /feis ,bz”'vei‘n/ n sù quan
tr¾c g−¬ng ®µo: For the purpose of safety and the
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
economical and effective execution of tunnel
construction, it is important that all monitoring
information including cutting face observation be
properly evaluated, and such evaluation be used in
order to design the tunnel support: V× môc ®Ých an
toµn vµ ®Ó thi c«ng hÇm cã hiÖu qu¶ vµ kinh tÕ, ®iÒu
quan träng lµ mäi th«ng tin ®o ®¹c theo dâi - kÓ c¶
quan tr¾c g−¬ng ®µo - ®Òu ph¶i ®−îc ®¸nh gi¸ mét
c¸ch ®óng ®¾n, vµ kÕt qu¶ ®¸nh gi¸ ®ã ph¶i ®−îc sö
dông ®Ó thiÕt kÕ hÖ chèng ®ì hÇm.
face rock bolt /feis r˜k boult/ n bul«ng neo gi÷ æn
®Þnh cho g−¬ng ®µo: In extremely difficult geological
situations rock bolts must be placed in the face of the
heading: Trong nh÷ng t×nh huèng ®Þa chÊt cùc kú bÊt
lîi, c¸c bul«ng neo ph¶i ®−îc neo vµo mÆt g−¬ng
®µo.
face shotcrete /feis ‘˜tkri:t/ n bªt«ng phun b¶o vÖ
mÆt ®µo khái bÞ sôt lë: When driving through soft
grounds, immediately after excavation each
unprotected surface has to be sealed with shotcrete:
Khi ®µo hÇm qua ®Êt yÕu, ngay sau khi ®µo bÊt cø bÒ
mÆt ch−a ®−îc b¶o vÖ nµo còng ph¶i ®−îc phñ kÝn
b»ng bªt«ng phun.
face stability /feis st”'bil”ti/ n sù æn ®Þnh g−¬ng
®µo: In order to limit surface ground movements,
and provide face stability during the start of
tunneling, steel pipe spiles, supported on steel sets
may be installed. In addition to the spiling, a system
of fiberglass rock bolts may have to be designed to
provide face stability during excavation and
installation of the steel sets: §Ó h¹n chÕ chuyÓn dÞch
®Êt trªn bÒ mÆt, vµ t¹o ra sù æn ®Þnh cho g−¬ng ®µo
khi b¾t ®Çu ®µo hÇm, cã thÓ ph¶i l¾p ®Æt c¸c thanh
neo èng thÐp gia cè v−ît tr−íc, tú mét ®Çu vµo c¸c v×
chèng thÐp h×nh. Ngoµi hÖ thanh neo gia cè tr−íc
nãi trªn, cã thÓ cßn ph¶i thiÕt kÕ mét hÖ thèng neo
b»ng sîi thñy tinh ®Ó t¹o ra sù æn ®Þnh cho g−¬ng
®µo trong qu¸ tr×nh ®µo hÇm vµ l¾p ®Æt s−ên chèng
thÐp.
face stabilization /feis ,steib”lai'zei∫n/ n sù æn
®Þnh hãa g−¬ng ®µo: Face stabilization measures
include: face stabilization wedge, pocket
excavation, reduction of round length, and face
bolts (e.g. a total of 90 grouted fiberglass dowels
(length 24 m) can be used for face stabilization and
reinforcement of the rock core ahead of the
advancing face): C¸c biÖn ph¸p æn ®Þnh hãa g−¬ng
®µo gåm cã: ®Ó l¹i mét nªm ®Êt ë gi÷a ®Ó chèng gi÷
g−¬ng, ®µo tõng tiÕt diÖn nhá, gi¶m chiÒu dµi b−íc
®µo, vµ l¾p ®Æt neo gia cè mÆt g−¬ng (v.d. cã thÓ
dïng tíi 90 thanh neo sîi thñy tinh ®−îc b¬m v÷a
 121
dµi 24 m ®Ó æn ®Þnh hãa g−¬ng vµ gia cè lâi ®Êt ë
phÝa tr−íc g−¬ng hÇm).
face support /feis sə'pɔ:t/ n chèng ®ì g−¬ng ®µo:
The control of face support is a major issue in EPB
shield tunneling. Continuous support of the
tunneling face must be provided by the excavated
soil itself, which should completely fill the working
chamber. The required support pressure at the
tunneling face will be achieved through: (i) shoving
the shield forward - by means of hydraulic jacks -
against the soil mass; (ii) regulation of the screw
conveyor-rotation. The support pressure has to
balance the earth pressure and the water pressure.
Depending on soil characteristics and the cover to
diameter ratio (t/D) different types of earth
pressures are to be determined: ViÖc kiÓm so¸t sù
chèng ®ì g−¬ng hÇm lµ vÊn ®Ò chñ yÕu trong ®µo
hÇm b»ng m¸y khoan hÇm c©n b»ng ¸p lùc ®Êt
(khiªn EPB). CÇn ph¶i liªn tôc chèng ®ì g−¬ng hÇm
b»ng chÝnh vËt liÖu ®µo ra, ®−îc chøa ®Çy trong
khoang c«ng t¸c. ¸p lùc chèng ®ì yªu cÇu t¹i g−¬ng
®µo sÏ ®¹t ®−îc nhê: (i) ®Èy khiªn tiÕn lªn Ðp vµo
nÒn ®Êt b»ng hÖ kÝch thñy lùc; (ii) ®iÒu chØnh tèc ®é
quay cña b¨ng t¶i xo¾n ruét gµ. ¸p lùc chèng ®ì
ph¶i c©n b»ng ®−îc ¸p lùc ®Êt vµ ¸p lùc n−íc. Tïy
thuéc vµo tÝnh chÊt cña ®Êt nÒn vµ tû sè gi÷a chiÒu
dµy líp ®Êt phñ víi ®−êng kÝnh hÇm (t/D), mµ ta cÇn
ph¶i x¸c ®Þnh c¸c d¹ng ¸p lùc ®Êt kh¸c nhau.
factor of safety (with regard the uplift) /'f“kt”
”v 'seifti/ n hÖ sè an toµn (vÒ lùc n©ng): The ratio of
the weight of a tunnel, or a portion thereof, to the
buoyancy. Different required factors of safety may
be specified depending upon whether backfill is
included or removable items are excluded, and
depending upon the stage of construction. Water
density must be specified, since buoyances will vary
with changes in water density: Lµ tû sè gi÷a träng
l−îng cña mét hÇm, hoÆc mét phÇn cña hÇm, víi lùc
®Èy næi. Ng−êi ta cã thÓ quy ®Þnh c¸c hÖ sè an toµn
cÇn thiÕt kh¸c nhau tïy thuéc vµo viÖc liÖu cã xÐt
®Õn vËt liÖu ®¾p lÊp kh«ng, hay c¸c bé phËn th¸o l¾p
®−îc cã bÞ lo¹i trõ kh«ng, vµ phô thuéc vµo giai
®o¹n thi c«ng. CÇn x¸c ®Þnh tû träng cña n−íc, v× lùc
®Èy næi sÏ biÕn ®æi theo sù thay ®æi cña tû träng
n−íc.
failure /'feilj”/ n ph¸ ho¹i: a point at which a
material stops performing as it was intended to: lµ
mét ®iÓm t¹i ®ã mét vËt liÖu th«i kh«ng cßn lµm viÖc
nh− nã ®· ®−îc thiÕt kÕ n÷a o Plastic deformation
of an overconsolidated particulate solid subject to
shear, causing dilation and a decrease in strength:
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
Lµ biÕn d¹ng dÎo cña mét chÊt r¾n d¹ng h¹t qu¸ cè
kÕt khi chÞu c¾t, g©y ra sù gi·n në vµ gi¶m vÒ c−êng
®é.
false ceiling /f˜:ls 'si:li–/ n trÇn gi¶: Vielha tunnel
will be equipped with a ventilation system that stifles
fire and extracts smoke through a false ceiling, a fire
alarm system: HÇm Vielha sÏ ®−îc trang bÞ mét hÖ
thèng th«ng giã ®Ó dËp t¾t ®¸m ch¸y vµ hót khãi qua
mét trÇn gi¶, mét hÖ thèng b¸o ch¸y.
false portal /f˜:ls 'p˜:tl/ n cöa/cæng hÇm gi¶/t¹m:
A tunnel portal built in the open air, possibly by the
cut and cover method. Free standing structure cast
against the ground to ensure stability at the start of
a tunnel drive: Lµ mét cæng hÇm ®−îc x©y dùng
ngoµi trêi, cã thÓ b»ng ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo hë. KÕt cÊu
®øng tù do ®−îc x©y dùng ¸p vµo m¸i dèc ®Ó ®¶m
b¶o æn ®Þnh nÒn ®Êt vµo lóc b¾t ®Çu ®µo hÇm.
fan /f“n/ n qu¹t th«ng giã: Machine that
allows to remove the polluted air of the tunnel. The
exhaust fumes of automobiles contain carbon
monoxide CO, a deadly gas. Most automobile
tunnels therefore have two systems of ducts for
ventilation. Huge fans pump in fresh air through one
of them, while polluted air is sucked out through the
other: Lµ m¸y cho phÐp lo¹i bá kh«ng khÝ bÞ « nhiÔm
trong hÇm. C¸c khãi x¶ cña «t« cã chøa khÝ monoxit
cacbon CO, mét khÝ chÕt ng−êi. Do ®ã hÇu hÕt c¸c
hÇm «t« ®Òu cã hai hÖ thèng èng th«ng giã. C¸c qu¹t
khæng lå sÏ b¬m khÝ s¹ch vµo mét trong hai hÖ
thèng, trong khi khÝ « nhiÔm sÏ ®−îc hót ra bëi hÖ
thèng cßn l¹i.
fatigue /f”'ti:g/ n ®é mái (cña vËt liÖu): The
weakening or failure of a material subjected to
prolonged or repeated stress: Lµ sù yÕu ®i hoÆc ph¸
ho¹i cña mét vËt liÖu ph¶i chÞu øng suÊt l©u dµi
hoÆc lÆp l¹i o When loads on a structure are
predominantly cyclic (repeated loading and
unloading) in character, the effects of fatigue should
also be considered. This kind of loading produces a
reduction in strength: Khi c¸c t¶i träng trªn mét kÕt
cÊu chñ yÕu mang tÝnh chÊt chu kú (chÊt t¶i vµ dì t¶i
liªn tôc), th× ph¶i xem xÐt ®Õn c¸c t¸c ®éng cña mái.
Lo¹i t¶i träng nµy g©y ra sù gi¶m c−êng ®é.
fatigue life /f”'ti:g laif/ n tuæi thä mái: The
number of repeated stress cycles that results in
fatigue failure: Lµ sè chu kú øng suÊt lÆp mµ chóng
g©y ra ph¸ ho¹i mái.
fatigue resistance /f”'ti:g ri'zistəns/ n søc kh¸ng
mái: The maximum stress range that can be
sustained without failure of detail for a specified
number of cycles: Lµ d¶i øng suÊt lín nhÊt cã thÓ
 122
chÞu ®−îc mµ kh«ng bÞ ph¸ ho¹i cña chi tiÕt ®èi víi
mét sè l−îng chu kú x¸c ®Þnh.
fault /f˜:lt/ n phay, ®o¹n ®øt g·y: Faults are
generally shear planes along which movement and
mineralization takes place. In other words: Fault is
a fracture zone in the rock mass within which
differential movement of the two sides has occured
relative to each other: Phay (®øt g·y) nãi chung lµ
c¸c mÆt ph¼ng c¾t mµ däc theo chóng diÔn ra sù
chuyÓn dÞch (c¸c khèi ®¸ kÒ nhau) vµ sù t¹o thµnh
kho¸ng vËt. Nãi c¸ch kh¸c, ®øt g·y lµ mét vïng n¸t
vì trong khèi ®¸ mµ trong ph¹m vi ®ã sù chuyÓn dÞch
lÖch cña hai mÆt/hai bªn ®· x¶y ra t−¬ng ®èi víi
nhau.
fault gouge /f˜:lt gaudʒ/ n vôn bét ®Êt ®¸ t¹i ®øt
g·y: Crushed and ground-up rock produced by
friction between the two sides when a fault moves:
Lµ ®¸ bÞ nghiÒn n¸t vµ t¸n nhá g©y bëi ma s¸t gi÷a
hai mÆt ph¼ng cña mét ®øt g·y khi nã chuyÓn ®éng.
fault zone /f˜:lt zoun/ n ®íi ®øt g·y: A fault,
instead of being a single clean fracture, may be a
zone hundreds or thousands of feet wide. The fault
zone consists of numerous interlacing small faults or
a confused zone of gouge, breccia, or mylonite: Mét
®øt g·y, thay v× chØ lµ mét vÕt nøt ®¬n lÎ s¹ch sÏ, th×
cã thÓ l¹i lµ mét vïng réng hµng tr¨m hay hµng
ngh×n mÐt. §íi ®øt g·y bao gåm v« sè c¸c ®øt g·y
nhá ®an xen nhau hoÆc lµ mét vïng lÉn lén cña chÊt
bét lÊp khe, m¶nh vôn d¨m kÕt, hay mylonit o
Fault zones can be the most difficult ground through
which to tunnel, particularly if water is encountered:
C¸c ®íi ®øt g·y cã thÓ lµ lo¹i ®Þa chÊt khã kh¨n nhÊt
cho hÇm ®i qua, ®Æc biÖt lµ khi cã n−íc ngÇm.
faulting /f˜:ltiô/ n ®øt g·y; sù t¹o phay, sù h×nh
thµnh ®øt g·y: A crack or joint in a surface along
which there has been relative vertical displacement
of the two sides parallel to the discontinuity: Lµ mét
vÕt nøt hoÆc khe nøt trªn mét bÒ mÆt mµ däc theo nã
®· tõng cã sù chuyÓn dÞch th¼ng ®øng t−¬ng ®èi gi÷a
hai khèi ®Êt ®¸ song song víi ®−êng nøt o It may
not be economically or technically feasible to build a
tunnel to resist potential faulting displacements.
Avoidance of faults may not always be possible,
however, because a tunnel system may spread over a
large area. The design approach to this situation is
to accept the displacement, localize the damage, and
provide means to facilitate repairs: SÏ lµ kh«ng kh¶
thi vÒ mÆt kinh tÕ vµ kü thuËt nÕu ®Þnh x©y dùng mét
hÇm ®ñ søc chèng l¹i c¸c chuyÓn vÞ do t¹o sinh ®øt
g·y. Nh−ng kh«ng ph¶i lóc nµo còng cã thÓ tr¸nh
®−îc ®øt g·y, v× mét hÖ thèng hÇm cã thÓ kÐo dµi
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
trªn mét diÖn réng. BiÖn ph¸p thiÕt kÕ trong tr−êng
hîp nµy lµ chÊp nhËn ®Ó cho hÇm chÞu chuyÓn vÞ bëi
t¹o sinh ®øt g·y, côc bé hãa khu vùc ph¸ ho¹i, vµ dù
phßng c¸c biÖn ph¸p/ph−¬ng tiÖn ®Ó nhanh chãng
söa ch÷a khu vùc h− háng ®ã.
feasibility study (xem general design) /,fi:z”'biliti
'st—di/ n nghiªn cøu kh¶ thi: A study to determine
whether a project is practical or not. The study must
consider not only structural features, but also
economic factors and possible alternatives, or other
choices: Lµ mét nghiªn cøu (luËn chøng) nh»m quyÕt
®Þnh mét dù ¸n cã thiÕt thùc hay kh«ng (cã thùc hiÖn
®−îc kh«ng). LuËn chøng nµy ph¶i xem xÐt kh«ng chØ
c¸c ®Æc tr−ng vÒ kÕt cÊu, mµ cßn c¶ c¸c yÕu tè kinh
tÕ vµ c¸c ph−¬ng ¸n thay thÕ cã thÓ, hoÆc lµ nh÷ng
lùa chän kh¸c.
feed wheel /fi:d wi:l/ n bé phËn tiÕp liÖu:
Material distributor or regulator in certain types of
shotcrete equipment: Lµ bé ph©n phèi hay ®iÒu
chØnh vËt liÖu cña mét sè d¹ng m¸y phun bªt«ng.
feeler gauge /'fi:l” geid™/ n dông cô ®o khe hë,
calip ®o chiÒu dµy.
feeler hole /'fi:l” houl/ n lç th¨m dß: A small-
diameter exploratory hole drilled ahead of the tunnel
face in order to determine ground conditions: Lµ
mét lç khoan th¨m dß ®−êng kÝnh nhá khoan vÒ phÝa
tr−íc g−¬ng hÇm ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt.
feldspar /'feldsp:/ n kho¸ng vËt fenspat: Group
of abundant alumino-sillicate rock-forming minerals
of general composition MAl(Al,Si)3O8 where M is
commonly potassium, sodium or calcium. Crystals
are usually white or nearly white (but frequently
coloured by impurities), translucent, and possess
good cleavage in two directions intersecting at or
near 900. They occur commonly in many rock types
and decompose readily to clay: Lµ mét nhãm kho¸ng
vËt t¹o ®¸ giµu nh«m-silicat cã thµnh phÇn chung lµ
MAl(Al, Si)3O8 trong ®ã M th−êng lµ Kali, Natri
hoÆc Canxi. C¸c tinh thÓ th«ng th−êng cã mµu tr¾ng
hoÆc gÇn tr¾ng (nh−ng th−êng bÞ ®æi mµu bëi c¸c t¹p
chÊt), trong mê, vµ cã tÝnh dÔ t¸ch theo hai h−íng
giao nhau t¹i hoÆc gÇn 900. Chóng th−êng cã trong
nhiÒu lo¹i ®¸ vµ dÔ dµng ph©n huû thµnh sÐt.
felsic /felsik/ adj fensic, cã chøa kho¸ng vËt
fenspat: General term for light-coloured minerals
(e.g. quartz, feldspars, muscovite), or an igneous
rock composed chiefly of these minerals. (Contrast
with 'mafic'): ThuËt ng÷ chung cho c¸c kho¸ng vËt
nh¹t mµu (v.d th¹ch anh, fenspat, muscovit), hoÆc
mét lo¹i ®¸ macma chñ yÕu cã chøa c¸c kho¸ng vËt
nµy. (T−¬ng ph¶n víi 'mafic').
 123
ferro-cement /'ferousi'ment/ n xim¨ng cã s¾t:
Material comprising cementitious and steel elements
to form a structural lining, which is either placed in
situ in a man-entry size pipeline or tunnel, or is
preformed into segments for later installation: Lµ
vËt liÖu cã chøa c¸c thµnh phÇn xim¨ng vµ s¾t ®Ó t¹o
nªn mét vá hÇm kÕt cÊu, mµ nã hoÆc lµ ®−îc thi
c«ng t¹i chç trong mét hÇm hay ®−êng èng kÝch
th−íc ng−êi chui vµo ®−îc, hoÆc lµ ®−îc chÕ t¹o s½n
thµnh c¸c tÊm ®Ó l¾p ®Æt vÒ sau.
ferromagnesian /'feroum“g'ni:‘”n/ adj chøa s¾t
vµ magiª: Term for any rock-forming minerals
containing iron or magnesium: ThuËt ng÷ chØ bÊt kú
kho¸ng vËt t¹o ®¸ nµo cã chøa s¾t (Fe) hoÆc magiª
(Mg).
FIB /efaibi:/ n Liªn ®oµn bªt«ng kÕt cÊu quèc tÕ:
The International Federation for Structural
Concrete (fib - fédération internationale du béton) is
a non-profit organisation created in 1998 from the
merger of the Euro-International Concrete
Committee (CEB - Comité Euro-International du
Béton) and the International Federation for
Prestressing (FIP - Fédération Internationale de la
Précontrainte). The parent organisations CEB and
FIP existed independently since 1952, a brief history
of both associations can be found in the entity CEB-
FIP: Liªn ®oµn bªt«ng kÕt cÊu quèc tÕ (tiÕng Ph¸p
lµ FIB) lµ mét tæ chøc phi lîi nhuËn thµnh lËp n¨m
1998 do sù s¸p nhËp tõ hai tæ chøc lµ ñy ban Bªt«ng
ch©u ¢u-Quèc tÕ (tiÕng Ph¸p lµ CEB) vµ Liªn ®oµn
Dù øng lùc Quèc tÕ (tiÕng Ph¸p lµ FIP). C¸c tæ chøc
tiÒn th©n CEB vµ FIP ®· tån t¹i mét c¸ch ®éc lËp tõ
n¨m 1952, s¬ l−îc vÒ hai tæ chøc nµy xin xem trong
môc tõ CEB-FIP o The International Federation
for Structural Concrete (fib) formed by 37 National
Member Groups and about 900 individual or
corporate members, aims to develop at an
international level the study of scientific and
practical matters capable of advancing the
technical, economic, aesthetic and environmental
performance of concrete construction: Liªn ®oµn
bªt«ng kÕt cÊu quèc tÕ (FIB) ®−îc h×nh thµnh tõ 37
Nhãm Thµnh viªn Quèc gia vµ kho¶ng 900 thµnh
viªn c¸ nh©n hay tæ chøc kh¸c, cã môc ®Ých ph¸t
triÓn ë cÊp ®é quèc tÕ viÖc nghiªn cøu c¸c vÊn ®Ò
khoa häc vµ thùc tiÔn nh»m ®Èy m¹nh/n©ng cao
tr×nh ®é cña viÖc x©y dùng/thi c«ng bªt«ng vÒ c¸c
mÆt kü thuËt, kinh tÕ, thÈm mü vµ m«i tr−êng.
FIB Bulletins /efaibi: 'bulitin/ n C¸c B¶n tin cña
Liªn ®oµn bªt«ng kÕt cÊu quèc tÕ: "fib Bulletins" is a
generic term for a series of publications that
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
includes several types of technical documents:
Model Codes, Application Manuals, Design Guides
or Recommendations, Synthesis or State-of-Art
Reports, etc., which form a detailed record of the
technical results attained by Commissions and Task
Groups in the field of research synthesis and
operational application to concrete structures. They
are published irregularly, about five to six times per
year: C¸c B¶n tin cña Liªn ®oµn bªt«ng kÕt cÊu
quèc tÕ fib lµ mét thuËt ng÷ chung ®Ó chØ mét lo¹t
c¸c Ên phÈm bao gåm nhiÒu lo¹i tµi liÖu kü thuËt
nh−: Tiªu chuÈn ThiÕt kÕ, Sæ tay øng dông, ChØ dÉn
hoÆc H−íng dÉn ThiÕt kÕ, Tæng hîp hoÆc B¸o c¸o
HiÖn tr¹ng v.v…, mµ chóng t¹o thµnh mét b¸o c¸o
chi tiÕt vÒ c¸c kÕt qu¶ kü thuËt ®¹t ®−îc bëi c¸c Héi
®ång vµ Nhãm C«ng t¸c cña fib trong lÜnh vùc tæng
hîp nghiªn cøu vµ øng dông thùc tÕ vµo c¸c kÕt cÊu
bªt«ng. Chóng ®−îc xuÊt b¶n kh«ng ®Þnh kú, kho¶ng
n¨m ®Õn s¸u lÇn mét n¨m.
fiber = fibre /'faib”/ n sîi, thí; x¬; phÝp: Research
into the use of steel fibers in shotcrete began in the
late 1970s: Nghiªn cøu sö dông sîi thÐp trong
bªt«ng phun b¾t ®Çu cuèi nh÷ng n¨m 1970 o Steel
fibers may be made from short thin pieces of wire or
sheet steel which are incorporated into the shotcrete
mix in order to meet the need for ductility,
toughness, and a residual strength: Sîi thÐp cã thÓ lµ
c¸c mÈu ng¾n, máng cña d©y thÐp hoÆc thÐp l¸,
chóng ®−îc trén vµo hçn hîp bªt«ng ®Ó ®¸p øng nhu
cÇu vÒ tÝnh mÒm dÎo ®µn håi, ®é bÒn dai, vµ c−êng
®é cßn l¹i cao.
fiber reinforced concrete or shotcrete /'faib”
,ri:in'f˜:st 'k˜nkri:t ˜: ∫˜tkri:t/ n bªt«ng cèt sîi thÐp
hay bªt«ng phun: Concrete or shotcrete (sprayed
concrete) containing randomly dispersed fibers that
are added while mixing: Lµ lo¹i bªt«ng hay bªt«ng
phun (bªt«ng phôt) cã chøa c¸c sîi thÐp gia c−êng
ph©n bè ngÉu nhiªn mµ chóng ®−îc ®−a vµo trong
khi trén hçn hîp.
fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) /'faib”
,ri:in'f˜:st 'pɔlimə(r)/ n polyme gia c−êng b»ng cèt
sîi: A general term for a composite material or part
that consists of a resin matrix containing reinforcing
fibers such as glass or carbon having greater
strength or stiffness than the resin; FRP is most
often used to denote glass fiber-reinforced plastics
while the term "advanced composite" usually
denotes high-performance aramid or carbon fiber-
reinforced plastics: Mét thuËt ng÷ chung ®Ó chØ mét
vËt liÖu hay bé phËn composit mµ nã cÊu t¹o tõ mét
m¹ng l−íi keo resin cã chøa c¸c lo¹i sîi gia c−êng
 124
nh− thñy tinh hay cacbon cã c−êng ®é hay ®é cøng
lín h¬n so víi keo resin; polyme gia c−êng b»ng cèt
sîi (FRP) chñ yÕu ®−îc dïng ®Ó chØ c¸c lo¹i nhùa
plastic ®−îc gia c−êng b»ng sîi thñy tinh, trong khi
®ã thuËt ng÷ “composit tiªn tiÕn” th−êng chØ c¸c
lo¹i chÊt dÎo gia c−êng b»ng sîi cacbon hoÆc
aramid tÝnh n¨ng cao.
fiberglass = fibreglass /'faib”gla:s/ n sîi thñy tinh:
Face pre-reinforcement using heavy forepoling and
fibre-glass nailing is used when face is unstable
either due to the high overburden or due to the
existence of running ground (cohesionless soils,
water ingress for the face, etc): Gia cè tr−íc cho
g−¬ng hÇm b»ng hÖ thanh neo v−ît tr−íc kÕt hîp víi
hÖ bul«ng sîi thñy tinh sÏ ®−îc ¸p dông nÕu g−¬ng
®µo lµ kh«ng æn ®Þnh, dï lµ do tÇng ®Êt phñ lín hoÆc
do sù hiÖn diÖn cña ®Êt ch¶y (®Êt kh«ng dÝnh, n−íc
ngÇm ch¶y vµo g−¬ng, v.v…)
FIDIC n FÐdÐration Internationale des
IngÐniers-Conseils: HiÖp héi Kü s− T− vÊn Quèc
tÕ: Conditions of tunnelling contract are of a
standard form, prepared by national professional
institutions, or by FIDIC for international contracts:
C¸c ®iÒu kiÖn cña hîp ®ång lµm hÇm th−êng theo
mÉu tiªu chuÈn, quy ®Þnh bëi c¸c hiÖp héi nghÒ
nghiÖp trong n−íc, hoÆc bëi FIDIC ®èi víi c¸c hîp
®ång quèc tÕ o The FIDIC Conditions of Contract
are based on the assumption that the Employer, the
first party, who has decided to have certain works
carried out for the implementation of a project, and
is sponsoring the Works, has decided to select a
suitably qualified Contractor, the second party, to
execute the Works: §iÒu kiÖn Hîp ®ång cña FIDIC
®−îc dùa trªn gi¶ thiÕt r»ng, Chñ ®Çu t−, bªn thø
nhÊt, ng−êi ®· quyÕt ®Þnh tiÕn hµnh nh÷ng c«ng viÖc
nhÊt ®Þnh cho môc ®Ých thùc thi mét dù ¸n, vµ b¶o
trî cho C«ng viÖc, ®· quyÕt ®Þnh lùa chän mét Nhµ
thÇu ®ñ tr×nh ®é mét c¸ch thÝch hîp, bªn thø hai, ®Ó
thùc hiÖn C«ng viÖc.
field-cured cylinders /fi:ld-kju”d 'silind”z/ n mÉu
h×nh trô b¶o d−ìng t¹i hiÖn tr−êng: test cylinders that
are left at the jobsite for curing as nearly as
practicable in the same manner as the repair
material/real structure to indicate when supporting
forms may be removed, additional construction
loads may be imposed, or the structure may be
placed in service: Lµ c¸c mÉu trô thö ®−îc ®Ó l¹i
trªn c«ng tr−êng ®Ó b¶o d−ìng sao cho gÇn gièng
nh− ®iÒu kiÖn cña vËt liÖu söa ch÷a/c«ng tr×nh thËt
nh»m môc ®Ých cho biÕt khi nµo th× cã thÓ th¸o ®−îc
v¸n khu«n chèng ®ì, khi nµo cã thÓ chÊt t¶i thi c«ng
bæ sung, hoÆc thêi ®iÓm ®−a c«ng tr×nh vµo sö dông.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
field mixing /fi:ld miksiô/ n cÊp phèi hiÖn tr−êng.
field study (xem thªm tender documents) /fi:ld
'st—di/ n nghiªn cøu t¹i hiÖn tr−êng: As the part of
project management and construction supervision
services, field studies are one of consulting activities
where experienced staff will find solutions for
technical problems at the site. Following design
documents and trying to apply project
documentation on real projects is usually leading to
a need for additional technical support on the site.
This is where experienced experts are required to
use their experience and suggest solutions that may
further enable development or increase the speed of
works or even to protect construction that may be
performed in risky geological conditions: Nh− lµ
mét phÇn cña c¸c dÞch vô qu¶n lý dù ¸n vµ gi¸m s¸t
thi c«ng, c¸c nghiªn cøu t¹i hiÖn tr−êng lµ mét trong
nh÷ng ho¹t ®éng t− vÊn trong ®ã c¸c chuyªn gia cã
kinh nghiÖm sÏ t×m ra nh÷ng gi¶i ph¸p cho c¸c vÊn
®Ò kü thuËt n¶y sinh t¹i hiÖn tr−êng. ViÖc tu©n thñ tµi
liÖu thiÕt kÕ vµ cè g¾ng ¸p dông tµi liÖu dù ¸n vµo
c¸c dù ¸n thùc tÕ lu«n dÉn ®Õn nhu cÇu ph¶i cã sù
trî gióp kü thuËt bæ sung trªn c«ng tr−êng. §ã lµ n¬i
c¸c chuyªn gia ph¶i sö dông kinh nghiÖm cña m×nh
vµ ®−a ra c¸c gi¶i ph¸p lµm thóc ®Èy dù ¸n hay gia
t¨ng tiÕn ®é c«ng viÖc vµ thËm chÝ b¶o vÖ c«ng tr×nh
®−îc thi c«ng trong ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt khã kh¨n o
Application of field studies on different projects has
been developed as a serious part of consulting
services for the benefit of projects and clients giving
additional safety and security to the project
development: ViÖc ¸p dông c¸c ®iÒu tra nghiªn cøu
hiÖn tr−êng ®· ®−îc ®Æt ra nh− mét phÇn thiÕt yÕu
cña dÞch vô t− vÊn, v× lîi Ých cña dù ¸n vµ chñ ®Çu
t−, t¨ng ®é an toµn vµ an ninh cho ph¸t triÓn dù ¸n.
fill /fil/ n sù lÊp, vËt liÖu lÊp, nÒn ®¾p: Soils
which have been excavated from one place and
transported to and placed in another place are
described as fills: C¸c ®Êt ®· ®−îc ®µo lªn tõ mét vÞ
trÝ vµ chuyÓn ®Õn ®æ vµo mét vÞ trÝ kh¸c ®−îc gäi lµ
vËt liÖu lÊp o Fills may be materials other than
soils - they may comprise randomly dumped rock
spoil from a tunnel or other construction works, or
colliery waste products or even municipal refuse:
C¸c lo¹i vËt liÖu lÊp cã thÓ kh«ng ph¶i lµ ®Êt -
chóng cã thÓ bao gåm mét c¸ch ngÉu nhiªn ®¸ th¶i
®æ ®i tõ viÖc ®µo hÇm hay c¸c c«ng tr×nh x©y dùng
kh¸c, hoÆc c¸c phÕ phÈm cña má than hay thËm chÝ
lµ ®å th¶i cña thµnh phè.
filler /'fil”/ n vËt liÖu chÌn; chÊt ®én: a general
term for an inert material that occupies space and
 125
may improve physical properties or lower cost: mét
thuËt ng÷ chung ®Ó chØ lo¹i vËt liÖu tr¬ mµ nã lÊp
®Çy kho¶ng trèng vµ cã thÓ lµm n©ng cao c¸c tÝnh
chÊt vËt lý hoÆc gi¶m gi¸ thµnh o One of the four
materials of bituminous mixtures is the filler, which
is fine-grained mineral material, often limestone or
Portland cement with a grain size smaller than 0.075
mm: Mét trong bèn vËt liÖu cña c¸c hçn hîp bitum
lµm ®−êng lµ chÊt ®én, nã lµ vËt liÖu kho¸ng h¹t
nhá, th−êng lµ ®¸ v«i hoÆc xim¨ng Pooc-l¨ng víi cì
h¹t nhá h¬n 0,075 mm.
filling /'fili–/ n sù lÊp ®Çy; vËt liÖu lÊp nhÐt khe nøt:
The filling of the joints may consist of angular
fragments of the rock, ranging from a few
millimetres up to a few hundred millimetres, in a
silty to clayey matrix: VËt liÖu lÊp nhÐt gi÷a c¸c khe
nøt cã thÓ t¹o thµnh tõ c¸c m¶nh vôn ®¸ cã tÝnh gãc
c¹nh, cã kÝch th−íc tõ vµi milimÐt ®Õn vµi tr¨m
milimÐt, n»m trong mét cÊu tróc liªn kÕt tõ bïn cho
®Õn sÐt o For Class II ground, discontinuity
surfaces typically exhibit moderate alteration and
typically contain infillings of clay and/or iron
oxides: Víi ®Êt ®¸ Lo¹i II, c¸c bÒ mÆt khe nøt th−êng
thÓ hiÖn sù biÕn ®æi trung b×nh, vµ th−êng cã chøa
vËt liÖu lÊp nhÐt lo¹i sÐt vµ/hoÆc c¸c «xit s¾t.
filling type forepoling /'fili– taip f˜:r'pouli–/ n
thanh chèng gia cè tr−íc kiÓu èng lÊp ruét:
Forepoling is a well-established technique for
forming roof support ahead of the tunnel face
excavation by installing girders or pipes around the
crown of the tunnel profile. For large tunnel
sections, auger boring or microtunnelling has
sometimes been used to form a horizontal canopy of
concretefilled, interlinked steel pipes: Gia cè v−ît
tr−íc lµ mét kü thuËt ®· cã tõ l©u dïng ®Ó t¹o ra sù
chèng ®ì trªn nãc vÒ phÝa tr−íc g−¬ng hÇm, b»ng
c¸ch l¾p ®Æt c¸c dÇm hoÆc èng thÐp xunh quanh biªn
vßm hÇm. Víi c¸c hÇm tiÕt diÖn lín, ®«i khi ng−êi ta
dïng kü thuËt khoan ruét gµ hoÆc khoan hÇm nhá ®Ó
t¹o nªn mét vßm chèng n»m ngang gåm c¸c èng thÐp
®−îc nhåi bªt«ng vµ liªn kÕt víi nhau.
filter /'filt”/ n líp vËt liÖu thÊm läc: By placing a
layer or layers of selected natural soil at the outflow
surface, protection from erosion may be obtained.
These soils are called filters and their use is
important in the control and proper functioning of
drainage works, wells and indeed in any case where
seepage water emerges from soil: B»ng c¸ch t¹o mét
hay nhiÒu líp ®Êt tù nhiªn chän läc t¹i bÒ mÆt cã
n−íc tho¸t ra, cã thÓ nhËn ®−îc mét sù b¶o vÖ chèng
xãi. C¸c ®Êt nµy ®−îc gäi lµ vËt liÖu thÊm läc vµ viÖc
dïng chóng lµ rÊt quan träng ®èi víi viÖc kiÓm so¸t
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
vµ sù ho¹t ®éng tèt cña c¸c c«ng tr×nh tho¸t n−íc,
giÕng, vµ thËt ra lµ trong bÊt kú tr−êng hîp nµo nÕu
dßng n−íc thÊm xuÊt hiÖn tõ ®Êt.
filter cartridge /'filt” 'kɑ:tridʒ/ n hép läc: Filter
elements to eliminate dust particles in engines and
vehicles: Lµ c¸c bé phËn läc ®Ó lo¹i bá c¸c h¹t bôi
trong c¸c ®éng c¬ vµ xe cé.
filter material /'filt” m”'ti”ri”l/ n vËt liÖu thÊm
läc: A suitable filter material will have pore spaces
too small to admit the larger particles of the soil it is
protecting and these particles will the partially block
the pores of the filter, so reducing the size of the
passages into the filter. This prevents the entry of
successively finer particles from the soil and soon a
zone is developed at the soil - filter boundary which
largely prevents the erosion of the soil: Mét vËt liÖu
läc phï hîp sÏ cã c¸c kho¶ng trèng ®ñ nhá ®Ó tiÕp
nhËn (gi÷ l¹i) c¸c h¹t lín h¬n cña khèi ®Êt nã ®ang
b¶o vÖ, c¸c h¹t nµy sÏ phÇn nµo chÌn gi÷ c¸c lç rçng
cña líp vËt liÖu läc, do ®ã lµm gi¶m kÝch th−íc c¸c
lèi ®i vµo líp läc. §iÒu nµy chèng l¹i sù x©m nhËp
liªn tôc tiÕp theo cña c¸c h¹t ®Êt nhá h¬n tõ khèi
®Êt, vµ nhanh chãng t¹o nªn mét vïng trong ®Êt - tøc
lµ biªn giíi läc mµ nã chèng l¹i rÊt tèt sù xãi mßn
®Êt.
final ground/rock support /'fainl graund rɔk
sə'pɔ:t/ n hÖ chèng ®ì ®Êt ®¸ cuèi cïng: Support
placed to provide permanent stability, usually
consisting of rock reinforcement, shotcrete, or
concrete lining. May also be required to improve
fluid flow, ensure water tightness, or improve
appearance of tunnel surface: Lµ hÖ chèng ®ì ®−îc
l¾p ®Æt ®Ó t¹o ra sù æn ®Þnh l©u dµi, th−êng bao gåm
neo ®¸, bªt«ng phun, hay vá hÇm bªt«ng th−êng.
Còng cã thÓ ph¶i l¾p ®Æt ®Ó c¶i thiÖn dßng ch¶y,
®¶m b¶o ®é kÝn n−íc, hoÆc n©ng cao vÎ bÒ ngoµi cña
bÒ mÆt hÇm.
final lining /'fainl 'lainiô/ n líp vá hÇm hoµn
thiÖn: Final lining is placed usually after fading of
the settlements and the deformations. As a rule final
lining is made in certain segments with a mobile
formwork transport wagon: Líp vá hÇm hoµn thiÖn
th−êng ®−îc ®æ bªt«ng sau khi c¸c l−îng lón vµ biÕn
d¹ng ®· mÊt dÇn (t¾t dÇn). Nh− mét nguyªn t¾c, líp
vá hÇm cuèi cïng sÏ ®−îc x©y dùng theo tõng ®o¹n
nhÊt ®Þnh b»ng mét xe v¸n khu«n di ®éng.
final rock bolt preparation /'fainl r˜k boult
,prep”'rei‘n/ n c«ng viÖc hoµn thiÖn bul«ng neo ®¸:
Final rock bolt preparation shall consist of cutting
off the excessive rock bolt length flush with
tightening nuts and covering the rock bolt, nut and
 126
washer and rock bolt plate with shotcrete. The
shotcrete coverage must be a minimum of 4 cm
thickness and finished smooth with the shotcrete
finishing: Kh©u hoµn thiÖn bul«ng neo beo gåm viÖc
c¾t bá ®Çu thõa cho b»ng víi mÆt ®ai èc, råi phñ lÊp
bul«ng, ®ai èc vµ vßng ®Öm còng nh− b¶n ®Öm b»ng
bªt«ng phun. Líp phñ bªt«ng tèi thiÓu ph¶i dµy 4 cm
vµ ®−îc lµm nh½n mÆt b»ng thñ tôc hoµn thiÖn mÆt
bªt«ng.
final set /'fainl set/ n sù kÕt thóc ninh kÕt: (xem
initial set): Ordinary Portland cements will typically
show the following ranges of initial and final setting
times and 24 hours uniaxial compressive strength
(ISO mortar, MPa): Initial set: 140 to 240 minutes
Final set: 190 to 240 minutes (10 to 20 MPa at 24h):
C¸c lo¹i xim¨ng Portland th«ng th−êng sÏ cã d¶i gi¸
trÞ thêi gian b¾t ®Çu vµ kÕt thóc ninh kÕt, còng nh−
c−êng ®é nÐn ®¬n trôc ë tuæi 24 giê (v÷a ISO, MPa)
nh− sau: B¾t ®Çu ninh kÕt - tõ 140 ®Õn 240 phót; KÕt
thóc ninh kÕt - tõ 190 ®Õn 240 phót; C−êng ®é - tõ
10 ®Õn 20 MPa o Sprayed concrete must not be
placed on to a frozen substrate, nor placed when the
air temperature falls below 5°C. It should be
maintained at not less than this temperature until the
final set is achieved: Bªt«ng phun kh«ng ®−îc phÐp
phun lªn mét bÒ mÆt bÞ ®ãng b¨ng, còng kh«ng ®−îc
phun nÕu nhiÖt ®é kh«ng khÝ thÊp d−íi 50C. Nã ph¶i
®−îc b¶o d−ìng ë kh«ng d−íi nhiÖt ®é nµy cho ®Õn
khi kÕt thóc ninh kÕt.
final settlement /'fainl 'setlmənt/ n ®é lón cuèi
cïng.
fine-grained soils /'fain'greind sɔilz/ n ®Êt h¹t
nhá/mÞn: Soils with at least 50 percent of the
material smaller than the 0.074 mm (U.S. No. 200)
sieve size: Lµ c¸c lo¹i ®Êt cã Ýt nhÊt 50 phÇn tr¨m
vËt liÖu nhá h¬n cì sµng 0,074 mm (sµng sè 200 cña
Mü).
fineness /'fainnis/ n ®é mÞn: Fineness of a
particulate material is often quantified as its specific
surface, that is, the total surface area of all its
particles per unit of mass or absolute volume: §é
mÞn cña mét vËt liÖu d¹ng h¹t th−êng ®−îc l−îng
hãa b»ng tû diÖn tÝch bÒ mÆt cña nã, tøc lµ, tæng diÖn
tÝch bÒ mÆt trªn mét ®¬n vÞ khèi l−îng hay thÓ tÝch
tuyÖt ®èi.
fineness modulus /'fainnis 'm˜djul”s/ n m«
®un ®é mÞn, m«®un ®é lín cña c¸t: An emperical
factor obtained by dividing the total percentage of
an aggregate sample retained on 100 mesh (149 μm)
and larger screens by 100: Lµ mét hÖ sè thùc nghiÖm
nhËn ®−îc b»ng c¸ch chia tæng sè phÇn tr¨m cña
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
mét mÉu cèt liÖu cßn sãt l¹i trªn cì sµng sè 100 (149
μm) vµ c¸c sµng lín h¬n cho 100 o In addition to
the required grading limits, all sand used in the
grout work shall have a fineness modulus within the
range of 1.50 to 2.00: Ngoµi c¸c giíi h¹n vÒ cÊp
phèi theo yªu cÇu, mäi lo¹i c¸t dïng trong c«ng t¸c
v÷a ph¶i cã m«®un ®é lín trong ph¹m vi tõ 1.50 ®Õn
2.00.
fines /fainz/ n c¸c h¹t mÞn: In soil terminology,
material that will pass a 200-mesh (74 μm) sieve:
Trong hÖ thuËt ng÷ vÒ ®Êt, ®ã lµ vËt liÖu mµ nã sÏ lät
qua l−íi sµng sè 200 (74 μm).
finish jumbo /'fini‘ 'd™—mbou/ n gi¸/khung xe
hoµn thiÖn bÒ mÆt: Traveling support for the
concrete finishers when repairing concrete and
applying curing compound to cure and repair arch
concrete: Lµ mét khung ®ì di ®éng cho m¸y hoµn
thiÖn mÆt bªt«ng khi söa ch÷a bªt«ng vµ phun hîp
chÊt b¶o d−ìng ®Ó b¶o d−ìng vµ söa ch÷a vßm
bªt«ng hÇm.
finished cross section /'fini‘t kr˜s 'sek∫n/ n
mÆt c¾t ngang hoµn thiÖn.
finishing /'fini‘i–/ n sù söa sang lÇn cuèi, sù
hoµn thiÖn; sù trang söa; sù ®¸nh bãng: leveling,
smoothing, consolidating, and otherwise treating the
surface of a repair material or new structure to
produce the desired appearance: Lµ sù lµm ph¼ng,
lµm nh½n, gia cè, vµ c¸c c«ng viÖc xö lý bÒ mÆt kh¸c
cña mét vËt liÖu söa ch÷a hay kÕt cÊu míi ®Ó t¹o ra
vÎ ngoµi mong muèn.
finite difference method (FDM) /'fainait 'difr”ns
'me•”d/ n ph−¬ng ph¸p sai ph©n h÷u h¹n: A method
used to calculate an approximate solution of a
differential equation. The difference, dy = f(x+dx) –
f(x), relative to an infinitesimal increment, dx, of a
variable is called the difference in function. When dx
is reduced infinitely close to 0, dy is the differential.
The finite difference method is a digitized form of the
differential equation. Reducing the limited range, dx,
of a variable and increasing the number of dx’s
increases the amount of calculation: Lµ mét ph−¬ng
ph¸p dïng ®Ó tÝnh to¸n mét lêi gi¶i gÇn ®óng cho
mét ph−¬ng tr×nh vi ph©n. HiÖu sè dy = f(x+dx) –
f(x) liªn quan ®Õn mét l−îng t¨ng v« cïng bÐ dx cña
mét biÕn sè ®−îc gäi lµ sai ph©n cña hµm sè. Khi dx
®−îc gi¶m v« h¹n gÇn ®Õn kh«ng, dy chÝnh lµ vi
ph©n. Ph−¬ng ph¸p sai ph©n h÷u h¹n lµ mét h×nh
thøc sè hãa cña ph−¬ng tr×nh vi ph©n. ViÖc gi¶m bít
kho¶ng h÷u h¹n dx cña mét biÕn vµ t¨ng sè l−îng
kho¶ng dx sÏ lµm t¨ng khèi l−îng tÝnh to¸n.
 127
finite element method (FEM) /'fainait 'elim”nt
'me•”d/ n ph−¬ng ph¸p phÇn tö h÷u h¹n: A method
used to calculate an approximate solution based on
the function that represents an infinitesimal change
in each nodal point of the element produced by
arbitrarily dividing two- and three-dimensional
regions. The representation of a structure as a finite
number of two-dimensional and/or threedimensional
components called finite elements: Lµ mét ph−¬ng
ph¸p dïng ®Ó tÝnh to¸n mét lêi gi¶i gÇn ®óng dùa
trªn mét hµm sè mµ nã biÓu diÔn mét sù thay ®æi v«
cïng bÐ t¹i mçi ®iÓm nót cña phÇn tö ®−îc t¹o ra
b»ng c¸ch tïy ý chia thµnh c¸c vïng hai vµ ba chiÒu.
Nãi c¸ch kh¸c, lµ c¸ch thÓ hiÖn mét kÕt cÊu nh− lµ
mét sè h÷u h¹n c¸c bé phËn hai chiÒu vµ/hoÆc ba
chiÒu gäi lµ c¸c phÇn tö h÷u h¹n o In some cases
the use of linear elastic theory coupled with the
assumption of homogeneity to predict displacements
is inappropriate. Then an analysis in which
"equivalent" elastic parameters based upon the
stress level at points within the medium may be
carried out by means of numerical methods such as
the finite-element technique: Trong mét sè tr−êng
hîp, viÖc dïng lý thuyÕt ®µn håi tuyÕn tÝnh kÕt hîp
víi gi¶ thiÕt vËt liÖu ®ång nhÊt ®Ó tÝnh to¸n lón lµ
kh«ng hîp lý. Do ®ã, mét phÐp ph©n tÝch trong ®ã
c¸c th«ng sè ®µn håi "t−¬ng ®−¬ng" dùa trªn cÊp
øng suÊt t¹i c¸c ®iÓm trong ph¹m vi m«i tr−êng cã
thÓ ®−îc tiÕn hµnh nhê c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p sè nh−
ph−¬ng ph¸p phÇn tö h÷u h¹n.
fire /'fai”/ n löa, ngän löa, ®¸m ch¸y, ho¶ ho¹n:
All tunnels used for transport of people must have
adequate fire life safety provisions: Mäi ®−êng hÇm
dïng cho vËn chuyÓn ng−êi ph¶i cã dù trï an toµn
ch¸y ®Çy ®ñ o However, fire life safety
requirements are more rigorous due to the greater
number of people transported: Dï sao th× an toµn
tÝnh m¹ng khi ch¸y lµ ph¶i kh¾t khe h¬n do cã mét
l−îng ng−êi lín h¬n qua hÇm o the best possible
layout for providing refuge from a raging fire or
deadly smoke: mét bè trÝ (thiÕt kÕ) tèt nhÊt cã thÓ
trong viÖc cung cÊp n¬i Èn tr¸nh khi x¶y ra ch¸y lín
hoÆc khãi chÕt ng−êi.
fire /'fai”/ v kÝch næ: Never connect the blasting
cap circuit to the power source until after loading is
complete and personnel are safely cleared from all
areas of danger and the circuit is ready to be fired:
Kh«ng ®−îc nèi m¹ng kÝp næ víi nguån ®iÖn cho tíi
khi viÖc n¹p m×n ®· hoµn tÊt, mäi ng−êi ®· di t¶n an
toµn ra khái vïng nguy hiÓm, vµ m¹ch ®· s½n sµng
®Ó ®−îc ph¸t næ.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
fire alarm /'fai” ”'l:m/ n b¸o ®éng ch¸y:
Coded fire alarm stations are installed at distances
of about 90 meters on the tunnel walls along the
service walk. They are recessed in niches and are
conspicuously marked. If actuated, they send coded
signals to the control room and to the crash truck
stations: C¸c tr¹m b¸o ®éng ch¸y cã m· hãa ®−îc
bè trÝ c¸ch nhau kho¶ng 90 mÐt trªn t−êng hÇm däc
theo lèi ®i bé. Chóng ®−îc ®Æt lïi vµo trong c¸c hèc
t−êng vµ ®−îc ®¸nh dÊu râ rµng. NÕu bÞ kÝch ho¹t,
chóng sÏ truyÒn c¸c tÝn hiÖu m· hãa tíi phßng ®iÒu
khiÓn vµ tíi tr¹m xe t¶i cøu hé o Fire alarm boxes
should be tested monthly for proper operation: Mäi
hép b¸o ®éng ch¸y hµng th¸ng ph¶i ®−îc ho¹t ®éng
thö ®Ó ®¶m b¶o vÉn lµm viÖc tèt.
fire damp /'fai” d“mp/ n khÝ má do ch¸y:
Methane (CH4) - Also called explosive gas or marsh
gas. It may be encoutered in coal regions; often is
associated with shales; and occurs in the
neighborhood of oil fields or rock salt deposits:
Mªtan (CH4) - Còng gäi lµ khÝ næ hay khÝ ®Çm lÇy.
Nã cã thÓ gÆp ë nh÷ng vïng than; th−êng ®i liÒn víi
®¸ phiÕn; vµ xuÊt hiÖn xung quanh c¸c giÕng dÇu
hay c¸c trÇm tÝch muèi ®¸.
fire engineering /'fai” ,endʒi'niəriη/ n kü
thuËt thiÕt kÕ phßng chèng ch¸y: A design
methodology by which engineering principles are
applied to the evaluation of fire and life safety
hazards that are identified and consequently, to the
design of appropriate methods of protection to
sufficiently counteract those hazards: Lµ ph−¬ng
ph¸p luËn thiÕt kÕ nhê ®ã c¸c nguyªn t¾c kü thuËt
®−îc ¸p dông vµo viÖc ®¸nh gi¸ c¸c nguy c¬ cÇn
®−îc nhËn d¹ng vÒ ch¸y vµ an toµn sinh m¹ng, råi
sau ®ã ¸p dông vµo viÖc thiÕt kÕ c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p
b¶o vÖ thÝch hîp nh»m ®èi phã hiÖu qu¶ víi c¸c
nguy c¬ ®ã.
fire extinguisher /'fai” iks'tiηgwi∫ə/ n b×nh
ch÷a ch¸y: A container containing a dry chemical or
carbon dioxide based fire suppression agent and
compressed air: Mét b×nh chøa mét chÊt dËp löa
b»ng hãa chÊt kh« hoÆc ®i«xit cacbon cïng víi khÝ
nÐn.
fire hose /'fai” houz/ n èng phun n−íc ch÷a
ch¸y: In order to create an adequate hose stream of
945 liters/minute, a length of 30 meters of 65
milimeters rubber-lined fire hose is the most
appropriate to consider for design purposes (e.g.
pressure 2 ~ 5 kg/cm2, distance 12 ~ 24 m): §Ó t¹o
ra mét tia phun ®ñ dµi vµ m¹nh t¹i ®Çu vßi kho¶ng
945 lýt/phót, lo¹i èng ch÷a ch¸y tiªu chuÈn b»ng cao
 128
su ®−êng kÝnh 65 milimÐt dµi 30 mÐt lµ thÝch hîp
nhÊt ®Ó tÝnh to¸n thiÕt kÕ (¸p lùc 2 ~ 5 kg/cm2, ®é xa
12 ~ 24 m).
fire hydrant /'fai” 'haidr”nt/ n häng cøu ho¶, van
lÊy n−íc ch÷a ch¸y: The distribution and number of
hoses and hydrants throughout the tunnel is a
function of the tunnel length and geometry. A single
bore closure is normally required to safely access
fire hydrants and hoses in the tunnel. Fire Hydrants
for water supply must be available every 250 m,
possibly at the emergency stations: Sù bè trÝ vµ sè
l−îng c¸c èng dÉn vµ häng lÊy n−íc cøu háa trong
hÇm lµ mét hµm sè cña chiÒu dµi hÇm vµ cÊu t¹o
h×nh häc. Th−êng yªu cÇu ph¶i ®ãng mét ®−êng hÇm
®¬n ®Ó tiÕp cËn mét c¸ch an toµn tíi c¸c häng cøu
háa vµ èng dÉn n−íc trong hÇm. C¸c häng cøu háa
ph¶i ®−îc bè trÝ c¸ch nhau 250 m, cã thÓ t¹i c¸c
tr¹m khÈn cÊp.
fire protection /'fai” pr”'tek‘n/ n phßng
chèng ch¸y, chèng ho¶ ho¹n: Fire underground is
less likely today in tunneling because less timber is
used for support. However, fire extinguishers should
be available near the heading, particularly when
flammable gases or combustible sabstances are
present. Outlets and fire hoses must be located near
possible fire harzads: Háa ho¹n d−íi ngÇm trong
x©y dùng hÇm ngµy nay Ýt x¶y ra h¬n so víi ngµy x−a
bëi v× ng−êi ta dïng Ýt gç h¬n nhiÒu ®Ó lµm v× chèng.
Tuy nhiªn, c¸c b×nh ch÷a ch¸y ph¶i cã s½n gÇn
g−¬ng ®µo, ®Æc biÖt khi cã c¸c khÝ dÔ ch¸y hay c¸c
chÊt dÔ b¾t löa. C¸c lç x¶ vµ c¸c èng mÒm dÉn n−íc
ch÷a ch¸y ph¶i ®−îc ®Æt gÇn nh÷ng n¬i cã thÓ nguy
hiÓm vÒ ch¸y.
fire safety /'fai” 'seifti/ n an toµn vÒ ch¸y: Fire
safety divides broadly into two categories. The first
encompasses trying to stop fires starting in the first
place. The second level is about reacting to a fire
that has already taken hold: An toµn vÒ ch¸y cã thÓ
chia lµm hai cÊp ®é. CÊp thø nhÊt cè g¾ng ng¨n
kh«ng cho ®¸m ch¸y x¶y ra t¹i ®iÓm ®Çu tiªn. CÊp
thø hai lµ ph¶n øng víi ®¸m ch¸y ®· x¶y ra o
Recently, the focus on fire safety issues in tunnels
has increased dramatically owing to numerous
catastrophic tunnel fires and extensive monitoring
by the media. These fires clearly illustrate the
vulnerability of our society and its transportation
systems: GÇn ®©y, viÖc tËp trung chó ý vµo vÊn ®Ò an
toµn vÒ ch¸y trong hÇm ®· t¨ng lªn m¹nh mÏ do ®·
x¶y ra nhiÒu vô ch¸y khñng khiÕp trong hÇm, vµ do
sù theo dâi s¸t sao cña c¸c ph−¬ng tiÖn th«ng tin ®¹i
chóng. C¸c vô ch¸y nµy cho thÊy mét c¸ch râ rµng
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
tÝnh dÔ bÞ tæn th−¬ng cña x· héi chóng ta vµ hÖ thèng
giao th«ng cña nã.
fire setting /'fai” 'setiô/ n ®èt löa ph¸ ®¸: A method
of breaking rock practiced in ancient Egypt and
medieval Europe. A hot fire is lit next to the rock
and, after the rock is hot, it is rapidly cooled by
pouring water over it: Mét ph−¬ng ph¸p ph¸ vì ®¸
thùc hµnh ë Ai CËp cæ ®¹i vµ ch©u ¢u trung cæ. Mét
ngän löa nãng ®−îc ®èt ngay bªn c¹nh khèi ®¸ vµ,
sau khi ®¸ ®· nãng lªn, nã sÏ ®−îc lµm l¹nh thËt
nhanh b»ng c¸ch ®æ n−íc lªn ®ã.
firing /'fai”riô/ n sù kÝch næ: Firing should be
arranged so that delays between adjacent blast holes
do not exceed 25 - 40 ms so as to obtain a safe
blasting operation in residential areas: Sù b¾n m×n
(næ m×n) ph¶i ®−îc bè trÝ sao cho thêi gian trÔ gi÷a
c¸c lç m×n kÒ nhau kh«ng v−ît qu¸ 25 - 40 miligi©y,
®Ó ®¸p øng yªu cÇu næ m×n an toµn trong nh÷ng khu
vùc cã d©n c−.
firing pattern / firing sequence /'fai”riô 'pæt(ə)n
- 'si:kwəns/ n ph−¬ng thøc kÝch næ / tr×nh tù kÝch
næ: The explosives are detonated in a carefully
controlled sequence. Those in the center are blown
first to expel a cone of rock from the face, creating a
space for the other rock to move into, then along the
walls and finally in the corners to create a cleaner
cut. The entire firing sequence is only a few seconds:
Thuèc næ ®−îc kÝch næ theo mét tr×nh tù ®−îc kiÓm
so¸t cÈn thËn. C¸c lç m×n ë trung t©m ®−îc kÝch næ
tr−íc tiªn ®Ó lµm bung khái g−¬ng mét lâi ®¸, t¹o ra
kh«ng gian chøa cho phÇn ®¸ næ tiÕp theo, sau ®ã
®Õn t−êng bªn vµ cuèi cïng lµ c¸c gãc ®Ó t¹o thµnh
mét mÆt c¾t ph¼ng phiu. Toµn bé tr×nh tù næ nãi trªn
chØ diÔn ra trong vµi gi©y.
firing system /'fai”riô 'sist”m/ n hÖ thèng kÝch næ:
The effect of a proper firing system on rock breakage
is crucial. Optimum fragmentation can be achieved
when each charge is given just sufficient time to
effectively detach its quota of the burden from the
rock mass, before the next charge detonates: HiÖu
qu¶ cña mét hÖ thèng kÝch næ ®óng ®¾n lµ cã tÝnh
chÊt quyÕt ®Þnh ®èi víi viÖc ph¸ vì ®¸. Cã thÓ ®¹t
®−îc sù ph¸ vì tèi −u nÕu mçi lç m×n cã ®−îc mét
thêi gian võa ®ñ ®Ó ph©n t¸ch phÇn ®¸ dµnh riªng
cho nã ra khái khèi ®¸, tr−íc khi lç m×n tiÕp theo
ph¸t næ.
firm ground /'f”:m graund/ n ®Êt r¾n:
Consolidated sediments or soft sedimentary rock in
which the tunnel heading can be advanced without
any (or with only minimal) roof support, and the
permanent lining can be constructed before the
 129
ground begins to move or ravel: Lµ c¸c trÇm tÝch ®·
cè kÕt hay ®¸ trÇm tÝch mÒm trong ®ã g−¬ng hÇm cã
thÓ ®µo qua mµ kh«ng cÇn bÊt kú (hoÆc chØ cÇn tèi
thiÓu) hÖ chèng ®ì m¸i vßm nµo, vµ vá hÇm vÜnh cöu
cã thÓ x©y dùng xong tr−íc khi nÒn ®Êt b¾t ®Çu dÞch
chuyÓn hoÆc bong lë.
first aid /f”:st eid/ n sù cÊp cøu, sù s¬ cøu:
Government regulations require that a first aid
attendant, qualified according to the U.S. Bureau of
Mines or American Red Cross Standards, must be
available at a first aid station on the tunnel project
during all work hours: C¸c quy ®Þnh cña ChÝnh phñ
®ßi hái r»ng mét nh©n viªn cÊp cøu, ®ñ tr×nh ®é theo
Tiªu chuÈn Ch÷ thËp §á Hoa Kú hay Côc Má Hoa
Kú, ph¶i lu«n th−êng trùc t¹i tr¹m cÊp cøu ®Æt t¹i
c«ng tr−êng x©y dùng hÇm trong suèt c¸c giê lµm
viÖc.
first invert placing method /f”:st in'v”:t pleisiô
'meθ”d/ n ph−¬ng ph¸p ®æ bªt«ng vßm ng−îc tr−íc
tiªn.
fissile /'fisail/ adj tÝnh dÔ [t¸ch, nøt]: Capable of
being split or removed in sheets, as slate and mica:
Cã kh¶ n¨ng bÞ ph¸ vì hay t¸ch ra thµnh tõng
tÊm/l¸t, vÝ dô nh− ®¸ phiÕn vµ mica.
fissure /'fi‘”/ n vÕt nøt, khe nøt, chç nøt: Open
crack or fracture in a rock or soil mass. Also used to
describe a volcanic vent in the form of a crack: VÕt
nøt hay mÆt g·y trong mét khèi ®¸ hoÆc ®Êt. Còng
dïng ®Ó m« t¶ mét miÖng nói löa cã d¹ng mét vÕt
nøt.
fissured /'fi‘”rd/ adj chÎ; xÎ; nøt: Igneous
rocks are generally hard, but massive; they are
relatively easy to drill with the percussion method,
provided they are not too badly fissured and/or
decompopsed: C¸c ®¸ macma nãi chung lµ cøng,
nh−ng cã d¹ng khèi lín; chóng t−¬ng ®èi dÔ khoan
b»ng ph−¬ng ph¸p khoan ®Ëp, miÔn lµ chóng kh«ng
qu¸ nøt nÎ vµ/hoÆc ph©n hñy.
fissured rock /'fi‘”rd r˜k/ n ®¸ nøt nÎ.
fitting out (or: outfitting) /'fiti– aut/ n c«ng viÖc
chuÈn bÞ tr−íc khi h¹ hÇm d×m: Also known as
outfitting, this term refers to work that is carried out
while the element is afloat. It may consist, for
example, of completing any remaining necessary
construction of the element prior to immersion, the
addition of ballast, the installation or removal of
temporary equipment such as navigation lights,
survey beacons, and access shafts, and adjusting the
trim of the floating element. Some of the work may
be necessary before transportation (towing), but the
remainder must be completed after towing.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
Additional construction applies mainly to steel
tunnels where much of the internal structural
concrete may not be completed until the element is
close to its final destination. Some of the work may
not be carried out until the element is supported by
the immersion equipment: Cßn gäi lµ sù trang bÞ
cuèi cïng, tõ nµy nãi ®Õn c«ng t¸c ph¶i lµm trong
khi ®èt hÇm d×m ®ang cßn næi. VÝ dô, nã cã thÓ bao
gåm viÖc hoµn tÊt mäi c«ng viÖc thi c«ng cÇn thiÕt
nµo cßn l¹i cña ®èt hÇm tr−íc khi h¹ nã, viÖc chÊt
bal¸t d»n, viÖc l¾p ®Æt hay th¸o dì c¸c thiÕt bÞ t¹m
thêi nh− ®Ìn dÉn luång trªn s«ng, c¸c cét/mèc kh¶o
s¸t, vµ c¸c giÕng tiÕp cËn, còng nh− ®iÒu chØnh sù
ng¨n n¾p/c©n b»ng cña ®èt hÇm næi. Mét sè c«ng
viÖc cã thÓ lµ cÇn thiÕt tr−íc khi vËn chuyÓn (chë
næi), nh−ng mét sè viÖc kh¸c cÇn ph¶i ®−îc hoµn tÊt
chØ sau khi ®· chë næi ra vÞ trÝ h¹ hÇm. ViÖc thi c«ng
bæ sung ¸p dông chñ yÕu cho c¸c hÇm thÐp trong ®ã
phÇn lín bªt«ng kÕt cÊu n»m trong vá thÐp cã thÓ
vÉn ch−a ®−îc thùc hiÖn cho tíi khi ®èt hÇm ®−îc
chèng ®ì bëi c¸c thiÕt bÞ h¹ dÇm.
fittings /'fiti–z/ n ®å g¸ l¾p, phô tïng, trang bÞ
phô: Once all the tunnels have been blasted or cast
and interconnect to form a continuous system, it is
time for the interior fittings and installations. The
suspended ceiling, light fittings, collision protection
barriers and the carriageway are just a few of the
important interior details. Apart from this, a great
number of cables and systems must be installed. All
the fittings and installations are designed to meet
stringent safety regulations: Sau khi toµn bé hÇm ®·
®−îc ®µo hoÆc x©y vá xong vµ ®−îc nèi liÒn ®Ó t¹o
thµnh mét hÖ thèng liªn tôc, ®ã lµ lóc l¾p ®Æt c¸c
trang thiÕt bÞ vµ phô tïng bªn trong. TrÇn treo, hÖ
®Ìn chiÕu s¸ng, bé phËn chèng va xe vµ mÆt ®−êng
xe ch¹y…, ®ã chØ lµ mét vµi trong sè nh÷ng chi tiÕt
néi thÊt quan träng. Ngoµi ra, mét sè l−îng lín c¸p
vµ hÖ thèng kh¸c còng cÇn ph¶i l¾p ®Æt. TÊt c¶ c¸c
trang thiÕt bÞ vµ phô tïng nµy ®Òu ®−îc thiÕt kÕ ®Ó
®¸p øng c¸c quy ®Þnh kh¾t khe vÒ an toµn.
fixed assets /fikst '“sets/ n tµi s¶n cè ®Þnh:
Possessions such as buildings, machinery and land
which, as opposed to current assets, are unlikely to
be converted into cash during the normal business
cycle: Lµ c¸c vËt së h÷u nh− nhµ cöa, m¸y mãc vµ
®Êt ®ai, ®èi lËp víi tµi s¶n l−u ®éng, rÊt khã cã thÓ
chuyÓn ®−îc thµnh tiÒn mÆt trong chu kú kinh doanh
b×nh th−êng.
fixture /'fikst‘”/ n ®å g¸, chi tiÕt cè ®Þnh, thiÕt bÞ:
During the maintenance period, inspection staff
should verify proper operation of the lighting
fixtures in the tunnel areas, clean the exterior of
 130
lenses on all lighting fixtures in the tunnel, and
operate test buttons on emergency light fixtures:
Trong thêi gian b¶o d−ìng hÇm, nh©n viªn kiÓm tra
ph¶i thÈm tra sù vËn hµnh ®óng ®¾n cña c¸c thiÕt bÞ
chiÕu s¸ng trong khu vùc hÇm, lµm s¹ch bªn trong
c¸c thÊu kÝnh cña mäi bé ®Ìn chiÕu s¸ng trong hÇm,
vµ vËn hµnh nót thö trªn c¸c bé ®Ìn chiÕu s¸ng khÈn
cÊp o The inspection of the support area plumbing
system should be conducted according to any
applicable plumbing code requirements and should
also include the following: - Note the physical
condition of the bathroom fixtures, water heaters,
and drainage system;· Verify that the plumbing
fixtures are operational and the piping is free of
leakage: ViÖc kiÓm tra hÖ thèng èng n−íc ë khu phô
trî cña hÇm ph¶i ®−îc tiÕn hµnh theo c¸c yªu cÇu
cña tiªu chuÈn vÒ hÖ cÊp n−íc hiÖn hµnh, vµ bao
gåm c¸c viÖc: - Ghi chó l¹i t×nh tr¹ng vËt lý cña c¸c
thiÕt bÞ trong phßng t¾m, b×nh n−íc nãng, vµ hÖ tho¸t
n−íc th¶i; - ThÈm tra r»ng c¸c thiÕt bÞ cña hÖ èng
n−íc vÉn ®ang ho¹t ®éng tèt vµ ®−êng èng kh«ng bÞ
rß rØ.
flash coat /fl“‘ kout/ n líp tr¸t trang trÝ/söa ch÷a:
A light coat of shotcrete used to cover minor
blemishes on a concrete surface applied from a
distance greater than normal: Lµ mét líp bªt«ng
phun máng dïng ®Ó phñ lÊp lªn c¸c chç xÊu nhá trªn
mét bÒ mÆt bªt«ng khi nã ®−îc phun tõ mét kho¶ng
c¸ch xa h¬n b×nh th−êng.
flash point /fl“‘ p˜int/ n ®iÓm bèc ch¸y (cña
dÇu, bitum): As with most oily substances, bitumens
and tars will burn if they are hot enough and there is
air present. Two temperatures are important, the
flash point and the fire point. The flash point or
ignition temperature of a binder used for road
construction is the temperature at which vapour
given off from its surface will burn in the presence of
air and an ignition source: §èi víi c¸c chÊt chøa
dÇu, bitum vµ nhùa ®−êng sÏ bèc ch¸y nÕu chóng bÞ
nãng vµ cã kh«ng khÝ hiÖn diÖn. Hai nhiÖt ®é quan
träng lµ ®iÓm bèc ch¸y vµ ®iÓm ®èt ch¸y. §iÓm bèc
ch¸y hay nhiÖt ®é bèc ch¸y cña mét chÊt dÝnh kÕt
dïng cho x©y dùng ®−êng lµ nhiÖt ®é mµ t¹i ®ã h¬i
bèc lªn tõ bÒ mÆt cña nã sÏ bèc ch¸y khi cã kh«ng
khÝ vµ mét nguån måi löa.
flexible pavement /'fleks”bl 'peivm”nt/ n mÆt
®−êng mÒm, ¸o ®−êng mÒm: The project engineer or
project inspector, of course, must ensure that the
subgrade, subbase, and aggregate or stabilized base
have met all specified requirements to provide the
best available foundation for the flexible pavement:
Kü s− hay gi¸m s¸t viªn cña dù ¸n dÜ nhiªn ph¶i ®¶m
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
b¶o r»ng, líp nÒn xö lý, líp mãng d−íi, vµ líp mãng
trªn b»ng cèt liÖu hay gia cè, tÊt c¶ ®Òu ®· ®¸p øng
c¸c yªu cÇu ®Æt ra nh»m t¹o ®−îc mét nÒn mãng s½n
dïng tèt nhÊt cho líp ¸o ®−êng mÒm o Although
the very nature of flexible pavement permits some
deflection of the base, too much deflection often will
reduce the design life of the pavement: MÆc dï chÝnh
b¶n chÊt cña ¸o ®−êng mÒm cho phÐp cã mét l−îng
lón vâng cña líp mãng trªn, nh−ng lón nhiÒu qu¸
th−êng sÏ lµm gi¶m tuæi thä thiÕt kÕ cña ¸o ®−êng.
flexibility /,fleks”'biliti/ n tÝnh dÔ uèn; ®é (tÝnh)
linh ho¹t; tÝnh mÒm dÎo; kh¶ n¨ng thÝch øng: The
flexibility of the tunnel support structure applying
NATM is very important. A shotcrete lining has the
significant advantage that it is very adaptable (i.e.
high flexibility of the system). A tunnel with varying
cross-section can be lined with shotcrete without
large additional expense: §é mÒm dÎo cña kÕt cÊu
chèng ®ì hÇm thi c«ng theo NATM lµ rÊt quan
träng. Mét vá hÇm bªt«ng phun cã −u ®iÓm lín lµ nã
rÊt dÔ thÝch nghi (tøc lµ tÝnh linh ho¹t cao cña hÖ
thèng nµy). Mét hÇm cã mÆt c¾t ngang thay ®æi cã
thÓ ®−îc x©y vá b»ng bªt«ng phun mµ kh«ng bÞ t¨ng
gi¸ thµnh bæ sung lín.
flexural rigidity = bending stiffness /'flek‘”r”l
ri'dʒiditi/ n ®é cøng chèng uèn.
flexural strength /'flek‘”r”l/ n c−êng ®é
chèng uèn: The property of a solid that indicates its
ability to resist failure in bending. The flexural
strength of plain shotcrete between 10 and 28 days is
about 15 to 20% of the compressive strength: Lµ tÝnh
chÊt cña mét chÊt r¾n chØ ra kh¶ n¨ng cña nã chèng
l¹i sù ph¸ ho¹i khi bÞ uèn. C−êng ®é kh¸ng uèn cña
bªt«ng phun th«ng th−êng ë tuæi tõ 10 ®Õn 28 ngµy
sÏ b»ng kho¶ng 15 ®Õn 20% c−êng ®é nÐn cña nã.
flexure /'flek‘”/ n sù uèn cong, ®é uèn; nÕp o»n,
nÕp uèn; ®iÓm uèn, chç uèn: The function of a lining
is to act like a membrane to redistribute loads back
into the surrounding ground so that the ground
effectively becomes self supporting. It provides
immediate stiffening to limit deformation and
loosening of the rock, shear capacity to limit block
failure and in combination with rock bolts, provides
load bearing capacity under flexure: Chøc n¨ng cña
vá hÇm lµ lµm viÖc gièng nh− mét c¸i mµng ®Ó ph©n
bè t¶i träng ng−îc trë l¹i nÒn ®Êt, nhê ®ã ®Êt nÒn trë
nªn tù chèng ®ì ®−îc. Vá hÇm cung cÊp ®é cøng tøc
thêi nh»m h¹n chÕ biÕn d¹ng vµ sù r·o rêi cña ®¸,
cung cÊp søc chèng c¾t ®Ó h¹n chÕ bong r¬i c¸c khèi
®¸, vµ kÕt hîp víi bul«ng neo nã sÏ t¹o ra søc chÞu
t¶i d−íi ®iÒu kiÖn uèn.
 131
flicker /'flik”/ n ¸nh s¸ng lung linh (rung rinh), sù
nhÊp nh¸y trong hÇm: The result of periodic
luminance changes in the field of vision, due to the
spacing of the lighting fixtures: Lµ kÕt qu¶ cña sù
thay ®æi ®é s¸ng theo chu kú trong thÞ tr−êng (tÇm
nh×n), do sù c¸ch qu·ng ®Òu nhau cña c¸c thiÕt bÞ
®Ìn chiÕu s¸ng bªn trong hÇm o The greatest
annoyance is experienced generally when the
repetition frequency is between 5 and 10
cycle/second (cps) and, as a result, the annoyance
becomes negligible at frequencies below 2.5 cps and
above 13 cps. At a speed of 60 mph (88 feet/second),
the spacing of point lighting sources would be 35
feet for the lower frequency and 6.8 feet for 13 cps:
Nãi chung, l¸i xe sÏ tr¶i qua nçi khã chÞu lín nhÊt
khi tÇn sè lÆp n»m trong kho¶ng 5 vµ 10 chu kú/gi©y
(cps), vµ ng−îc l¹i, sù khã chÞu sÏ trë thµnh kh«ng
®¸ng kÓ víi c¸c tÇn sè d−íi 2,5 cps vµ trªn 13 cps.
Víi tèc ®é 96,6 km/h (26,8 m/gi©y), kho¶ng c¸ch
gi÷a c¸c nguån s¸ng ®iÓm nªn lµ 10,7 m ®èi víi tÇn
sè thÊp 2,5 cps vµ 2,1 m ®èi víi tÇn sè cao 13 cps.
flight conveyor /flait k”n'vei”/ n b¨ng t¶i cña m¸y
TBM.
floating /'flouti–/ n, adj sù næi, cã tÝnh næi:
Floating tunnels consist of tube sections having
positive buoyancy and are tethered at an
appropriate depth below the sea surface by cables
anchored into the sea bed: C¸c ®−êng hÇm næi cÊu
t¹o tõ c¸c ®o¹n èng cã ®é næi d−¬ng vµ ®−îc cét
b»ng d©y ë mét chiÒu s©u thÝch hîp d−íi mÆt biÓn
b»ng c¸c c¸p neo vµo ®¸y biÓn o Floating tunnels
risk the additional hazards of loss of buoyancy
through marine growth accretions, and of anchor
cable corrosion and anchorage block scour: C¸c
hÇm næi cßn chÞu c¸c rñi ro kh¸c nh− mÊt kh¶ n¨ng
næi do sù båi tô dÇn lªn cña biÓn, vµ sù ¨n mßn d©y
c¸p neo còng nh− xãi mßn ô neo.
flocculant /'flɔkjulənt/ n chÊt g©y kÕt côm: A
substance which promotes flocculation, usually with
the aim of increasing the sedimentation rate of a
slurry: Lµ mét chÊt mµ nã thóc ®Èy sù kÕt b«ng/côm,
th−êng lµ víi môc ®Ých lµm t¨ng tèc ®é l¾ng ®äng
cña mét v÷a khoan.
flooding /fl∧diô/ n sù ngËp lôt trong hÇm:
Flooding could be serious to life or property in
tunnels driven from shafts or down grade: Sù trµn
ngËp n−íc cã thÓ g©y nguy h¹i tíi con ng−êi hay tµi
s¶n trong nh÷ng hÇm ®−îc ®µo tõ giÕng ®øng hoÆc
®µo theo chiÒu dèc xuèng.
floor /fl˜:/ n sµn/khung: Self-propelled platform
used in tunnel excavation: Lµ sµn tù hµnh dïng
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
trong ®µo hÇm o That part of any underground
opening upon which a person walks or upon which
haulage equipment travels; simply the bottom or
underlying surface of an underground excavation:
Lµ bÊt cø phÇn nµo cña mét hang ngÇm mµ trªn ®ã
mét ng−êi cã thÓ ®i bé ®−îc hoÆc trªn ®ã m¸y mãc di
chuyÓn; ®¬n gi¶n nã lµ ®¸y hay bÒ mÆt n»m bªn d−íi
cña mét hang ngÇm.
floor /fl˜:/ n nÒn ®¸ cøng: The rock underlying a
stratified or nearly horizontal deposit,
corresponding to the footwall of more steeply
dipping deposits: Lµ nÒn ®¸ n»m bªn d−íi mét trÇm
tÝch ph©n líp hay gÇn nh− n»m ngang, t−¬ng øng víi
phÇn ch©n cña c¸c trÇm tÝch cã h−íng dèc lín h¬n.
flow rate /flou reit/ n l−u l−îng dßng ch¶y: The
most significant aspect of tunnel fire protection is
the water supply, which is usually transported in a
fire main located within the tunnel. The minimum
flow and pressure requirements must be eshtablished
prior to implementation of design. A minimum water
flow rate for vehicular tunnels of 3780 liters/minute
at adequate pressure is recommended: VÊn ®Ò cã ý
nghÜa lín nhÊt trong viÖc phßng chèng ch¸y trong
hÇm lµ nguån cung cÊp n−íc, th−êng ®−îc cÊp qua
mét ®−êng èng c¸i dÉn n−íc ch÷a ch¸y bè trÝ bªn
trong hÇm. C¸c th«ng sè vÒ l−u l−îng còng nh− ¸p
lùc n−íc nhá nhÊt ph¶i ®−îc thiÕt lËp tr−íc khi tiÕn
hµnh thiÕt kÕ. Ng−êi ta ®Ò nghÞ l−u l−îng nhá nhÊt
cho hÇm «t« lµ 3780 lýt/phót víi mét ¸p lùc ®ñ lín.
flowing ground /floui– graund/ n ®Êt ch¶y:
Flowing ground moves like a viscous liquid: Lo¹i
®Êt ch¶y sÏ chuyÓn ®éng gièng nh− mét chÊt láng
nhít vËy.
fluid assisted drilling /flu:'id ə'sistid 'driliη/ n
khoan cã chÊt láng trî gióp: Method of guided
drilling using a combination of mechanical drilling
and BORING/DRILLING pressurised fluid jets to
provide the soil cutting action: Lµ ph−¬ng ph¸p
khoan dÉn h−íng cã dïng mét tæ hîp c¸c mòi xÞt
n−íc ¸p lùc trong khoan vµ khoan c¬ khÝ nh»m t¹o
ra t¸c ®éng c¾t ®Êt.
fluid jet cut = jet cutting /flu:'id dʒet kʌt/ n c¾t
b»ng xãi n−íc ¸p lùc: Guided boring method using
pressurised fluid jets for soil cut: Lµ ph−¬ng ph¸p
khoan dÉn h−íng cã sö dông c¸c vßi xÞt chÊt láng
cao ¸p phôc vô ®µo c¾t ®Êt.
fluidifier /flu:'idifai”/ n chÊt hãa láng, phô gia
gi¶m n−íc: An admixture, now more commonly
known as a water reducing agent or plasticizer,
employed in grout to increase flowability without
changing water content: Lµ mét phô gia, ngµy nay
 132
®−îc biÕt ®Õn víi c¸i tªn th«ng dông h¬n lµ chÊt
gi¶m n−íc hoÆc phô gia siªu dÎo, ®−îc sö dông trong
v÷a ®Ó lµm t¨ng tÝnh ch¶y cña v÷a mµ kh«ng cÇn
thay ®æi hµm l−îng n−íc.
fluorescent /flu”'resnt/ adj huúnh quang: The
use of fluorescent lamps is becoming more and more
popular for tunnel lighting because of their higher
lumen/watt output rating: ViÖc sö dông ®Ìn huúnh
quang cµng ngµy cµng trë nªn phæ biÕn trong chiÕu
s¸ng hÇm nhê c«ng suÊt ®Çu ra lumen/oat cao h¬n
cña chóng.
flushing /'fl∧‘i–/ n sù röa b»ng tia n−íc hoÆc khÝ
nÐn, sù xÞt n−íc (khÝ nÐn) ®Ó lµm s¹ch: Drill cuttings
generated during drilling are removed by
compressed air. The air is transmitted via the hollow
stem drill string to the bit. Air requirements must
provide sufficient annular velocity (20-35 m/s) to
bail (flush) the drill cuttings to the surface. A variety
of air compressors are used for flushing: M¹t khoan
sinh ra trong qu¸ tr×nh khoan ®¸ ®−îc thæi ®i nhê
khÝ nÐn. KhÝ nÐn ®i qua cét cÇn khoan th©n rçng tíi
mòi khoan. L−îng khÝ cÇn thiÕt ph¶i cung cÊp tèc ®é
quay vßng ®ñ lín (20-35 m/s) ®Ó hót (xèi) mïn khoan
tõ trong lç ra bÒ mÆt g−¬ng. Cã nhiÒu lo¹i m¸y nÐn
khÝ dïng cho viÖc xèi (thæi) lµm s¹ch nµy.
fly ash /flai “‘/ n tro bay: A fine residue that
results from the combustion of ground or powdered
coal: Lµ mét thø chÊt th¶i mÞn sinh ra tõ sù ®èt ch¸y
®Êt hay than bét o The finely divided particles of
ash suspended in gases resulting from the
combustion of fuel. Electrostatic precipitators are
used to remove fly ash from the gases prior to the
release from a power plant's smokestack: Lµ c¸c h¹t
rÊt mÞn cña tro l¬ löng trong c¸c khÝ sinh ra tõ sù ®èt
ch¸y nhiªn liÖu. C¸c m¸y läc bôi tÜnh ®iÖn ®−îc
dïng ®Ó lo¹i bá tro bay khái c¸c khÝ nµy tr−íc khi
cho tho¸t ra khái èng khãi cña mét nhµ m¸y ®iÖn.
flyrock /flair˜k/ n ®¸ v¨ng; sù bay ®¸: Flyrock is
the undesirable throw of rock from the blast area. If
pieces of rock is projected over a great distance,
then it indicates the following: too great or too small
a burden, too little tamping and other hazardous
practices: HiÖn t−îng bay ®¸ lµ sù v¨ng xa kh«ng
mong muèn cña ®¸ khái khu vùc næ m×n. NÕu c¸c
côc ®¸ bÞ nÐm ®i mét kho¶ng c¸ch lín, nã chØ ra
r»ng: ®−êng kh¸ng lµ qu¸ lín hoÆc qu¸ nhá, nhåi
chÆt thuèc qu¸ kÐm, còng nh÷ng thao t¸c cã h¹i
kh¸c.
foam /foum/ n bät: Soil conditioning material
made from a foaming solution and air: Lµ vËt liÖu ®Ó
c¶i thiÖn/thay ®æi ®iÒu kiÖn ®Êt, ®−îc lµm tõ mét
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
dung dÞch t¹o bät vµ kh«ng khÝ o The EPB
tunneling often requires the use of additives which
make it possible to cut, support and transport the
soil with economical boring parameters. The soil
conditioning can be realised by addition of foam
and/or polymer. The choice of the foam type and the
polymer depends mainly on the soil type in situ: Kü
thuËt ®µo hÇm b»ng m¸y EPB th−êng ®ßi hái ph¶i sö
dông c¸c chÊt ®én vµo ®Êt ®Ó cã thÓ c¾t, chèng ®ì vµ
vËn chuyÓn bïn th¶i víi nh÷ng th«ng sè khoan kinh
tÕ. ViÖc xö lý ®Êt cã thÓ thùc hiÖn b»ng c¸ch cho
thªm bät vµ/hoÆc polyme vµo ®Êt. ViÖc lùa chän lo¹i
bät vµ polyme phô thuéc chñ yÕu vµo lo¹i ®Êt t¹i
hiÖn tr−êng.
Foam Expansion Ratio (FER) /foum iks'pæn∫n
'rei∫iou/ n hÖ sè tr−¬ng në bät: Ratio between the
volume of the foam at working pressure and the
volume of foaming solution used: Lµ tû sè gi÷a thÓ
tÝch cña bät t¹i ¸p suÊt lµm viÖc vµ thÓ tÝch cña dung
dÞch t¹o bät sö dông.
foam expansion ratio /foum/ n tû lÖ tr−¬ng në
bät: The foam properties depend on its different
compounds like air, water, surfactant and sometimes
polymer. The parameters which characterise a foam
are: Surfactant Dosage; Polymer Dosage; Air Ratio
(Foam Expansion Ratio - FER); Foam Injection
Ratio - FIR. The amount of air introduced to the soil
can be changed with the air ratio FER which
characterizes the ratio between air and liquid
volume: C¸c tÝnh chÊt cña bät phô thuéc vµo c¸c
thµnh phÇn kh¸c nhau cña nã nh− khÝ, n−íc, chÊt
ho¹t tÝnh bÒ mÆt, vµ ®«i khi c¶ polyme. C¸c th«ng sè
®Æc tr−ng cho mét lo¹i bät gåm cã: Hµm l−îng chÊt
ho¹t tÝnh bÒ mÆt; - Hµm l−îng polyme; Hµm l−îng
khÝ (tû lÖ tr−¬ng në bät - FER); Tû lÖ b¬m bät - FIR.
L−îng khÝ ®−a vµo ®Êt cã thÓ thay ®æi b»ng tû sè khÝ
FER, mµ nã biÓu thÞ tû sè gi÷a thÓ tÝch khÝ vµ chÊt
láng.
foam grout /foum graut/ n v÷a t¹o bät : Grout that
has been blended with a foaming agent during or
following initial mixing in order to reduce its unit
weight and/or to help reduce the cost of filling voids:
Lµ lo¹i v÷a ®· ®−îc trén víi mét chÊt t¹o bät trong
khi hoÆc sau qu¸ tr×nh trén ban ®Çu nh»m lµm gi¶m
träng l−îng riªng cña nã vµ/hoÆc ®Ó gióp lµm h¹ gi¸
thµnh cña c«ng t¸c b¬m v÷a lÊp kho¶ng trèng.
Foam Injection Ratio (FIR) /foum in'dʒek∫n
'rei∫iou/ n tû sè b¬m bät: Ratio between the volume
of foam injected at working pressure and the volume
of the ground in place: Lµ tû sè gi÷a thÓ tÝch cña bät
 133
®−îc b¬m t¹i ¸p suÊt lµm viÖc vµ thÓ tÝch cña ®Êt t¹i
chç.
foam injection ratio /foum in'dʒek‘n 'rei‘iou/ n
tû lÖ b¬m bät: The foam injection ratio FIR indicates
the volume of foam used per m³ excavated soil (e.g.
the FIR values laid around 300 l/m3). The
parameters FER, FIR could be adjusted at any rate:
Tû lÖ b¬m bät FIR biÓu diÔn thÓ tÝch bät dïng cho
mét mÐt khèi ®Êt ®µo (v.d. gi¸ trÞ FIR cã thÓ vµo
kho¶ng 300 l/m3). C¸c th«ng sè FIR, FER (tû lÖ
tr−¬ng në bät) cã thÓ ®−îc ®iÒu chØnh víi tû lÖ bÊt
kú.
foam stability /foum stə'biləti/ n ®é æn ®Þnh cña
bät: All foams have a limited stability, which is
characterised by the Half Life time. The half life time
is the time it takes for the foam to drain out half the
amount of the liquid (foam bubbles will collapse as
liquid is drained out). Typically foams have half lifes
of between 5 - 10 minutes. Mixtures of foam and soil
are normally stable for much longer (many hours). It
is important that the soil and foam mixtures are
stable over a certain length of time, in order to
maintain working chamber pressure and face
stability during stoppages: Mäi lo¹i bät ®Òu cã ®é æn
®Þnh giíi h¹n, ®−îc ®Æc tr−ng bëi thêi gian “b¸n
r·”. Thêi gian “b¸n r·” lµ thêi gian cÇn cho mét
lo¹i bät ®Ó rÝch hÕt mét nöa l−îng n−íc (c¸c bong
bãng bät sÏ vì hÕt khi chÊt láng bÞ th¸o ®i). Th−êng
th× c¸c lo¹i bät cã thêi gian “b¸n r·” kho¶ng 5 - 10
phót. C¸c hçn hîp cña bät vµ ®Êt th−êng æn ®Þnh l©u
h¬n (trong nhiÒu giê). §iÒu quan träng lµ hçn hîp
®Êt vµ bät ph¶i gi÷ ®−îc æn ®Þnh qua mét kho¶ng
thêi gian nhÊt ®Þnh, nh»m duy tr× ®−îc ¸p suÊt trong
buång c«ng t¸c [cña m¸y TBM] vµ sù æn ®Þnh cña
g¬ng hÇm trong nh÷ng lóc dõng khoan.
Foaming Agent Concentration (CF) /foumi–
'eidʒənt ,kɔnsn'trei∫n/ n nång ®é chÊt t¹o bät:
Percentage ratio between the weight of the surface-
active agents used and the total weight of the foam-
ing solution: Lµ tû lÖ phÇn tr¨m gi÷a träng l−îng cña
c¸c chÊt ho¹t tÝnh bÒ mÆt sö dông vµ tæng träng
l−îng cña dung dÞch t¹o bät.
foaming solution /foumi–/ n dung dÞch t¹o bät:
By addition of foaming solution to sandy clay we
detected a significant decrease of cohesion and
friction. Much higher cohesion values of the clay
could alsso be decreased by addition of foaming
solution. To decrease also the internal friction a
further increase of added water is necessary. The
results are a significant lower power consumption
(torque) for TBM use and easier muck transport:
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
ViÖc cho thªm dung dÞch t¹o bät vµo ®Êt sÐt pha c¸t
cã thÓ lµm gi¶m kh¸ nhiÒu lùc dÝnh vµ ma s¸t. Lùc
dÝnh kÕt lín cña ®Êt sÐt còng cã thÓ lµm gi¶m ®−îc
b»ng c¸ch cho thªm dung dÞch t¹o bät. §Ó ®ång thêi
lµm gi¶m c¶ néi ma s¸t th× ph¶i bæ sung thªm nhiÒu
n−íc. KÕt qu¶ lµ, l−îng tiªu thô n¨ng l−îng (m«men
xoay) cho m¸y khoan hÇm TBM gi¶m ®i kh¸ nhiÒu,
còng nh− vËn chuyÓn ®Êt th¶i dÔ dµng h¬n.
fold (monocline, anticline, syncline) /fould
,m˜n”'klain '“ntiklain 'si–klain/ n nÕp gÊp; nÕp
uèn (®¬n nghiªng, nÕp låi vµ nÕp lâm): Any bending
or wrinkling of rock strata: Lµ bÊt kú phÇn uèn hay
gÊp nÕp nµo cña c¸c tÇng nham th¹ch.
fold & form lining /fould fɔ:m laini–/ n lµm vá
èng kiÓu gÊp ®Ó t¹o h×nh: Method of pipeline
rehabilitation in which a liner is folded to reduce its
size before insertion and reversion to its original
shape by the application of pressure and/or heat: Lµ
ph−¬ng ph¸p c¶i t¹o ®−êng èng trong ®ã mét líp vá
èng ®−îc gÊp xÕp l¹i ®Ó gi¶m kÝch th−íc cña nã
tr−íc khi luån råi lµm cho nã trë l¹i h×nh d¹ng ban
®Çu b»ng c¸ch t¸c dông ¸p suÊt vµ/hoÆc nhiÖt nãng.
folded structure zone /fouldid 'strʌkt∫” zoun/ n
vïng ®Þa chÊt cã cÊu tróc gÊp nÕp: The first detailed
geologic map of Manhattan has been produced in
1887. The map and closely spaced sections were
made at a time when bedrock was well exposed in
the city both naturally and as a result of
construction. Sections G-H and E-F especially show
the dominant tightly-folded structure of Central
Park: B¶n ®å ®Þa chÊt chi tiÕt ®Çu tiªn cña
Manhattan ®−îc lËp n¨m 1887. B¶n ®å nµy vµ c¸c
mÆt c¾t chi tiÕt ®−îc lËp ra khi ®¸ gèc ®−îc khai lé
nhiÒu trong thµnh phè, mét c¸ch tù nhiªn hoÆc do
c«ng t¸c x©y dùng. §Æc biÖt, mÆt c¾t G-H vµ E-F thÓ
hiÖn cÊu tróc gÊp nÕp chÆt chiÕm −u thÕ cña vïng
Central Park.
folding /fouldiô/ n sù t¹o nÕp; sù gÊp nÕp:
The Norwegian bedrock has a complex tectonic
history, and because of intense folding and
metamorphism the structural pattern and
discontinuities exposed today is often complex. This
means that a lot of different rock types and
structural features can be encountered in a tunnel:
§¸ gèc cña Na Uy cã mét lÞch sö kiÕn t¹o phøc t¹p,
vµ do sù gÊp nÕp vµ biÕn chÊt m¹nh mÏ nªn d¹ng
thøc cÊu tróc cña ®¸ vµ c¸c hÖ khe nøt lé ra hiÖn nay
th−êng lµ phøc t¹p. §iÒu nµy cã nghÜa lµ rÊt nhiÒu
lo¹i ®¸ kh¸c nhau vµ nhiÒu ®Æc tr−ng kiÕn tróc cña
chóng cã thÓ gÆp ph¶i trong khi ®µo hÇm.
 134
foliation /,fouli'ei‘n/ n sù ph©n thµnh l¸ máng:
General term for a planar arrangement of textural
or structural features in any type of rock, especially
the planar structure that results from flattening of
the constituent grains of a metamorphic rock. See
also schistosity: Trong ®Þa chÊt, lµ thuËt ng÷ chung
®Ó chØ sù s¾p xÕp ph¼ng cña c¸c tÝnh chÊt vÒ kiÕn
tróc vµ kÕt cÊu trong mét lo¹i ®¸ bÊt kú, ®Æc biÖt lµ
kÕt cÊu ph¼ng ®−îc t¹o thµnh tõ sù lµm dÑt c¸c h¹t
®Êt ®¸ thµnh phÇn cña mét ®¸ biÕn chÊt. Xem thªm
môc "schistosity - tÝnh ph©n líp/ph©n phiÕn ".
foot blocks /fut bl˜ks/ n khèi kª ch©n v× chèng:
Blocks of wood or precast concrete placed under
ribs or posts to provide bearing for horseshoe-
shaped or non-circular tunnels: Lµ c¸c miÕng gç hay
bªt«ng ®óc s½n ®Æt bªn d−íi c¸c v× chèng hay cét
chèng hÇm ®Ó t¹o nªn gèi ®ì cho c¸c hÇm h×nh mãng
ngùa hay h×nh kh«ng trßn.
footcandle /fut,k“ndl/ n phót nÕn/fót-nÕn (®¬n vÞ
chiÕu s¸ng b»ng 10,764 lux). A unit of illuminance in
the foot-pound-second system of units, the
illuminance at 1 foot from a 1-candela point source
of light. One footcandle is approximately 10.76391
lux. Originally the footcandle was the illuminance at
1 foot from a standard candle. It was then defined as
the illuminance produced by 1 lumen of “luminous
flux” evenly distributed over a square foot. Though
not an SI unit, footcandles are still widely used to set
lighting levels in architecture, in stage lighting, and
in photography: Lµ mét ®¬n vÞ chiÕu s¸ng theo hÖ
®¬n vÞ Anh Mü, lµ ®é s¸ng t¹i 1 fót kÓ tõ mét nguån
s¸ng ®iÓm 1 can®ªla. Mét fót-nÕn xÊp xØ b»ng
10,76391 lux. Tr−íc kia fót-nÕn lµ ®é s¸ng t¹i 1 fót
kÓ tõ mét ngän nÕn tiªu chuÈn. Sau ®ã nã ®−îc ®Þnh
nghÜa lµ ®é s¸ng t¹o ra bëi mét lumen cña “th«ng
l−îng s¸ng” ph©n bè ®Òu trªn mét fót vu«ng. MÆc dï
kh«ng ph¶i lµ mét ®¬n vÞ thuéc hÖ quèc tÕ SI, fót-nÕn
vÉn ®−îc dïng réng r·i ®Ó quy ®Þnh møc ®é chiÕu
s¸ng trong kiÕn tróc, s©n khÊu vµ kü thuËt ¶nh.
foot Lambert /fut l“mb”t/ n ®¬n vÞ ®é chãi: The
unit of photometric brightness (luminance). A
perfectly diffused surface emitting or reflecting light
at the rate of 1 lumen/foot2 would have a equivalent
brightness of 1 foot Lambert: §¬n vÞ ®o ®é s¸ng
(tr¾c quang - ®é chãi). Mét bÒ mÆt khuyÕch t¸n hoµn
h¶o khi ph¸t x¹ hoÆc ph¶n x¹ ¸nh s¸ng víi tèc ®é 1
lumen/ft2 sÏ cã ®é s¸ng t−¬ng ®−¬ng víi 1 fut
Lambert.
foot reinforcement /fut ,ri:in'f˜:sm”nt/ n cèt
thÐp bÖ mãng; gia cè mãng; gia cè ch©n vá hÇm.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
foot reinforcement bolting /fut ,ri:in'f˜:sm”nt
boulti–/ n sù l¾p bul«ng neo gia cè [mãng, vá hÇm].
foot reinforcement piling /fut ,ri:in'f˜:sm”nt
paili–/ n sù ®ãng cäc gia cè mãng.
footing /'futi–/ n bÖ, mãng, ®Õ ®ì: It is not
unusual, in very poor ground conditions, to install a
shotcrete invert as a footing of the top heading, in
order to prevent excessive deformations from
developing and to control floor heave: Trong ®iÒu
kiÖn ®Êt rÊt yÕu, th−êng ph¶i thi c«ng mét vßm ngöa
phô b»ng bªt«ng phun nh− mét bÖ mãng cho phÇn
g−¬ng vßm ®Ønh, nh»m ng¨n chÆn sù ph¸t sinh biÕn
d¹ng qu¸ lín vµ nh»m kiÓm so¸t sù bïng nÒn o
The ribs are generally assembled from the bottom up
making certain that the rib has adequate footing and
lateral rigidity: C¸c v× chèng thÐp nãi chung ®−îc
l¾p ®Æt tõ phÝa ch©n lªn ®Ønh, ®¶m b¶o r»ng v× chèng
cã ®Õ ®ì v÷ng ch¾c vµ ®ñ ®é cøng ngang o When
compaction grout is used to reduce settlement under
buildings due to underground transit construction, it
is best to inject grout below footings that are directly
under load-bearing members of the building: Khi sö
dông b¬m v÷a ®Çm nÐn ®Ó gi¶m ®é lón d−íi c¸c tßa
nhµ do x©y dùng xe ®iÖn ngÇm, tèt nhÊt lµ nªn b¬m
v÷a xuèng d−íi phÇn mãng n»m trùc tiÕp d−íi c¸c
cÊu kiÖn mang t¶i cña tßa nhµ.
force majeure /'fɔ:smɑ:'ʒə:/ n ®iÒu kiÖn bÊt kh¶
kh¸ng: Clause in the specifications that relieves the
contractor of financial responsibility for certain
events not under his control. Examples include acts
of God, war, earthquakes, floods, and strikes: Lµ
®iÒu kho¶n trong tiªu chuÈn kü thuËt cña dù ¸n, nã
gióp nhµ thÇu tr¸nh ®−îc tr¸ch nhiÖm tµi chÝnh vÒ
mét sè sù cè nhÊt ®Þnh n»m ngoµi tÇm kiÓm so¸t cña
hä. VÝ dô cã thÓ kÓ lµ: thiªn tai, chiÕn tranh, ®éng
®Êt, lò lôt, vµ ®×nh c«ng.
forebreast / forepoling (splilling) /'f˜:brest/ n cäc
gia cè vÒ phÝa tr−íc g−¬ng hÇm: A ground
improvement measure carried out by inserting bars,
rods or tubes at the face so as to form a splayed arch
ahead of the tunnel. It can involve areas of jet
grouting or ground freezing. Previously, the term
was used more narrowly. It related to poling boards
driven on a splay ahead of the face of an excavation:
Lµ mét biÖn ph¸p gia cè ®Êt thùc hiÖn b»ng c¸ch
c¾m c¸c thanh, que hay èng lªn g−¬ng ®µo ®Ó t¹o
thµnh mét vßm ®ì xiªn/loe vÒ phÝa tr−íc g−¬ng ®µo.
Nã cã thÓ bao gåm c¶ c¸c lÜnh vùc b¬m v÷a ¸p lùc
hoÆc lµm ®ãng b¨ng ®Êt. Tr−íc ®©y, tõ nµy ®−îc
dïng víi nghÜa hÑp h¬n. Nã chØ liªn quan ®Õn c¸c
 135
tÊm v¸n chèng ®−îc ®ãng thµnh mét vµnh loe vÒ
phÝa tr−íc bÒ mÆt cña mét hè ®µo.
forecast of water inflow /'f˜:k:st 'w˜:t” '×nflou/
n dù b¸o vÒ n−íc ngÇm: When crossing geologically
uncertain sections, it may be needed to create a
watertight cylinder around the tunnel profile by
grouting. Its efficiency is very difficult to control.
For example in the two main karstified zones of the
Lötschberg base tunnel, such measure led to a
drastically reduction of the forecasted underground
water inflow from 100-200 l/sec to a few l/sec: Khi
®µo hÇm qua nh÷ng ®o¹n ®Þa chÊt bÊt th−êng, cã thÓ
ph¶i t¹o ra mét h×nh trô kÝn n−íc bao quanh hÇm
b»ng c¸ch b¬m v÷a. HiÖu qu¶ cña nã lµ rÊt khã kiÓm
so¸t. VÝ dô, t¹i hai vïng hang ®éng chÝnh cña hÇm
Lötschberg, biÖn ph¸p b¬m v÷a ®ã ®· dÉn ®Õn gi¶m
rÊt nhiÒu l−îng n−íc ngÇm dù b¸o ch¶y vµo hÇm, tõ
100-200 l/sec xuèng cßn vµi l/sec.
foreman /'f˜:mæn/ n ®èc c«ng: A person in charge
of a subdivision of work or of the entire work and
under the instructions of the superintendent: Lµ mét
ng−êi phô tr¸ch mét phÇn c«ng viÖc hay toµn bé
c«ng viÖc trong hÇm vµ chÞu sù h−íng dÉn cña kü s−
gi¸m s¸t.
forepiling /f˜:r'paili–/ n ®ãng cäc gia cè tr−íc:
Steel pipe forepiling is a method for reinforcing
unstable ground, such as talus, fracture zones or
unconsolidated ground, which does not form an
effective arch, in order to reduce displacement
ahead of the face and stabilize the face: Ph−¬ng
ph¸p ®ãng cäc èng thÐp gia cè tr−íc dïng ®Ó gia cè
®Êt kh«ng æn ®Þnh, nh− lë tÝch, vïng ®Þa chÊt n¸t vì
hay ®Êt kh«ng cè kÕt, mµ nã kh«ng t¹o thµnh ®−îc
mét vßm ®Êt tù chèng gi÷ cã hiÖu qu¶, nh»m gi¶m
nhá chuyÓn dÞch ®Êt phÝa tr−íc g−¬ng hÇm vµ æn
®Þnh hãa g−¬ng hÇm.
forepole /f˜:r'poul/ n thanh neo v−ît lªn
tr−íc: A pointed board or steel rod driven ahead of
timber or steel sets for temporary excavation
support: Lµ mét tÊm hay thanh thÐp nhän ®−îc ®ãng
vÒ phÝa tr−íc c¸c v× chèng gç hay thÐp ®Ó chèng ®ì
t¹m thêi cho g−¬ng ®µo.
forepoling /f˜:r'pouli–/ n ®ãng thanh neo v−ît
lªn tr−íc: Driving forepoles ahead of the excavation,
usually supported on the last steel set or lattice
girder erected, and in an array that furnishes
temporary overhead protection while installing the
next set: Lµ sù ®ãng c¸c thanh neo v−ît lªn tr−íc
g−¬ng ®µo, mét ®Çu th−êng ®−îc kª tú lªn s−ên
chèng thÐp hay dÇm chèng m¾t c¸o míi dùng gÇn
g−¬ng ®µo nhÊt, vµ theo mét s¬ ®å bè trÝ nh»m môc
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
®Ých t¹o ra sù chèng ®ì t¹m thêi cho vßm hÇm trong
khi l¾p dùng s−ên chèng tiÕp theo.
forepoling = poling boards /f˜:r'pouli–/ n thanh
neo gia cè tr−íc, èng lång gia cè tr−íc: Forepoling,
as directed by the Engineer, shall primarily be used
along the crown of the tunnel to provide support
prior to the advancement of each tunnel excavation
round to form a protection layer outside of an
excavation line in front of tunnel excavation: C¸c
thanh neo gia cè tr−íc, theo nh− chØ dÉn cña T− vÊn,
sÏ ph¶i ®−îc ®Æt (c¾m) däc theo ®Ønh vßm cuèn cña
hÇm ®Ó t¹o ra sù chèng ®ì tr−íc mçi chu kú ®µo hÇm
nh»m t¹o nªn mét líp b¶o vÖ phÝa bªn ngoµi ®−êng
biªn ®µo ë phÝa tr−íc g−¬ng ®µo o Steel lances (a
type of forepoling, made from ASTM A 615/A 615M
grade 400 or equivalent deformed bars) shall be
inserted into drill holes filled with cement mortar:
C¸c thanh thÐp mòi gi¸o (mét d¹ng cña thanh neo
gia cè tr−íc, lµm tõ c¸c thanh thÐp gê theo tiªu
chuÈn ASTM A 615/A 615M grade 400 hoÆc t−¬ng
®−¬ng) sÏ ®−îc ®ãng vµo c¸c lç khoan ®· phun ®Çy
v÷a xim¨ng.
forepoling pipes /f˜:r'pouli– paip/ n thanh
neo gia cè tr−íc d¹ng èng: Non-perforated
forepoling pipes shall be round structural seamless
tubing, in accordance with ASTM A 501, with a
minimum outside diameter of 40 mm and wall
thickness of 3 mm and 4mm. Pipe lengths will be 3m
and 4m: C¸c èng gia cè tr−íc kh«ng ®ôc lç ph¶i lµ
lo¹i èng thÐp kÕt cÊu trßn kh«ng cã mèi nèi, ®¸p øng
tiªu chuÈn ASTM A501, cã ®−êng kÝnh ngoµi bÐ nhÊt
40mm vµ chiÒu dµy thµnh èng 3-4mm. ChiÒu dµi èng
sÏ lµ 3m vµ 4m.
form /f˜:m/ n v¸n khu«n: a temporary structure
or mold for the support of a repair/fresh concrete
while it is curing and gaining sufficient strength to
be self-supporting: Mét kÕt cÊu hoÆc khu«n ®óc t¹m
thêi dïng ®Ó chèng ®ì mét khèi söa ch÷a/bªt«ng t−¬i
trong khi nã ®ang ®«ng cøng vµ ph¸t triÓn c−êng ®é
®ñ ®Ó tù chèng ®ì.
form traveler /f˜:m 'trævlə/ n khung ®ì v¸n
khu«n: Traveling frame used to strip, collapse, and
erect full-circle or arch forms: Mét khung di ®éng
dïng ®Ó dì, th¸o, vµ dùng c¸c v¸n khu«n [vá hÇm]
h×nh vßm hoÆc h×nh trßn.
formal linings /f˜:ml 'lainiô/ n vá hÇm chÝnh thøc:
Tunnel linings of performed metal or concrete: Lµ
vá hÇm b»ng bªt«ng hay kim lo¹i tiÒn chÕ.
formation /f˜:'mei‘n/ n sù h×nh thµnh, thµnh
t¹o; thµnh hÖ: Denotes a particular rock structure;
also the processes by which a mineral deposit is

formed: ¸m chØ mét cÊu tróc ®¸ nhÊt ®Þnh; còng lµ
c¸c qu¸ tr×nh nhê ®ã mét trÇm tÝch kho¸ng vËt ®−îc
t¹o thµnh o Any assemblage of rocks which have
some character in common, whether of origin, age,
or composition. Often, the word is loosely used to
indicate anything that has been formed or brought
into its present shape: Lµ bÊt kú tËp hîp ®¸ nµo mµ
chóng cã mét sè tÝnh chÊt chung, cã thÓ lµ vÒ nguån
gèc, tuæi, hay thµnh phÇn. Th−êng th× thuËt ng÷ nµy
®−îc dïng mét c¸ch kh«ng chÆt chÏ l¾m ®Ó chØ bÊt
cø c¸i g× ®· ®−îc h×nh thµnh hoÆc t¹o nªn h×nh thï
hiÖn t¹i o The specific technical properties of the
rock, which must be considered in the planning and
performance of rock excavation, depend on how the
rock developed during its formation: C¸c tÝnh chÊt
®Æc thï cña ®¸, mµ chóng cÇn ®−îc xem xÐt khi lËp
kÕ ho¹ch vµ thùc hiÖn viÖc ®µo ®¸, phô thuéc vµo
viÖc ®¸ ®· ph¸t triÓn nh− thÕ nµo trong qu¸ tr×nh
h×nh thµnh cña nã.
formation fracturing by drilling /f˜:'mei‘n
'fr“kt‘”riô bai 'driliô/ n sù ph¸ vì (sù lµm nøt, sù
lµm ®øt g·y) khèi ®¸ b»ng ph−¬ng ph¸p khoan: This
method will be used when tunnel excavation for the
ventilation adit is close to the main tunnel: Ph−¬ng
ph¸p nµy sÏ ®−îc dïng khi viÖc ®µo ®−êng hÇm
th«ng giã ®· tiÕn gÇn ®Õn chç nèi víi hÇm chÝnh.
forms /f˜:mz/ n v¸n khu«n: Forms may be made of
metal, should conform to the shape, lines and
dimensions of the members shown on the Drawings,
and should be so constructed as to prevent
deformation due to load, vibration, and other
causes: V¸n khu«n cã thÓ lµm b»ng kim lo¹i, ph¶i
tu©n theo ®óng h×nh d¹ng, ®−êng nÐt vµ kÝch th−íc
cña c¸c cÊu kiÖn thÓ hiÖn trªn B¶n vÏ, vµ ph¶i ®−îc
chÕ t¹o sao cho cã thÓ chèng ®−îc biÕn d¹ng do t¶i
träng, rung ®éng, vµ c¸c nguyªn nh©n kh¸c.
formwork /’f˜:mw”:k/ n v¸n khu«n: Timber or
metal surfaces which retain wet concrete to form
desired shape: Là c¸c bÒ mÆt gç hay kim lo¹i ®Ó gi÷
bªt«ng t−¬i nh»m t¹o thµnh h×nh d¹ng mong muèn.
forward shield /’f˜:w”:d ‘i:ld/ n khiªn ®µo tiÕn.
fractional magma /'fr“k‘”nl 'm“gm”/
macma ph©n ®o¹n = partial magma.
fracture /'fr“kt‘”/ n sù g·y, mÆt g·y; chç g·y;
khe nøt; vÕt nøt; nÕp ®øt g·y: A break in the rock, the
opening of which affords the opportunity for entry of
mineral-bearing solutions. A "cross fracture" is a
minor break extending at more-or-less right angles
to the direction of the principal fractures: Lµ mét sù
ph¸ ho¹i trong khèi ®¸, sù më ra cña nã cho phÐp lät
vµo c¸c dung dÞch chøa kho¸ng vËt. Mét “khe nøt
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
136
ngang” lµ mét ph¸ vì nhá ph¸t triÓn gÇn nh− theo
gãc vu«ng so víi ph−¬ng cña c¸c khe nøt chÝnh o
Fracture of rocks is due to volume contraction while
cooling or to movement of the earth's crust: Sù ®øt
g·y cña ®¸ lµ do qu¸ tr×nh co thÓ tÝch trong khi
nguéi l¹nh hoÆc do sù chuyÓn ®éng cña líp vá tr¸i
®Êt.
fractured zone /'fr“kt‘”d zoun/ n vïng ®Êt ®¸ ph¸
ho¹i do ®øt g·y, vïng nøt nÎ.
fragmentation /,fr“gmen'tei‘n/ n sù [®é] ph©n
m¶nh, sù vì m¶nh: Fragmentation is a general term
which describes the size of individual blocks after
blasting. For some purposes big boulders are
preferable, but usually finer fragmentation is
wanted: §é ph©n m¶nh (®é vì vôn) lµ mét thuËt ng÷
chung m« t¶ kÝch cì c¸c khèi ®¸ riªng biÖt sau khi
ph¸ næ. §èi víi mét vµi môc ®Ých, ng−êi ta cã thÓ −a
dïng c¸c t¶ng ®¸ to, nh−ng th−êng th× c¸c cì ph©n
m¶nh nhá h¬n lµ ®−îc mong muèn.
free air /fri: e”/ n kh«ng khÝ tù nhiªn: Air at
atmospheric pressure: Lµ kh«ng khÝ tån t¹i d−íi ¸p
suÊt khÝ quyÓn.
free boring /fri: 'b˜:ri–/ n khoan tù do: Method of
auger boring without a casing: Lµ ph−¬ng ph¸p
khoan lâi ruét gµ kh«ng dïng èng v¸ch.
freeboard /fri:b˜:d/ n phÇn næi: The height above
the still-water surface of the highest part of a
floating body: Lµ chiÒu cao phÝa trªn bÒ mÆt n−íc
tÜnh cña phÇn cao nhÊt cña mét vËt thÓ næi (vd. ®èt
hÇm d×m).
freeze /fri:z/ v lµm ®ãng b¨ng, lµm ®«ng l¹nh:
Where short lengths of difficult ground are
encountered in tunneling, they may be dealt with by
freezing the ground: Khi ®µo hÇm gÆp ph¶i c¸c ®o¹n
ng¾n ®Þa chÊt khã kh¨n, cã thÓ xö lý (æn ®Þnh hãa)
®Êt b»ng c¸ch lµm ®ãng b¨ng chóng o The silty
soils which are not subject to stabilization by
dewatering or grouting are likely most appropriate
to be freezed: Cã lÏ thÝch hîp nhÊt lµ lµm ®ãng b¨ng
c¸c ®Êt phï sa mµ chóng khã lµm æn ®Þnh hãa b»ng
ph−¬ng ph¸p b¬m tho¸t n−íc hay b¬m v÷a gia cè.
n freeze pipe /fri:z paip/ n èng dÉn chÊt lµm ®ãng
b¨ng: In practice, a number of freeze pipes are
connected to a pair of headers for the flow and
return lines: Trong thùc tÕ, mét sè èng dÉn chÊt lµm
®ãng b¨ng ®−îc nèi víi mét cÆp èng phun ®Ó cung
cÊp vµ thu håi.
freezing /'fri:zi–/ n sù ®ãng b¨ng, sù ®«ng cøng,
kü thuËt lµm ®ãng b¨ng ®Êt yÕu: As with grouting,
freezing is more often used in shaft-sinking than in
tunneling, but the method is useful where nothing
 137
else will serve, provided that surface access over the
tunnel alignment is available: So víi phun v÷a, kü
thuËt lµm ®ãng b¨ng th−êng xuyªn ®−îc sö dông
trong kü thuËt h¹ giÕng h¬n lµ trong lµm hÇm, nh−ng
ph−¬ng ph¸p nµy lµ h÷u Ých khi kh«ng cßn c¸ch nµo
kh¸c, miÔn lµ cã ®−êng vµo hÇm tõ trªn mÆt ®Êt o
Freezing may be done with liquid nitrogen, because
it can produce a temperature of -3200F (-1940C)
when expanded. The ground may be frozen solid in
two days: ViÖc lµm ®ãng b¨ng cã thÓ thùc hiÖn b»ng
nit¬ láng, v× nã cã thÓ t¹o ra nhiÖt ®é -3200F (-
1940C) khi gi·n në. Trong vßng hai ngµy, ®Êt sÏ bÞ
®«ng cøng l¹i.
frequency of observation and measurement
/'fri:kw”nsi ”v ˜bz”:'vei‘n “nd 'meʒ”m”nt/ n tÇn
suÊt quan tr¾c vµ ®o ®¹c.
fresh air duct /fre‘ e” 'dʌkt/ n èng dÉn khÝ s¹ch.
fresh concrete /fre‘ 'k˜nkri:t/ n bªt«ng t−¬i:
Apart from being sufficiently workable, fresh
concrete should have a composition such that its
constituent materials remain uniformly distributed in
the concrete during both the period between mixing
and compaction and the period following
compaction before the concrete stiffens: Bªn c¹nh
viÖc ph¶i cã ®ñ tÝnh c«ng t¸c, bªt«ng t−¬i ph¶i cã
cÊu t¹o sao cho c¸c vËt liÖu thµnh phÇn cña nã gi÷
®−îc tÝnh ph©n bè ®ång nhÊt trong bªt«ng, trong
suèt c¶ giai ®o¹n tõ khi trén ®Õn khi ®Çm, còng nh−
trong giai ®o¹n sau khi ®Çm tr−íc khi bªt«ng ®«ng
cøng.
fresh sprayed concrete /fre‘ spreid 'k˜nkri:t/
n bªt«ng phun t−¬i: Sprayed concrete up to an age
of 24 hours (J1, J2, J3 depending on early strength
class) : Lµ bªt«ng phun cã tuæi trong vßng 24 giê
sau khi phun (c¸c gi¸ trÞ J1, J2, J3 phô thuéc vµo cÊp
c−êng ®é sím tuæi).
friable /'frai”bl/ adj bë, dÔ vôn: Easy to break,
or crumbling naturally. Descriptive of certain rocks
and minerals: DÔ ph¸ vì, hay vì vôn/bë mét c¸ch tù
nhiªn. ThuËt ng÷ nµy dïng ®Ó m« t¶ mét sè ®¸ vµ
kho¸ng vËt nhÊt ®Þnh.
friction /'frik‘n/ n ma s¸t: When a tunnel is
excavated, the friction in the joints helps to hold the
interlocked individual blocks in place: Khi ®µo mét
®−êng hÇm, lùc ma s¸t trªn c¸c khe nøt sÏ gióp gi÷
®−îc c¸c khèi ®¸ riªng rÏ ®−îc cµi mãc vµo nhau
n»m t¹i chç mµ kh«ng bÞ r¬i lë.
friction angle /'frik‘n '“–gl/ n gãc ma s¸t: The
friction angle largely determines the shear strength
as shown by means of Mohr's stress circles: Gãc ma
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
s¸t quyÕt ®Þnh rÊt lín ®Õn c−êng ®é chèng c¾t cña
®Êt, ®iÒu nµy cã thÓ thÊy trªn vßng trßn øng suÊt
Mohr.
friction hoist /'frik‘n h˜ist/ n têi ma s¸t: A mine
hoist in which conveyances are suspended from both
sides of a simple friction pulley which imparts the
desired motion; it is distinct from a drum hoist, in
which the ropes are wound on to their individual
drums: Lµ mét lo¹i têi trong c«ng t¸c má/ngÇm
trong ®ã thïng chøa ®−îc treo tõ c¶ hai ®Çu cña mét
puli ma s¸t ®¬n gi¶n, puli nµy t¹o ra chuyÓn ®éng
theo yªu cÇu; nã ph©n biÖt víi têi tang trèng, trong
®ã c¸c d©y têi ®−îc quÊn quanh trèng quay cña
chóng.
friction rock stabilizer /'frik∫n r˜k 'steibəlailzə/
n thanh neo ®¸ kiÓu ma s¸t: A 3- to 8-ft long steel bar
with a slot along its entire length, inserted in drilled
holes of slightly smaller diameter around the
periphery of a tunnel. The slot causes the stabilizer
to be in compression and exert an outward
anchoring force to tie rock-blocks or strata together
and prevent their loosening or falling out: Lµ mét
thanh thÐp dµi 3-8 ft víi mét r·nh xÎ däc theo toµn
chiÒu dµi cña nã, c¾m vµo trong mét lç khoan s½n cã
®−êng kÝnh nhá h¬n mét chót xung quanh chu vi
hÇm. R·nh xÎ cã t¸c dông lµm cho thanh thÐp chÞu
nÐn vµ sinh ra mét lùc neo h−íng ra phÝa ngoµi ®Ó
neo gi÷ c¸c khèi ®¸ hay líp ®¸ víi nhau, chèng l¹i
sù r·o rêi hay bong lë cña chóng.
friction type /'frik∫n taip/ n kiÓu ma s¸t:
Countermeasures to rock burst include: (1)
Excavation faces are covered with steel supports,
nets, or other materials; (2) Friction-type rock bolts
are additionally applied immediately after rock
bolting: C¸c biÖn ph¸p ®èi phã víi ®¸ næ cã thÓ lµ:
C¸c biªn g−¬ng ®µo ®−îc phñ b»ng v× chèng, l−íi
thÐp, hay c¸c vËt liÖu kh¸c; L¾p ®Æt bæ sung c¸c
bul«ng kiÓu ma s¸t ngay sau khi l¾p hÖ thèng neo
th«ng th−êng.
front cutting edge /frʌnt 'kʌtiô edʒ/ n l−ìi c¾t
®»ng tr−íc cña khiªn.
frontal and peripheral support /frʌntl - pə'rifərəl
sə'pɔ:t/ n chèng ®ì mÆt g−¬ng vµ chu vi hang hÇm:
A distinction is made between the techniques
providing support only for the tunnel walls, roof,
and invert (peripheral support) and those which also
support the tunnel face (peripheral and frontal
support): Ng−êi ta ph©n biÖt hai d¹ng kü thuËt
chèng ®ì, mét lµ chØ chèng c¸c t−êng bªn, nãc vµ
®¸y cña hÇm (gäi lµ chèng chu vi), hai lµ ®ång thêi
 138
chèng c¶ chu vi vµ mÆt g−¬ng (gäi lµ chèng chu vi vµ
mÆt g−¬ng).
frost heaving pressure /fr˜st hi:viô 'pre∫”/ n
¸p lùc ®Èy tråi cña s−¬ng gi¸.
frost resistance /fr˜st ri'zistən/ n søc chèng chÞu
s−¬ng gi¸: It should be mentioned, that the concrete
of the segments in the tunnel portal area must have a
high frost resistance; a high frost and de-icing salt
resistance is necessary for road tunnels: CÇn ph¶i
l−u ý r»ng, bªt«ng vá hÇm ë khu vùc cæng hÇm ph¶i
cã søc chÞu s−¬ng gi¸ cao; søc chÞu s−¬ng gi¸ vµ
chÞu muèi lµm tan b¨ng lµ tÝnh chÊt cÇn thiÕt ®èi víi
c¸c hÇm ®−êng bé.
frozen ground /frouzn graund/ n ®Êt ®ãng b¨ng:
The advance through the frozen ground is like the
choreography of a ballet. The ground freeze pipes in
advance of the shield are deactivated, and the brine
removed back to tank with compressed air. This
allows the ground to partially defrost to ease the
removal of the soil in the shield and assist the
cutting edge in the shove: ViÖc ®µo hÇm qua ®Êt ®·
®−îc lµm ®ãng b¨ng lµ c¶ mét nghÖ thuËt. C¸c èng
lµm ®ãng b»ng ®Êt ë phÝa tr−íc khiªn ®µo ®−îc ng¾t
ho¹t ®éng, vµ dung dÞch g©y ®ãng b¨ng ®−îc thu håi
trë vÒ b×nh chøa b»ng khÝ nÐn. §iÒu nµy cho phÐp
®Êt nÒn tan b¨ng mét phÇn ®Ó lµm dÔ dµng cho viÖc
dêi chuyÓn ®Êt trong khiªn vµ trî gióp l−ìi c¾t trong
khi ®µo tiÕn lªn.
full face advance /ful feis ”d'v:ns/ n ®µo hÇm
toµn tiÕt diÖn: Full face advance can be done after
first stiffening the core by placing 40 - 100 fibre
glass structural elements: L ≥ 15 m, overlap ≥ 5 m
and cementing them using controlled shrinkage
mixes or expanding cement: §µo hÇm toµn tiÕt diÖn
cã thÓ tiÕn hµnh sau khi gia cè ban ®Çu cho lâi ®Êt
tr−íc g−¬ng b»ng c¸ch l¾p ®Æt 40 - 100 thanh neo
b»ng sîi thñy tinh, dµi L ≥ 15 m, nèi chång ≥ 5 m, vµ
b¬m v÷a cho chóng b»ng hçn hîp co ngãt cã kiÓm
so¸t hoÆc xim¨ng tr−¬ng në.
full face boring /ful feis 'b˜:riô/ n khoan hÇm toµn
tiÕt diÖn: Tunnel excavation to full cross-sectional
size with each blast or shove. Distinguished from
heading, bench, and multiple drift: Lµ c¸ch ®µo hÇm
theo kÝch th−íc toµn bé mÆt c¾t víi mçi mét lÇn næ
m×n hay tiÕn khiªn. Ph©n biÖt víi c¸ch ®µo kiÓu
g−¬ng nhá phÇn vßm, bËc thÒm vµ nhiÒu lß biªn.
full face cutterhead /ful feis 'k—t”hed/ n l−ìi c¾t
toµn tiÕt diÖn (cña m¸y khoan hÇm TBM).
full face excavation method /ful feis ,eksk”'vei‘n
'meθ”d/ n ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo hÇm toµn mÆt c¾t.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
full-face heading /fulfeis hediô/ n ®µo hÇm toµn
g−¬ng: Excavation of the whole tunnel face in one
operation: Lµ sù ®µo toµn bé g−¬ng hÇm trong mét
chu kú/thao t¸c duy nhÊt.
full face tunnelling machine /ful feis 't—nliô
m”'‘i:n/ n m¸y ®µo hÇm toµn tiÕt diÖn.
full round lining /ful raund lainiô/ n vá hÇm
tiÕt diÖn trßn.
full-circle pour /ful's”:kl p˜:/ n ®æ bªt«ng toµn
chu vi hÇm: Process in which the complete concrete
lining in a tunnel is poured in one operation. See
Arch pour, Invert pour: Qu¸ tr×nh trong ®ã toµn bé
vá hÇm bªt«ng ®−îc ®óc trong mét thao t¸c duy nhÊt
(mét lÇn liªn tuc). Xem thªm tõ “Arch pour” vµ
“Invert pour”.
full-scale model testing /'fulskeil 'm˜dl 'testiô/ n
thÝ nghiÖm theo m« h×nh thùc: Model tests are
carried out to determine the loads on tunnels and the
affection of the arch action to the loads: C¸c thÝ
nghiÖm m« h×nh ®−îc tiÕn hµnh nh»m x¸c ®Þnh c¸c
t¶i träng t¸c dông lªn hÇm vµ sù ¶nh h−ëng cña hiÖu
øng vßm lªn c¸c t¶i träng.
full size face /ful saiz feis/ n g−¬ng ®µo toµn tiÕt
diÖn.
fume /fju:m/ n khãi, lµn h¬i; bät: Smoke produced
in the construction site. After fumes and rock dust
have settled, the rock brought down by the explosion
is removed, often on conveyor belts: Lµ khãi sinh ra
trªn c«ng tr−êng. Sau khi c¸c lo¹i khãi m×n vµ bôi ®¸
®· l¾ng xuèng, khèi ®¸ ph¸ ra bëi có næ m×n sÏ ®−îc
bèc xóc ®i, th−êng lµ nhê c¸c b¨ng t¶i o Where
fumes are a problem (they cannot be quickly
dispersed by air movement), properly formulated
and manufactured explosives will give minimum
quantities of toxic gases. Exposure to either carbon
monoxide or oxides of nitrogen can be fatal: Khi c¸c
lo¹i khãi trë thµnh vÊn ®Ò (t¹i n¬i mµ kh«ng thÓ
nhanh chãng lµm lo·ng chóng b»ng luång kh«ng khÝ
s¹ch), th× cÇn sö dông lo¹i thuèc næ ®−îc thiÕt kÕ vµ
s¶n xuÊt ®óng ®¾n ®Ó t¹o ra l−îng khÝ ®éc Ýt nhÊt.
TiÕp xóc víi khÝ CO hay c¸c «xÝt nit¬ NOx cã thÓ g©y
chÕt ng−êi.
Table: Maximum allowable amount of fumes in worksite air
(Finland) - L−îng khãi cho phÐp lín nhÊt trong m«i tr−êng lµm
viÖc.
Time of exposure (Thêi gian tiÕp xóc)
8h 15 min
Gas (Lo¹i khÝ) ppm* mg/m3 ppm Mg/m3
Carbon monoxide (CO) 50 55 75 85
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 5000 9000 5000 9000
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 3 6 6 12
Nitrogen monoxide (NO) 25 30 - -
 139

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 2 5 5 13

Sulphur hydrogen 10 15 15 20
* ppm: part per million (phÇn triÖu)
fume characteristics /fju:m ,k“rikt”'ristik/ n ®Æc
®iÓm (tÝnh chÊt) vÒ khãi (cña thuèc næ): Although
the post detonation fume characteristics of Magnumå
explosive make the product suitable for both
underground and surface blasting applications, as
with all explosives, operators should ensure that
adequate ventilation is provided prior to re-entry to
the blast site: MÆc dï c¸c tÝnh chÊt tèt cña khãi sau
khi næ cña lo¹i thuèc næ Magnumå khiÕn cho s¶n
phÈm cã thÓ thÝch hîp víi c¶ viÖc næ m×n trªn bÒ mÆt
còng nh− d−íi ngÇm, th×, còng nh− víi mäi thuèc næ
kh¸c, ng−êi thao t¸c ph¶i ®¶m b¶o r»ng ®· cã sù
th«ng giã ®Çy ®ñ tr−íc khi cho phÐp trë l¹i vÞ trÝ võa
næ m×n.
furred out walls /f”:rd aut w˜:l/ n t−êng hÇm
nh¸m: Walls or surfaces placed inside the structural
walls of a tunnel or cavern. Furred out walls are
usually for aesthetics purposes or to provide a space
for water seepage and collection: Lµ c¸c t−êng hoÆc
bÒ mÆt l¾p ®Æt bªn trong c¸c t−êng kÕt cÊu cña mét
hÇm hay hang ngÇm lín. C¸c t−êng nh¸m th−êng
phôc vô môc ®Ých thÈm mü hoÆc ®Ó cung cÊp mét
kh«ng gian cho viÖc thÊm n−íc vµ gom n−íc ngÇm.
fuse /fju:z/ n ngßi næ, d©y ch¸y: A safe, waterproof
material that contains powder that burns at 40
feet/second used to ignite the main explosives: Lµ
mét vt liÖu an toµn, c¸ch n−íc, cã chøa bét thuèc næ
víi tèc ®é ch¸y 40 ft/gi©y dïng ®Ó måi næ cho khèi
thuèc næ chÝnh.

Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
 140
Gg
gabbro /'g“l”ri/ n ®¸ gabr«: A coarse-grained,
dark, igneous rock: Lµ mét lo¹i ®¸ macma, mµu
thÉm, h¹t to.
gallery /'g“l”ri/ n hµnh lang; hµo r·nh; ®−êng
hÇm; lß ngang: One of a number of tunnels driven
sequentially and in parallel. They are progressively
connected one with another to form a single tunnel
of larger cross-section. May also be called drifts: Lµ
mét trong sè nh÷ng ®−êng hÇm ®−îc ®µo mét c¸ch
lÇn l−ît vµ song song víi nhau. Chóng ®−îc nèi dÇn
dÇn víi nhau ®Ó t¹o thµnh mét hÇm duy nhÊt cã mÆt
c¾t réng h¬n. Còng cßn gäi lµ lß xuyªn vØa o In
the Paris Express Underground Railway, first, from
a pilot grouting gallery close to the groundwater
table it was necessary to treat a zone located well
below the groundwater table, where two other
grouting galleries were to be constructed. Secondly,
from these two grouting galleries the major
protection treatment for the main subway gallery
was carried out: T¹i dù ¸n §−êng s¾t NgÇm Cao tèc
Paris, tr−íc tiªn, tõ mét hµnh lang b¬m v÷a hoa tiªu
gÇn mùc n−íc ngÇm, cÇn ph¶i xö lý (gia cè) mét
vïng nÒn n»m ngay phÝa d−íi mùc n−íc ngÇm, t¹i ®ã
hai hµnh lang b¬m v÷a kh¸c ®−îc x©y dùng. Sau ®ã,
tõ hai hµnh lang nµy, ng−êi ta thùc hiÖn c«ng t¸c xö
lý [nÒn ®Êt] chñ yÕu nh»m b¶o vÖ cho ®−êng hÇm
ngÇm chÝnh.
galvanic corrosion /g“l'v“nik k”'rou∫n/ n ¨n mßn
®iÖn: accelerated corrosion of a metal because of an
electrical contact with a more noble metal or
nonmetallic conductor in a corrosive electrolyte: sù
¨n mßn tèc ®é lín cña mét kim lo¹i do tiÕp xóc ®iÖn
víi mét hay nhiÒu kim lo¹i kh¸c hoÆc chÊt dÉn ®iÖn
phi kim lo¹i trong m«i tr−êng chÊt ®iÖn ph©n cã tÝnh
¨n mßn.
galvanic protection /g“l'v“nik prə'tek∫n/ n b¶o
vÖ chèng ¨n mßn ®iÖn: (1) The selective use of
galvanic corrosion to protect one metal from
deterioration by connecting it to another, more
active (electrically negative), sacrificial metal. Both
metals must be in contact with the same body of an
electrolytic solution. Zinc, magnesium, or aluminum
can be used as sacrificial metals for the galvanic
protection of steel. (2) Protection of a metal in
contact with an electrolytic solution from corrosion
by the use of an impressed direct electrical current:
(1) Lµ viÖc sö dông cã chän läc sù ¨n mßn ®iÖn ®Ó
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
b¶o vÖ mét kim lo¹i khái suy tho¸i b»ng c¸ch nèi nã
víi mét kim lo¹i kh¸c, ho¹t ®éng h¬n (©m ®iÖn) lµm
vËt hy sinh. C¶ hai kim lo¹i ph¶i cïng tiÕp xóc víi
mét dung dÞch ®iÖn ph©n. KÏm, mangan, hoÆc nh«m
cã thÓ ®−îc dïng nh− lµ nh÷ng kim lo¹i hy sinh cho
viÖc b¶o vÖ thÐp khái ¨n mßn ®iÖn. (2) B¶o vÖ mét
kim lo¹i cã tiÕp xóc víi mét dung dÞch ®iÖn ph©n
khái bÞ ¨n mßn b»ng c¸ch dïng mét dßng ®iÖn trùc
tiÕp.
gantry jumbo /'g“ntri 'dʒʌmbou/ n m¸y khoan
kiÓu cæng: Drill jumbo which has an open space in
the center large enough for muckers, cars, and
locomotives to pass through the jumbo; supported by
separate rails, tracks, or tires: Lµ lo¹i m¸y khoan
hÇm lín cã mét kh«ng gian hë ë gi÷a ®ñ ®Ó cho c¸c
m¸y bèc xóc, xe « t«, vµ ®Çu m¸y ®i qua m¸y khoan;
nã ®−îc chèng ®ì bëi c¸c ®−êng ray hay b¸nh lèp
riªng biÖt.
gas production = specific gas volume /g“s
pr”'dʌk∫n/ n s¶n l−îng khÝ, thÓ tÝch khÝ ®¬n vÞ:
Specific gas volume is the amount of gas created by
one kg of explosive in normal condition (00C and
760 mm Hg), expressed in litres/kg: ThÓ tÝch khÝ ®¬n
vÞ lµ l−îng khÝ t¹o ra bëi mét kg thuèc næ trong ®iÒu
kiÖn b×nh th−êng (00C vµ 760 mm Hg), ®¬n vÞ lµ
lýt/kg.
gasket /'g“skrit/ n gio¨ng: A device that acts as a
seal between two contacting surfaces: Mét dông cô
®ãng vai trß nh− mét mèi tr¸m bÝt gi÷a hai bÒ mÆt
tiÕp xóc nhau (trong chèng thÊm vµ trong hÇm d×m).
gasket /'g“skrit/ n gio¨ng, vßng ®Öm, vßng bÝt: (2)
Gina Gasket: A proprietary form of gasket used to
seal immersion joints, particularly on concrete
tunnels. It consists of a full-bodied rubber section
able to transfer large compression forces, and a soft
nose able to provide an initial seal under low
compression. For binocular sections, each circular
tunnel usually has its own gasket around the
perimeter, whereas most other forms of tunnel use a
single gasket around the external perimeter. The
gasket provides a temporary seal and compression
contact face during immersion installation, remains
in place, and may provide a permanent seal at
flexible joints: Gio¨ng Gina: Lµ mét lo¹i gio¨ng ®éc
quyÒn dïng ®Ó tr¸m c¸c mèi nèi [gi÷a c¸c ®èt] hÇm
d×m, ®Æc biÖt lµ trong c¸c hÇm bªt«ng. Nã gåm cã
mét bé phËn cao su tèt ch¹y kh¾p mÆt c¾t, cã kh¶
n¨ng truyÒn nh÷ng lùc nÐn lín, vµ mét bé phËn mòi
mÒm cã kh¶ n¨ng t¹o ra sù tr¸m/mèi bÝt ban ®Çu
d−íi søc nÐn nhÑ. §èi víi c¸c mÆt c¾t kiÓu èng
nhßm, mçi mét hÇm trßn th−êng cã mét vµnh gio¨ng
 141
cho riªng nã ch¹y quanh chu vi, trong khi ®a sè c¸c
d¹ng hÇm kh¸c th× dïng mét vµnh ®Öm duy nhÊt
quanh chu vi ngoµi. Vµnh ®Öm cung cÊp mét sù c¸ch
n−íc t¹m thêi vµ mét mÆt tiÕp xóc chÞu nÐn trong
qu¸ tr×nh h¹/l¾p ®Æt hÇm d×m, sau ®ã ®−îc gi÷
nguyªn, vµ cã thÓ cung cÊp mét sù c¸ch n−íc vÜnh
cöu t¹i c¸c mèi nèi mÒm.
gasket /'g“skrit/ n gio¨ng, vßng ®Öm, vßng bÝt: (3)
Omega Gasket or Seal: This seal, shaped like the
Greek letter Omega (W) is installed across flexible
immersion joints from within a tunnel after
immersion and joining. It may form a secondary
permanent seal or it may become the primary seal. It
is bolted to the internal faces each side of the joint.
It may be replaced in a similar manner on an as-
needed basis. Because of its shape, it can sustain
fairly large longitudinal and transverse movements
at the joint: Vßng ®Öm Omega: Lo¹i vßng bÝt nµy, cã
h×nh d¹ng gièng nh− ch÷ c¸i Omega cña Hy L¹p
(W), ®−îc l¾p ®Æt ngang qua mèi nèi mÒm gi÷a c¸c
®èt hÇm d×m t¹i bªn trong hÇm sau khi ®· h¹ vµ nèi
hÇm. Nã cã thÓ t¹o nªn mét vßng bÝt vÜnh cöu thø hai
hoÆc nã cã thÓ trë thµnh vßng bÝt chñ yÕu. Nã ®−îc
b¾t bul«ng vµo c¸c bÒ mÆt bªn trong cña mèi nèi.
Nã cã thÓ ®−îc thay thÕ trªn cë së xÐt thÊy cÇn thiÕt.
Do h×nh d¹ng cña nã, nã cã thÓ chÞu ®ùng ®−îc
nh÷ng chuyÓn ®éng ngang vµ däc kh¸ lín t¹i mèi
nèi.
gasket /'g“skrit/ n gio¨ng, vßng ®Öm, vßng bÝt: (4)
Soft-nosed Gasket: See Gina Gasket, above: Lo¹i
vßng ®Öm mòi mÒm, gièng lo¹i Gina ë trªn.
gasket /'g“skrit/ n gio¨ng, vßng ®Öm, vßng bÝt: (5)
Temporary Immersion Gasket: This is usually an
extruded rubber section that acts as a seal when it is
compressed. After completion of the permanent joint,
the seal is no longer needed. This type of gasket is
commonly used in the United States: Lo¹i vßng ®Öm
h¹ hÇm t¹m thêi: §©y th−êng lµ mét bé phËn cao su
®óc Ðp lµm viÖc nh− mét mèi tr¸m bÝt khi nã bÞ nÐn.
Sau khi hoµn thµnh mèi nèi vÜnh cöu, mèi bÝt nµy
kh«ng cßn cÇn thiÕt n÷a. D¹ng vßng ®Öm nµy th−êng
hay ®−îc dïng ë Mü.
gate /geit/ n cöa/cæng b·i ®óc hÇm: Usually either
hinged to a wall or floating, this structure is used to
close off the fabrication facility from the adjacent
water to allow dewatering of the facility: Th−êng
®−îc nèi b¶n lÒ vµo mét bøc t−êng hoÆc lµ th¶ næi,
kÕt cÊu nµy ®−îc dïng ®Ó ®ãng l¹i x−ëng/b·i ®óc ®èt
hÇm d×m ng¨n chÆn n−íc tõ xung quanh ®Ó cho phÐp
b¬m th¸o n−íc ra khái x−ëng ®óc.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
Geiger counter /'gaigə'kauntə/ n m¸y ®Õm Ghai-
ghe: An instrument used to measure radioactivity
(e.g., that which emanates from certain minerals) by
means of a Geiger- Mueller tube. It detects the
gamma rays and indicates the frequency or intensity
either visually (by dial or flashing light), audibly (by
earphones) or both: Lµ mét dông cô dïng ®Ó ®o ®é
phãng x¹ (vÝ dô phãng x¹ ph¸t ra tõ mét sè kho¸ng
vËt) b»ng mét èng Geiger- Mueller. Nã ph¸t hiÖn
c¸c tia gamma vµ chØ thÞ tÇn sè hay c−êng ®é theo
kiÓu ®å häa (sè hay ®Ìn nh¸y), ©m thanh (tai nghe)
hoÆc c¶ hai.
gel /d™el/ n gel, ®Æc qu¸nh, keo: The condition in
which a liquid grout begins to exhibit measurable
shear strength, or in which the grout changes from a
liquid to a plastic state: Lµ ®iÒu kiÖn trong ®ã mét
v÷a láng b¾t ®Çu cã c−êng ®é chèng c¾t cã thÓ ®o
®−îc, hoÆc trong ®ã v÷a chuyÓn tõ mét chÊt láng
sang tr¹ng th¸i dÎo.
gel strength /d™el 'streηθ/ n c−êng ®é gel: The
shear stress needed to initiate flow in a (gelled)
slurry at rest; for an ideal Bingham fluid the gel
strength and yield point are the same: Lµ øng suÊt
c¾t cÇn thiÕt ®Ó t¹o ra dßng ch¶y trong mét v÷a
khoan (®· ®«ng keo) ë tr¹ng th¸i nghØ; ®èi víi mét
chÊt láng Bingham lý t−ëng th× c−êng ®é keo vµ ®iÓm
ch¶y dÎo lµ nh− nhau.
gelatin /'d™el”ti:n/ n gelatin, keo ®«ng, chÊt næ
nhãm nitr« ªte láng: Gelatins have a base of water-
resistant "gel" made by dissolving nitrocotton and
nitroglycerin. The nitrocotton gel is insoluble in
water and tends to bind together the other
ingredients, making them water-resistant and
forming a cohesive, plastic-like substance having a
confined detonating velocity of about 4000 m/s: C¸c
lo¹i thuèc næ gelatin cã chÊt nÒn lµ mét thø "keo"
chèng n−íc chÕ t¹o b»ng c¸ch hoµ tan nitro b«ng víi
nitroglyxerin. Keo nitro b«ng kh«ng tan trong n−íc
vµ cã xu h−íng liªn kÕt c¸c thµnh phÇn kh¸c, khiÕn
chóng kh«ng thÊm n−íc vµ t¹o nªn mét chÊt dÝnh,
dÎo cã tèc ®é kÝch næ trong ®iÒu kiÖn nhèt h·m
kho¶ng 4000 m/s.
General Conditions of Contract /'dʒenərəl
kən'di∫nz 'kɔntrækt/ n C¸c ®iÒu kiÖn chung cña
hîp ®ång: Sections and clauses of a contract which
are standard for that model contract and which
usually should not be modified: Lµ c¸c phÇn vµ ®iÒu
kho¶n cña mét hîp ®ång mµ chóng mang tÝnh tiªu
chuÈn cho hîp ®ång mÉu ®ã vµ nã th−êng kh«ng thÓ
thay ®æi ®−îc.
 142
general design (xem detailed design) /'dʒenərəl
di'zain/ n thiÕt kÕ [chung, tæng thÓ, s¬ bé]: After the
scope of the work is defined, it is necessary to
identify main dimensions, construction methodology,
principles of excavation and support in cross section
and in longitudinal section of underground
structure. These activities are performed within
general design, also called preliminary design
phase. General design phase will continue after
conceptual design phase and feasibility study, where
technical and economical project acceptance and
project buildability have been proved: Sau khi ph¹m
vi c«ng viÖc ®· ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh, cÇn ph¶i x¸c ®Þnh c¸c
kÝch th−íc chÝnh, ph−¬ng ph¸p thi c«ng, c¸c nguyªn
t¾c ®µo vµ chèng ®ì theo mÆt c¾t ngang vµ mÆt c¾t
däc c«ng tr×nh ngÇm. C¸c ho¹t ®éng nµy ®−îc thùc
hiÖn trong thiÕt kÕ tæng thÓ, cßn gäi lµ giai ®o¹n thiÕt
kÕ s¬ bé. Giai ®o¹n thiÕt kÕ tæng thÓ sÏ b¾t ®Çu sau
khi ®· thùc hiÖn nghiªn cøu lËp dù ¸n vµ nghiªn cøu
kh¶ thi, tøc lµ sau khi ®å ¸n kinh tÕ kü thuËt ®· ®−îc
chÊp thuËn vµ tÝnh kh¶ x©y dùng ®· ®−îc chøng
minh o Geometrial and economical parameters
will define principles of construction methodology
that will serve as preparation for the detailed design
phase: C¸c th«ng sè vÒ kinh tÕ vµ h×nh häc cña thiÕt
kÕ tæng thÓ sÏ x¸c ®Þnh c¸c nguyªn lý thi c«ng, phôc
vô cho giai ®o¹n thiÕt kÕ chi tiÕt tiÕp theo.
generator /'d™en”reit”/ n m¸y ph¸t ®iÖn: In order
to keep the traffic moving inside the tunnel even
during a power supply system breakdown, emegency
sets consisting of a diesel engine-driven three-phase
synchronous generator with a capacity of 600
kilovolt-amperes at 0.9 PF are provided at the
substations on either side of the tunnel: §Ó ®¶m b¶o
giao th«ng liªn tôc trong hÇm ngay c¶ khi x¶y ra
háng hãc hÖ thèng cÊp ®iÖn chÝnh, ng−êi ta l¾p ®Æt
hÖ thèng khÈn cÊp gåm cã mét m¸y ph¸t ®iÖn ba pha
®éng c¬ ®iªzen c«ng suÊt 600 kil«v«n-ampe t¹i 0,9
PF t¹i c¸c tr¹m ph©n phèi ë mét trong hai ®Çu
®−êng hÇm.
geochemistry /'d™en”reit”/ n ®Þa hãa häc: The use
of a broad spectrum of chemical elements and ratios
and their patterns, which are naturally dispersed
around ore deposits, to detect concealed orebodies:
Sö dông mét phæ réng c¸c nguyªn tè hãa häc, c¸c tû
lÖ vµ d¹ng thøc cña chóng, mµ chóng ®−îc ph©n bè
mét c¸ch tù nhiªn quanh trÇm tÝch quÆng, nh»m ph¸t
hiÖn c¸c khèi quÆng Èn dÊu o The study of the
chemical properties of rocks: Lµ ngµnh nghiªn cøu
c¸c tÝnh chÊt hãa häc cña c¸c lo¹i ®¸.
geodetic /d™i'˜l”d™i/ adj (thuéc) tr¾c ®Þa:
Surveying measures the earth's surface. Plane
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
surveying measures surfaces as though they were
flat, without taking into account the earth's
curvature, whereas geodetic surveying includes
calculations for the curvature: C«ng viÖc tr¾c ®Þa cã
nhiÖm vô ®o ®¹c bÒ mÆt qu¶ ®Êt. Sù ®o vÏ mÆt b»ng
®o ®¹c c¸c bÒ mÆt nh− thÓ chóng lµ b»ng ph¼ng,
kh«ng tÝnh ®Õn ®é cong cña tr¸i ®Êt; ng−îc l¹i, kh¶o
s¸t tr¾c ®Þa l¹i ®−a vµo c¸c tÝnh to¸n tÝnh ®Õn ®é
cong nµy.
geographic /d™i”'gr“fik/ n ®Þa lý: Tunnels are
constructed for many different purposes, and under
widely varying geographic and geological
conditions. The specific environmental data needs
for a particular underground project very much
depend on the geologic and geographic environment
and the functional requirement of the underground
facility: HÇm ®−îc x©y dùng cho nhiÒu môc ®Ých, vµ
d−íi nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa lý vµ ®Þa chÊt thay ®æi rÊt
nhiÒu. C¸c d÷ liÖu ®Æc thï vÒ m«i tr−êng cÇn thiÕt
cho mét dù ¸n x©y dùng dùng ngÇm nhÊt ®Þnh sÏ phô
thuéc rÊt lín vµo m«i tr−êng ®Þa chÊt vµ ®Þa lý, còng
nh− yªu cÇu vÒ vËn hµnh cña c«ng tr×nh ngÇm.
geohydromechanical /dʒiou,haidroumi'kænikəl/
adj thuéc thñy ®Þa c¬ häc.
geologic exploration /d™i”'l˜d™ik ,ekspl˜:'rei‘n/ n
sù th¨m dß (kh¶o s¸t) ®Þa chÊt: The special geologic
exploration and laboratory testing methods are
needed to properly characterize the physical
properties of weak rocks in tunnels: CÇn cã c¸c
ph−¬ng ph¸p th¨m dß ®Þa chÊt ®Æc biÖt vµ thÝ
nghiÖm trong phßng ®Ó kh¶o s¸t c¸c tÝnh chÊt vËt lý
cña ®¸ yÕu trong hÇm o With the mapping task
complete, the tunnel mapping data are used to
review the geologic exploration model: Sau khi
nhiÖm vô vÏ b¶n ®å hoµn thµnh, d÷ liÖu b¶n ®å hÇm
®−îc dïng ®Ó kiÓm tra l¹i m« h×nh kh¶o s¸t ®Þa chÊt.
geologic reconnaissance /d™i”'l˜d™ik ri'k˜nisns/ n
sù th¨m dß (kh¶o s¸t) ®Þa chÊt: Geologic
reconnaissance includes a search of available
literature, the study of aerial photographs and
surface geologic mapping. In developing an
investigation program, relationships between rock
units or structural features obscured at the work site
may be obvious some distance away: Sù kh¶o s¸t ®Þa
chÊt bao gåm sù t×m kiÕm c¸c tµi liÖu hiÖn cã, nghiªn
cøu c¸c ¶nh hµng kh«ng vµ b¶n ®å ®Þa chÊt bÒ mÆt.
Trong viÖc lËp mét ch−¬ng tr×nh kh¶o s¸t, c¸c mèi
quan hÖ gi÷a c¸c khèi ®¸ hay c¸c ®Æc ®iÓm cÊu t¹o
bÞ che khuÊt t¹i hiÖn tr−êng rÊt cã thÓ l¹i thÊy râ
rµng ë mét n¬i kh¸c nµo ®Êy.
 143
geologic time scale /d™i”'l˜d™ik taim skeil/ n
thang thêi gian ®Þa chÊt: A geologic time scale is a
diagram that details the history of the Earth's
geology, noting major events like the formation of
the Earth, the first life forms and mass extinctions:
Mét thang thêi gian ®Þa chÊt lµ mét biÓu ®å m« t¶
chi tiÕt lÞch sö ®Þa chÊt cña Tr¸i §Êt, cã ghi c¸c sù
kiÖn chÝnh ch¼ng h¹n nh− sù h×nh thµnh Tr¸i §Êt,
c¸c d¹ng thøc sèng ®Çu tiªn vµ sù tuyÖt chñng hµng
lo¹t o Some geologic processes are very long
acting while others can take place in a relatively
short time period, for example, during a construction
project. Both contemporary and ancient processes
and their resulting landforms can significantly
influence engineering projects. Civil engineers use
the geologic time scale to appreciate the relative age
and absolute age of a deposit or landform, and to
understand contemporary processes. The geologic
time scale is also often used as a yardstick of latest
proven faulting to evaluate the risk a fault may pose
to development: Mét sè qu¸ tr×nh ®Þa chÊt vÉn ®ang
t¸c ®éng rÊt l©u dµi, trong khi ®ã c¸c qu¸ tr×nh kh¸c
cã thÓ x¶y ra trong mét thêi gian t−¬ng ®èi ng¾n, vÝ
dô, trong khi tiÕn hµnh mét dù ¸n x©y dùng. C¶ hai
d¹ng qu¸ qr×nh xa x−a vµ hiÖn ®¹i còng nh− c¸c
d¹ng ®Þa m¹o sinh ra cña chóng cã thÓ ¶nh h−ëng
rÊt lín ®Õn c¸c dù ¸n x©y dùng. C¸c kü s− d©n dông
dïng thang thêi gian ®Þa chÊt ®Ó ®¸nh gi¸ tuæi t−¬ng
®èi vµ tuæi tuyÖt ®èi cña mét trÇm tÝch hay ®Þa m¹o,
còng nh− ®Ó t×m hiÓu c¸c qu¸ tr×nh ®Þa chÊt ®ang
diÔn ra. Thang thêi gian ®Þa chÊt còng th−êng dïng
nh− mét tiªu chuÈn so s¸nh vÒ sù h×nh thµnh ®øt g·y
râ rÖt míi ®©y nhÊt ®Ó ®¸nh gi¸ mèi nguy hiÓm mµ
mét ®øt g·y cã thÓ g©y ra cho dù ¸n.
geological map /dʒi”'l˜dʒik”l m“p/ n s¬ ®å/b¶n
®å ®Þa chÊt, s¬ häa m« t¶ ®Æc ®iÓm ®Þa chÊt trªn
g−¬ng ®µo: During tunnel excavation operations, the
Contractor shall, as witnessed in the presence of the
Engineer's Representatives, record in detail
geological conditions and prepare geological maps
with necessary photographs attached to evaluate the
suitability of excavation methods and supports.
These details and maps shall serve as the basis for
anticipating geological conditions ahead of the
excavated tunnel face: Trong khi ®µo hÇm, Nhµ
thÇu, víi sù chøng kiÕn cña §¹i diÖn cña T− vÊn, sÏ
ghi chÐp mét c¸ch chi tiÕt c¸c ®Æc ®iÓm ®Þa chÊt vµ
vÏ b¶n ®å ®Þa chÊt cã kÌm theo c¸c ¶nh chop cÇn
thiÕt nh»m môc ®Ých ®¸nh gi¸ tÝnh thÝch hîp cña
ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo vµ hÖ thèng chèng ®ì. C¸c chi tiÕt
vµ b¶n ®å nµy còng lµ c¬ së cho viÖc ®¸nh gi¸ (tiªn
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
®o¸n) c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt phÝa tr−íc g−¬ng hÇm
võa ®µo.
geological survey /d™i”'l˜d™ik”l 's”:vei/ n kh¶o
s¸t ®Þa chÊt: Determining underground conditions,
such as types of soil and rock beneath the surface:
Lµ viÖc x¸c ®Þnh c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn d−íi ngÇm, nh− c¸c
lo¹i ®Êt vµ ®¸ bªn d−íi bÒ mÆt o The exploration
of an area through the use of physical properties
relating to geology i.e. mapping. Geophysical
methods include seismic, magnetic, gravity, induced
polarization and other techniques: Lµ viÖc th¨m dß
mét khu vùc b»ng c¸ch sö dông c¸c tÝnh chÊt vËt lý
liªn quan ®Õn ®Þa chÊt, nghÜa lµ lËp b¶n ®å. C¸c
ph−¬ng ph¸p th¨m dß ®Þa vËt lý gåm cã kü thuËt
sãng ®Þa chÊn, tõ tr−êng, träng tr−êng, ph©n cùc c¶m
øng vµ c¸c kü thuËt kh¸c n÷a.
geological structure /d™i”'l˜d™ik”l 'strʌkʌ”/ n
cÊu tróc ®Þa chÊt: Geological structure is generally
appraised on the basis of: a) rock type origin
(igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary), b) rock
hardness (hard, medium, soft, decomposed), c)
geologic structure (massive, slightly faulted/folded,
moderately faulted/folded, intensely faulted/folded):
CÊu tróc ®Þa chÊt th−êng ®−îc ®¸nh gi¸ dùa trªn a)
nguån gèc lo¹i ®¸ (m¸cma, biÕn chÊt, trÇm tÝch), b)
®é cøng cña ®¸ (cøng, trung b×nh, mÒm, ph©n hñy),
vµ c) cÊu tróc ®Þa chÊt (khèi lín, ®øt g·y/uèn nÕp
nhÑ, ®øt g·y/uèn nÕp trung b×nh, ®øt g·y/uèn nÕp
m¹nh.
geologist /d™i'˜l”d™ists/ n nhµ ®Þa chÊt: One who
studies the constitution, structure, and history of the
earth's crust, conducting research into the formation
and dissolution of rock layers, analyzing fossil and
mineral content of layers, and endeavoring to fix
historical sequence of development by relating
characteristics to known geological influences
(historical geology): Lµ mét ng−êi nghiªn cøu thµnh
phÇn, cÊu tróc, vµ lÞch sö cña vá tr¸i ®Êt, tiÕn hµnh
c¸c nghiªn cøu vÒ sù h×nh thµnh vµ tan r· cña c¸c
líp ®Êt ®¸, ph©n tÝch hãa th¹ch vµ hµm l−îng
kho¸ng cña c¸c líp ®ã, còng nh− nç lùc chÝnh x¸c
hãa tiÕn tr×nh lÞch sö cña sù ph¸t triÓn b»ng c¸ch
liªn hÖ c¸c ®Æc ®iÓm víi nh÷ng t¸c ®éng ®Þa chÊt ®·
biÕt (®Þa chÊt häc lÞch sö).
geologist's hammer /d™i'˜l”d™ists 'h“m”/ n bóa
®Þa chÊt: The U.S Eastwing® geologist's hammers
are of supreme quality that have an unbreakable
handle in normal use. It should be noted that picks
may chip when struck against rocks, other hardened
surfaces, or hardened tools. The users must always
wear safety goggles. Bystanders shall also wear
 144
safety goggles: Lo¹i bóa ®Þa chÊt Eastwing® cña Mü
cã chÊt l−îng cùc tèt víi tay cÇm kh«ng thÓ g·y khi
sö dông b×nh th−êng. CÇn chó ý r»ng có ®Ëp (®Çu
bóa) cã thÓ ®Ëp vì khi ®¸nh bóa vµo ®¸, vµo c¸c bÒ
mÆt cøng kh¸c hay c¸c dông cô cøng r¾n. Ng−êi
dïng bóa ph¶i lu«n ®eo kÝnh an toµn. Ng−êi ®øng
bªn c¹nh còng ph¶i mang kÝnh an toµn o A rock
which is hard to break under heavy blows of
geological hammer may likely belong to Class A. If
a rock is easy to break, and sometimes penetrated by
the hammerhead under weak blows of geological
hammer, it may be classified as Class DII: Lo¹i ®¸
khã vì d−íi có ®Ëp m¹nh b»ng bóa ®Þa chÊt cã thÓ
thuéc Líp (Lo¹i) A. NÕu ®¸ dÔ dµng bÞ ph¸ vì, vµ
®«i khi bÞ mòi bóa xuyªn vµo d−íi có ®Ëp nhÑ b»ng
bóa ®Þa chÊt, nã cã thÓ ®−îc ph©n lo¹i vµo Líp DII.
geology /d™i'˜l”d™i/ n khoa ®Þa chÊt, ®Þa chÊt
häc; ®Æc ®iÓm ®Þa chÊt: The science concerned with
the study of the rocks which compose the Earth: Lµ
khoa häc nghiªn cøu vÒ ®Êt ®¸ t¹o thµnh Tr¸i ®Êt o
The geology consists of an interbedded sequence of
mudstones, siltstones, and sandstones with dolerite
dike and sill intrusions and occasional thin
carbonaceous seams: §Þa chÊt bao gåm c¸c líp xen
kÏ cña bïn kÕt, sÐt kÕt, vµ c¸t kÕt víi thÓ t−êng
®olerit vµ c¸c vØa m¹ch x©m nhËp vµ thØnh tho¶ng cã
c¸c líp than cacbonat máng.
geo-mapping /'d™i˜,m“piô/ n vÏ b¶n ®å ®Þa chÊt:
Methods to acquire information about properties of
bedrock, soil and groundwater: C¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p ®Ó
kh¶o s¸t vµ cã ®−îc th«ng tin vÒ c¸c tÝnh chÊt cña
nÒn ®¸, ®Êt vµ n−íc ngÇm.
geomechanical /d™i'˜mi'k“nikl/ adj (thuéc vÒ) ®Þa
c¬ häc: The three dimensional state of stresses and
strains that is compatible with the geomechanical
properties of the ground should be maintained as far
as possible: Tr¹ng th¸i øng suÊt vµ biÕn d¹ng ba
chiÒu t−¬ng øng víi c¸c tÝnh chÊt c¬ ®Þa cña ®Êt ph¶i
®−îc duy tr× cµng l©u cµng tèt.
geomorphic, [situation, shape and pattern]
/,d™i:ou'm˜:fik ,sit‘u'ei‘n/ adj ®Þa m¹o, ®iÒu
kiÖn/d¹ng: Geologic conditions can be identified by
mapping various types of geomorphic features
related to drainage, bedding, and structure: C¸c
®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt cã thÓ x¸c ®Þnh ®−îc b»ng c¸ch vÏ
b¶n ®å nhiÒu lo¹i ®Æc ®iÓm ®Þa m¹o kh¸c nhau liªn
quan ®Õn ®Æc tÝnh tho¸t n−íc, thÕ n»m/sù ph©n líp,
vµ cÊu tróc [®Êt ®¸].
geomorphology /d™i:oum˜:'f˜l”d™i/ n ®Þa
m¹o häc: Study of landforms is often the key to
interpreting the geologic history, structure,
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
lithology, and materials at a site. Exploration
programs can be better designed and implemented
using landforms as a basis. The geomorphic history
is important in determining the relative age of faults:
ViÖc nghiªn cøu c¸c thµnh hÖ ®Êt ®¸ th−êng lµ ch×a
khãa ®Ó hiÓu ®−îc lÞch sö, cÊu tróc ®Þa chÊt, ®iÒu
kiÖn th¹ch häc, vµ c¸c vËt liÖu t¹i mét hiÖn tr−êng.
C¸c ch−¬ng tr×nh kh¶o s¸t cã thÓ ®−îc thiÕt kÕ vµ
thùc hiÖn tèt h¬n nhê sö dông c¸c thµnh t¹o ®Êt ®¸
nh− mét c¬ së. LÞch sö ®Þa m¹o lµ quan träng trong
viÖc x¸c ®Þnh tuæi t−¬ng ®èi cña c¸c ®øt g·y.
geophysical /,d™i:ou'fizik”l/ adj thuéc ®Þa vËt lý:
Some geophysical methods which can be used in
tunnel design evaluations include seismic refraction
and reflection surveys, electrical resistivity
soundings, gravity surveys, magnetic surveys,
neutron density, and gamma-gamma techniques:
Mét sè ph−¬ng ph¸p ®Þa vËt lý cã thÓ dïng trong
®¸nh gi¸ thiÕt kÕ hÇm gåm cã kh¶o s¸t ph¶n x¹ vµ
khóc x¹ ®Þa chÊn, sù dß s©u b»ng ®iÖn trë suÊt, sù ®o
vÏ träng tr−êng, kh¶o s¸t tõ tr−êng, c¸c kü thuËt mËt
®é n¬tron vµ tia gama-gama.
geophysical investigation /,d™i:ou'fizik”l
in٫vesti'gei∫n/ n kh¶o s¸t/th¨m dß ®Þa vËt lý:
Improved knowledge of geological conditions can be
obtained from the combined use of geotechnical and
geophysical means of investigations. Significant
progress has been made over the past years in the
applications of the geophysical approach to
tunneling projects, both at the design stage and
during construction: L−îng kiÕn thøc nhiÒu h¬n vÒ
®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt cã thÓ nhËn ®−îc nhê sö dông kÕt
hîp c¸c biÖn ph¸p kh¶o s¸t ®Þa kü thut vµ ®Þa vËt lý.
§· cã nh÷ng tiÕn bé ®¸ng kÓ trong nh÷ng n¨m võa
qua trong viÖc ¸p dông ph−¬ng ph¸p ®Þa vËt lý trong
c¸c dù ¸n hÇm, c¶ trong giai ®o¹n thiÕt kÕ vµ trong
khi thi c«ng.
geophysical property /,d™i:ou'fizik”l 'pr˜p”ti/ n
®Æc ®iÓm ®Þa vËt lý.
geophysical sub-bottom profiling /,d™i:ou'fizik”l
's—b'b˜t”m 'proufaili–/ n ®Æc ®iÓm (tr¾c däc) ®Þa
vËt lý cña ®¸y (s«ng, biÓn).
geophysical survey /,d™i:ou'fizik”l s”vei/ n kh¶o
s¸t ®Þa vËt lý: A scientific method of prospecting that
measures the physical properties of rock formations.
Common properties investigated include magnetism,
specific gravity, electrical conductivity and
radioactivity: Lµ mét ph−¬ng ph¸p khoa häc vÒ th¨m
dß, nã ®o ®¹c c¸c tÝnh chÊt vËt lý cña c¸c thµnh hÖ
®¸. C¸c tÝnh chÊt th«ng th−êng ®−îc ®iÒu tra bao
 145
gåm tõ tÝnh, träng l−îng riªng, tÝnh dÉn ®iÖn vµ tÝnh
phãng x¹.
geophysics /,d™i:ou'fiziks/ n ®Þa vËt lý häc:
Geophysics is a tool which can be used in geologic
studies for tunnels. Geophysical methods have the
obvious advantage of being nondestructive; they are
relatively fast, and their unit cost is low: Khoa ®Þa
vËt lý cã thÓ øng dông trong nghiªn cøu ®Þa chÊt ®Ó
lµm hÇm. C¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p ®Þa vËt lý cã −u ®iÓm næi
bËt lµ kh«ng g©y ph¸ huû (mÉu thö); chóng kh¸
nhanh, vµ cã gi¸ thµnh thÊp.
Geotechnical Baseline Report (GBR)
/,d™i:ou'teknikl 'beislain ri'pɔ:t/ n b¸o c¸o c¬ së vÒ
®Þa kü thuËt: Geotechnical Baseline Report (GBRs)
are not typical geotechnical investigation reports.
Neither are they pre-bid geotechnical evaluation
reports developed for a contractor preparing a bid
for a specific project. GBRs are charged with
portraying a realistic interpretation of the
subsurface conditions that are anticipated in the
proposed construction. The purpose of a GBR is to
establish a realistic, common basis for all
contractors to use in preparing their bids and
subsequently a basis for evaluating any contractor
claims for differing site conditions that develop
during construction. The GBR is the basis for
equitable contractual risk sharing and risk
allocation between the project owner and their
selected contractor: B¸o c¸o c¬ së vÒ ®Þa kü thuËt
(GBR) kh«ng ph¶i lµ c¸c b¸o c¸o kh¶o s¸t ®Þa kü
thuËt th«ng th−êng. Chóng còng kh«ng ph¶i lµ c¸c
b¸o c¸o ®¸nh gi¸ ®Þa kü thuËt tr−íc ®Êu thÇu ®−îc
so¹n th¶o cho mét nhµ thÇu ®ang chuÈn bÞ hå s¬
thÇu cho mét dù ¸n nhÊt ®Þnh. GBR cÇn ph¶i ®−a ra
mét sù ph©n tÝch ®óng thùc tÕ vÒ c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa
chÊt mµ chóng ®−îc dù kiÕn trong qu¸ tr×nh thi c«ng.
Môc ®Ých cña GBR lµ thiÕt lËp mét c¬ së thùc tÕ,
chung cho mäi nhµ thÇu ®Ó sö dông trong khi chuÈn
bÞ hå s¬ thÇu cña hä, sau ®ã, nã lµ c¬ së ®Ó ®¸nh gi¸
c¸c kiÖn c¸o cña nhµ thÇu vÒ c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt
thay ®æi mµ chóng n¶y sinh trong khi thi c«ng. GBR
lµ c¬ së cho sù chia sÎ rñi ro vµ ph©n bæ rñi ro dùa
trªn hîp ®ång c«ng b»ng gi÷a chñ ®Çu t− vµ nhµ
thÇu ®−îc chän.
geotechnical characterization /,d™i:ou'teknikl
,kæriktərai'zei∫n/ n mô tả điều kiện ®Þa kü thuËt:
The investigations and the tests aimed to find direct
values or indirect correlations with the geotechnical
parameters of the geological materials and of the
geological formations. Also the carrying out of the
geomechanical classifications: Là những khảo sát và
thí nghiệm nhằm mục đích tìm ra các giá trị trực tiếp
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
hay những mối liên hệ gián tiếp với các thông số địa
kỹ thuật của các vật liệu địa chất và của các thành
hệ địa chất. Nó cũng là sự thực hiện những phân
loại địa cơ học.
geotechnology /,d™i:outek'n˜l”d™i/ n khoa ®Þa kü
thuËt, ®Þa kü thuËt häc: Every work of construction
in civil engineering is built on soil or rock and in
many instances these are also the raw materials of
construction. The study of soil and rock materials is
an important part of a wider area of study often
called geotechnology. Mäi c«ng viÖc x©y dùng trong
ngµnh kü thuËt c«ng tr×nh ®Òu ®−îc tiÕn hµnh trªn
®Êt hay ®¸ vµ trong nhiÒu tr−êng hîp ®Êt ®¸ còng lµ
nguyªn liÖu cho thi c«ng. Ngµnh nghiªn cøu vÒ vËt
liÖu ®Êt vµ ®¸ lµ mét phÇn quan träng cña mét lÜnh
vùc nghiªn cøu réng h¬n th−êng gäi lµ ®Þa kü thuËt
häc.
geotextile /,d™i:ou'tekstail/ n v¶i ®Þa kü thuËt:
Geotextiles are numerous fabrics (such as woven or
nonwoven textiles, PP,PP/PVC, PP/PA and
polyester spun-laid fabrics…) that are applied for
ground stabilisation and containment, for separation
and for drainage and filtration purposes: V¶i ®Þa kü
thuËt lµ c¸c lo¹i v¶i rÊt ®a d¹ng (nh− v¶i dÖt vµ
kh«ng dÖt, c¸c lo¹i v¶i polypropylen PP,
polypropylen/polyvinyl clorua PP/PVC,
polypropylen/polyamid PP/PA vµ v¶i polyester s¶n
xuÊt b»ng c¸ch quay (xe)), mµ chóng ®−îc øng dông
cho gia cè vµ ng¨n ®Êt, cho c¸c môc ®Ých ph©n c¸ch,
tho¸t n−íc vµ läc o Geotextiles have proved
valuable in controlling coastal and river erosion,
and in providing soil stabilisation in the construction
of causeways and in land reclamation projects: V¶i
®Þa kü thuËt ®· chøng tá lµ rÊt cã gi¸ trÞ trong viÖc
kiÓm so¸t xãi mßn s«ng vµ bê biÓn, trong viÖc æn
®Þnh hãa ®Êt khi x©y dùng ®−êng ®¾p cao, còng nh−
c¸c dù ¸n c¶i t¹o ®Êt o For drainage and
irrigation, geotextiles may be matched to the particle
size distributions and permeabilities of soils to
optimise flow. Nonwoven matting can provide very
efficient drainage at the face of retaining walls and
abutments, taking off water directly to slit polymer
pipes: §èi víi tho¸t n−íc vµ thñy lîi, v¶i ®Þa kü
thuËt cã thÓ ®−îc s¶n xuÊt phï hîp víi ph©n bè cì
h¹t vµ tÝnh thÊm cña ®Êt ®Ó t¹o dßng ch¶y thuËn lîi
nhÊt. C¸ch thøc bÖn kh«ng dÖt cã thÓ t¹o nªn sù
tho¸t n−íc rÊt hiÖu qu¶ t¹i mÆt t−êng ch¾n vµ mè
cÇu, dÉn n−íc trùc tiÕp tíi c¸c èng polyme cã khÝa
r·nh.
geothermal gradient /,dʒi:ou'θə:məl 'greidjənt/
n cÊp ®Þa nhiÖt: Increase of the temperature of the
earth from the surface downwards, averaging about
 146
1 degree Fahrenheit for each 60 feet: Lµ sù t¨ng
nhiÖt ®é cña vá tr¸i ®Êt tõ bÒ mÆt trë xuèng, cã gi¸
trÞ trung b×nh kho¶ng 1 ®é Fahrenheit cho mçi 60 ft.
girder or rib (lattice) /’g”:d” / rib/ n dÇm/s−ên/v×
chèng thÐp: A steel (lattice) arch normally erected at
regular centres as the tunnel advances. It is
sequentially erected from component parts as the
lining is progressively formed and encapsulated
within the shotcrete. It is normally provided in the
crown section to provide temporary protection to
miners from the risk of collapse. The girders can be
fully circumferential: Lµ mét vßm (l−íi) thÐp chèng
®ì th−êng ®−îc dùng c¸ch ®Òu nhau khi viÖc ®µo
hÇm tiÕn lªn. Nã ®−îc l¾p ®Æt tuÇn tù tõ c¸c bé phËn
thµnh phÇn khi vá hÇm dÇn dÇn ®−îc thi c«ng vµ
®−îc bao bäc kÝn trong bªt«ng phun. Nã th−êng
®−îc l¾p ë phÇn vßm hÇm ®Ó b¶o vÖ t¹m thêi cho thî
®µo hÇm khái nguy c¬ bÞ sËp ®æ. C¸c dÇm nµy cã thÓ
chèng trªn suèt chu vi mÆt c¾t hÇm.
GIS (Geographic Information System)
/d™i”'gr“fik ,infə'mei∫n 'sist”m/ n HÖ thèng Th«ng
tin §Þa lý: A geographic information system (GIS) is
a system for managing spatial data and associated
attributes. In the strictest sense, it is a computer
system capable of integrating, storing, editing,
analyzing, and displaying geographically-referenced
information: Mét HÖ thèng Th«ng tin §Þa lý (GIS) lµ
mét hÖ thèng ®Ó qu¶n lý d÷ liÖu kh«ng gian vµ c¸c
thuéc tÝnh liªn quan. Theo mét nghÜa chÆt chÏ nhÊt,
®ã lµ mét hÖ thèng m¸y tÝnh cã kh¶ n¨ng tÝch hîp,
l−u tr÷, biªn tËp, ph©n tÝch, vµ thÓ hiÖn c¸c th«ng tin
®−îc tham chiÕu vÒ mÆt ®Þa lý o Existing tunnels
often exhibit important structural defects in the
concrete liner due to ageing, weathering or
improper construction techniques. Some inspection
procedures are used to determine critical points
which are then recorded on a GIS-based data
storage system (Geographic Information System):
C¸c hÇm cò th−êng cã nh÷ng khuyÕt tËt nghiªm
träng trong kÕt cÊu vá hÇm bªt«ng do qu¸ tr×nh l·o
hãa, phong hãa hay do c¸c kü thuËt thi c«ng kh«ng
®óng c¸ch. Ng−êi ta dïng mét sè ph−¬ng ph¸p kiÓm
tra ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh nh÷ng ®iÓm träng yÕu råi sau ®ã ghi
vµo mét hÖ thèng l−u tr÷ d÷ liÖu dùa trªn HÖ thèng
Th«ng tin §Þa lý (GIS).
GIS Substation /'sʌb'stei‘n/ n [tr¹m phô, tr¹m
nh¸nh, ph©n tr¹m biÕn ¸p] cã c¸c chuyÓn m¹ch/m¸y
biÕn thÕ kiÓu c¸ch ®iÖn b»ng khÝ (GIS = Gas
Insulated Switchgear): Metro lines and hydropower
stations often require the installation of medium-
voltage and high-voltage gas insulated switchgears
(GIS). Main features of new generation of GIS, like
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
extremely low space requirements and high
reliablility, offer smart and economic solutions for
complex switchgear applications, e.g. in densely
populated areas, for aesthetic town planning or
under severe environmental impact: C¸c tuyÕn xe
®iÖn ngÇm (mªtr«) vµ c¸c nhµ m¸y thñy ®iÖn th−êng
®ßi hái ph¶i l¾p ®Æt c¸c m¸y biÕn ¸p c¸ch ®iÖn b»ng
khÝ (GIS) lo¹i cao thÕ vµ trung thÕ. C¸c ®Æc ®iÓm
chÝnh cña thÕ hÖ míi cña m¸y biÕn ¸p c¸ch ®iÖn
b»ng khÝ (GIS), vÝ dô nh− ®ßi hái rÊt Ýt kh«ng gian vµ
®é tin cËy cao, ®· t¹o ra nh÷ng gi¶i ph¸p th«ng minh
vµ kinh tÕ cho nh÷ng øng dông m¸y biÕn thÕ phøc
t¹p, ch¼ng h¹n t¹i c¸c khu vùc ®«ng d©n c−, cho viÖc
quy ho¹ch thÈm mü thµnh phè hoÆc d−íi t¸c ®éng
cña m«i tr−êng kh¾c nghiÖt.
glare /gle”/ n sù lãa m¾t; ¸nh chãi: The sensation
produced by brightness within the visual field that is
sufficiently more intense than the luminance to
which the eyes are adapted to cause discomfort or
loss in visual performance and visibility: C¶m gi¸c
sinh ra bëi ®é chãi trong ph¹m vi tÇm nh×n mµ nã
g¾t h¬n mét møc ®é chãi nhÊt ®Þnh, t¹i ®ã m¾t ®−îc
®iÒu tiÕt ®Ó g©y ra khã chÞu hoÆc suy gi¶m n¨ng lùc
nh×n vµ tÇm nh×n.
glass fiber /glɑ:s 'faib”/ n sîi thñy tinh:
reinforcing fiber made by drawing molten glass
through bushings; the predominant reinforcement
for polymer matrix composites, known for its good
strength, process ability, and low cost: lµ lo¹i sîi gia
c−êng chÕ t¹o b»ng c¸ch kÐo thñy tinh nãng ch¶y
qua c¸c khu«n kÐo sîi; lµ lo¹i cèt gia c−êng chñ yÕu
cho c¸c vËt liÖu composit cÊu tróc polyme, næi tiÕng
v× c−êng ®é cao, kh¶ n¨ng gia c«ng, vµ gi¸ thµnh
thÊp cña nã.
glass-fiber reinforced cement /glɑ:s-'faib”/ n
xim¨ng gia c−êng b»ng sîi thñy tinh: a composition
material consisting essentially of a matrix of
hydraulic cement paste or mortar reinforced with
glass fibers; typically precast into units less than 1-
in. (25-mm) thick: Lµ mét vËt liÖu tæ hîp t¹o thµnh
chñ yÕu tõ mét m¹ng l−íi hå hoÆc v÷a xim¨ng thñy
lùc ®−îc gia c−êng b»ng sîi thñy tinh; th«ng th−êng
®−îc ®óc s½n thµnh c¸c khèi cã chiÒu dµy máng h¬n
25 mm.
glove /glʌv/ n g¨ng tay lao ®éng: Gloves
appropriate to the worker's task, such as those used
by electricians where insulation is important or by
iron workers for climbing structural steel, should be
worn: B¾t buéc ph¶i mang g¨ng tay b¶o hé thÝch hîp
víi tõng c«ng viÖc cña ng−êi c«ng nh©n, vÝ dô nh−
lo¹i g¨ng dïng bëi thî ®iÖn khi cÇn ph¶i c¸ch ly,
 147
hoÆc g¨ng dïng bëi thî s¾t hµn ®Ó leo trÌo c¸c kÕt
cÊu thÐp.
gneiss /nais/ n ®¸ g¬nai: Coarse-grained foliated
rock (of quartz, feldspar and mica) formed by
regional metamorphism, in which bands of granular
minerals alternate with bands of flattened, elongated
minerals showing preferred orientation parallel to
the banding: Lµ lo¹i ®¸ d¹ng phiÕn to h¹t (cã th¹ch
anh, fenspat vµ mica) t¹o thµnh bëi sù biÕn chÊt côc
bé, trong ®ã c¸c d¶i kho¸ng vËt d¹ng h¹t xen lÉn víi
c¸c d¶i kho¸ng vËt máng dÑt, dµi thÓ hiÖn sù ®Þnh
h−íng −u tiªn theo ph−¬ng song song víi cÊu tróc
d¶i.
goggles /'g˜glz/ n kÝnh b¶o hé, kÝnh r©m che m¾t
khi hµn: Goggles for welding, chipping, spray
painting, or any work that might endanger eyes are
a requirement that should be enforced: KÝnh b¶o hé
- dïng cho viÖc hµn, ®Ëp vì r×a xêm cña ®¸, xÞt s¬n,
hay bÊt cø c«ng viÖc nµo cã thÓ g©y nguy hiÓm cho
m¾t - lµ mét yªu cÇu ph¶i ®−îc thùc thi.
gouge /gaudʒ/ n (1) vôn bét ®Êt ®¸, ®íi bÞ nghiÒn
vôn: Fine-grained (silt- and clay-size) material
formed of rock ground down by severe earth
movement. Commonly found in fault zones and
known as 'fault gouge'. Also known as 'rock flour'.
Does not behave as a silt/clay if the original rocks
are not argillaceous: Lµ vËt liÖu h¹t mÞn (cì h¹t sÐt
vµ bïn) h×nh thµnh tõ ®Êt ®¸ ch×m xuèng do chuyÓn
®éng ®Êt d÷ déi. Th−êng t×m thÊy t¹i c¸c vïng ®øt
g·y vµ ®−îc gäi lµ 'vôn ®øt g·y'. Còng ®−îc gäi lµ
'bét ®¸'. Nã kh«ng hµnh xö nh− lµ mét ®Êt sÐt/bïn
nÕu nh− ®¸ gèc kh«ng chøa sÐt.
gouge /gaudʒ/ n (2) vôn bét ®Êt ®¸, ®íi bÞ nghiÒn
vôn: Finely abraded or pulverized rock particles and
claylike altered rock found between the walls or
within the fractures of a fault or shear zone; the
result of grinding movements that crushe the affected
rock: Lµ c¸c h¹t ®¸ bÞ nghiÒn thµnh bét hay bÞ bµo
mßn rÊt mÞn, vµ ®¸ ®· biÕn ®æi thµnh mét thø gièng
nh− sÐt, t×m thÊy n»m gi÷a c¸c v¸ch hoÆc bªn trong
c¸c khu vì n¸t cña mét ®øt g·y hay vïng c¾t; lµ kÕt
qu¶ cña c¸c chuyÓn ®éng g©y ra mµi nghiÒn mµ nã
cµ n¸t vïng ®¸ n»m trong tÇm ¶nh h−ëng.
gouge zone /gaudʒ zoun/ n vïng [bét ®Êt ®¸,
nghiÒn vôn]: A layer of fine, wet, clayey material
occurring near, in, or at either side of a fault or fault
zone: Lµ mét líp vËt liÖu mÞn, −ít, cã chøa sÐt cã
mÆt gÇn, trong, hay ë mét trong hai mÆt bªn cña mét
®øt g·y hay vïng ®øt g·y.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
GPS (Global Positioning System) /dʒi:pi:es/ n
HÖ thèng ®Þnh vÞ toµn cÇu: A satellite system using
24 satellites orbiting the earth at 10,900 miles that
enables users to pinpoint precise locations using the
satellites as reference points. Global Positioning
System measures transmission time of electronic
waves from a man-made satellite and obtains the
precise location of the receiving point on earth: Lµ
mét hÖ thèng vÖ tinh sö dông 24 vÖ tinh quay quanh
tr¸i ®Êt ë ®é cao 17.540km ®Ó cho phÐp ng−êi sö
dông x¸c ®Þnh ®−îc c¸c vÞ trÝ chÝnh x¸c víi c¸c vÖ
tinh lµ ®iÓm quy chiÕu. HÖ thèng ®Þnh vÞ toµn cÇu ®o
thêi gian truyÒn cña sãng ®iÖn tö tõ mét vÖ tinh nh©n
t¹o vµ x¸c ®Þnh ®−îc vÞ trÝ chÝnh x¸c cña ®iÓm tiÕp
nhËn trªn mÆt ®Êt o The antenna and the satellites
are required to be in "line-of-sight" with each other.
GPS cannot be used for underground positioning in
tunnels, mines, or subsurface marine navigation. But
differential GPS techniques have been used to
increase the accuracy of the borehole database,
rectify images, and assess the spatial accuracy of the
GIS data: ¡ng-ten vµ c¸c vÖ tinh cÇn ph¶i "nh×n thÊy
nhau". GPS kh«ng thÓ dïng ®−îc cho viÖc ®Þnh vÞ
d−íi ngÇm trong c¸c hÇm, má, hay kh¶o s¸t ®¸y
biÓn. Nh−ng nhiÒu kü thuËt GPS kh¸c nhau ®· ®−îc
dïng ®Ó lµm t¨ng ®é chÝnh x¸c cña c¬ së d÷ liÖu lç
khoan, hiÖu chØnh c¸c h×nh ¶nh, vµ ®¸nh gi¸ ®é
chÝnh x¸c kh«ng gian cña d÷ liÖu cña HÖ thèng
Th«ng tin §Þa lý GIS.
gradation /gr”'dei‘n/ n sù ph©n cÊp, ph©n lo¹i;
cÊp phèi: The distribution of particles of granular
material among standard sizes usually expressed in
terms of cumulative percentages larger or smaller
than each of a series of sieve openings: CÊp phèi lµ
sù ph©n bè c¸c h¹t cña vËt liÖu d¹ng h¹t theo c¸c
kÝch cì tiªu chuÈn, th−êng biÓu diÔn b»ng phÇn tr¨m
luü tÝch lín h¬n hay nhá h¬n mçi mét trong d·y c¸c
cì m¾t sµng o ACI 506-2 Gradation No. 2 for
aggregates is the most popular for normal
underground use: CÊp phèi vËt liÖu ACI 506-2 No.2
lµ th«ng dông nhÊt trong øng dông c«ng tr×nh ngÇm
b×nh th−êng.
grade /greid/ n ®é dèc, dèc: The overall vertical
alignment of an underground opening. Upgrades in
tunnels carrying heavy traffic are preferably limited
to 3.5% to reduce ventilation requirements. For
downgrade traffic, 4% or more is desirable: Lµ s¬
®å tr¾c däc tæng thÓ cña mét hang ngÇm. §é lªn dèc
trong c¸c hÇm mËt ®é giao th«ng lín th−êng nªn giíi
h¹n ë 3,5% ®Ó gi¶m yªu cÇu th«ng giã. Víi luång xe
xuèng dèc, nªn chän ®é dèc 4% hoÆc lín h¬n.
 148
grade /greid/ n ®é dèc, dèc: Locally, the same as
"gradient", i.e., the rate of incline or decline in terms
of degrees from the horizontal, percent of rise to the
horizontal distance, or in feet of vertical projection
per mile of horizontal projection: VÒ mÆt nghÜa hÑp,
nã gièng nh− “gra®ien”, tøc lµ møc ®é nghiªng lªn
hay nghiªng xuèng tÝnh b»ng ®é (0) kÓ tõ ®−êng n»m
ngang, phÇn tr¨m cña chiÒu ®øng trªn chiÒu dµi
ngang, hoÆc theo sè phót (ft) chiÒu ®øng trªn sè dÆm
chiÒu ngang.
grade-level /greid 'levl/ n møc mÆt ®Êt: The level of
the ground surface: Lµ cao ®é cña mÆt ®Êt.
grade-separated /greid ,sep”'reitid/ adj giao c¾t
kh¸c møc: Does not cross or lie in a street or at
street level: Kh«ng c¾t qua hoÆc n»m trªn mét ®−êng
phè hoÆc t¹i cao ®é mÆt phè.
grade separation /greid ,sep”'rei‘n/ n giao c¾t
kh¸c møc: The crossing of two transportation
elements one above the other rather than at a
surface intersection: Giao nhau cña hai luång giao
th«ng luång nµy phÝa trªn luång kia chø kh«ng ph¶i
t¹i mét giao c¾t trªn cïng bÒ mÆt.
gradient of tunnel /'greidj”nt/ n ®é dèc, gra®ien
cña hÇm: The Dutch have found it feasible to
construct and operate rail tunnels under shallow
canals at gradients up to 2.5%: Ng−êi Hµ Lan ®·
nhËn thÊy r»ng cã thÓ x©y dùng vµ vËn hµnh c¸c
hÇm ®−êng s¾t n»m d−íi c¸c kªnh n«ng víi ®é dèc
tíi 2,5%.
grading /'greidi–/ n thµnh phÇn cì h¹t, cÊp phèi:
Particle size distribution, defined as the percentages
of the various grain sizes present in a soil as
determined by sieving and sedimentation: Lµ sù
ph©n bè kÝch th−íc h¹t, ®−îc ®Þnh nghÜa lµ sè phÇn
tr¨m c¸c cì h¹t kh¸c nhau cã trong mét lo¹i ®Êt nhê
x¸c ®Þnh b»ng viÖc sµng vµ tÝch ®äng.
grading requirement /'greidi– ri'kwai”m”nt/ n
yªu cÇu vÒ thµnh phÇn cì h¹t, yªu cÇu vÒ cÊp phèi
h¹t.
granite /'gr“nit/ n ®¸ granit: Light coloured, fine-
to coarse-grained, acid igneous rock compposed
principally of alkali feldspar, quarts and biotite, with
some plagioclase feldspar. Commonly forms both
major intrusive bodies and minor intrusions such as
dykes: Lµ lo¹i ®¸ nói löa cã tÝnh axit, nh¹t mµu, cì
h¹t mÞn tíi th«, chñ yÕu bao gåm kho¸ng vËt fenspat
kiÒm, th¹ch anh vµ biotit, víi mét Ýt fenspat
plagioclaz. Nã th−êng t¹o thµnh c¸c khèi ®¸ x©m
nhËp lín vµ c¸c thÓ x©m nhËp nhá nh− c¸c ®ai m¹ch
(thÓ t−êng).
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
granodiorite /,gr“nou'dai”rait/ n ®¸ granodiorit:
A coarse-grained crystalline, intrusive rock with a
general composition of quartz (10-20 percent),
feldspar (50-60 percent), mostly sodium-rich
feldspar, and mafic minerals such as biotite (20-30
percent) : Lµ mét ®¸ x©m nhËp, kÕt tinh h¹t lín víi
mét thµnh phÇn tæng qu¸t lµ th¹ch anh tõ 10-20%,
fenspat tõ 50-60%, hÇu hÕt fenspat giµu Natri, vµ
c¸c kho¸ng vËt mafic (chøa magiª-s¾t) nh− biotit
(20-30%).
granular /'gr“njul”/ adj d¹ng h¹t: Engineering
term for a cohesionless soil, i.e. one which cannot
form a coherent mass: Lµ mét thuËt ng÷ kü thuËt chØ
mét lo¹i ®Êt kh«ng dÝnh, tøc lµ nã kh«ng thÓ tù h×nh
thµnh mét khèi cè kÕt ®−îc.
granular soil /'gr“njul” s˜il/ n ®Êt d¹ng h¹t: The
stability of granular soils can be adequate for
tunneling if there is some clay binder present or if
the soil is moist and the negative pore pressure
developed at the freshly cut surface does not
dissipate too rapidly: §é æn ®Þnh cña c¸c ®Êt d¹ng
h¹t cã thÓ lµ ®ñ cho viÖc lµm hÇm nÕu nh− cã mÆt
mét Ýt chÊt liªn kÕt b»ng ®Êt sÐt, hay nÕu nh− ®Êt lµ
Èm vµ ¸p lùc n−íc lç rçng ©m t¸c dông trªn bÒ mÆt
míi ®µo kh«ng ph©n t¸n qu¸ nhanh.
gravel (bed) foundation /'gr“v”l bed faun'dei∫n/
n mãng b»ng nÒn sái: See Screeded Foundation: Xem
“Screeded Foundation”.
gravelling /'gr“vli–/ n r¶i sái: The process of
forcing pea gravel into the tail void created by a
shield to prevent ground settlement. The process is
always followed by cement grouting: Lµ qu¸ tr×nh
nhåi sái nhá vµo trong lç rçng phÝa sau t¹o ra bëi
mét khiªn ®µo ®Ó chèng lón ®Êt. Qóa tr×nh nµy lu«n
®−îc nèi tiÕp b»ng viÖc b¬m v÷a xim¨ng.
graveyard shift = backshift /'greivjɑ:d ∫i:ft/ n ca
®ªm: Shift that extends from midnight to 8:00 am.
See Day shift, Swing shift: Lµ ca lµm viÖc kÐo dµi tõ
nöa ®ªm ®Õn 8 giê s¸ng. Ph©n biÖt víi ca ngµy, ca
tèi.
graving dock /'greivi– d˜k/ n x−ëng c¹n: An area
that can be dewatered to form a casting basin: Lµ
mét khu vùc mµ cã thÓ b¬m c¹n n−íc ®Ó t¹o thµnh
mét bÓ ®óc c¸c ®èt hÇm d×m.
gravity meter, gravimeter /'græviti/ n dông cô ®o
träng lùc: An instrument for measuring the
gravitational attraction of the Earth; gravitational
attraction varies with the density of the rocks in the
vicinity: Lµ mét dông cô ®Ó ®o lùc hÊp dÉn cña Tr¸i
®Êt; lùc träng tr−êng thay ®æi theo träng l−îng riªng
cña ®¸ ë xung quanh.
 149
gravity wall /'græviti w˜:l/ n t−êng träng lùc:
Gravity walls are designed to resist overturning
moments and horizontal sliding forces by their own
weight. Two acceptable forms include un-reinforced
concrete or cribbing walls (either timber or
concrete): T−êng träng lùc ®−îc thiÕt kÕ ®Ó chèng l¹i
c¸c m«men lËt vµ c¸c lùc g©y tr−ît ngang nhê träng
l−îng b¶n th©n cña nã. Hai d¹ng t−êng ch¾n ®−îc
chÊp nhËn lµ t−êng bªt«ng kh«ng cèt thÐp vµ t−êng
giµn còi (b»ng gç hoÆc bªt«ng).
green belt /gri:n belt/ n vµnh ®ai xanh: A ring or
partial ring of green space planned around an urban
area to control sprawl and/or to preserve natural
areas close to the city: Lµ mét vµnh ®ai kÝn hay hë
cña kh«ng gian xanh ®−îc quy ho¹ch quanh mét khu
®« thÞ ®Ó kiÓm so¸t sù më réng/ph×nh ra lén xén
vµ/hoÆc ®Ó b¶o tån c¸c vïng tù nhiªn gÇn thµnh phè.
green field site /gri:n fi:ld sait/ n c«ng tr−êng/b·i
®óc gi÷a ®ång: An area above water level converted
to enable construction of tunnel elements, usually
steel shell tunnels. The elements may be side or end
launched into the water when capable of floating, or
may be incrementally launched: Lµ mét vïng phÝa
trªn cao ®é mÆt n−íc ®· chuyÓn ®æi/c¶i t¹o nh»m
cho phÐp thi c«ng c¸c ®èt hÇm, th−êng lµ hÇm vá
thÐp. C¸c ®èt hÇm cã thÓ ®−îc lao l¾p tõ bªn c¹nh
hay theo chiÒu däc xuèng n−íc khi cã kh¶ n¨ng næi
®−îc, hoÆc cã thÓ ®−îc lao ®Èy dÇn.
gripper /'gri:p”/ n thiÕt bÞ kÑp (cña m¸y TBM):
When rock tunnels have been excavated with tunnel
boring machines in the past, such machines typically
consisted of a cutter wheel with disk or teeth cutters,
and with two pairs of grippers thrusted against the
rock, to move the machine forward: Khi c¸c hÇm
trong ®¸ ®−îc ®µo b»ng c¸c m¸y khoan hÇm tr−íc
®©y, c¸c m¸y ®ã th−êng cã mét vµnh c¾t g¾n c¸c vÊu
c¾t h×nh r¨ng hoÆc h×nh ®Üa, vµ cã hai cÆp thiÕt bÞ
kÑp ®¹p vµo t−êng ®¸, ®Ó ®Èy m¸y tiÕn lªn.
gripper carrier /'gri:p” 'kæriə(r)/ n gi¸ mang thiÕt
bÞ kÑp (cña m¸y TBM).
gripper cylinders /'gri:p” 'silind”/ n xilanh cña
thiÕt bÞ kÑp (cña m¸y TBM).
gripper jacks /'gri:p” dʒ“k/ n kÝch cña thiÕt bÞ
kÑp (cña m¸y TBM).
gripper shield /'gri:p” dʒ“k/ n khiªn ®µo cã thiÕt
bÞ kÑp: A shielded rock or hard-earth tunnel boring
machine equipped to move forward by reacting (i.e.,
exerting shove forces) against the tunnel walls
through a hydraulic gripper reaction system: Lµ mét
m¸y khoan hÇm trong ®Êt cøng hay trong ®¸ ®ì b»ng
khiªn, ®−îc trang bÞ ®Ó tiÕn lªn phÝa tr−íc b»ng c¸ch
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
®¹p (tøc lµ t¹o ra lùc khÊu c¾t ®Êt) vµo c¸c t−êng
hÇm nhê mét hÖ thèng t¹o lùc Ðp b»ng thiÕt bÞ kÑp
thñy lùc.
gripper shoes / gripper pads /'gri:p” ∫u: / p“dz/
n thiÕt bÞ kÑp, ch©n Ðp ngang (cña m¸y TBM): The
gripper pads consist of curved shoes with conical
button inserts that are thrust against the tunnel wall
during excavation to hold the machine in position. In
addition, there are smaller support legs at the rear
of the machine that are used only during the advance
cycle: C¸c ch©n Ðp ngang cÊu t¹o tõ c¸c tÊm Ðp cong
cã c¸c nóm h×nh c«n ®Ó Ðp vµo t−êng hÇm trong qu¸
tr×nh ®µo cña m¸y TBM nh»m gi÷ cho nã æn ®Þnh.
Ngoµi ra, cßn cã c¸c ch©n chèng nhá h¬n ë phÝa sau
cña m¸y nh−ng chóng chØ dïng trong chu kú tiÕn lªn
o With the completion of the starter tunnel and the
placing of the gripper support pads, assembly of the
TBM in the tunnel can be started: Sau khi ®µo xong
hÇm khëi t¹o vµ ®Æt c¸c tÊm ®Õ cña thiÕt bÞ kÑp, lµ
lóc b¾t ®Çu l¾p r¸p m¸y khoan hÇm TBM.
gripper TBM /'gri:p” ti:bi:em/ n m¸y khoan hÇm
kiÓu thiÕt bÞ kÑp: A rock tunnel boring machine
which generally utilizes roller disc cutters as
excavation tools and which moves forward by
reacting (i.e., exerting shove forces) against the
tunnel walls through a hydraulic gripper reaction
system: Lµ mét m¸y khoan hÇm trong ®¸ mµ nãi
chung nã sö dông c¸c l−ìi c¾t kiÓu ®Üa quay lµm
c«ng cô ®µo, vµ nã di chuyÓn vÒ phÝa tr−íc b»ng
c¸ch t¸c dông ph¶n lùc (t¹o ra lùc tiÕn khiªn) vµo
c¸c t−êng hÇm nhê mét hÖ thèng t¹o lùc Ðp b»ng
thiÕt bÞ kÑp thñy lùc.
grommet /'gr˜mit/ n vßng ®Öm; lç c¸p, khuy
m¾t ngçng: Rings of compressible material inserted
under heads and nuts of bolts connecting sections of
tunnel liners to seal the bolt hole: Lµ c¸c vßng lµm
b»ng vËt liÖu nÐn ®−îc chÌn vµo d−íi mò vµ ®ai èc
cña c¸c bul«ng liªn kÕt c¸c ®o¹n vá hÇm, nh»m bÝt
kÝn lç bul«ng.
ground anchor /'graund '“–k”/ n neo ®Êt: Part of
a ground support system consisting of a tendon
inserted in a drilled hole, secured at the remote end,
usually by means of a grouted plug, and tightened or
tensioned against the ground retaining member in
the system. See also rock bolt: Lµ mét phÇn cña mét
hÖ thèng chèng ®ì ®Êt bao gåm mét bã c¸p/thanh
thÐp Ên vµo mét lç khoan s½n, neo chÆt t¹i ®Çu phÝa
xa, th−êng b»ng mét nót v÷a b¬m, vµ vÆn chÆt hay
kÐo c¨ng tú vµo bé phËn ch¾n gi÷ ®Êt cña hÖ thèng.
Xem thªm phÇn “rock bolt - neo ®¸”.
 150
ground arch /'graund ɑ:t∫/ n vßm ®Êt ®¸ tù chèng
®ì phÝa trªn nãc hÇm: The rock located immediately
above a tunnel which transfers the overburden load
onto rock located on both sides of the tunnel. The
zone of arching is usually equal in height to 1.5
times the tunnel diameter. Overburden rock / ground
above the ground-arch remains unaffected by the
tunnel operations: Lµ phÇn khèi ®¸ ngay phÝa trªn
mét hÇm mµ nã truyÒn t¶i träng líp dÊt phñ lªn phÇn
®¸ n»m ë c¶ hai bªn thµnh hÇm. Vïng t¹o vßm ¸p
lùc nµy th−êng cã chiÒu cao b»ng kho¶ng 1,5 lÇn
®−êng kÝnh hÇm. PhÇn ®Êt/®¸ thuéc líp phñ phÝa
trªn vßm ¸p lùc sÏ gi÷ nguyªn kh«ng bÞ ¶nh h−ëng
bëi c¸c ho¹t ®éng thi c«ng hÇm.
ground assessment /'graund ”'sesm”nt/ n ®¸nh
gi¸ [®Êt ®¸, ®Þa chÊt]: Following an excavation
failure at the Kinmel tunnel due to unforeseen
ground conditions, an assessment of groundwater
behavior and an independent ground assessment had
been provided for a successful claim against
contractor's client: Sau vô sËp lë t¹i hÇm Kinmel do
gÆp c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt kh«ng l−êng tr−íc, nhµ
thÇu ®· tiÕn hµnh mét cuéc kh¶o s¸t vÒ ®éng th¸i
n−íc ngÇm vµ ®¸nh gi¸ ®Þa chÊt ®éc lËp, sau ®ã ®·
chøng minh thµnh c«ng víi chñ ®Çu t− vÒ nguyªn
nh©n kh¸ch quan nµy.
ground classification /'graund ,kl“sifi'kei∫n/ n sù
ph©n lo¹i ®Êt ®¸: When pricing a NATM contract, the
rock is classified and excavation and support are
paid for according to the ground classification
proposed by the contractor during the excavation
and certified by the client: Khi dù to¸n gi¸ cho mét
hîp ®ång hÇm NATM, ®¸ sÏ ®−îc ph©n lo¹i, c«ng
t¸c ®µo vµ che chèng sÏ ®−îc thanh to¸n theo thang
ph©n lo¹i ®Êt ®¸ do nhµ thÇu ®Ò xuÊt trong qu¸ tr×nh
®µo hÇm vµ ®−îc chÊp thuËn bëi chñ ®Çu t−.
ground conditions /'graund k”n'di∫n/ n ®iÒu
kiÖn/ t×nh tr¹ng ®Þa chÊt: For economically viable
tunnelling a method characterized by cost
effectiveness and flexibility to adopt changing
ground conditions and accuracy required in the
prediction of rock mass quality during planning are
crucial: §Ó viÖc lµm hÇm kh¶ thi vÒ mÆt kinh tÕ, ®iÒu
rÊt quan träng lµ ph¶i chän ®−îc mét ph−¬ng ph¸p
®−îc ®Æc tr−ng bëi tÝnh hiÖu qu¶ vÒ gi¸ thµnh vµ linh
ho¹t nh»m thÝch øng víi c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt thay
®æi vµ ®é chÝnh x¸c yªu cÇu trong viÖc dù b¸o chÊt
l−îng khèi ®¸ trong giai ®o¹n lËp kÕ ho¹ch.
ground control /'graund k”n'troul/ n kiÓm so¸t ®Êt
®¸: The term generally refers to measures (bolt,
shotcrete, etc.) taken to prevent roof falls or rock
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
bursts: Nãi chung lµ c¸c biÖn ph¸p (nh− bul«ng neo,
bªt«ng phun) ®−îc thùc thi ®Ó ng¨n chÆn lë nãc hÇm
vµ næ ®¸.
ground heat /'graund hi:t/ n nhiÖt trong ®Êt: In the
1980's, deep foundations were first used for
geothermal heat extraction by placing heat absorber
tubes in concrete foundation elements in contact
with the ground to extract ground heat: Trong nh÷ng
n¨m 1980, c¸c mãng s©u lÇn ®Çu tiªn ®· ®−îc sö
dông ®Ó thu nhiÖt tõ lßng ®Êt, b»ng c¸ch ®Æt c¸c èng
hÊp thô nhiÖt trong c¸c cÊu kiÖn mãng bªt«ng tiÕp
xóc víi ®Êt ®Ó thu ®−îc ®Þa nhiÖt o Foundation
elements such as bored piles and diaphragm walls
as well as tunnel linings can be used as absorber
elements for ground heat use. Absorber tubes are
placed inside the concrete elements and a cooling /
heating fluid is circulated through the system.
Practical applications have been constructed in
Austria, most recently at the new metro line U2 of
the Vienna metro system: C¸c kÕt cÊu mãng nh− cäc
khoan nhåi, t−êng trong ®Êt, vµ vá hÇm ®Òu cã thÓ
®−îc sö dông nh− lµ c¸c bé phËn hÊp thô nh»m sö
dông ®Þa nhiÖt. C¸c èng hÊp thô ®−îc ch«n trong kÕt
cÊu bªt«ng vµ mét chÊt láng lµm l¹nh / nung nãng
®−îc dÉn tuÇn hoµn qua hÖ thèng èng nµy. C¸c øng
dông thùc tÕ ®· tõng ®−îc thùc hiÖn t¹i ¸o, gÇn ®©y
nhÊt lµ t¹i tuyÕn metro U2 míi cña hÖ thèng metro
Viªn.
ground improvement /'graund im'pru:vm”nt/ n gia
c−êng ®Êt: An approach to mitigating settlement due
to tunneling that has gained acceptance in recent
years is to employ some method of ground
improvement. Ground improvement methods that
have been used include permeation grouting and
ground freezing: Mét c¸ch tiÕp cËn ®Ó h¹n chÕ lón
mÆt ®Êt do ®µo hÇm ®· ®−îc chÊp nhËn trong nh÷ng
n¨m gÇn ®©y lµ øng dông mét sè ph−¬ng ph¸p gia
c−êng ®Êt nÒn. C¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p gia c−êng ®Êt ®·
®−îc ¸p dông bao gåm b¬m v÷a thÊm vµ ®ãng b¨ng
®Êt.
ground/lining interaction /'graund
'lainiη ,intər'æk∫n/ n t−¬ng t¸c ®Êt nÒn-vá hÇm: If a
shotcrete-lined tunnel has a section that is nearly
circular or oval with no irregularities, and if there
are no adjacent surface or subsurface structure
interacting with the tunnel, then traditional
ground/lining interaction methods can be used for
design. The closed-form ground-lining interaction
equations can provide a prudent check on numerical
modelling: NÕu mét hÇm x©y vá b»ng bªt«ng phun
cã tiÕt diÖn gÇn trßn hay h×nh «van vµ kh«ng cã c¸c
 151
gãc c¹nh, vµ nÕu kh«ng cã sù t−¬ng t¸c cña c¸c kÕt
cÊu kÕ bªn trªn bÒ mÆt hay d−íi ngÇm kh¸c víi hÇm,
th× cã thÓ sö dông ph−¬ng ph¸p t−¬ng t¸c ®Êt nÒn/vá
hÇm truyÒn thèng ®Ó thiÕt kÕ. C¸c ph−¬ng tr×nh lêi
gi¶i khÐp kÝn cña bµi to¸n t−¬ng t¸c ®Êt nÒn/vá hÇm
cung cÊp cho ta mét phÐp kiÓm tra ®¸ng tin cËy ®èi
víi kÕt qu¶ tÝnh tõ m« h×nh sè.
ground-lining interaction /'graund
'lainiη ,intər'æk∫n/ n t−¬ng t¸c ®Êt nÒn-vá hÇm:
Stress analyses and ground-lining interaction
analyses are usually carried out to address the
following issues: The magnitude of the ground
movements (i.e. tunnel convergence) associated with
squeezing, the extent of the yielding zone around the
tunnel, ground loads, and support requirements
which depend on the rock type, rock mass strength
and deformation properties, and the in situ stress
conditions: C¸c phÐp ph©n tÝch vÒ øng suÊt vµ vÒ
t−¬ng t¸c nÒn ®Êt-vá hÇm th−êng ®−îc tiÕn hµnh ®Ó
kh¶o s¸t c¸c vÊn ®Ò sau ®©y: §é lín cña chuyÓn dÞch
®Êt (®é héi tô hÇm) ®i kÌm víi hiÖn t−îng nÐn Ðp ®Êt,
ph¹m vi cña vïng ph¸ ho¹i xung quanh hang hÇm,
t¶i träng ®Êt ®¸, vµ yªu cÇu vÒ hÖ chèng ®ì (mµ nã
phô thuéc vµo lo¹i ®¸, c−êng ®é khèi ®¸ vµ tÝnh chÊt
biÕn d¹ng, còng nh− ®iÒu kiÖn øng suÊt t¹i chç).
ground motion /'graund 'mou∫n/ n chuyÓn ®éng
®Êt: Vibration of the ground due to earthquakes. It is
measured by a seismograph that records
acceleration, velocity or displacement, and usually
given in terms of an acceleration time series (an
accelerogram) or a response spectrum: Lµ sù dao
®éng cña nÒn ®Êt do ®éng ®Êt. Nã ®−îc ®o b»ng mét
®Þa chÊn kÕ mµ nã ghi l¹i gia tèc, vËn tèc hay chuyÓn
vÞ, vµ th−êng ®−îc cho d−íi d¹ng mét d·y gi¸ trÞ gia
tèc theo thêi gian (biÓu ®å gia tèc) hoÆc mét phæ ®¸p
øng.
ground movement /'graund 'mu:vm”nt/ n sù
chuyÓn dÞch ®Êt: Where any ground movement
causes possible effect to the ground surface or
surrounding structures, appropriate tunnel support
that does not have any negative effects on the ground
surface or surrounding structures, shall be adopted:
Khi bÊt kú mét sù chuyÓn dÞch ®Êt nµo cã thÓ g©y t¸c
®éng tíi mÆt ®Êt hoÆc c¸c c«ng tr×nh xung quanh
tuyÕn hÇm, th× ph¶i ®−a vµo (chän) mét hÖ chèng
hÇm thÝch hîp, mµ nã kh«ng cã bÊt cø ¶nh h−ëng
xÊu nµo ®Õn mÆt ®Êt hay c¸c c«ng tr×nh xung quanh.
ground observation /'graund ˜bz”:'vei∫n/ n sù
quan tr¾c ®Êt ®¸.
ground pressure /'graund 'pre∫”(r)/ n ¸p lùc ®Êt:
The pressure to which a rock formation is subjected
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
by the weight of the superimposed rock and rock
material or by diastrophic forces created by
movements in the rocks forming the earth's crust.
Such pressures may be great enough to cause rocks
having a low compressional strength to deform and
be squeezed into and close a borehole or other
underground opening not adequately strengthened
by an artificial support, such as casing or timber: Lµ
¸p lùc mµ mét thµnh hÖ ®¸ chÞu t¸c dông do träng
l−îng cña ®Êt ®¸ bªn trªn, hay bëi bëi c¸c lùc kiÕn
t¹o sinh ra tõ c¸c chuyÓn ®éng trong lßng ®Êt trong
khi h×nh thµnh vá tr¸i ®Êt. C¸c ¸p lùc ®ã cã thÓ rÊt
lín khiÕn cho ®¸ nµo cã c−êng ®é chÞu nÐn thÊp sÏ bÞ
biÕn d¹ng vµ bÞ nÐn Ðp lµm sËp lç khoan hoÆc c¸c
lo¹i hang ngÇm kh¸c nÕu kh«ng ®−îc chèng ®ì ®ñ
b»ng hÖ che chèng nh©n t¹o, nh− èng v¸ch hay
chèng gç.
ground response curve /'graund ri'sp˜ns k”:v)/ n
®−êng cong ®¸p øng cña ®Êt, ®−êng ®Æc tÝnh cña
khèi ®Êt/®¸: In open-face NATM-tunnelling there is
no support pressure as in closed-face shield
tunnelling and the stability of the heading depends
heavily on the cohesion. Considering present
computational results for the ground-response
curve, it would seem interesting to consider the
three-dimensional tunnel-heading stability also on
the basis of cohesion softening: Trong ph−¬ng ph¸p
lµm hÇm theo NATM cã g−¬ng ®µo hë, sÏ kh«ng cã
¸p lùc chèng gi÷ g−¬ng nh− trong ®µo hÇm kÝn g−¬ng
b»ng khiªn, vµ sù æn ®Þnh cña g−¬ng hÇm phô thuéc
chñ yÕu vµo lùc dÝnh kÕt cña ®Êt. Khi xem xÐt c¸c kÕt
qu¶ tÝnh to¸n hiÖn nay vÒ ®−êng cong ®¸p øng cña
nÒn ®Êt, sÏ kh¸ thó vÞ nÕu ta xÐt bµi to¸n ba chiÒu vÒ
æn ®Þnh g−¬ng hÇm còng trªn c¬ së cña sù hãa mÒm
(ph¸ ho¹i) theo c¬ chÕ suy gi¶m lùc dÝnh cña ®Êt.
ground settlement /'graund 'setlm”nt/ n lón
®Êt: Permanent vertical displacement of the ground
surface due to compaction or consolidation of
underlying soil layers: Lµ sù chuyÓn dÞch th¼ng ®øng
vÜnh viÔn cña mÆt ®Êt do sù lÌn chÆt hoÆc cè kÕt cña
c¸c líp ®Êt bªn d−íi.
ground stabilization /'graund ,steib”lai'zei∫n/ n
sù æn ®Þnh hãa ®Êt: Combined application of ground
reinforcement and ground support to prevent failure
of the rock mass: Lµ sù ¸p dông kÕt hîp cña viÖc gia
c−êng ®Êt vµ chèng ®ì ®Êt nh»m ng¨n chÆn sù ph¸
ho¹i cña khèi ®Êt ®¸.
ground support /'graund ,steib”lai'zei∫n/ n
sù: Installation of any type of engineering structure
around or inside the excavation, such as steel sets,
wooden cribs, timbers, concrete blocks, or lining,
which will increase its stability. This type of support
 152
is external to the rock mass: Lµ sù l¾p ®Æt bÊt cø
lo¹i kÕt cÊu kü thuËt nµo xung quanh hay bªn trong
hang ®µo, nh− c¸c v× chèng thÐp, s−ên chèng gç, cét
gç, khèi bªt«ng, hay vá hÇm, ®Ó t¨ng thªm ®é æn
®Þnh cña hang. Lo¹i chèng ®ì nµy n»m bªn ngoµi
khèi ®¸.
ground treatment /'graund 'tri:tm”nt/ n xö lý/c¶i
t¹o ®Êt nÒn: The application of processes which
strengthen the soil, especially by filling pores and
increasing shear strength: Sù ¸p dông c¸c qu¸ tr×nh
®Ó gia cè ®Êt, ®Æc biÖt lµ b»ng c¸ch lÊp ®Çy c¸c lç
rçng vµ lµm t¨ng c−êng ®é chèng c¾t.
ground vibration /'graund vai'brei‘n/ n sù rung
®éng ®Êt, chÊn ®éng ®Êt do næ m×n: The most
common type of blasting damage is caused by
ground vibrations. When an explosive detonates in a
blasthole, it generates intense stress wave motion in
the rock: Lµ d¹ng ph¸ ho¹i th«ng th−êng nhÊt do næ
m×n g©y ra bëi chÊn ®éng ®Êt. Khi mét thái thuèc
ph¸t næ trong mét lç m×n, nã sinh ra chuyÓn ®éng
sãng øng suÊt rÊt m¹nh trong ®¸ o The two most
important formulae for ground vibrations are v =
2fA and a = 4f2A2, where v is oscillation velocity
(mm/s), a is acceleration (mm/s2), f = frequency of
wave motion (hz or 1/s), and A is amplitude (mm):
Hai c«ng thøc quan träng nhÊt vÒ chÊn ®éng ®Êt lµ v
= 2fA vµ a = 4f2A2, trong ®ã v lµ vËn tèc dao ®éng
(mm/s), a lµ gia tèc (mm/s2), f lµ tÇn sè cña chuyÓn
®éng sãng (Hz hay 1/s), vµ A lµ biªn ®é (mm).
ground wire /'graund wai”/ n l−íi thÐp mÒm t¹o
h×nh: Small-gauge high-strength steel wire used to
establish line and grade as in shotcrete work; also
called alignment wire or screed wire: Lµ m¹ng d©y
thÐp cì nhá c−êng ®é cao dïng ®Ó t¹o khu«n h×nh
trong c«ng t¸c bªt«ng phun; còng gäi lµ d©y thÐp t¹o
h×nh hay l−íi thÐp g¹t.
grounding /'graundiô/ n nèi ®Êt: Connecting
any part of an electrical system to the earth so that
there is no material difference of potential between
such part and the earth: Lµ sù nèi phÇn bÊt kú cña
mét hÖ thèng ®iÖn xuèng tr¸i ®Êt sao cho kh«ng cßn
cã sù kh¸c nhau vÒ mÆt vËt lý cña ®iÖn thÕ gi÷a phÇn
®ã víi tr¸i ®Êt.
groundwater /'graund,w˜:t”/ n n−íc ngÇm: Water
contained in the ground below the upper level (the
water table) of subsurface water. Groundwater
flowing into undersea tunnels is generally under
high pressure and has an inexhaustible reservoir: Lµ
n−íc chøa trong ®Êt bªn d−íi cao ®é mÆt n−íc
ngÇm. N−íc ngÇm ch¶y vµo hÇm d−íi biÓn nãi chung
lµ cã ¸p lùc cao vµ cã mét nguån cung cÊp v« tËn o
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
Where groundwater flow could interfere with the
application of sprayed concrete or cause reduction
in the quality of sprayed concrete, the Contractor
shall take all action necessary to control
groundwater. Such action may include the
channelling of water by means of pipes and chases:
Khi dßng n−íc ngÇm cã thÓ c¶n trë viÖc phun bªt«ng
hay lµm gi¶m chÊt l−îng cña nã, Nhµ thÇu ph¶i cã
hµnh ®éng cÇn thiÕt ®Ó kiÓm so¸t n−íc ngÇm. Hµnh
®éng ®ã cã thÓ lµ t¹o dßng ch¶y tho¸t b»ng c¸c c¸c
èng hoÆc r·nh.
groundwater control /'graund,w˜:t” k”n'troul/ n
sù kiÓm so¸t (khèng chÕ) n−íc ngÇm: Terzaghi
observed that "all the serious difficulties that may be
encountered during the construction of an earth
tunnel are directly or indirectly due to the
percolation of water toward the tunnel". So the
control of this water is of the utmost importance in
tunneling: Terzaghi cho r»ng "mäi khã kh¨n nghiªm
träng cã thÓ gÆp ph¶i khi x©y dùng hÇm qua nÒn ®Êt
®Òu trùc tiÕp hay gi¸n tiÕp do nguyªn nh©n thÊm
n−íc vÒ phÝa hÇm". Do vËy viÖc kiÓm so¸t n−íc
ngÇm cã ý nghÜa cùc kú quan träng trong thi c«ng
hÇm o The methods available for groundwater
control are dewatering, grouting, compressed air,
freezing and special construction methods: C¸c
ph−¬ng ph¸p khèng chÕ n−íc ngÇm hiÖn cã lµ b¬m
th¸o n−íc, b¬m v÷a gia cè, khÝ nÐn, lµm ®«ng cøng
®Êt vµ c¸c biÖn ph¸p thi c«ng ®Æc biÖt kh¸c.
groundwater level /'graund,w˜:t” 'levl/ n mùc
n−íc ngÇm: Information concerning groundwater
levels as obtained from observation well readings is
of vital importance for the contractor's tunneling
operation: Th«ng tin vÒ cao ®é n−íc ngÇm lÊy tõ c¸c
sè liÖu cña giÕng quan tr¾c lµ v« cïng quan träng
®èi víi ho¹t ®éng x©y dùng hÇm cña nhµ thÇu.
groundwater lowering/removal /'graund,w˜:t”
'louəriη ri'mu:vl/ n h¹ mùc n−íc ngÇm: Use of a
suitable means of groundwater lowering not only
controls the nuisance of water leakage into the
excavation, it can also consolidate loose, fine
ground materials, remove the lubrication which can
create instability, and also remove the hazard of
creating more instability by the removal of fines
from deposits of mixed grain size: ViÖc sö dông mét
ph−¬ng tiÖn h¹ mùc n−íc ngÇm thÝch hîp kh«ng
nh÷ng kiÓm so¸t ®−îc sù phiÒn phøc cña n−íc thÊm
vµo hè ®µo, mµ nã cßn lµm cè kÕt c¸c ®Êt rêi h¹t
nhá, lo¹i bá hiÖu øng b«i tr¬n v× nã cã thÓ t¹o ra mÊt
æn ®Þnh, còng nh− lo¹i trõ nguy c¬ sinh ra mÊt æn
®Þnh thªm do ch¶y mÊt c¸c h¹t nhá khái khèi ®Êt cã
nhiÒu cì h¹t kh¸c nhau.
 153
groundwater table /'graund,w˜:t” 'teibl/ n mÆt
n−íc ngÇm: The position of the groundwater table
may have a significant effect on bearing capacity of
shallow foundations (tunnels). Generally the
submergence of soils will cause loss of all apparent
cohesion, coming from capillary stresses or from
weak cementation bonds. It is essential that the
bearing capacity analyses be made assuming the
highest possible groundwater level at the particular
location for the expected lifetime of the structure in
question: VÞ trÝ mÆt n−íc ngÇm cã thÓ ¶nh h−ëng
®¸ng kÓ ®Õn kh¶ n¨ng chÞu t¶i cña c¸c mãng n«ng
(hÇm). Nãi chung sù ngËp ch×m trong n−íc cña ®Êt
sÏ g©y ra mÊt m¸t mäi lùc dÝnh biÓu kiÕn, cã tõ c¸c
øng suÊt mao dÉn hay tõ c¸c liªn kÕt xim¨ng hãa
yÕu. C¸c tÝnh to¸n vÒ søc chÞu t¶i cÇn ph¶i ®−îc thùc
hiÖn víi gi¶ thiÕt vÒ mét møc n−íc ngÇm cao nhÊt cã
thÓ t¹i vÞ trÝ nhÊt ®Þnh cho tuæi thä dù kiÕn cña kÕt
cÊu ®ang ®−îc thiÕt kÕ.
grout /graut/ n v÷a: A pumpable slurry of neat
cement or a mixture of neat cement and fine sand,
commonly forced into holes drilled from a tunnel to
strenghthen incompetent soil/rock or to prevent
groundwater from flowing into the excavation. See
also chemical grout: Lµ mét thø hå b¬m ®−îc cña
xim¨ng trén víi n−íc hoÆc mét hçn hîp cña xim¨ng
vµ c¸t nhá, th−êng ®−îc b¬m vµo c¸c lç ®−îc khoan
tõ hang hÇm ®Ó gia c−êng nÒn ®Êt/®¸ kh«ng æn ®Þnh,
hoÆc ®Ó ng¨n chÆn n−íc ngÇm khái ch¶y vµo hè ®µo.
Xem thªm “chemical grout - v÷a hãa häc”.
grout /graut/ n v÷a láng, v÷a xim¨ng: Grout shall
be of a non-shrink type and normally composed of
water, cement and fluidifier with shrinkage
compensatory agent (expanding agents). Sand,
admixtures to vary grout properties, and mineral
fillers may also be used: V÷a ph¶i lµ lo¹i kh«ng co
ngãt vµ th−êng gåm cã n−íc, xim¨ng vµ chÊt hãa
láng víi t¸c nh©n bï co ngãt (chÊt gi¶n në). C¸t, c¸c
phô gia nh»m thay ®æi c¸c tÝnh chÊt cña v÷a, còng
nh− c¸c chÊt ®én kho¸ng còng cã thÓ ®−îc dïng.
grout curtain /graut 'k”:tn/ n mµn chèng thÊm
b»ng v÷a: Type of seepage cutoff constructed by
drilling a series of borings into a fissured rock
foundation and injecting a lean concrete grout mix
to attempt to seal the fissures: Lµ mét lo¹i c¾t
(chèng) thÊm n−íc thùc hiÖn b»ng c¸ch khoan mét
lo¹t lç khoan vµo nÒn ®¸ nøt nÎ råi phun mét hçn
hîp v÷a bªt«ng nghÌo nh»m cè g¾ng bÞt kÝn (tr¸m
l¹i) c¸c khe nøt.
grout pump /graut pʌmp/ n m¸y b¬m v÷a.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
grout gallery /graut 'gæləri/ n hÇm/hµnh lang b¬m
v÷a : An opening or passageway within and/or
beneath a dam, and/or in the abutments of a dam,
utilized for grouting operations. (Depending upon
the type and configuration of the dam and on the
foundation geologic conditions, may also serve as a
drainage and inspection gallery). See also Drainage
Drift/Gallery: Lµ mét hang hay lèi th«ng n»m bªn
trong vµ/hoÆc bªn d−íi mét ®Ëp ch¾n, vµ/hoÆc trong
c¸c t−êng chèng cña ®Ëp, dïng ®Ó phôc vô c«ng t¸c
b¬m v÷a. (Tïy thuéc vµo lo¹i vµ cÊu t¹o h×nh häc
cña ®Ëp vµ vµo ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt cña mãng ®Ëp,
hang nµy còng cã thÓ lµm nhiÖm vô nh− mét hÇm
tho¸t n−íc vµ kiÓm tra). Xem thªm Drainage
Drift/Gallery.
groutability /graut”bil”ti/ n kh¶ n¨ng cã thÓ b¬m
v÷a ®−îc: the ability of a formation to accept grout:
Lµ kh¶ n¨ng cña mét thµnh hÖ ®Êt ®¸ (®Êt nÒn) hÊp
thô ®−îc dßng v÷a b¬m
groutable rock bolts /graut”bl r˜k boult/ n
bul«ng cã thÓ b¬m v÷a ®−îc: Rock bolts with hollow
cores or with tubes attached to the periphery of the
bolts and extending to the bottom of the bolts to
facilitate filling the holes surrounding the bolts with
grout after tensioning: Lµ c¸c bul«ng neo cã lâi rçng
hoÆc cã c¸c èng t¹o quanh chu vi cña bul«ng vµ kÐo
dµi ®Õn tËn ®¸y bul«ng ®Ó t¹o sù dÔ dµng cho viÖc
lÊp ®Çy c¸c lç khoan quanh th©n bul«ng b»ng v÷a
b¬m sau khi c¨ng kÐo/siÕt bul«ng.
grouted foundation bed /'grautid faun'dei‘n bed/
n nÒn mãng ®−îc b¬m v÷a: A foundation formed by
filling the space between the underside of an element
of an immersed tunnel and the pre-excavated trench
bottom with grout. Until this operation is complete,
elements require temporary support: Lµ mét mãng
t¹o thµnh b»ng c¸ch lÊp ®Çy kh«ng gian gi÷a mÆt
d−íi cña mét ®èt hÇm d×m vµ ®¸y hµo ®µo s½n b»ng
v÷a. Cho ®Õn khi c«ng t¸c nµy hoµn thµnh, th× c¸c
®èt hÇm vÉn cÇn ph¶i ®−îc chèng gi÷ t¹m.
grouting /'grautiô/ n sù rãt v÷a xim¨ng; sù phun
(b¬m) v÷a xim¨ng; sù tr¸t (tr¸m) v÷a: Grouting is a
process in which grout in liquid form is pumped into
the voids of the soil and then hardens: B¬m v÷a lµ
mét qu¸ tr×nh trong ®ã v÷a d−íi d¹ng láng ®−îc b¬m
vµo c¸c lç rçng cña ®Êt, sau ®ã ®«ng cøng l¹i o
The primary method of groundwater control is
grouting to stabilize the surrounding rock mass:
Ph−¬ng ph¸p chñ yÕu kiÓm so¸t n−íc ngÇm lµ b¬m
v÷a ®Ó lµm æn ®Þnh hãa khèi ®Êt xung quanh hÇm o
Cement mortar grouting of drill holes shall proceed
continuously from the bottom of the drill hole to the
 154
top, until the hole is completely filled. Immediately
after filling the drill hole with grout, rock bolt shall
be inserted: ViÖc b¬m v÷a xim¨ng vµo lç khoan ph¶i
tiÕn hµnh liªn tôc tõ ®¸y lç tíi miÖng lç, cho ®Õn khi
lç khoan ®−îc lÊp ®Çy v÷a hoµn toµn. Ngay sau khi
b¬m ®Çy v÷a vµo lç khoan, cÇn ®Æt (c¾m) thanh
bul«ng neo vµo ®ã.
grouting method /grautiô 'me•”d/ n ph−¬ng
ph¸p b¬m v÷a: The common grouting methods are
stage grouting, series grouting, circuit grouting and
packer grouting: C¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p b¬m v÷a th−êng
dïng lµ b¬m v÷a ph©n ®o¹n theo chiÒu s©u, b¬m v÷a
theo ®ît lç khoan liªn tiÕp, b¬m v÷a theo vßng kÝn,
vµ b¬m v÷a theo tõng khoang cã bÞt chÆn hai ®Çu.
grouting pipe/hose /grautiô paip/ n èng b¬m
v÷a.
grouting type forepoling /grautiô taip f˜:r'pouli–/
n èng gia cè tr−íc kiÓu b¬m v÷a.
guardrail /ga:dreil/ n lan can, tay vÞn: Whenever
possible mailboxes should be located behind existing
guardrail: BÊt cø khi nµo cã thÓ, c¸c hép th− ph¶i
®−îc bè trÝ t¹i phÝa sau lan can hiÖn cã.
guidance system /'gaidəns 'sistəm/ n hÖ thèng dÉn
h−íng: The guidance system continuously confirms
the position of the microtunnel boring machine
(MTBM): HÖ thèng dÉn h−íng gióp x¸c ®Þnh mét
c¸ch liªn tôc vÞ trÝ cña m¸y khoan hÇm nhá (MTBM).
guide rail /gaid reil/ n ray dÉn h−íng: Device
used to support or guide, first the shield and then the
pipe within the drive shaft during a pipe jacking
operation: Lµ thiÕt bÞ dïng ®Ó chèng ®ì hoÆc dÉn
h−íng, ®Çu tiªn lµ khiªn ®µo vµ sau ®ã lµ èng cèng,
bªn trong mét giÕng khëi ph¸t trong mét t¸c vô kÝch
®Èy èng.
guide sign /gaid sain/ n biÓn h−íng dÉn: The
overall roadway design should avoid the necessity
for guide signs within tunnels, because normal
vertical and lateral clearances are usually
insufficient for such and additional clearance can be
provided only at very great expense: B¶n thiÕt kÕ
cña toµn tuyÕn ®−êng ph¶i tr¸nh ®−îc nhu cÇu ®Æt
c¸c biÓn b¸o trong hÇm, bëi v× kh«ng gian ®øng vµ
ngang th−êng lµ kh«ng ®ñ cho biÓn b¸o, h¬n n÷a mét
kho¶ng trèng phô thªm chØ cã thÓ ®−îc t¹o ra víi
mét chi phÝ rÊt lín.
guided auger boring /gaidid '˜:g” 'b˜:ri–/ n
khoan guång xo¾n/ruét gµ cã dÉn h−íng: Method of
auger boring in which the guidance mechanism
actuator is sited in the drive shaft. The term may
also be applied to those auger boring systems with
rudimentary articulation of the casing near the
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
cutting head activated by the rods from the drive
shaft: Lµ ph−¬ng ph¸p khoan lâi ruét gµ trong ®ã bé
phËn kÝch ho¹t c¬ cÊu dÉn h−íng ®−îc ®Æt t¹i giÕng
khëi ph¸t. ThuËt ng÷ nµy còng cã thÓ ¸p dông cho
c¸c hÖ thèng khoan guång xo¾n cã sù xoay khíp ®¬n
gi¶n cña èng v¸ch gÇn ®Çu c¾t ®−îc lµm cho ho¹t
®éng bëi c¸c cÇn khoan tõ giÕng khëi ph¸t.
guided boring = guided drilling /gaidid 'b˜:ri–/ n
khoan dÉn h−íng: Method for the installation of
pipes, conduits and cables using a surface- launched
drilling rig. A pilot bore is drilled using a rotating
drill string and is then enlarged by a back reamer to
the size required for the product pipe. The necessary
deviation during the pilot boring is provided by a
slanted face to the drill head, eccentric fluid jets or a
combination of these, usually in conjunction with a
locator: Lµ ph−¬ng ph¸p l¾p ®Æt èng, cèng vµ c¸p cã
dïng mét gi¸ khoan xuÊt ph¸t tõ mÆt ®Êt. Mét lç
khoan hoa tiªu ®−îc khoan ra nhê dïng mét sîi cÇn
khoan xoay vµ sau ®ã ®−îc më réng b»ng mét m¸y
doa ng−îc ®Õn kÝch th−íc yªu cÇu cho èng s¶n
phÈm. §é sai lÖch cÇn thiÕt trong khi khoan hoa tiªu
®−îc b¶o ®¶m b»ng mét mÆt v¸t xiªn trªn ®Çu thiÕt
bÞ c¾t, b»ng c¸c mòi xÞt n−íc lÖch t©m hoÆc kÕt hîp
cña hai biÖn ph¸p nµy, th−êng phèi hîp víi mét thiÕt
bÞ ®Þnh vÞ.
gun /gʌn/ n m¸y phun bªt«ng, èng phun: The gun
(pot to nozzle), particularly the "innard", must be
thoroughly cleaned after each shotcreting session to
avoid plugging, etc.: M¸y phun (tõ buång phun tíi
vßi), ®Æc biÖt lµ "bé lßng" (nh÷ng bé phËn bªn
trong), ph¶i ®−îc röa s¹ch kü cµng sau mçi phiªn
lµm viÖc (phun) ®Ó tr¸nh sù bÝt nót kÝn, g©y t¾c,
v.v...
gunite /'gʌnait/ n bªt«ng phun; hçn hîp xim¨ng-c¸t
(kh«): Original name for shotcrete (sprayed
concrete) sometimes still (inappropriately) used for
fine-aggregate dry-mix shotcrete: Lµ tªn ban ®Çu
cña bªt«ng phun (bªt«ng phôt) ®«i khi vÉn dïng (mét
c¸ch kh«ng thÝch hîp) cho lo¹i bªt«ng phun trén kh«
cèt liÖu mÞn.
gunite /'gʌnait/ n (2) bªt«ng phun; hçn hîp xim¨ng-
c¸t (kh«): A form of mortar consisting of fine sand,
cement, and water which is sprayed on freshly
excavated rock by air pressure to prevent
deterioration of the rock, and in some instances to
provide structural support: Mét d¹ng cña v÷a cÊu
t¹o tõ c¸t mÞn, xim¨ng, vµ n−íc mµ nã ®−îc phun lªn
mÆt ®¸ võa míi ®µo nhê khÝ nÐn ®Ó chèng sù suy yÕu
cña ®¸, vµ trong mét sè tr−êng hîp nh»m t¹o ra kÕt
cÊu chèng ®ì.
 155

guniting /'gʌnaitiô/ n sù phun hçn hîp bªt«ng;

sù phun hçn hîp xim¨ng-c¸t (kh«): Guniting and
shotcreting hose ends shall be secured with a safety
chain and/or pin and pumpcrete lines shall be
secured from accidental displacement: C¸c ®Çu cña
èng phun bªt«ng hoÆc xim¨ng-c¸t kh« ph¶i ®−îc cè
®Þnh b»ng mét d©y xÝch vµ/hoÆc chèt an toµn, cßn
c¸c èng dÉn cung cÊp bªt«ng th× ph¶i ®−îc g¸ chÆt
®Ó kh«ng bÞ di chuyÓn bÊt ngê.
gunning /'gʌniô/ n sù b¾n (phun, xÞt) bªt«ng.
gunning pattern /'gʌniô 'pæt(ə)n/ n s¬ ®å phun
bªt«ng: Conical outline of the material discharge
stream in shotcrete operation: Lµ s¬ ®å ®i xo¸y cña
dßng phôt vËt liÖu trong c«ng t¸c phun bªt«ng.
gushing /'gʌ∫iô/ n sù phun ra, vät ra (n−íc, dÇu):
The condition of water outflow at the shot face
ranges from moistness to gushing. Because water
outflow from the site can result in the washing away
of the concrete, stripping and weakness in adhesion,
and bring about a reduction in the quality and the
effectiveness of the work, appropriate
countermeasures should be considered, such as
changing the mix, increasing the viscosity of the
shotcrete and draunage methods: TÝnh chÊt cña
dßng n−íc ch¶y ra t¹i g−¬ng hÇm cÇn phun bªt«ng
cã thÓ biÕn ®æi tõ Èm −ít cho tíi phät m¹nh. V× dßng
n−íc ngÇm nµy cã thÓ g©y ra sù röa tr«i bªt«ng, trãc
m¶ng vµ lµm yÕu lùc dÝnh b¸m, råi lµm gi¶m chÊt
l−îng vµ tÝnh hiÖu qu¶ cña c«ng tr×nh, nªn cÇn ph¶i
¸p dông mét sè biÖn ph¸p thÝch hîp, vÝ dô thay ®æi
hçn hîp, t¨ng tÝnh dÎo dÝnh cña bªt«ng phun vµ dïng
c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p tho¸t n−íc.

Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
 156
Hh
half-life /'hɑ:f'laif/ n thêi gian b¸n r·: A measure of
the stability of a foam; the time required for a
sample of foam to lose 50% of its initial volume (see
also drainage time): Lµ mét ®¹i l−îng ®o tÝnh æn
®Þnh cña mét lo¹i bät c¶i thiÖn ®Êt; lµ thêi gian cÇn
®Ó mét mÉu bät mÊt ®i 50% thÓ tÝch ban ®Çu cña nã
(còng xem drainage time).
hamm tip /h“m tip/ n vßi xÞt bªt«ng: A flared
shotcrete nozzle having a larger diameter at
midpoint than either inlet or outlet; also called a
premixing tip: Lµ mét vßi phun bªt«ng cã ®−êng kÝnh
ë ®o¹n gi÷a lín h¬n ë hai ®Çu; còng gäi lµ mét vßi
trén tr−íc.
hand mining /h“nd maini–/ n ®µo hÇm b»ng tay:
Tunnel excavation by means of hand-helded tools
rather than by heavy, mechanized cutting or digging
equipment: Lµ c¸ch ®µo hÇm b»ng c¸c c«ng cô cÇm
tay chø kh«ng ph¶i b»ng c¸c thiÕt bÞ ®µo hay c¾t c¬
khÝ hãa, nÆng (hiÖu suÊt cao).
handrail /h“ndreil/ n lan can, tay vÞn:
Handrails help people steady themselves while
moving along stairs and ramps. Parapets or
handrails are required both upstream and
downstream on the top of the dam and should be
designed to meet safety requirements. Handrails
should be provided in all galleries where the slope is
greater than 10 degrees: Tay vÞn gióp mäi ng−êi gi÷
v÷ng c¬ thÓ khi di chuyÓn däc c¸c cÇu thang vµ
®−êng dèc. Lan can hoÆc tay vÞn cÇn ph¶i cã t¹i c¶
hai phÝa th−îng l−u vµ h¹ l−u trªn mÆt ®Ëp thñy ®iÖn
vµ ph¶i ®−îc thiÕt kÕ sao cho ®¸p øng c¸c yªu cÇu vÒ
an toµn. Tay vÞn ph¶i ®−îc bè trÝ t¹i mäi hang ngÇm
khi ®é dèc lín h¬n 10 ®é.
hanging rock /'h“–i– r˜k/ n ®¸ treo:
Reinforcement is disposed for falling and rotating
rock blocks in backs or hangingwalls of
underground excavations. Reinforcement will be
generally non-uniformly loaded and a simple force
equilibrium approach is not valid. Reinforcing
elements are loaded equally only when the
reinforcement is evenly distributed about the block's
centre of mass: HÖ gia cè ®¸ ®−îc bè trÝ cho nh÷ng
khèi ®¸ treo cã thÓ bÞ r¬i vµ quay trªn nãc vµ t−êng
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
cña hang ngÇm. HÖ gia c−êng nãi chung sÏ ®−îc
chÊt t¶i kh«ng ®Òu, vµ c¸ch tÝnh to¸n theo kiÓu c©n
b»ng lùc ®¬n gi¶n lµ kh«ng thÝch hîp. C¸c cÊu kiÖn
gia c−êng chØ chÞu t¶i ®ång ®Òu khi hÖ bul«ng gia
c−êng ®−îc ph©n bè ®Òu ®Æn quanh t©m cña khèi ®¸
treo.
hanging wall /'h“–i– w˜l/ n ®¸ treo: The mass of
rock above a discontinuity surface: Lµ khèi ®¸ n»m
phÝa trªn mét bÒ mÆt khe nøt.
hard and intact rock /h:d “nd in't“kt r˜k/ n ®¸
cøng nguyªn tr¹ng: Massive rock containing no
significant joints. When fractures by blasting, it
breaks across sound rock: Lµ ®¸ khèi kh«ng cã c¸c
khe nøt lín. Khi bÞ ph¸ vì b»ng næ m×n, nã vì thµnh
nh÷ng t¶ng ®¸ tèt.
hard hat (= helmet) /h:d h“t/ n mò cøng, mò b¶o
hé: Hard hats are of course an elementary item of
protective clothing and in recent years have been
used on practically all heavy construction where
workers may be exposed to falling or flying objects:
Mò cøng tÊt nhiªn lµ mét ®å vËt s¬ ®¼ng trong sè
trang bÞ b¶o hé, vµ thùc tÕ trong nh÷ng n¨m gÇn ®©y
nã ®· ®−îc sö dông trong mäi c«ng viÖc x©y dùng
nÆng mµ ë ®ã c«ng nh©n cã thÓ ph¶i lµm viÖc d−íi
tÇm c¸c vËt bay hoÆc vËt r¬i.
hard rock /h:d r˜k/ n ®¸ cøng: In construction,
rock having a strongly bonded nature such as to
require excavation by blasting or the use of specially
hardened cutters; generally includes igneous and
metamorphic rock and the more strongly bonded
sedimentary rocks: Trong x©y dùng, ®ã lµ lo¹i ®¸ cã
tÝnh chÊt liªn kÕt m¹nh ®Õn møc nã ®ßi hái ph¶i ®µo
b»ng næ m×n hoÆc sö dông l−ìi c¾t cøng ®Æc biÖt; nãi
chung gåm cã ®¸ m¸cma vµ ®¸ biÕn chÊt vµ mét sè
®¸ trÇm tÝch cã tÝnh liªn kÕt m¹nh.
hardener /'hɑ:dnə/ n chÊt g©y ®«ng cøng: in
grouting, in a two component epoxy or resin, the
chemical component that causes the base component
to cure: trong b¬m v÷a, trong mét v÷a keo epoxy hai
thµnh phÇn, ®ã lµ thµnh phÇn hãa chÊt mµ nã lµm
cho thµnh phÇn c¬ së hãa cøng.
hardening soil model /'h:dniη s˜il 'm˜dl/ n m«
h×nh ®Êt t¸i bÒn/biÕn cøng: This is an elastoplastic
type of hyperbolic model, formulated in the
framework of friction hardening plasticity.
Moreover, the model involves compression
hardening to simulate irreversible compaction of
soil under primary compression. This second-order
model can be used to simulate the behaviour of
sands and gravel as well as softer types of soil such
as clays and silts: §©y lµ mét d¹ng m« h×nh
 157
hypÐcbol ®µn dÎo, ®−îc t¹o lËp trªn c¬ së cña lý
thuyÕt dÎo biÕn cøng nhê ma s¸t. Ngoµi ra, m« h×nh
nµy cßn bao qu¸t c¶ t¸i bÒn nÐn nh»m m« pháng sù
®Çm nÐn kh«ng håi phôc ®−îc cña ®Êt d−íi søc nÐn
ban ®Çu. M« h×nh dÉn xuÊt nµy cã thÓ dïng ®Ó m«
pháng øng xö (sù lµm viÖc) cña c¸c lo¹i ®Êt c¸t vµ
sái còng nh− c¸c lo¹i ®Êt mÒm h¬n ch¼ng h¹n nh−
c¸c lo¹i sÐt vµ phï sa.
hardness /'h:dnis/ n ®é cøng: Harness is the
resistance of a smooth plane surface to abrasion. To
the engineer who is trying to quantify rock behavior,
a rock's hardness indicates how much stress is
necessary to cause failure within the rock (i.e. the
rock breaks): §é cøng lµ søc kh¸ng cña mét bÒ mÆt
nh½n ®èi víi sù mµi mßn. §èi víi ng−êi kü s− ®ang
cè g¾ng ®¸nh gi¸ sù øng xö cña ®¸, ®é cøng cña mét
lo¹i ®¸ chØ ra cÇn ph¶i cã bao nhiªu øng suÊt ®Ó t¹o
ra sù ph¸ ho¹i bªn trong khèi ®¸ (tøc lµ ®¸ bÞ vì) -
xem b¶ng.
Table: Hardness and abrasiveness of Sedimentary rocks
(B¶ng: §é cøng vµ ®é mµi mßn cña §¸ TrÇm tÝch)
Hard and abrasive Intermediate Softer
(Cøng vµ ®Ó mµi mßn) (Trung b×nh) (MÒm h¬n)
Granulite Hornblendeschist Slate
Quartz schist Mica schist Phyllite
Quartzite Dolomite Chlorite schist
Gneiss Marble
Mica gneiss
hardpan /'h:dp“n/ n ch¶o/thÊu kÝnh ®Êt cøng: a
hard impervious layer, composed chiefly of clay,
cemented by relatively insoluble materials, that does
not become plastic when mixed with water and
definitely limits the downward movement of water
and roots: Lµ mét líp ®Þa chÊt kh«ng thÊm cøng, cÊu
t¹o chñ yÕu tõ sÐt, ®−îc xim¨ng hãa bëi c¸c vËt liÖu
t−¬ng ®èi kh«ng hßa tan, mµ nã kh«ng trë nªn dÎo
khi trén víi n−íc vµ lµm h¹n chÕ rÊt nhiÒu sù chuyÓn
®éng xuèng phÝa d−íi cña n−íc vµ rÔ c©y.
hardscape /'h:dskeip/ n khu vùc ®« thÞ ®· cøng
hãa bÒ mÆt: Hardscape, in the practice of
landscaping, refers to the paved areas like streets &
sidewalks, large business complexes & housing
developments, and other industrial areas where the
upper-soil-profile is no longer exposed to the actual
surface of the Earth. The term is especially used in
heavily urbanized/suburbanized areas with little
bare soil: Dïng trong ngµnh thùc hµnh phong c¶nh
®Ó chØ c¸c khu vùc ®· bÞ l¸t mÆt nh− ®−êng phè vµ
c¸c vØa hÌ, c¸c tæ hîp th−¬ng m¹i lín vµ c¸c khu
ph¸t triÓn nhµ ë, vµ c¸c khu vùc c«ng nghiÖp kh¸c
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
mµ ë ®ã tÇng ®Êt phÝa trªn ®· kh«ng cßn xuÊt lé trªn
bÒ mÆt thùc tÕ cña Tr¸i §Êt n÷a. ThuËt ng÷ nµy ®Æc
biÖt ®−îc dïng trong c¸c khu vùc ®· ®« thÞ
hãa/ngo¹i « hãa cao ®é víi rÊt Ýt ®Êt trèng cßn l¹i.
harmful gases /'hɑ:mful gæsiz/ n khÝ ®éc h¹i:
Dangerous gases produced by engines: Lµ c¸c khÝ
s¶n ra bëi c¸c ®éng c¬ o Harmful gases may
include asphyxiants as well as toxic gases: 1-
Nitrogen (asphyxiant); 2- Carbon dioxide
(asphyxiant, toxic above 10 percent); 3- Hydrogen
sulfide (toxic); 4- Carbon monoxide (toxic); 5-
Oxygen depletion can occur in soils and rocks due to
oxidation of organic matter; if air is driven out of
the soil into the tunnel, asphyxiation can result; 6-
Radon gas occurs mostly in igneous and
metamorphic rocks. Radon changes into radioactive
radon daughters that are harmful to the body: C¸c
khÝ cã h¹i bao gåm lo¹i g©y ng¹t thë vµ lo¹i cã tÝnh
®éc: 1- Nit¬ (g©y ng¹t); 2- §i«xit cacbon (g©y ng¹t,
®éc h¹i nÕu qu¸ 10%); 3- Hy®r« sunphua (®éc); 4-
Monoxit cacbon (®éc); 5- Suy gi¶m «xy trong ®Êt
hoÆc ®¸ do sù «xy hãa c¸c chÊt h÷u c¬; nÕu kh«ng
khÝ ®−îc thæi tõ ®Êt nµy vµo hÇm sÏ g©y ra ng¹t thë;
6- KhÝ radon xuÊt hiÖn trong nhiÒu ®¸ macma vµ
biÕn chÊt. Radon chuyÓn thµnh radon thø sinh cã
tÝnh phãng x¹ sÏ g©y h¹i cho c¬ thÓ.
haul /h˜:l/ n, v sù chuyÓn t¶i; khèi l−îng chuyÓn
t¶i: Excavation of the shafts was accomplished
primarily by the use of a mini-excavator. Spoil was
dumped into a muck box, which was raised by crane.
The spoil was then dumped into trucks and hauled to
a temporary spoil area where it was reloaded and
hauled off-site: ViÖc ®µo c¸c giÕng ®øng ë hÇm Y
®−îc thùc hiÖn chñ yÕu nhê dïng mét m¸y ®µo nhá.
§Êt th¶i ®−îc ®æ vµo mét thïng chøa, råi dïng cÈu
kÐo lªn. Sau ®ã ®Êt th¶i ®−îc chÊt lªn xe t¶i vµ vËn
chuyÓn ®Õn khu vùc b·i th¶i t¹m thêi, t¹i ®ã nã ®−îc
chÊt lªn xe kh¸c vµ chuyÓn khái c«ng tr−êng.
haul road /h˜:l roud/ n ®−êng vËn chuyÓn ®¸
th¶i: The hillside access roadway will provide a haul
road to transport excavated materials from the
portals and the tunnels to the disposal area without
disrupting traffic flow on existing Route 1 during
tunnel construction: Con ®−êng tiÕp cËn ®i theo s−ên
nói sÏ t¹o nªn mét ®−êng vËn chuyÓn ®Ó chuyªn chë
®Êt ®¸ ®µo ra tõ cæng hÇm vµ tõ bªn trong hÇm tíi
khu vùc b·i th¶i mµ kh«ng lµm gi¸n ®o¹n giao th«ng
trªn Quèc lé 1 hiÖn t¹i trong khi thi c«ng hÇm.
haulage /'h˜:lid™/ n xóc chuyÓn, vËn t¶i: The
horizontal transport of ore, coal, supplies, and
waste. The vertical transport of the same is called
 158
hoisting: Lµ sù vËn chuyÓn ngang cña quÆng, than,
®å cung cÊp, vµ chÊt th¶i. ViÖc vËn chuyÓn ®øng cña
nh÷ng thø t−¬ng tù nh− trªn ®−îc gäi lµ kÐo.
haulage of tunnel muck /'h˜:lid™ ”v 't∧nl m∧k/
n sù xóc chuyÓn/vËn chuyÓn ®¸ th¶i trong hÇm: A
6% grade is considered the practical maximum for
conventional tunnel rail haulage, while grades of up
to 12% are acceptable from an operations and
maintenance viewpoint: §é dèc 6% ®−îc xem lµ ®é
dèc tèi ®a trong thùc tÕ cho viÖc vËn chuyÓn ®¸ th¶i
b»ng ray trong hÇm kiÓu truyÒn thèng, tuy nhiªn c¸c
®é dèc lín tíi 12% lµ vÉn chÊp nhËn ®−îc xÐt theo
quan ®iÓm vËn hµnh vµ b¶o d−ìng.
haulageway /'h˜:lid™wei/ n ®−êng [xóc chuyÓn,
vËn t¶i]: Any underground entry or passageway that
is designed for transport of mined material,
personnel, or equipment, usually by the installation
of track or belt conveyor: Lµ bÊt kú lèi vµo hay lèi ®i
ngÇm nµo ®−îc thiÕt kÕ ®Ó vËn chuyÓn vËt liÖu ®µo,
con ng−êi, hay thiÕt bÞ, th−êng b»ng c¸ch l¾p ®Æt
®−êng ray hay b¨ng t¶i.
hauling-away /h˜:li–/ n sù chuyÓn ®i (vËt liÖu):
hauling equipment /h˜:li– i'kwipm”nt/ n thiÕt
bÞ vËn chuyÓn: There are some types of hauling
equipment: scrapers, dump trucks, and electrically
operated conveyor belts: C¸c ph−¬ng tiÖn chuyÓn t¶i
cã thÓ lµ m¸y c¹p (m¸y xóc bèc), «t« t¶i tù ®æ, hay
c¸c b¨ng t¶i ch¹y ®iÖn.
haunch /hɔ:nt∫/ n vïng v¸t gãc trªn ®èt hÇm: A
thickening of a wall or slab to increase locally the
bending strength and shear capacity of the section:
Vïng lµm dµy h¬n cña mét thµnh t−êng hay b¶n ®Ó
t¨ng côc bé c−êng ®é chèng uèn vµ chèng c¾t cña
tiÕt diÖn.
hazard /'h“z”d/ n mèi nguy, nguy c¬, sù nguy
hiÓm: A source of possible injury or damage to
health. Nowadays, the public is more conscious of
the hidden or delayed hazards in new products,
processes, and many other aspects of civil
engineering systems: Lµ mét nguån g©y th−¬ng tÝch
hay suy gi¶m søc kháe tiÒm tµng. Ngµy nay, c«ng
chóng cã ý thøc h¬n vÒ c¸c nguy c¬ Èn dÊu hay l©u
dµi trong c¸c s¶n phÈm míi, qu¸ tr×nh míi, vµ nhiÒu
khÝa c¹nh kh¸c cña c¸c hÖ thèng kü thuËt d©n dông.
hazardous substance /'h“z”d”s 'sʌbstəns/ n chÊt
nguy hiÓm: A substance that creates a hazard
because it is explosive, flammable, toxic, or
otherwise potentially harmful: Lµ mét chÊt g©y ra
mét mèi nguy hiÓm bëi v× nã lµ chÊt næ, dÔ ch¸y, ®éc
h¹i, hoÆc cã thÓ g©y h¹i theo mét c¸ch kh¸c.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
haze /heiz/ n lµn s−¬ng mê; khãi mï: At the
entrance of tunnels, the presence of haze due to the
exhaust emissions of vehicles may create a visual
problem, particularly when there is no open-grid
construction for screening of daylight through which
the fumes can escape: T¹i khu vùc cöa vµo hÇm, sù
cã mÆt cña khãi mï do qu¸ tr×nh x¶ khÝ th¶i tõ xe cé
rÊt cã thÓ g©y nªn vÊn ®Ò, ®Æc biÖt lµ khi kh«ng l¾p
®Æt hÖ l−íi hë cho môc ®Ých che ch¾n sµng läc ¸nh
s¸ng ban ngµy, mµ nhê ®ã c¸c thø khãi cã thÓ tho¸t
®i.
HDD (Horizontal Directional Drilling) /,hɔri'zɔntl
di'rek∫ənl 'driliη/ n khoan ®Þnh h−íng ngang:
Horizontal Directional Drilling is a multistage,
horizontal drilling procedure in trenchless pipeline
construction. With the help of HDD rigs, mainly gas
and oil pipelines are installed in the soil: Khoan
®Þnh h−íng ngang lµ mét kü thuËt khoan ngang,
nhiÒu giai ®o¹n trong thi c«ng ®−êng èng b»ng
ph−¬ng ph¸p kh«ng ®µo hµo. Víi sù hç trî cña gi¸
khoan HDD, hÇu hÕt c¸c ®−êng èng dÉn khÝ vµ dÇu
®· ®−îc x©y dùng trong lßng ®Êt.
head /hed/ n cét ¸p: pressure at a point in a liquid,
expressed in terms of the vertical distance of the
point below the surface of the liquid: Lµ ¸p suÊt t¹i
mét ®iÓm trong mét chÊt láng, biÓu thÞ b»ng kho¶ng
c¸ch th¼ng ®øng cña ®iÓm Êy bªn d−íi bÒ mÆt chÊt
láng.
headframe /'hedfreim/ n th¸p giÕng má, th¸p
n©ng: Tower built over a shaft to support the ropes
for raising and lowering men, equipment, and
material in the shaft: Lµ th¸p x©y trªn miÖng giÕng
®øng ®Ó treo d©y thõng/c¸p phôc vô n©ng vµ h¹
ng−êi, thiÕt bÞ, vµ vËt liÖu trong lßng giÕng.
heading (= drift) /'hedi–/ n lß däc vØa; g−¬ng
lß chî; g−¬ng ®µo; viÖc ®µo hÇm: The point from
which work progresses on a tunnel. Most tunnels are
bored from two different headings, which meet in the
middle: Lµ vÞ trÝ mµ tõ ®ã c«ng viÖc ®µo hÇm xuÊt
ph¸t vµ tiÕn triÓn. HÇu hÕt c¸c hÇm ®Òu ®−îc khoan
®µo tõ hai g−¬ng lß kh¸c nhau, chóng sÏ gÆp nhau ë
gi÷a hÇm o Advance heading: Hµnh lang ®i tr−íc
o The heading must be continually watched for the
unexpected condition when approaching suspected
mixed face conditions: TiÕn tr×nh ®µo hÇm ph¶i ®−îc
quan tr¾c mét c¸ch liªn tôc ®Ó ph¸t hiÖn ra ®iÒu kiÖn
bÊt th−êng khi ®µo hÇm qua ®Þa chÊt phøc t¹p nghi
ngê cã xen lÉn ®¸ cøng víi ®Êt yÕu.
heading and bench /'hedi–/ n ph−¬ng ph¸p lß
®Ønh vµ bËc thÒm: A method of tunneling in which a
top heading is excavated first, followed by
 159
excavation of the horizontal bench: Lµ mét ph−¬ng
ph¸p ®µo hÇm trong ®ã mét lß ®Ønh ®îc ®µo ®Çu
tiªn, tiÕp theo b»ng viÖc ®µo bËc thÒm ngang phÝa
d−íi.
heading face /'hedi– feis/ n diÖn thi c«ng, mÆt
®µo: The wall of unexcavated ground at the advance
end of a tunnel. Similar in use to face: Lµ t−êng ®Êt
®· ®µo t¹i ®Çu ®ang tiÕn s©u cña hÇm. T−¬ng tù c¸ch
dïng tõ g−¬ng.
heading-and-bench construction /'hedi–/ n thi
c«ng theo ph−¬ng ph¸p lß ®Ønh-vµ-bËc thÒm: A
tunnelling method in which a top heading is
excavated, followed (within one to a few blasts or
shoves) by excavation of the lower bench.
Distinguished from top heading construction: Mét
ph−¬ng ph¸p trong ®ã tr−íc tiªn mét g−¬ng nhá phÝa
vßm ®−îc ®µo, sau ®ã (trong vßng mét hay vµi lÇn
næ m×n hay tiÕn khiªn) sÏ ®µo tiÕp phÇn bËc thÒm
phÝa ®¸y. Ph©n biÖt víi c¸ch thi c«ng dïng lß ®Ønh
nh−ng ®µo suèt.
headrace /'hedreis/ n kªnh [hÇm] dÉn n−íc
(®æ vµo m¸y ph¸t lùc); ®o¹n ®Çu ©u: The company
Atlas Copco provided all of the drilling equipment
needed for 12 km of headrace, tailrace and access
tunnels of the Alto Lindoso 600 MW underground
hydroelectric plant located in northern Portugal:
C«ng ty Atlas Copco cung cÊp mäi thiÕt bÞ khoan
cÇn cho 12 km hÇm dÉn n−íc, hÇm x¶ vµ hÇm tiÕp
cËn cña nhµ m¸y thñy ®iÖn ngÇm Alto Lindoso
600 MW ë b¾c Bå §µo Nha o Alto Adige
Treatment Plant consists of a 950 m-long, 3.9 m-
diameter headrace tunnel, which conveys the sewage
into large caverns where screening, desanding,
degreasing, preliminary sedimentation, biological
and chemical treatment, are carried out: Nhµ m¸y
xö lý Alto Adige cã mét hÇm dÉn n−íc dµi 950 m,
®−êng kÝnh 3,9 m ®Ó vËn chuyÓn n−íc th¶i vµo c¸c
hang ngÇm lín, t¹i ®ã sÏ tiÕn hµnh sµng läc, lo¹i bá
bïn c¸t, lo¹i bá dÇu mì, lµm l¾ng b−íc ®Çu, råi tiÕn
hµnh xö lý hãa häc vµ sinh häc.
health care /helθ ke”/ n ch¨m sãc søc kháe: The
contractor is required under the terms of the
contract to submit its overall health and safety
procedure for the works during construction. The
contractor must ensure that, not only specific health
and safety procedures are prepared, but also all site
procedures and method statements are developed
specifically on the basis of safe methods of working:
Theo c¸c ®iÒu kho¶n cña hîp ®ång, nhµ thÇu ®−îc
yªu cÇu tr×nh kÕ ho¹ch søc kháe vµ an toµn tæng thÓ
cña m×nh cho c«ng tr×nh trong giai ®o¹n thi c«ng.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
Nhµ thÇu ph¶i ®¶m b¶o r»ng, hä kh«ng nh÷ng ®·
chuÈn bÞ tèt c¸c kÕ ho¹ch søc kháe vµ an toµn cô
thÓ, mµ cßn ph¶i thiÕt lËp mäi thñ tôc hiÖn tr−êng vµ
thuyÕt minh ph−¬ng ph¸p mét c¸ch thÝch hîp c¨n cø
vµo c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p lµm viÖc an toµn o It shall
be the duty of the constructor of every tunnel, for the
purpose of improving sanitation and preserving the
health of those employed, to provide dry closets,
water closets, chemical closets, or closet cars upon
all main working levels for the use of all men
employed in the tunnel: Nh»m môc ®Ých n©ng cao vÖ
sinh vµ b¶o vÖ søc kháe cho c«ng nh©n viªn, tr¸ch
nhiÖm cña mçi nhµ thÇu t¹i bÊt cø dù ¸n hÇm nµo lµ
ph¶i cung cÊp buång hong kh«/s−ëi Êm, buång vÖ
sinh, buång hãa chÊt, hoÆc xe nhµ vÖ sinh cho mäi
cÊp ®é lµm viÖc chñ yÕu, tiÖn dïng cho tÊt c¶ nh÷ng
ng−êi ®−îc thuª lµm viÖc trong hÇm.
health disorder /helθ dis'˜:d”/ n sù rèi lo¹n søc
kháe.
hearing protectors /hi”ri– pr”'tekt”z/ n dông cô
b¶o hé tai.
heat of hydration /hi:t ”v hai'drei‘n/ n nhiÖt thñy
hãa: Heat evolved by chemical reactions with water,
such as that evolved during the setting and
hardening of Portland cement: Lµ nhiÖt sinh ra bëi
c¸c ph¶n øng hãa häc víi n−íc, vÝ dô nh− nhiÖt sinh
ra trong khi ninh kÕt vµ ®«ng cøng cña xim¨ng
Portland.
heat /hi:t/ n nhiÖt: At great depth and in some
geologies, ground heat may become a problem, but
this can generally be controlled by increased
ventilation, at an appropriate cost: T¹i ®é s©u lín vµ
trong mét vµi m«i tr−êng ®Þa chÊt, nhiÖt cña ®Êt cã
thÓ trë thµnh mét vÊn ®Ò, nh−ng nãi chung cã thÓ ®èi
phã ®−îc nhê t¨ng c−êng th«ng giã, víi mét chi phÝ
hîp lý.
heave (1) /hi:v/ n sù bïng nÒn, ®Èy tråi: Upward
movement of soil caused by expansion or
displacement resulting from phenomena such as:
moisture absorption, removal of overburden, driving
of piles, frost action, and loading of an adjacent
area: Lµ chuyÓn ®éng lªn phÝa trªn cña ®Êt g©y bëi
sù tr−¬ng në hay chuyÓn vÞ sinh ra tõ c¸c hiÖn t−îng
nh−: hÊp thô h¬i Èm, ®µo bá líp ®Êt phñ, ®ãng cäc,
t¸c ®éng cña s−¬ng gi¸, vµ viÖc chÊt t¶i trªn mét khu
vùc kÕ bªn.
heave (2) /hi:v/ n sù bïng nÒn: Ground movement
in a tunnel in the form of upward deflection of the
invert. When tunneling in soft soils, a key design
objective is to maintain a stable excavation. The
deformations resulting from wall rotations and
 160
excessive rotational shear strains (or shear failures)
of the soil mass tend to develop in a downward
direction (settlement) outside the excavation and
upward (heave) within the excavation. The
excavation should be designed with an adequate
factor of safety against basal heave: Lµ chuyÓn dÞch
cña ®Êt trong hÇm d−íi d¹ng phång lªn phÝa trªn
cña ®¸y hÇm. Khi lµm hÇm qua ®Êt yÕu, mét môc
tiªu thiÕt kÕ quan träng lµ æn ®Þnh r·nh ®µo. BiÕn
d¹ng sinh ra tõ sù quay cña t−êng vµ tõ c¸c biÕn
d¹ng c¾t quay lín (hay sù ph¸ háng c¾t) cña khèi ®Êt
cã xu h−íng ph¸t triÓn theo chiÒu ®i xuèng (lón), bªn
ngoµi vµ h−íng lªn trªn (bïng nÒn) trong ph¹m vi
r·nh ®µo. R·nh ®µo ph¶i ®−îc thiÕt kÕ víi hÖ sè an
toµn ®ñ ®Ó chèng l¹i sù bïng nÒn.
heave energy /hi:v 'en”d™i/ n n¨ng l−îng bèc ph¸
(m×n): When burden increases beyond the optimum
value, heave energy is unable to provide adequate
displacement and the associated breakage: Khi
®−êng c¶n ch©n tÇng dµy qu¸ gi¸ trÞ tèi −u, n¨ng
l−îng bèc ph¸ kh«ng thÓ t¹o ra sù dÞch chuyÓn vµ
ph¸ vì ®Êt ®¸ ®Çy ®ñ.
heaving /hi:viô/ n sù bïng nÒn: Process in which
the ground may be displaced causing a lifting of the
ground surface: Lµ qu¸ tr×nh trong ®ã ®Êt nÒn cã thÓ
bÞ dêi chç/dÞch chuyÓn g©y ra mét sù n©ng lªn cña
bÒ mÆt ®Êt o Applied to the rising of the bottom
after removal of the coal/rock; a sharp rise in the
floor is called a "hogsback": Nãi ®Õn sù n©ng/tråi
lªn cña bÒ mÆt ®¸y sau khi khai th¸c than hay ®µo
bá ®Êt ®¸ phÝa trªn; mét d¶i nh« cao trªn mÆt sµn
®−îc gäi lµ mét “sèng tr©u”.
heavy ground /'hevi graund/ n ®Êt yÕu: Very
incompetent rock, usually found in faults or in shear
zones; highly weathered or decomposed material
having a tendency to move into the open tunnel area:
Lµ ®¸ rÊt kÐm æn ®Þnh, th−êng thÊy t¹i c¸c nÕp ®øt
g·y hoÆc trong c¸c vïng biÕn d¹ng c¾t; vËt liÖu
phong hãa nÆng hoÆc ph©n hñy, cã xu h−íng chuyÓn
dÞch vµo phÝa trong khu vùc hÇm ®· ®µo.
heavy rail /'hevi reil/ n ray nÆng: High capacity
rail system with longer trains and heavy rolling
stock: HÖ thèng ray n¨ng lùc cao víi ®oµn tµu dµi
h¬n vµ ®Çu m¸y nÆng h¬n.
helmet /'helmit/ n mò cøng b¶o hé (hard hat): It
is not always easy to enforce the hard-hat rules, and
here the inspector's attention can be of help to
construction supervisors. Helmets should be of a
quality that will meet at least the minimum
requirements of the various codes. Many contractors
provide helmets, usually with their own company
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
insignia, and also make the wearing of them a
condition of employment, with similar stipulations
included in their subcontract agreements: Kh«ng
ph¶i lu«n lu«n dÔ dµng ®Ó thi hµnh c¸c quy t¾c vÒ
®éi mò cøng, vµ chÝnh vÒ viÖc nµy sù l−u ý nh¾c nhë
cña gi¸m s¸t viªn cã thÓ gióp Ých cho c¸c kü s− thi
c«ng. Mò b¶o hé ph¶i cã chÊt l−îng sao cho Ýt nhÊt
lµ ®¸p øng ®−îc c¸c yªu cÇu tèi thiÓu cña c¸c luËt
lÖ. NhiÒu nhµ thÇu cung cÊp cho nh©n viªn mò an
toµn, th−êng lµ cã d¸n dÊu hiÖu cña c«ng ty hä, vµ
còng quy ®Þnh viÖc ®éi mò lµ mét ®iÒu kiÖn ®Ó ®−îc
tuyÓn dông, còng nh− cã c¸c ®iÒu kho¶n t−¬ng tù
®−îc ghi trong c¸c hîp ®ång thÇu phô.
heterogeneity /,hetəroudʒi'ni:iti/ n tÝnh kh«ng
®ång nhÊt: having different properties at different
points: cã c¸c tÝnh chÊt kh¸c nhau t¹i c¸c ®iÓm kh¸c
nhau.
high air /hai e”/ n khÝ cao ¸p: Compressed air
used in tunnels to operate pneumatic tools.
Generally supplied at 100 psi: Lµ khÝ nÐn dïng trong
c¸c hÇm ®Ó vËn hµnh c¸c dông cô ch¹y b»ng h¬i Ðp.
Nãi chung th−êng ®−îc cung cÊp ë ¸p suÊt 100 psi
(0,7 MPa).
high explosive /hai iks'plousiv/ n chÊt næ m¹nh:
The high explosive generally used is penta-erythritol
tetranitrate (PETN). The amount of high explosive in
detonating cord varies from 1 to 1300 grains of
PETN per metre: ChÊt næ m¹nh th−êng dïng lµ
penta-erythritol tetranitrat (PETN). Khèi l−îng
thuèc næ m¹nh trong d©y næ thay ®æi tõ 1 ®Õn 1300
grªn trªn mÐt (1 gren = 0.0648 gam).
high performance concrete (HPC) /hai
p”'f˜:m”ns 'k˜nkri:t/ n bªt«ng chÊt l−îng cao: The
use of high performance concrete (HPC) in building
construction increased significantly during the last
quarter of the 20th century. High performance
concrete exhibits significantly higher compressive
strengths than normal-strength concrete (NSC),
which allows for extensions of structural design by
allowing structural members made from HPC to
carry higher loads: ViÖc sö dông bªt«ng c−êng ®é
cao (BTC§C) trong x©y dùng nhµ cöa ®· t¨ng lªn
m¹nh mÏ trong phÇn t− cuèi cïng cña thÕ kû 20.
BTC§C cã c−êng ®é chÞu nÐn cao h¬n rÊt nhiÒu so
víi bªt«ng th−êng (BTT), ®iÒu nµy cho phÐp më réng
thiÕt kÕ kÕt cÊu b»ng c¸ch ®Ó cho c¸c cÊu kiÖn lµm
b»ng BTC§C chÞu nh÷ng t¶i träng lín h¬n o
Regardless of the definition, HPC is an advancement
in concrete technology that has become
commonplace and the state-of-the-practice, rather
than the exception to the rule: BÊt kÓ ®−îc ®Þnh
 161
nghÜa nh− thÕ nµo, BTC§C vÉn lµ mét tiÕn bé trong
c«ng nghÖ bªt«ng, vµ nã ®· trë thµnh th«ng dông,
chø kh«ng cßn lµ mét tr−êng hîp ngo¹i lÖ n÷a.
high performance shotcrete /hai p”'f˜:m”ns
‘˜tkri:t/ n bªt«ng phun chÊt l−îng/tÝnh n¨ng cao:
HPC is defined by the American Concrete Institute
as concrete that meets special combinations of
performance and uniformity requirements that
cannot always be achieved routinely using
conventional constituents and normal mixing,
placing, and curing practices (ACI 116R): BTC§C
®−îc ®Þnh nghÜa bëi ViÖn Bªt«ng Mü lµ lo¹i bªt«ng
cã ®−îc sù kÕt hîp ®Æc biÖt gi÷a tÝnh n¨ng lµm viÖc
vµ c¸c yªu cÇu vÒ tÝnh ®ång nhÊt, mµ kh«ng ph¶i
lu«n ®¹t ®−îc b»ng c¸ch th«ng th−êng lµ dïng c¸c
thµnh phÇn truyÒn thèng vµ kü thuËt trén, ®æ, vµ b¶o
d−ìng b×nh th−êng (ACI 116R) o While most
shotcrete placed is the traditional dry-mix and wet-
mix shotcrete, the use of specialty shotcretes has
become common. The addition of accelerators,
fibers, and silica fume can provide shotcrete with
significantly enhanced performance: Trong khi hÇu
hÕt bªt«ng phun dïng trong qu¸ khø lµ lo¹i bªt«ng
phun trén kh« vµ trén −ít truyÒn thèng, hiÖn nay
viÖc sö dông c¸c lo¹i bªt«ng phun ®Æc biÖt ®· trë
nªn th«ng th−êng. ViÖc cho thªm c¸c chÊt phô gia
thóc ®Èy ninh kÕt, cèt sîi, vµ ®i«xit silic mÞn cã thÓ
t¹o cho bªt«ng phun tÝnh n¨ng lµm viÖc ®−îc n©ng
cao ®¸ng kÓ.
high performance sprayed concrete /hai
p”'f˜:m”ns sprei 'k˜nkri:t/ n bªt«ng phun chÊt
l−îng/tÝnh n¨ng cao: Dust measurements from the
North Cape Tunnel in Norway where high
performance wet-mix sprayed concrete with the
liquid non caustic alkali-free accelerator MEYCO®
SA160 is used, show a total dust content of less than
3.7 mg per m3 of air in the immediate environment of
the operator: C¸c ®o ®¹c vÒ l−îng bôi t¹i HÇm Mòi
B¾c cña Na Uy, mµ ë ®ã dïng bªt«ng phun trén −ít
tÝnh n¨ng cao (víi phô gia láng thóc ®Èy ninh kÕt phi
kiÒm kh«ng ¨n da MEYCO® SA160), cho thÊy mét
hµm l−îng bôi tæng céng chØ bÐ h¬n 3,7 mg/m3 kh«ng
khÝ ngay t¹i khu vùc xung quanh ng−êi thî phun.
high performance steel fiber /hai p”'f˜:m”ns sti:l
'faib”/ n cèt sîi thÐp tÝnh n¨ng cao: The introduction
and development of high performance steel fibres for
reinforcing shotcrete has had significant
implications on the design of tunnel linings and in
exploiting the potential economies in construction
practices: ViÖc ®−a ra vµ ph¸t triÓn c¸c lo¹i cèt sîi
thÐp tÝnh n¨ng cao ®Ó gia c−êng cho bªt«ng phun ®·
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
cã nh÷ng t¸c ®éng to lín ®Õn viÖc thiÕt kÕ vá hÇm,
còng nh− viÖc khai th¸c c¸c øng dông tiÒm tµng
trong ngµnh x©y dùng o The function of shotcrete
in tunnel constructions is to create a semi-stiff
immediate lining with a high initial strength for
good bond to the rock surface and a high degree of
ductility and toughness to absorb and block rock
movement. High performance steel fibre reinforced
shotcrete meets these requirements: Chøc n¨ng cña
bªt«ng phun trong x©y dùng hÇm lµ t¹o ra mét vá
hÇm nöa-cøng nhanh chãng cã c−êng ®é ban ®Çu
cao ®Ó dÝnh b¸m tèt vµo bÒ mÆt ®Êt ®¸ vµ cã ®é bÒn
dai lín ®Ó hÊp thô vµ chÆn ®øng biÕn d¹ng. Bªt«ng
phun gia c−êng b»ng cèt sîi thÐp tÝnh n¨ng cao ®¸p
øng ®−îc nh÷ng yªu cÇu nµy.
high pressure grouting /hai 'pre∫”r 'grauti–/ n
phun v÷a ¸p lùc cao: Consolidation grouting used to
strengthen rock or cutt off water inflows: Lµ kü thuËt
b¬m v÷a cè kÕt dïng ®Ó gia cè ®¸ hay ng¨n chÆn
n−íc ngÇm.
high rock /hai r˜k/ n ®¸ nh« cao, ®¸ ch−a næ hÕt t¹i
®¸y hÇm: A rock surface extending above the invert
of a tunnel that would otherwise be driven entirely in
soft-ground conditions: Lµ bÒ mÆt ®¸ nh« lªn khái
phÇn vßm ngöa cña mét hÇm mµ ®¸ng lÏ nã cã thÓ
®−îc ®µo xong toµn bé trong ®iÒu kiÖn ®Êt mÒm.
high voltage supply /hai 'voultidʒ s”'plai/ n
cung cÊp ®iÖn ¸p cao, nguån ®iÖn cao ¸p: The supply
of electricity if the difference of potential between
any two points of the circuit may at any time exceed
650 volts: Lµ sù cung cÊp dßng ®iÖn trong ®ã chªnh
lÖch ®iÖn thÕ gi÷a hai ®iÓm bÊt kú trong m¹ch ®iÖn
ph¶i lín h¬n 650 v«n.
high water pressure /hai 'w˜:t” 'pre∫”r/ n ¸p
lùc n−íc lín: Tunnelling with hydroshields has
developed to high performance. But most accidents
occur just in the beginning of hydroshield driving
under high water pressure, when the machine is
leaving the starting shaft. Technical solutions and
risk assessment for this process should be
conducted: Lµm hÇm b»ng khiªn thñy lùc ®· ph¸t
triÓn ®Õn tr×nh ®é cao. Nh−ng hÇu hÕt c¸c tai n¹n
®Òu x¶y ra ngay vµo lóc khiªn b¾t ®Çu khoan vµo
trong ®Êt cã ¸p lùc n−íc lín, khi mµ khiªn võa rêi
khái giÕng ®øng xuÊt ph¸t. CÇn v¹ch ra c¸c gi¶i
ph¸p kü thuËt vµ tiÕn hµnh ®¸nh gi¸ rñi ro ®èi víi
qu¸ tr×nh nµy.
hindrance /'hindr”ns/ n sù c¶n trë; trë lùc,
ch−íng ng¹i: Temporary or portable buildings, or
plant for the purpose of tunnel construction shall not
be placed such that they are a hindrance to normal
 162
public access or recreation area or in other way are
detrimental to the surroundings: C¸c nhµ cöa t¹m
hoÆc di chuyÓn ®−îc, hay nhµ x−ëng phôc vô cho
viÖc x©y dùng hÇm kh«ng ®−îc phÐp bè trÝ ®Ó trë
thµnh ch−íng ng¹i ®èi víi sù ®i l¹i b×nh th−êng cña
c«ng chóng hay c¶n trë khu gi¶i trÝ, hoÆc g©y tæn h¹i
®Õn m«i tr−êng xung quanh o All kinds of events
during execution of the works may alter the contract
target originally agreed: Changes requested by the
project owner; Work which is not agreed but
necessary; Hindrances caused by other contractors,
etc.: Cã rÊt nhiÒu sù viÖc x¶y ra trong khi thi c«ng
cã thÓ lµm thay ®æi môc tiªu cña hîp ®ång ®−îc ký
lóc ban ®Çu, nh−: Nh÷ng thay ®æi do chñ ®Çu t− yªu
cÇu; C«ng viÖc ph¸t sinh dï ch−a ®−îc ký kÕt nh−ng
lµ cÇn thiÕt; Nh÷ng c¶n trë lÉn nhau g©y ra bëi c¸c
nhµ thÇu kh¸c nhau, v.v…
hinged pouring window in the form /hind™d
'p˜:ri– 'windou/ n « hë cã b¶n lÒ cña v¸n khu«n ®Ó
®æ bªt«ng: Hinged windows in the forms, of manhole
size, are provided except where the thickness of
concrete permits men to move freely behind the
forms. Vibration of concrete is accomplished
through these windows. They are closed as the
concrete reaches them: C¸c cöa sæ cã khíp trªn v¸n
khu«n, kÝch th−íc cì ®é võa ng−êi chui, ®−îc t¹o ra
trõ phi chiÒu dµy líp bªt«ng cho phÐp c«ng nh©n di
chuyÓn ®−îc tù do phÝa trong v¸n khu«n. ViÖc ®Çm
bªt«ng ®−îc thùc hiÖn qua c¸c lç më nµy. Chóng
®−îc ®ãng l¹i khi bªt«ng d©ng lªn tíi ®ã.
hog rods /h˜g r˜dz/ n thanh cè ®Þnh vá hÇm: A
steel tumbuckle rod installed horizontally across a
shield driven tunnel and fastened on each side to the
liner plate, remains in position until the shield tail
void is filled with pea gravel and grouted; prevents
deflection of the liner plate: Lµ thanh thÐp l¾p ngang
qua mét hÇm ®µo b»ng khiªn vµ b¾t chÆt hai ®Çu vµo
vá hÇm, ®Ó t¹i chç cho tíi khi lç rçng phÝa ®u«i
khiªn ®· ®−îc lÊp l¹i b»ng sái nhá vµ b¬m v÷a; cã
t¸c dông chèng x« lÖch cho vá hÇm.
hoist /h˜ist/ n têi n©ng, m¸y n©ng: An apparatus
for raising rock from a shaft and for lowering and
raising men and material. It consists of a load-
carrying vehicle attached to the end of a cable or
rope usually employing a guideway to stabilize a
vehicle: Lµ mét c¬ cÊu ®Ó n©ng ®¸ lªn khái giÕng
còng nh− h¹ vµ n©ng ng−êi vµ vËt liÖu. Nã gåm cã
mét xe chÊt t¶i g¾n vµo mét ®Çu c¸p hay thõng,
th−êng sö dông mét ®−êng dÉn ®Ó lµm æn ®Þnh xe
nµy o Locating a shaft at the midpoint of a tunnel
will permit tunnel driving in two directions; also,
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
one compressor plant, one hoist, one shop and one
office can serve both headings: ViÖc ®Æt mét giÕng
má t¹i ®iÓm gi÷a cña mét tuyÕn hÇm sÏ cho phÐp ®µo
hÇm theo hai h−íng; h¬n n÷a mét m¸y nÐn khÝ, mét
têi n©ng, mét x−ëng vµ mét v¨n phßng cã thÓ phôc
vô cho c¶ hai g−¬ng ®µo.
hole diameter /'houl dai'“mit”/ n ®−êng kÝnh lç
khoan: The drillhole diameter is mainly governed by
the properties of the strata being blasted, the degree
of fragmentation required, the available loading and
hauling equipment and crusher capacity, and the
relative economics of the available types of drilling
equipment: §−êng kÝnh lç khoan chñ yÕu bÞ quy ®Þnh
bëi c¸c tÝnh chÊt cña ®Þa tÇng sÏ ®−îc ph¸ næ, møc
®é vì vôn yªu cÇu, c¸c lo¹i thiÕt bÞ chÊt t¶i vµ xóc
chuyÓn cã s½n vµ n¨ng lùc cña m¸y nghiÒn ®¸, còng
nh− tÝnh kinh tÕ t−¬ng ®èi cña c¸c lo¹i thiÕt bÞ khoan
cã s½n.
holing through /'houliô •ru:/ n sù ®µo th«ng hÇm:
That point in excavation when a tunnel daylights at a
portal or meets another face which gives a
continuous tunnel. Before holing through some
corrections in the direction of driving may be
necessary: Lµ thêi ®iÓm trong qu¸ tr×nh ®µo khi mµ
mét hÇm ®µo th«ng ra ngoµi ¸nh s¸ng ë cæng hÇm
hoÆc gÆp mét g−¬ng ®µo kh¸c (tõ phÝa ng−îc l¹i) ®Ó
t¹o nªn ®−êng hÇm hoµn chØnh. Tr−íc khi më th«ng
hÇm tõ hai phÝa, cã thÓ ph¶i ®iÒu chØnh ®«i chót vÒ
h−íng ®µo hÇm.
homogeneity /,hɔmoudʒe'ni:iti/ n tÝnh ®ång nhÊt:
having the same properties at all points: cã c¸c tÝnh
chÊt gièng nhau t¹i mäi ®iÓm.
homogeneous mass /,hɔmə'dʒi:njəs mæs/ n khèi
vËt liÖu ®ång nhÊt: mass that exhibits essentially the
same physical properties at every point throughout
the mass: lµ khèi vËt liÖu mµ vÒ c¬ b¶n nã thÓ hiÖn
c¸c tÝnh chÊt vËt lý nh− nhau t¹i mäi ®iÓm trong toµn
bé khèi ®ã.
homogeneous material /,hɔmə'dʒi:njəs mə'tiəriəl/
n vËt liÖu ®ång nhÊt: a material that exhibits
essentially the same physical properties throughout
the material: lµ mét vËt liÖu mµ vÒ c¬ b¶n nã thÓ
hiÖn c¸c tÝnh chÊt vËt lý gièng nhau theo mäi h−íng
trong khèi vËt liÖu Êy.
honeycomb /'hʌnikoum/ n rç tæ ong: voids in
concrete created when the mortar does not fill all the
spaces among coarse aggregate particles: lµ c¸c lç
rçng trong bªt«ng bÞ t¹o ra khi v÷a xim¨ng kh«ng
lÊp ®Çy tÊt c¶ c¸c kho¶ng trèng gi÷a c¸c h¹t cèt liÖu
th«.
 163
hood /hud/ n n¾p ®Ëy, n¾p chôp, vá bäc: When
driving through running sand and gravel, the shield
must have a hood and the face is breasted at all
times: Khi ®µo hÇm qua sái vµ c¸t ch¶y, khiªn ®µo
cÇn ph¶i cã mét n¾p chôp, vµ g−¬ng ®µo ph¶i lu«n
lu«n ®−îc gia cè b»ng v¸n ®ì.
hook /huk/ v nèi m¹ng, nèi m¹ch: Electric circuits
should be installed and hooked up to equipment by
properly trained personnel, with proper safety
installations to avoid stray currents or other
conditions that might cause premature blasts of
explosive: C¸c m¹ch ®iÖn (næ m×n) ph¶i ®−îc l¾p ®Æt
vµ kÕt nèi vµo thiÕt bÞ bëi nh©n viªn ®· qua ®µo t¹o,
víi c¸ch l¾p r¸p an toµn ®óng c¸ch ®Ó tr¸nh gÆp c¸c
dßng ®iÖn l¹c hoÆc ®iÒu kiÖn kh¸c mµ chóng cã thÓ
g©y næ sím cho khèi thuèc næ.
hooking-up /hukiô-—p/ n sù nèi m¹ng cho c¸c lç
m×n: Electronic detonators may be used in the
contour holes of every rounds. Some practical
aspects in the handling and hooking up are worth
mentioning. When connecting each detonator to the
harness wire a small snap-connecting block is used.
A more practical connector would certainly ensure a
safer hook-up procedure. Each detonator has to be
tested before connecting the next one. This
procedure was time consuming: C¸c kÝp ®iÖn ®−îc
dïng t¹i c¸c lç ph¸ cña mäi b−íc ®µo. Nªn l−u ý vµi
khÝa c¹nh vÒ thao t¸c vµ nèi m¹ng c¸c kÝp ®iÖn. Khi
nèi tõng kÝp vµo d©y ch¹y vßng quanh, cÇn dïng mét
khÊc nèi nhá. Cã lÏ mét lo¹i kÝp tiÖn dông h¬n sÏ
®¶m b¶o ch¾c ch¾n cã ®−îc thñ tôc nèi m¹ng an
toµn h¬n. Mçi kÝp ®iÖn ph¶i ®−îc kiÓm tra tr−íc khi
nèi víi kÝp tiÕp theo. Thñ tôc nµy rÊt mÊt thêi gian.
horizon /,h˜ri'z˜n/ n tÇng: In geology, any given
definite position or interval in the stratigraphic
column or the scheme of stratigraphic classification;
generally used in a relative sense: Trong ®Þa chÊt,
chØ vÞ trÝ x¸c ®Þnh hay kho¶ng c¸ch bÊt kú trªn cét
®Þa tÇng hoÆc s¬ ®å ph©n lo¹i ®Þa tÇng; nãi chung
®−îc dïng víi nghÜa t−¬ng ®èi.
horizontal alignment /,h˜ri'z˜ntl ”'lainm”nt/ n bè
trÝ tuyÕn trªn mÆt b»ng: The new high-speed trains
do require a much stricter tolerance in the
horizontal alignment of the tunnel: C¸c tµu ®iÖn tèc
®é cao kiÓu míi ngµy cµng ®ßi hái mét dung sai chÆt
chÏ h¬n vÒ bè trÝ trªn mÆt b»ng cña tuyÕn hÇm o
The vertical and horizontal alignment of the
tunnelled section of the scheme is tightly constrained
by the presence of other sub-surface structures
(tunnels, cables and building foundations): Tr¾c däc
vµ tr¾c ngang cña tuyÕn hÇm thuéc dù ¸n míi nµy bÞ
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
khèng chÕ chÆt chÏ bëi sù cã mÆt cña c¸c c«ng tr×nh
ngÇm kh¸c (hÇm cò, c¸p vµ mãng nhµ).
horsepower (hp) /'h˜:s'pau”/ n søc ngùa, m·
lùc (1 HP = 0.746 Kilowatts): The Robbins TBM
1215-257 hard rock-main beam type tunnel boring
machine is used in this project. Four 450
horsepower electric motors rotate the cutter head at
approximately 12 revolutions per minute: M¸y
khoan hÇm TBM Robbins 1215-257 kiÓu dÇm chÝnh
khoan trong ®¸ cøng ®−îc dïng trong dù ¸n nµy. Nã
cã bèn m«t¬ ®iÖn 450 m· lùc ®Ó lµm quay ®Üa c¾t víi
vËn tèc kho¶ng 12 vßng/phót.
horseshoe-shaped section /'h˜:s∫u: ∫eipt '∫ek∫n/ n
mÆt c¾t h×nh mãng ngùa: In those cases where the
structure will be subjected to roof loads with little or
no side pressure, a horseshoe-shaped cross section
is used: Trong tr−êng hîp kÕt cÊu hÇm sÏ chÞu t¶i
träng trªn nãc mµ ¸p lùc bªn lµ bÐ hoÆc kh«ng cã,
th× d¹ng mÆt c¾t ngang h×nh mãng ngùa ®−îc sö
dông o Where a horseshoe section is indicated,
the load on the liner is determined by the arching
action of the ground and by the homogeneousness of
the ground: Khi sö dông mÆt c¾t hÇm h×nh mãng
ngùa, t¶i träng lªn vá hÇm ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh bëi t¸c
dông t¹o vßm cña ®Êt vµ tÝnh ®ång nhÊt cña nã.
horseshoe tunnel /'h˜:s∫u: 't—nl/ n hÇm h×nh
mãng ngùa: A tunnel of roughly horseshoe-shaped
cross section, oriented like an inverted "U". Many
variations on the basic configuration are possible:
Mét hÇm cã tiÕt diÖn gÇn nh− h×nh chiÕc mãng ngùa,
tr«ng gièng nh− ch÷ U ®Ó ng−îc. Cã thÓ cã nhiÒu
biÕn thÓ kh¸c so víi ®Þnh d¹ng c¬ b¶n ®ã.
hot spring /h˜t spriô/ n suèi n−íc nãng: As the
Francis Fox gallery descended the hot springs
followed, and the boring machines and the miners
were standing in a sea of hot water; this for a time
was pumped out by centrifugal pumps over the apex
of the tunnel. The only way in which these hot
springs, sometimes as high as 125° F. could be
grappled with was by throwing jets of cold water
under high pressure into the fissures, and thus
diluting them down to a temperature which the
miners could stand: Khi hÇm Francis Fox ®µo dÇn
xuèng th× gÆp suèi n−íc nãng, m¸y khoan hÇm vµ
c«ng nh©n ph¶i ®øng trong biÓn n−íc nãng; n−íc
ngÇm nµy ®· ®−îc thö b¬m bá b»ng c¸c b¬m ly t©m
qua ®iÓm cao nhÊt cña hÇm. Nh−ng c¸ch duy nhÊt
®Ó ®èi phã víi c¸c suèi n−íc nãng nµy, ®«i khi lªn
tíi 520C, lµ nhÐt c¸c vßi xÞt n−íc l¹nh cao ¸p vµo
trong c¸c khe nøt, nhê ®ã hoµ lo·ng chóng xuèng
mét nhiÖt ®é mµ c«ng nh©n cã thÓ chÞu ®−îc.
 164
humification /,hju:mifi'kei∫n/ n sù biÕn thµnh
mïn: A process by which organic matter
decomposes. The degree of humification for peats is
indicated by the state of the fibers. In slightly
decomposed material, most of the volume consists of
fibers. In moderately decomposed material, the
fibers may be preserved but may break down with
disturbance, such as rubbing between the fingers. In
highly decomposed materials, fibers will be virtually
absent: Lµ mét qu¸ tr×nh qua ®ã vËt chÊt h÷u c¬ bÞ
ph©n hñy. Møc ®é hãa mïn cña than bïn ®−îc chØ
b¸o bëi t×nh tr¹ng cña c¸c thí sîi. Trong vËt liÖu
ph©n hñy nhÑ, phÇn lín thÓ tÝch bao gåm c¸c thí sîi.
Trong vËt liÖu ph©n hñy võa ph¶i, c¸c thí sîi cã thÓ
®−îc b¶o tån nh−ng cã thÓ bÞ ph¸ vì do ®¶o lén, vÝ
dô nh− chµ x¸t gi÷a c¸c ngãn tay. Trong c¸c vËt liÖu
ph©n hñy m¹nh, c¸c sîi sÏ hÇu nh− lµ v¾ng mÆt.
humus /'hju:məs/ n mïn, ®Êt mïn: A brown or
black material formed by the partial decomposition
of vegetable or animal matter; the organic portion of
soil: Lµ mét vt liÖu mµu n©u hoÆc ®en ®−îc h×nh
thµnh bëi sù ph©n hñy mét phÇn cña vËt chÊt thùc
vËt hay ®éng vËt; nã lµ thµnh phÇn h÷u c¬ cña ®Êt.
hybrid /'haibrid/ n vËt ghÐp, vËt tæ hîp; adj ghÐp,
lai, kÕt hîp: The combination of two materials of
different origin or composition: Sù kÕt hîp cña hai
vËt liÖu cã nguån gèc hay thµnh phÇn kh¸c nhau.
hydrant /'haidr”nt/ n van lÊy n−íc (ë ®−êng èng):
150 meters of fire hose is carried on the emergency
trucks to fit the hydrant outlets in the tunnel, with
regular and fog zozzles: 150 mÐt vßi phun n−íc cøu
háa ®−îc ®Ó s½n trªn xe t¶i cøu hé ®Ó l¾p vµo c¸c
cöa van lÊy n−íc trong hÇm, cïng víi c¸c vßi phun
n−íc d¹ng th«ng th−êng vµ d¹ng s−¬ng mï.
hydrated lime /'haidreitid laim/ n v«i ®· t«i:
Calcium hydroxide, a dry powder obtained by
treating quicklime with water. For highly plastic
clay soils, hydrated lime or quicklime may
sometimes be used as a pretreatment to reduce
plasticity and make the soil more friable and
susceptible to pulverization prior to mixing with
cement: Hy®roxyt canxi Ca(OH)2, mét thø bét kh«
nhËn ®−îc b»ng c¸ch xö lý v«i sèng víi n−íc. §èi
víi c¸c lo¹i ®Êt sÐt cã tÝnh ch¶y dÎo cao, ®«i khi cã
thÓ dïng v«i sèng hoÆc v«i t«i nh− mét biÖn ph¸p xö
lý tr−íc ®Ó gi¶m tÝnh dÎo vµ lµm cho ®Êt bë h¬n ®Ó
dÔ lµm t¬i tr−íc khi trén víi xim¨ng (trong gia cè ®Êt
vµ c¸c cèt liÖu).
hydration /hai'drei‘n/ n sù hy®rat hãa, sù thñy hãa:
The chemical combination of cement and water,
known as hydration, produces a very hard and
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
strong binding medium for the aggregate particles in
concrete and is accompanied by the liberation of
heat, normally expressed as joules per gram: Sù kÕt
hîp ho¸ häc cña xim¨ng vµ n−íc, gäi lµ sù thuû ho¸,
t¹o ra mét m«i tr−êng liªn kÕt cøng vµ bÒn v÷ng cho
c¸c h¹t cèt liÖu trong bªt«ng, vµ kÌm theo lµ sù gi¶i
phãng nhiÖt, th−êng ®−îc biÓu diÔn b»ng J/g o
Hydration results in the formation of a gel around
each of the cement particles and in time these layers
of gel grow to the extent that they come into contact
with each other. At this stage the cement paste
begins to lose its fluidity: Qu¸ tr×nh thñy hãa khiÕn
t¹o lËp mét thÓ keo (gel) xung quanh mçi h¹t xim¨ng
vµ theo thêi gian c¸c líp keo nµy lín lªn (ph¸t triÓn)
tíi mét møc ®é mµ chóng trë lªn tiÕp xóc víi nhau.
ë giai ®o¹n nµy v÷a xim¨ng b¾t ®Çu mÊt tÝnh l−u
®éng cña nã.
hydraulic /hai'dr˜:lik/ adj thñy lùc: Of or
pertaining to fluids in motion. Hydraulic cement has
a composition which permits it to set quickly under
water. Hydraulic jacks lift through the force
transmitted to the movable part of the jack by a
liquid. Hydraulic control refers to the mechanical
control of various parts of machines, such as coal
cutters, loaders, etc., through the operation or action
of hydraulic cylinders: Cña hoÆc thuéc vÒ c¸c chÊt
láng chuyÓn ®éng. Xim¨ng thñy lùc cã thµnh phÇn
cho phÐp nã ®«ng cøng nhanh d−íi n−íc. KÝch thñy
lùc o Hydraulic oil is a flexible power media:
DÇu thñy lùc lµ mét ph−¬ng tiÖn truyÒn n¨ng l−îng
linh ho¹t.
hydraulic communication /hai'dr˜:lik
kə,mju:ni'kei∫n/ n sù th«ng th−¬ng thñy lùc: The
migration of fluids from one zone to another, with
reference to this guide, especially along a casing
grout plug, or through back fill materials: Lµ sù di
chuyÓn cña chÊt láng tõ vïng nµy qua vïng kh¸c, víi
sù dÉn h−íng cña sù nèi th«ng, ®Æc biÖt lµ däc theo
mét nót chÆn v÷a trong èng v¸ch, hoÆc qua c¸c vËt
liÖu ®¾p tr¶.
hydraulic conductivity (field aquifer tests)
/hai'dr˜:lik ,kɔndʌk'tiviti/ n ®é dÉn thñy lùc (thÝ
nghiÖm tÇng chøa n−íc t¹i hiÖn tr−êng): The volume
of water at the existing kinematic viscosity that will
move in a unit time under a unit hydraulic gradient
through a unit area measured at right angles to the
direction of flow: Lµ thÓ tÝch n−íc t¹i ®é nhít ®éng
häc hiÖn t¹i mµ nã sÏ di chuyÓn trong mét ®¬n vÞ thêi
gian d−íi gradient thñy lùc ®¬n vÞ qua mét ®¬n vÞ
diÖn tÝch ®o theo chiÒu vu«ng gãc víi h−íng dßng
ch¶y.
 165
hydraulic formula /hai'dr˜:lik 'f˜:mjul”/ n c«ng
thøc thñy lùc.
hydraulic fracturing /hai'dr˜:lik 'fr“kt‘”riô/ n sù
ph¸ vì ®Êt ®¸ b»ng thñy lùc: Fracturing of a soil or
rock mass by the pressure of a fluid grout or a grout
that behaves as a fluid when under pressure in the
ground: Lµ sù ph¸ vì nÒn ®Êt hay ®¸ b»ng ¸p lùc
cña mét v÷a láng, hoÆc lo¹i v÷a cã tÝnh láng khi chÞu
¸p lùc trong nÒn ®Êt.
hydraulic gradient /hai'dr˜:lik 'greidjənt/ n
gradient thñy lùc: the change in total hydraulic head
of water per unit distance of flow: Lµ l−îng thay ®æi
vÒ tæng cét ¸p thñy lùc cña n−íc trªn ®¬n vÞ chiÒu
dµi dßng ch¶y o Critical hydraulic gradient is
hydraulic gradient at which the intergranular
pressure in a mass of cohesionless soil is reduced to
zero by the upward flow of water: Gradient thñy lùc
tíi h¹n lµ gradient thñy lùc mµ t¹i ®ã ¸p lùc gi÷a c¸c
h¹t ®Êt trong mét khèi ®Êt kh«ng dÝnh ®−îc gi¶m
xuèng tíi zero bëi dßng ch¶y ng−îc lªn phÝa trªn.
hydraulic mucking /hai'dr˜:lik mʌkiô/ n sù bèc
xóc b»ng thñy lùc.
hydraulic jacking /hai'dr˜:lik dʒækiô/ n ph¸ vì
thñy lùc, kÝch vì b»ng ¸p lùc n−íc: The issue of in
situ stress in regards to design of a concrete lined or
unlined pressure tunnels is associated with the
phenomenon of ”hydraulic jacking,” i.e., opening of
existing rock mass joints by the action of pressurized
water introduced into the joints. Hydraulic jacking
phenomena result in dramatically increased
permeability and leakage out of a concrete lined or
unlined pressure tunnel through the rock mass. In
addition to increased leakage, secondary,
undesirable environmental effects may also result:
VÊn ®Ò øng suÊt t¹i chç vÒ mÆt thiÕt kÕ c¸c hÇm ¸p
lùc cã vá bªt«ng hoÆc kh«ng vá sÏ liªn quan ®Õn
hiÖn t−îng “ph¸ vì thñy lùc”, nghÜa lµ sù më réng
ra cña c¸c khe nøt trong khèi ®¸ hiÖn t¹i do ho¹t
®éng cña n−íc cã ¸p t¸c dông lªn thµnh khe nøt.
HiÖn t−îng ph¸ vì thñy lùc nµy lµm t¨ng ®é thÊm
n−íc vµ rß rØ n−íc trÇm träng tõ c¸c hÇm cã ¸p x©y
vá bªt«ng hoÆc ®Ó trÇn vµo nÒn ®¸. Ngoµi viÖc lµm
t¨ng sù rß thÊm n−íc, nã cßn g©y ra c¸c t¸c ®éng
phô kh«ng mong muèn kh¸c vÒ m«i tr−êng.
hydrocarbon /hai'dr˜:lik/ n hy®r« cacbon: A
family of chemical compounds containing carbon
and hydrogen atoms in various combinations, found
especially in fossil fuels: Lµ mét hä c¸c hîp chÊt hãa
häc chøa cacbon vµ c¸c nguyªn tö Hy®r« víi nhiÒu
tæ hîp kh¸c nhau, ®Æc biÖt hay t×m thÊy trong nhiªn
liÖu hãa th¹ch o Much progress has been made in
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
the field of emission treatment technology and that
viable technologies are now available to remove
‘suspended particles, nitrogen dioxide, some portion
of other oxides of nitrogen and hydrocarbon
vapours’ from road tunnel exhaust air: §· cã nhiÒu
tiÕn bé trong lÜnh vùc c«ng nghÖ xö lý khãi th¶i, vµ
hiÖn nay ®· cã s½n c¸c c«ng nghÖ cã Ých ®ã ®Ó lo¹i
bá “c¸c h¹t l¬ löng, ®i«xit nit¬, mét sè c¸c «xit nit¬
kh¸c vµ h¬i hydrocacbon” cã trong khÝ th¶i cña c¸c
hÇm ®−êng bé.
hydrocyclone /hai'drou'saikloun/ n m¸y t¸ch thñy
lùc: A piece of equipment used to reduce the solids
content of the slurry in a separation plant; operates
on the principle of a centrifuge with the centrifugal
effect generated by the flow of the fluid inside the
hydrocyclone body: Lµ mét thiÕt bÞ dïng ®Ó lµm
gi¶m hµm l−îng chÊt r¾n cña mét v÷a khoan trong
mét tr¹m t¸ch läc; nã ho¹t ®éng trªn nguyªn t¾c cña
mét m¸y ly t©m víi t¸c dông ly t©m ®−îc t¹o ra tõ
mét dßng chÊt láng bªn trong m¸y t¸ch thñy lùc.
hydrofracture grouting /٫haidrou 'fr“kt‘” grautiô/
n b¬m v÷a ¸p lùc ph¸ vì cÊu tróc ®Êt: Deliberate
injection of grout at sufficiently high pressures to
produce fractures in a weak formation to promote
intrusion and distribution of the grout. Depending
upon the nature of the formation and of the
preexisting stresses, the grout may move out in
fingers, sheets, and/or lenses. Most commonly done
in alluvium, but also done in grouting practice for
deep mines: Lµ sù b¬m c−ìng bøc mét chÊt v÷a víi
¸p lùc ®ñ lín ®Ó t¹o ra sù ph¸ vì trong mét thµnh hÖ
yÕu nh»m thóc ®Èy dßng v÷a x©m nhËp vµ ph©n bè.
Tïy thuéc vµo tÝnh chÊt cña ®Êt ®¸ vµ cña øng suÊt
tån t¹i s½n trong ®Êt nÒn, v÷a cã thÓ t¹o thµnh c¸c
khèi h×nh ngãn tay, h×nh tÊm vµ/hoÆc c¸c l¨ng kÝnh.
Kü thuËt nµy th−êng hay ®−îc thùc hiÖn nhÊt trong
®Êt båi tÝch/phï sa, nh−ng còng cã thÓ tiÕn hµnh
trong c«ng t¸c b¬m v÷a cho c¸c hÇm má s©u.
hydrogeological study /,haidrədʒi'ɔlədʒik”l
'stʌdi/ n nghiªn cøu/®iÒu tra ®Þa chÊt thñy v¨n:
Tunnelling and mining in karst terrain require a
thorough hydrogeological knowledge over a broader
area. In order to estimate the probability of
encountering complex conditions in karstic terrain
and be prepared to face them, a thorough
hydrogeological study should complement the
traditional site investigation program. This study has
to consider a broader area embracing the whole
hydrogeological basin of the karstic aquifer with
background knowledge of the tectonic and
paleogeographic evolution: X©y dùng hÇm vµ má
trong ®Þa h×nh hang ®éng cast¬ ®ßi hái mét kiÕn thøc
 166
thÊu ®¸o vÒ ®Þa chÊt thñy v¨n trªn mét diÖn tÝch
réng. §Ó ®¸nh gi¸ kh¶ n¨ng gÆp ph¶i c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn
phøc t¹p trong ®Þa h×nh hang ®éng vµ s½n sµng ®èi
phã víi chóng, cÇn tiÕn hµnh nghiªn cøu ®Þa chÊt
thñy v¨n kü l−ìng ®Ó bæ sung cho ch−¬ng tr×nh kh¶o
s¸t hiÖn tr−êng truyÒn thèng. Nghiªn cøu nµy ph¶i
xem xÐt mét diÖn tÝch réng h¬n bao trïm lÊy toµn bé
l−u vùc ®Þa thñy v¨n cña tÇng chøa n−íc hang ®éng,
víi mét kiÕn thøc c¬ b¶n vÒ tiÕn hãa kiÕn t¹o vµ cæ
®Þa lý.
hydrologic environmental impact /,haidrou'lɔdʒik
in,vairən'mentl 'impækt/ n c¸c t¸c ®éng ®Õn m«i
tr−êng thñy v¨n: Subsidence and hydrology impacts
occur at every underground mining operation
bringing about changes to surface landforms,
ground water and surface water. Although the same
impacts to mining operations, man-made surface
structures and other features are relatively well
known and studied, the environmental impacts
related to subsidence and hydrology at underground
mines are not well known and have not been
extensively described. Steve Blodgett (2002)
examined the occurrence and environmental impacts
of subsidence and effects on hydrology at
underground hard-rock metal mines in the U.S. and
abroad: Lón mÆt ®Êt vµ t¸c ®éng ®Õn chÕ ®é thñy
v¨n x¶y ra t¹i mäi ho¹t ®éng khai má ngÇm, g©y ra
nh÷ng thay ®æi vÒ ®Þa h×nh bÒ mÆt, n−íc ngÇm vµ
n−íc mÆt. MÆc dï c¸c t¸c ®éng t−¬ng tù ®èi víi viÖc
khai má, c¸c c«ng tr×nh nh©n t¹o trªn mÆt ®Êt vµ c¸c
®Æc ®iÓm kh¸c ®· ®−îc biÕt ®Õn vµ nghiªn cøu t−¬ng
®èi kü, nh−ng c¸c t¸c ®éng vÒ m«i tr−êng liªn quan
®Õn lón mÆt ®Êt vµ chÕ ®é thñy v¨n t¹i c¸c má ngÇm
vÉn ch−a ®−îc hiÓu râ vµ kh¶o s¸t kü cµng. Tuy vËy,
n¨m 2002 Steve Blodgett ®· tiÕn hµnh kh¶o s¸t diÔn
biÕn vµ nh÷ng t¸c ®éng m«i tr−êng cña hiÖn t−îng
sôt lón vµ c¸c hËu qu¶ ®èi víi chÕ ®é thñy v¨n t¹i
c¸c má kim lo¹i ngÇm trong ®¸ cøng ë Mü vµ mét sè
n−íc kh¸c.
hydrologic unit /,haidrou'lɔdʒik 'ju:nit/ n ®¬n vÞ
thñy v¨n: Geologic strata that can be distinguished
on the basis of capacity to yield and transmit fluids.
Aquifers and confining units are types of hydrologic
units. Boundaries of a hydrologic unit may not
necessarily correspond either laterally or vertically
to lithostratigraphic formations: Lµ c¸c líp ®Þa chÊt
mµ chóng cã thÓ ph©n biÖt víi nhau trªn c¬ së kh¶
n¨ng t¹o ra vµ truyÒn t¶i c¸c chÊt láng. C¸c tÇng
chøa n−íc vµ c¸c khèi ®Êt nÒn bÞ bao nÐn lµ nh÷ng
lo¹i ®¬n vÞ thñy v¨n ®ã. C¸c biªn cña mét ®¬n khèi
thñy v¨n cã thÓ kh«ng cÇn thiÕt ph¶i t−¬ng øng theo
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
chiÒu ngang hay chiÒu ®øng víi c¸c thµnh hÖ ®Êt ®¸
ph©n tÇng.
hydrological condition /٫haidrou'l˜dʒik”l
kən'di∫n/ n ®iÒu kiÖn thñy v¨n: Hydrological
condition is always an important factor involved in
designing of any underground construction.
Subsurface and hydrological conditions also affect
tunnel lining design. The lining must be able to
withstand increased water pressure due to the high
water table. Moreover, appropriate tunneling
techniques will be used to minimize ground
settlement but not significantly induce excess pore
water pressure causing consolidation settlement
over the tunnel alignment: §iÒu kiÖn thñy v¨n lu«n
lµ mét nh©n tè quan träng ph¶i xÐt ®Õn khi thiÕt kÕ
c¸c c«ng tr×nh ngÇm. C¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt vµ thñy
v¨n còng ¶nh h−ëng ®Õn thiÕt kÕ vá hÇm. Vá hÇm
ph¶i cã kh¶ n¨ng chÞu ®−îc ¸p lùc n−íc lín do mùc
n−íc ngÇm cao. H¬n n÷a, cÇn ph¶i ¸p dông c¸c kü
thuËt ®µo hÇm thÝch hîp ®Ó gi¶m thiÓu lón nÒn ®Êt,
nh−ng kh«ng ®−îc g©y ra ¸p lùc n−íc lç rçng qu¸
lín, v× sÏ sinh ra lón cè kÕt däc theo tuyÕn hÇm.
hydrological environment /٫haidrou'l˜dʒik”l
in'vai”r”nm”nt/ n ®iÒu kiÖn/m«i tr−êng thñy v¨n:
Hydraulic conditions in the ground are broadly
governed by the climate and the hydrological
environment: C¸c ®iÒu kiÖn thñy lùc trong ®Êt nÒn
phÇn lín ®−îc quy ®Þnh bëi khÝ hËu vµ m«i tr−êng
thñy v¨n o The deeper the shaft and the more
complex the geological and hydrological conditions
the more difficult shaft construction becomes: GiÕng
®øng cµng s©u vµ c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt vµ thñy v¨n
cµng phøc t¹p, th× viÖc x©y dùng giÕng cµng trë nªn
khã kh¨n.
hydrological investigation /٫haidrou'l˜dʒik”l
in٫vesti'gei∫n/ n ®iÒu tra thñy v¨n: Hydrological and
hydrogeological investigations in the well developed
karstic marbles of western Mount Vermion revealed
the existence of a single quite homogeneous
unconfined aquifer having a very low hydraulic
gradient (0.02-0.05%) towards the southeast and a
high transmissivity (0.01-0.1 m2/s): C¸c ®iÒu tra vÒ
thñy v¨n vµ ®Þa chÊt thñy v¨n trong c¸c lo¹i nÒn ®¸
hoa cã nhiÒu hang ®éng cña phÝa t©y nói Mount
Vermion ®· cho thÊy sù tån t¹i cña mét tÇng chøa
n−íc kh«ng ¸p kh¸ ®ång nhÊt, cã gra®ien thñy lùc
rÊt thÊp (0,02-0,05%) h−íng vÒ phÝa ®«ng-nam vµ
tÝnh chÊt truyÒn dÉn cao (0,01-0,1 m2/s).
hydrological monitoring /٫haidrou'l˜dʒik”l
'mɔnitəriη/ n quan tr¾c thñy v¨n: The hydrological
monitoring near the site will give signals as
 167
unexpected changes in water pressure or chemistry
due to unknown openings in the rock volume: ViÖc
theo dâi/quan tr¾c thñy v¨n gÇn ®Þa ®iÓm c«ng tr×nh
sÏ cung cÊp c¸c chØ b¸o vÒ nh÷ng thay ®æi bÊt
th−êng vÒ ¸p lùc n−íc hoÆc thµnh phÇn hãa häc do
nh÷ng hang ngÇm ch−a biÕt trong khèi ®¸.
hydromechanical /,haidroumi'kænikəl/ adj thuéc
thñy c¬ häc: In a rock mass, mechanical
deformations will mainly occur as normal and/or
shear deformations in the joints. This deformation
will also change the joint aperture. By coupling the
mechanical aperture changes to the hydraulic
aperture changes, a hydromechanical coupling is
achieved. Most research concerning
hydromechanical coupling in rock joints has been
focused on the connection between normal loading
and unloading and their effect on joint conductivity.
The fact that shearing of rock joints can give an
increasing or decrease of joint conductivity was
highlighted during the International Symposium
‘‘Percolation through fissured rock’’ in 1972: Trong
mét khèi ®¸, c¸c biÕn d¹ng c¬ häc sÏ chñ yÕu x¶y ra
nh− lµ c¸c biÕn d¹ng ph¸p tuyÕn vµ/hoÆc c¾t t¹i c¸c
khe nøt. BiÕn d¹ng nµy còng sÏ lµm thay ®æi ®é më
khe nøt. B»ng c¸ch kÕt hîp nh÷ng thay ®æi vÒ ®é më
khe nøt mang tÝnh c¬ häc víi nh÷ng thay ®æi ®é më
mang tÝnh thñy lùc, ta sÏ cã ®−îc c¬ chÕ tæ hîp thñy
c¬ häc. HÇu hÕt c¸c nghiªn cøu vÒ vÊn ®Ò t−¬ng
quan thñy c¬ häc trong c¸c khe nøt cña khèi ®¸ ®·
tËp trung vµo mèi liªn hÖ gi÷a viÖc chÊt t¶i vµ dì t¶i
ph¸p tuyÕn, vµ t¸c ®éng cña chóng tíi tÝnh dÉn cña
khe nøt. Tõ thùc tÕ lµ, sù c¾t tr−ît cña c¸c khe nøt
trong ®¸ cã thÓ lµm t¨ng lªn hay gi¶m ®i tÝnh dÉn
cña khe nøt, vÊn ®Ò nµy ®· tõng ®−îc tËp trung th¶o
luËn t¹i Héi th¶o quèc tÕ “ThÊm n−íc qua ®¸ nøt
nΔ vµo n¨m 1972.
hydrophobicity /'haidrəfou'bisiti/ n tÝnh kh«ng −a
n−íc: The property that defines a material as being
water repellent. Water exhibits an obtuse contact
angle with hydrophobic materials: Lµ tÝnh chÊt mµ
nã x¸c ®Þnh mét vËt liÖu nh− lµ kỵ/®Èy/kh«ng thÊm
n−íc. N−íc h×nh thµnh mét gãc tiÕp xóc tï víi c¸c
vËt liÖu kh«ng −a n−íc.
hydrophelicity /,haidrə'filisiti/ n tÝnh −a n−íc: The
property that defines a material as attracting water.
Water exhibits an acute contact angle with
hydrophilic materials: Lµ tÝnh chÊt x¸c ®Þnh mét vËt
liÖu nh− lµ hÊp dÉn/hót n−íc. N−íc h×nh thµnh mét
gãc tiÕp xóc nhän víi c¸c vËt liÖu −a n−íc.
hydroshield /٫haidrou'∫ild/ n m¸y khoan hÇm cã
dïng v÷a vµ khÝ nÐn, m¸y TBM “thñy lùc”: The
most important deviating design feature of
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
hydroshields from the slurry shields is the presence
of a compressed air buffer through which the
support pressure at the fluid supported working face
is controlled by means of a compressed air
regulating installation. The fluid of the pressure
chamber forms a buffer volume that is able to
equalize sudden losses of the support fluid without
the working face collapsing. The advantage of this
method is that the regulation of the support pressure
and the flow quantity of the pumping circuit are
uncoupled. This allows for a much finer degree of
regulation and thus a more sensitive working face
support: §Æc ®iÓm thiÕt kÕ c¶i tiÕn quan träng nhÊt
cña c¸c m¸y khoan hÇm TBM dïng khÝ nÐn kÕt hîp
v÷a so víi m¸y TBM chØ dïng v÷a lµ sù hiÖn diÖn
cña mét ®Öm khÝ nÐn mµ nhê ®ã ¸p suÊt chèng ®ì t¹i
g−¬ng ®µo ch¾n gi÷ b»ng chÊt láng sÏ ®−îc kiÓm
so¸t nhê mét c¬ cÊu ®iÒu chØnh khÝ nÐn. ChÊt láng
trong khoang ®µo t¹o thµnh mét khèi ®Öm mµ nã cã
kh¶ n¨ng lµm c©n b»ng c¸c mÊt m¸t ®ét ngét cña
chÊt láng chèng ®ì khiÕn cho g−¬ng hÇm kh«ng bÞ
sËp lë.
hydrostatic head /٫haidrou'st“tik hed/ n cét n−íc
thñy tÜnh: the fluid pressure of a liquid produced by
the height of that liquid above a given point: lµ ¸p
suÊt thñy lùc cña mét chÊt láng ®−îc t¹o ra bëi
chiÒu cao cña chÊt láng ®ã so víi mét ®iÓm ®· cho.
hydrostatic pressure /٫haidrou'st“tik 'pre‘”(r)/ n
¸p lùc thñy tÜnh: the pressure exerted by water at
rest: lµ ¸p lùc g©y bëi n−íc ë tr¹ng th¸i nghØ o
For a circular cylindrical structure, i.e. a tunnel
which is "floating" in viscous, fluid soil, failure due
to excessive external hydrostatic pressure is usually
complete, catastrophic collapse: §èi víi mét kÕt cÊu
h×nh trô trßn, nh− mét ®−êng hÇm mµ nã "næi" trong
nÒn ®Êt láng, nhít th× sù ph¸ ho¹i do ¸p lùc thñy tÜnh
qu¸ lín tõ bªn ngoµi th−êng lµ sù sËp ®æ hoµn toµn,
th¶m khèc.
hydrothermal activity /,haidrou'•”:m”l “k'tiviti/
n ho¹t ®éng thñy nhiÖt: Circulation of hot fluids and
gases, usually associated with movement of magma.
Fluids often contain various minerals in solution
which precipitate in rock joints and fissures: Lµ sù
tuÇn hoµn cña c¸c chÊt láng vµ chÊt khÝ nãng,
th−êng ®i liÒn víi sù chuyÓn ®éng cña macma. C¸c
chÊt láng th−êng chøa nhiÒu lo¹i kho¸ng vËt trong
dung dÞch, mµ chóng sÏ kÕt tña trong c¸c khe nøt vµ
®−êng r·nh.
hygroscopic capacity (hygroscopic coefficient)
/,haigrou'skɔpik kə'pæsiti/ n kh¶ n¨ng hót Èm, hÖ
sè nghiÖm Èm: Ratio of: (1) the weight of water
 168

absorbed by a dry soil or rock in a saturated

atmosphere at a given temperature, to (2) the weight
of the oven-dried soil or rock: Lµ tû sè gi÷a: (1)
träng l−îng cña n−íc hÊp thô bëi mét lo¹i ®Êt hay
®¸ kh« trong mét m«i tr−êng b·o hßa ë mét nhiÖt ®é
cho tr−íc, víi (2) träng l−îng cña ®Êt hay ®¸ ®·
®−îc sÊy kh«.
hysteresis /,histə'ri:sis/ n sù trÔ: Incomplete
recovery of strain during unloading cycle due to
energy consumption: Lµ sù håi phôc kh«ng hoµn
toµn cña biÕn d¹ng trong chu kú dì t¶i do sù tiªu thô
n¨ng l−îng.

Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
 169
Ii
IBO anchor bolts (Injection Boring Outside-
Thread) /aibiou/ n bul«ng neo lo¹i IBO (Khoan
Phôt v÷a cã Ren-Ngoµi): IBO rock bolts are self-
drilling anchors systems where the anchor also
functions as a drill rod and remains in the rock or
soil after installation. They are generally used when
geological conditions and/or the nature of a rock do
not permit the drilling of a proper drill hole for the
installation of a SN bolt: C¸c bul«ng neo lo¹i IBO lµ
hÖ thèng neo tù-khoan trong ®ã thanh neo còng ®ãng
vai trß lµ mét cÇn khoan vµ l−u l¹i trong ®¸ hoÆc ®Êt
sau khi l¾p ®Æt. Nãi chung chóng ®−îc dïng khi c¸c
®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt vµ/hoÆc tÝnh chÊt cña nÒn ®¸
kh«ng cho phÐp khoan ®−îc mét lç khoan th«ng suèt
®Ó l¾p lo¹i bul«ng neo SN.
identification test /ai,dentifi'kei∫n test/ n thÝ
nghiÖm chøng minh: Total number of tests
performed to demonstrate conformity of the
properties of the product with the reference sample:
Lµ tæng sè thÝ nghiÖm ®−îc tiÕn hµnh ®Ó chøng minh
tÝnh ®¹t yªu cÇu cña c¸c tÝnh chÊt cña s¶n phÈm so
víi mÉu chuÈn.
igneous /'igni”s / adj thuéc ®¸ macma, thuéc ®¸
nói löa: General term for any rock formed by the
solidification of magma: Mét thuËt ng÷ chung ®Ó chØ
bÊt kú lo¹i ®¸ nµo t¹o thµnh tõ sù ®«ng cøng macma.
igneous rock /'igni”s r˜k/ n ®¸ macma: Igneous
rocks are emplaced in a molten state either deep in
the earth's crust or on the surface, through surface
eruptions: §¸ macma n»m trong mét tr¹ng th¸i nãng
ch¶y hoÆc n»m s©u trong vá tr¸i ®Êt hoÆc lµ trªn
mÆt ®Êt, th«ng qua sù phun trµo lªn bÒ mÆt.
igniting primer /ig'naitiô 'praim”(r)/ n ngßi næ,
kÝp næ: Blastholes are bottom initiated with an
additional primer charge to ensure a strong
detonation front. Whenever feasible, a charge that
has failed to explode shall be exploded by inserting a
new primer in the hold on the old charge and
detonating the primer: C¸c lç m×n ®−îc kÝch næ tõ
phÝa ®¸y lç b»ng mét khèi thuèc ngßi næ bæ sung ®Ó
®¶m b¶o mét mÆt kÝch næ m¹nh. Th«ng th−êng th×
mét lç m×n c©m ch−a næ sÏ ®−îc kÝch cho næ b»ng
c¸ch dïng mét kÝp næ míi nhÐt vµo lç m×n cò vµ kÝch
næ chiÕc kÝp míi nµy.
ignition /ig'ni‘n/ n sù måi næ, sù ®¸nh löa, sù ®èt
ch¸y: The ignition should be arranged according to
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
the drilling pattern because the firing order can
alter the burden, spacing, or their ratio, leading to a
breakage result which diviates from that intended:
Sù måi næ ph¶i ®−îc bè trÝ phï hîp theo d¹ng thøc
khoan, v× thø tù næ cã thÓ lµm thay ®æi ®−êng c¶n
ch©n tÇng, kho¶ng c¸ch lç, hay tû lÖ cña chóng, dÉn
®Õn mét kÕt qu¶ ph¸ vì ®¸ sai kh¸c víi dù kiÕn ban
®Çu.
illumination /i,lu:mi'nei‘n/ n sù chiÕu (räi, soi,
th¾p) s¸ng; ®é räi: For nearly 50 years, lumen or
flux methods for calculation of the illumination level
in tunnels using coefficients of utilization factors
have been employed. These methods were based on
the theory that the average illumination is equal to
lumens divided by the work area over which they are
distributed (This basic concept can be otherwise
stated that footcandles are equal to flux over an
area): Trong kho¶ng 50 n¨m trë l¹i ®©y, ng−êi ta ¸p
dông ph−¬ng ph¸p tÝnh lumen hoÆc th«ng l−îng ®Ó
tÝnh to¸n møc ®é chiÕu s¸ng trong hÇm, trong ®ã cã
tÝnh ®Õn hÖ sè sö dông. C¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p nµy dùa
vµo gi¶ thiÕt r»ng, ®é räi s¸ng trung b×nh th× b»ng sè
lumen ph©n bè trªn mét diÖn tÝch lµm viÖc chia cho
diÖn tÝch ®ã. (Kh¸i niÖm c¬ b¶n nµy cã thÓ ph¸t biÓu
r»ng, sè fót-nÕn t−¬ng ®−¬ng víi th«ng l−îng trªn
mét diÖn tÝch).
immersed tunnel (tube) /'im”st 'tʌnl/ n hÇm d−íi
n−íc, hÇm d×m: A tunnel made of prefabricated
sections that are sunk into position: Lµ mét ®−êng
hÇm cÊu t¹o tõ c¸c ®o¹n hÇm chÕ t¹o s½n vµ ®−îc h¹
xuèng n−íc vµo vÞ trÝ thiÕt kÕ o The immersed-
tube, or sunken-tube, method, used principally for
underwater crossings, involves prefabricating long
tube sections, floating them to the site, sinking each
in a previously dredged trench, and then covering
with backfill: Ph−¬ng ph¸p hÇm d×m ®−îc sö dông
chñ yÕu ®Ó v−ît qua c¸c khèi n−íc, bao gåm viÖc chÕ
t¹o c¸c ®èt hÇm dµi, chë næi chóng tíi vÞ trÝ, h¹ tõng
®èt xuèng mét hµo ®· ®µo s½n, sau ®ã lÊp l¹i b»ng
vËt liÖu ®¾p.
immersion /i'm”:‘n/ n sù h¹ (d×m) hÇm: The phase
of construction covering the period between the
element floating on the surface and installed on its
foundation or temporary supports at bed level: Lµ
giai ®o¹n thi c«ng bao trïm kho¶ng thêi gian tõ lóc
chë næi ®èt hÇm trªn bÒ mÆt vµ l¾p ®Æt lªn mãng cña
nã hoÆc c¸c trô ®ì t¹m t¹i ®¸y s«ng.
impact /'imp“kt/ n lùc xung kÝch; sù t¸c ®éng,
¶nh h−ëng: Impact is the force at which the live load
will be exerted on a structure. Cars have a greater
impact than people, but airplanes have a greater

impact than cars: Lùc xung kÝch lµ lùc mµ t¹i ®ã
ho¹t t¶i (t¶i träng ®éng) sÏ t¸c dông lªn kÕt cÊu. ¤t«
g©y ra lùc t¸c ®éng lín h¬n ng−êi, nh−ng m¸y bay
l¹i g©y ra lùc xung kÝch lín h¬n «t«
Development of streets or highways may require
sections be constructed in tunnels either to carry the
streets or highways under or through a natural
obstacle or to minimize the impact of the freeway on
the community: Sù ph¸t triÓn cña c¸c ®−êng phè vµ
®−êng cao tèc cã thÓ ®ßi hái mét sè ®o¹n ®−êng
®−îc x©y hÇm, nh»m ®−a tuyÕn phè hay ®−êng cao
tèc ®i bªn d−íi hay xuyªn qua mét ch−íng ng¹i thiªn
nhiªn, hay nh»m gi¶m thiÓu t¸c ®éng cña xa lé tíi
céng ®ång d©n c−.
impact moling /'imp“kt mouliô/ n ®ãng èng b»ng
chÊn ®éng: Method of creating a bore using a
pneumatic or hydraulic hammer within a casing,
usually of torpedo shape. Impact moling is usually
associated with non-steered or limited steering
devices without rigid attachment to the launch pit,
relying upon the resistance of the ground for
forward movement. During the operation the soil is
displaced, not removed. An unsupported bore may
be formed in suitable ground, or a pipe drawn (or
pushed) in behind the impact moling tool. Cables
may also be drawn in: Lµ ph−¬ng ph¸p t¹o ra mét
hang b»ng c¸ch sö dông mét bóa khÝ nÐn hoÆc thñy
lùc bªn trong mét èng v¸ch dÉn h−íng, th−êng cã
d¹ng thñy l«i. §ãng èng chÊn ®éng th−êng ®i liÒn víi
c¸c dông cô kh«ng l¸i hoÆc l¸i h¹n chÕ kh«ng g¾n
cøng vµo hè xuÊt ph¸t, mµ dùa trªn søc kh¸ng cña
®Êt ®Ó tiÕn lªn. Trong khi ®ãng, ®Êt ®−îc thÕ chç mµ
kh«ng bÞ dêi ®i. Cã thÓ t¹o ra ®−îc mét lç khoan
kh«ng cÇn chèng ®ì trong nÒn ®Êt thÝch hîp, hoÆc
mét èng sÏ ®−îc kÐo (hay ®Èy) ë phÝa sau dông cô
®ãng chÊn ®éng. C¸p còng cã thÓ ®−îc kÐo vµo.
impact ramming = pipe ramming /'imp“kt
'r“miô/ n nong èng b»ng chÊn ®éng.
impact study /'imp“kt 'stʌdi/ n nghiªn cøu t¸c
®éng: Study of the influence on the environment of a
construction: Nghiªn cøu vÒ ¶nh h−ëng tíi m«i
tr−êng cña mét c«ng viÖc x©y dùng o Pollution-
associated impacts may reduce the quality of life
within a project’s radius of influence by negatively
affecting human health and rest periods, while
traffic-related impacts increase human stress levels
that can affect people’s behavior and mental health
(e.g. road rage): C¸c t¸c ®éng liªn quan ®Õn «
nhiÔm cã thÓ lµm gi¶m chÊt l−îng cuéc sèng trong
ph¹m vi b¸n kÝnh cña mét dù ¸n do lµm ¶nh h−ëng
tiªu cùc ®Õn søc kháe vµ thêi gian nghØ cña con
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
170
ng−êi, trong khi ®ã th× c¸c t¸c ®éng liªn quan ®Õn
giao th«ng l¹i lµm t¨ng møc ®é c¨ng th¼ng thÇn kinh
cña con ng−êi do ®ã ¶nh h−ëng ®Õn hµnh vi vµ søc
o kháe t©m thÇn cña con ng−êi (vÝ dô, sù ®iªn cuång
ch¹y xe trªn ®−êng).
impermeability /im,p”:mj”'biliti/ n tÝnh
kh«ng thÊm n−íc; ®é kÝn: Greater impermeability is
obtained by avoiding excessively cement-rich mixes
(to minimize shrinkage cracking), by using fiber (to
minimize and distribute opening of shrinkage
cracks), by using more finely ground cements, by
adding silica fume, and by careful control of nozzle
distance and attitude (so that the in-place shotcrete
has maximum density): Kh¶ n¨ng chèng thÊm tèt
h¬n nhËn ®−îc b»ng c¸ch tr¸nh dïng hçn hîp qu¸
nhiÒu xim¨ng mét c¸ch thõa th·i (®Ó gi¶m thiÓu nøt
do co ngãt), b»ng c¸ch sö dông sîi thÐp (®Ó gi¶m
thiÓu vµ ph©n bè ®é më cña c¸c khe nøt co ngãt),
dïng xim¨ng nghiÒn mÞn h¬n, cho thªm bät ®i«xyt
silic, vµ nhê kiÓm so¸t cÈn thËn kho¶ng c¸ch vµ t−
thÕ vßi phun (®Ó bªt«ng phun t¹i chç cã mËt ®é (®é
chÆt) lín nhÊt).
impermeable boundary /im'pə:mjəbl 'baundəri/
n biªn kh«ng thÊm n−íc: The conceptual
representation of a natural feature such as a fault or
depositional contact that places a boundary of
significantly less-permeable material laterally
adjacent to an aquifer: Lµ biÓu diÔn vÒ mÆt kh¸i
niÖm cña mét ®Æc ®iÓm tù nhiªn vÝ dô nh− mét ®øt
g·y hay tiÕp xóc trÇm tÝch mµ nã t¹o ra mét biªn giíi
cña vËt liÖu rÊt Ýt thÊm theo chiÒu ngang gÇn víi mét
tÇng chøa n−íc.
impervious ground /im'pə:vjəs graund/ n ®Êt
kh«ng thÊm.
in line/on line replacement /in lain ri'pleismənt/ n
thay thÕ èng theo tuyÕn cò: Methods of
rehabilitation of an existing pipeline system by the
installation of a new system, either on or off the
existing line, without incorporating the original
fabric: Lµ c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p c¶i t¹o mét hÖ thèng
®−êng èng cò b»ng c¸ch l¾p ®Æt mét hÖ thèng míi,
hoÆc lµ theo hoÆc c¸ch khái tuyÕn hiÖn t¹i, mµ
kh«ng dïng l¹i kÕt cÊu cò.
in situ concrete /in 'sitju: 'k˜nkri:t/ n bªt«ng ®æ t¹i
chç: Permanent support can be cast in situ concrete
of at least 250mm thickness laid over a drainage/
waterproofing membrane: HÖ thèng chèng ®ì hÇm
vÜnh cöu cã thÓ lµm b»ng bªt«ng ®æ t¹i chç, cã chiÒu
dµy lín h¬n 250mm, ®−îc ®óc ë phÝa ngoµi mét
mµng tho¸t n−íc/c¸ch n−íc o The use of cast in
situ concrete lining as final support is always
employed, but this is normally installed once
 171
excavation has been completed following
stabilisation of the ground with primary support:
Ng−êi ta th−êng dïng vá hÇm bªt«ng ®æ t¹i chç lµm
líp chèng ®ì cuèi cïng, nh−ng nã th−êng chØ ®−îc
thi c«ng sau khi ®· khai ®µo xong vµ hÇm ®· æn ®Þnh
nhê hÖ chèng ®ì ban ®Çu.
in situ cube strength /,in 'sitju: kju:b 'streηθ/ n
c−êng ®é mÉu lËp ph−¬ng t¹i hiÖn tr−êng: The
notional strength of sprayed concrete at a single
location, considered as the strength of a cube of
sprayed concrete as it exists in the structure: Lµ
c−êng ®é danh nghÜa cña bªt«ng phun t¹i mét vÞ trÝ
riªng biÖt, ®−îc xem lµ c−êng ®é cña mét mÉu
bªt«ng phun h×nh lËp ph−¬ng ®óng nh− nã tån t¹i
trong kÕt cÊu.
inbye /,in'bai/ adj h−íng vµo gÇn g−¬ng ®µo: Away
from the shaft or portal of a tunnel toward the
heading: C¸ch xa khái giÕng ®øng tiÕp cËn hay cæng
hÇm vÒ phÝa g−¬ng ®µo.
incidentals /,insi'dentlz/ n nh÷ng chi phÝ phô: A
widely held perception in tunnel construction is that
when the TBM holes through the real work is
complete and the risks are eliminated. After the
congratulations all that remains is completion of the
incidental work, demobilization, and preparations
for the next project. Reality, however, is often quite
different. Two years of incidental work remaining
after hole through with associated challenges and
risks had been once experienced: Trong x©y dùng
hÇm, ng−êi ta th−êng quan niÖm r»ng, khi m¸y
khoan TBM ®ôc th«ng hÇm th× mäi c«ng viÖc coi nh−
®· xong vµ mäi rñi ro kh«ng cßn n÷a. Sau khi chóc
mõng, c¸c viÖc cßn l¹i chØ lµ hoµn tÊt c«ng viÖc phô,
th¸o dì c«ng tr−êng, vµ chuÈn bÞ cho dù ¸n míi. Tuy
nhiªn, thùc tÕ l¹i th−êng kh«ng cho thÊy nh− vËy. §·
tõng cã tr−êng hîp ph¶i mÊt hai n¨m sau khi th«ng
hÇm ®Ó hoµn tÊt c¸c c«ng viÖc phô, víi nhiÒu khã
kh¨n vµ rñi ro.
inclement weather /in'klem”nt 'we›”/ n thêi tiÕt
kh¾c nghiÖt: Inclement weather such as fog, snow,
smoke, or dust storms can decrease pavement
marking visibility, and in these conditions, drivers
may drive off the road accidentally: Thêi tiÕt kh¾c
nghiÖt nh− s−¬ng mï, tuyÕt, khãi, hoÆc lèc bôi cã thÓ
lµm gi¶m tÇm nh×n râ c¸c v¹ch chØ ®−êng, do ®ã
trong nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn nµy, ng−êi l¸i xe cã thÓ bÞ bÊt
ngê l¸i xe lao ra khái ®−êng o In addition to
warning inattentive drivers, rumble strips (i.e. raised
or grooved patterns on the roadway shoulder) help
drivers stay on the road during inclement weather
when visibility is poor: Ngoµi t¸c dông c¶nh b¸o ®èi
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
víi c¸c l¸i xe bÊt cÈn, c¸c gê gi¶m tèc (lµ c¸c d¶i vËt
liÖu ®−îc lµm nh« cao lªn hoÆc lâm xuèng däc theo
hai vai ®−êng) cßn gióp ng−êi l¸i xe gi÷ cho xe ch¹y
trong ph¹m vi lßng ®−êng trong ®iÒu kiÖn thêi tiÕt
kh¾c nghiÖt khi mµ tÇm nh×n trë nªn tåi tÖ.
inclination /,inkli'nei‘n/ n sù nghiªng; ®é
nghiªng, ®é dèc: The deflection of the shield axis
from the theoretical grade of the tunnel centerline is
called "inclination" or "pitch": Sù lÖch cña trôc
khiªn ®µo khái ®é dèc lý thuyÕt cña tim hÇm ®−îc
gäi lµ "®é nghiªng" hay "®é dèc" o The deflection
of the shield axis from the tunnel centerline in the
horizontal plane is called "yaw": Sù lÖch cña trôc
khiªn ®µo so víi tim hÇm theo mÆt ph¼ng ngang gäi
lµ "trÖch ®−êng".
incline /in'klain/ n [lß, hÇm] nghiªng: Any entry to a
mine that is not vertical (shaft) or horizontal (adit).
Often incline is reserved for those entries that are
too steep for a belt conveyor (+17 degrees -18
degrees), in which case a hoist and guide rails are
employed. A belt conveyor incline is termed a slope:
Lµ mét lèi xuèng má mµ nã kh«ng ph¶i lµ th¼ng
®øng (giÕng) còng kh«ng ph¶i n»m ngang (lß b»ng).
Th−êng th× lß nghiªng dïng ®Ó chØ c¸c lèi vµo qu¸
dèc ®èi víi b¨ng t¶i (+17 ®é -18 ®é), khi ®ã ph¶i
dïng têi kÐo vµ ray dÉn h−íng. Mét lß nghiªng dïng
cho b¨ng t¶i ®−îc gäi lµ mét dèc.
inclined shaft /in'klaind ‘:ft/ n giÕng nghiªng: In
the first decades of the 20th century the era of water
power began, with new hydroelectric power stations,
which beside pressure tunnels also demanded new
types of underground structures like power houses
and inclined shafts: Trong nh÷ng thËp kû ®Çu tiªn
cña thÕ kû 20, kû nguyªn cña n¨ng l−îng n−íc b¾t
®Çu, víi nhiÒu nhµ m¸y thñy ®iÖn míi, mµ ngoµi c¸c
hÇm ¸p lùc dÉn n−íc chóng cßn ®ßi hái ph¶i cã c¸c
d¹ng kÕt cÊu ngÇm míi nh− gian m¸y ph¸t ®iÖn vµ
c¸c giÕng nghiªng.
inclinometer /,inkli'n˜mit”/ n thiÕt bÞ ®o ®é
nghiªng, tõ khuynh kÕ: A device for precisely
measuring the inclination from vertical of a casing
or structure to which the inclinometer is attached.
Lateral displacements at specific locations along a
common axis are obtained by multiplying the sines
of the inclination angles by the distance separating
the location at which the measurements are taken:
Lµ mét dông cô ®Ó ®o chÝnh x¸c ®é nghiªng so víi
ph−¬ng ®øng cña mét èng chøa hay mét kÕt cÊu mµ
dông cô nµy ®−îc g¾n vµo ®ã. C¸c chuyÓn dÞch
ngang t¹i nh÷ng vÞ trÝ nhÊt ®Þnh däc theo mét trôc
chung sÏ nhËn ®−îc b»ng c¸ch nh©n sin cña gãc
nghiªng víi kho¶ng c¸ch gi÷a c¸c vÞ trÝ cÇn ®o.
 172
incompetent ground /in'kɔmpitənt graund/ n ®Êt
kÐm æn ®Þnh: Ground that requires support when a
tunnel is excavated through it. Essentially the
opposite of competent ground or firm ground. See
heavy ground for related definition: Lµ nÒn ®Êt ®ßi
hái ph¶i chèng ®ì khi ®µo mét hÇm qua ®ã. VÒ c¬
b¶n nã tr¸i ng−îc víi ®Êt tèt (æn ®Þnh) hay ®Êt cøng.
Xem thªm tõ "heavy ground" ®Ó cã ®Þnh nghÜa liªn
quan.
incremental construction /,inkri'mentəl
kən'strʌk∫n/ n thi c«ng ®óc ®Èy: A method of
construction whereby a short section of an element
is constructed, then jacked along to enable the
adjacent section to be cast against the previous
section: Mét ph−¬ng ph¸p thi c«ng trong ®ã mét
®o¹n ng¾n cña mét ®èt hÇm d×m ®−îc thi c«ng, sau
®ã kÝch cho tiÕn lªn ®Ó cho phÐp ®o¹n kÕ tiÕp ®−îc
®óc tiÕp gi¸p víi ®o¹n tr−íc ®ã.
indirect advantage /indi'rekt əd'vɑ:ntidʒ/ n −u
®iÓm gi¸n tiÕp: The "indirect advantages" of
underground structures are those that are observed
in the following alternative options: (1) either do
nothing at all, (2) or opt for another type of solution,
which does not oblige to build underground, but
which meets the expectations of the various
concerned "parties" in a less effective way: C¸c "−u
®iÓm gi¸n tiÕp" cña c¸c c«ng tr×nh ngÇm lµ nh÷ng −u
®iÓm ®−îc quan s¸t thÊy trong c¸c lùa chän thay thÕ
sau ®©y: (1) hoÆc lµ kh«ng lµm g× c¶, (2) hoÆc chän
mét d¹ng gi¶i ph¸p kh¸c, mµ nã kh«ng b¾t buéc ph¶i
x©y dùng c«ng tr×nh ngÇm, nh−ng nã ®¸p øng c¸c
mong ®îi cña nhiÒu bªn liªn quan theo mét c¸ch Ýt
hiÖu qu¶ h¬n.
induction loop /in'd—k‘n lu:p/ n vßng d©y
(m¹ch) c¶m øng: Traffic density and speed are
detected by a system of induction loops, embedded in
the pavement under each lane in the tunnel, under
the open approaches and sometimes, for a certain
distance, in the approach highway. As a vehicle
passes over an induction loop, an impulse will be
sent to a roadside amplifier, which, through an
encoder and transmitter, relays coded information to
the computer located in the control center: Tèc ®é
vµ mËt ®é giao th«ng ®−îc ®o bëi mét hÖ thèng c¸c
m¹ch c¶m øng, ®−îc ch«n d−íi mÆt ®−êng theo mçi
lµn xe trong hÇm, ë ®o¹n ®−êng tiÕp cËn hÇm, vµ ®«i
khi t¹i mét kho¶ng c¸ch nhÊt ®Þnh trªn xa lé. Khi
mét xe ®i qua m¹ch c¶m øng, mét xung tÝn hiÖu sÏ
®−îc göi tíi bé khuyÕch ®¹i bªn lÒ ®−êng, råi, qua
thiÕt bÞ m· hãa vµ m¸y ph¸t, nã sÏ truyÒn tiÕp th«ng
tin ®· m· hãa ®Õn m¸y tÝnh ®Æt t¹i phßng ®iÒu khiÓn.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
inelastic deformation /,ini'læstik ,di:fɔ:'mei∫n/ n
biÕn d¹ng kh«ng ®µn håi: the portion of deformation
under stress that is not annulled by removal of
stress: lµ phÇn biÕn d¹ng g©y bëi øng suÊt mµ nã
kh«ng trë vÒ kh«ng nÕu ta bá t¸c dông øng suÊt.
inert /i'nə:t/ adj tr¬: not participating in any
fashion in chemical reactions: kh«ng tham gia vµo
bÊt cø lo¹i ph¶n øng hãa häc nµo.
inexhaustible /,inig'z˜:st”bl/ adj v« tËn; kh«ng mÖt
mái: an inexhaustible supply of photon in the
universe: sù cung cÊp v« tËn c¸c h¹t photon trong vò
trô o It was through Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
seemingly inexhaustible energy and inquiring mind
that the Royal Society meetings did not become more
entertainment for gentlemen than investigations into
natural philosophy. Hooke’s determination to design
and make instruments for measuring natural
phenomena derived from the Baconian viewpoint
that observation, rather than accepted authority,
leads to understanding and knowledge of the natural
world and consequently to power over it: Nhê søc
lùc kh«ng mÖt mái vµ ãc tß mß cña Robert Hooke
(1635-1703) mµ c¸c cuéc häp cña Héi Hoµng gia ®·
kh«ng biÕn thµnh n¬i gi¶i trÝ cho c¸c quý «ng mµ lµ
n¬i ®Ó ®i s©u vµo triÕt häc cña tù nhiªn. QuyÕt t©m
cña Hooke nh»m thiÕt kÕ vµ chÕ t¹o c¸c dông cô ®Ó
®o l−êng c¸c hiÖn t−îng tù nhiªn b¾t nguån tõ quan
®iÓm cña Bacon cho r»ng chÝnh sù quan s¸t, chø
kh«ng ph¶i lµ nh÷ng c¨n cø ®· ®−îc chÊp nhËn, míi
dÉn ®Õn hiÓu biÕt vÒ thÕ giíi tù nhiªn vµ nhê ®ã chÕ
ngù nã.
infilling /'in,filiô/ n vËt liÖu lÊp kÏ hë, vËt liÖu
chÌn trong khe nøt: "Infilling" is the term for the
material that separates the adjacent rock walls of a
discontinuity. It should be noted, however, that not
all infill materials are necessarily transported into
the discontinuity at a large stage; some can form
insitu, e.g. by the action of intense weathering along
a joint: "Sù chÌn" lµ mét thuËt ng÷ chØ vËt liÖu mµ nã
ph©n t¸ch c¸c t−êng ®¸ kÒ nhau theo mét ®−êng nøt.
Tuy nhiªn, ph¶i l−u ý r»ng, kh«ng nhÊt thiÕt mäi vËt
liÖu chÌn ®Òu ph¶i lµ thø ®−îc vËn chuyÓn ®Õn khe
nøt víi quy m« lín, mµ mét sè vËt liÖu nµy cã thÓ t¹o
thµnh ngay t¹i chç, vÝ dô do sù phong hãa m¹nh mÏ
däc theo vÕt nøt.
infiltration (1) /,infil'trei∫n/ n n−íc thÊm vµo:
Water from the surrounding ground which enters
through defects in pipes or joints in a pipeline or
through the lateral connections, manholes or
inspection chambers: Lµ n−íc tõ nÒn ®Êt xung quanh
x©m nhËp qua c¸c h− háng vµo c¸c cèng hoÆc qua
 173
c¸c mèi nèi vµo mét ®−êng èng, hoÆc qua c¸c ®−êng
nèi ngang, c¸c hè tô hay c¸c buång kiÓm tra.
infiltration (2) /,infil'trei∫n/ n sù thÊm n−íc: The
phenomena of infiltration and exfiltration are of
critical importance to water conveyance tunnels.
Infiltration during construction should be reduced to
acceptable levels in all types of tunnels. Significant
infiltration after a water conveyance tunnel is
completed is unacceptable. Inflows can cause loss of
ground into the tunnel and result in surface
settlements and damage to neighboring structures.
The inflows may cause the adjacent groundwater
table to be seriously lowered with resulting adverse
impacts on water supply, trees, and vegetation. In
flood control tunnels, groundwater infiltration can
reduce the carrying capacity available to handle
peak flows. Infiltration in water supply tunnels may
lead to pollution of the supply. In sewer tunnels,
infiltration contributes to increased water
reclamation and pumping costs: HiÖn t−îng thÊm
n−íc vµo hÇm vµ ch¶y n−íc ra cã tÇm quan träng
®Æc biÖt ®èi víi c¸c hÇm dÉn n−íc. Sù thÊm n−íc
vµo hÇm trong khi thi c«ng ph¶i ®−îc lµm gi¶m
xuèng ®Õn møc chÊp nhËn ®−îc trong mäi lo¹i hÇm.
ViÖc thÊm n−íc nhiÒu vµo bªn trong sau khi mét hÇm
dÉn n−íc ®−îc lµm xong lµ ®iÒu kh«ng thÓ chÊp
nhËn ®−îc. Dßng n−íc cã thÓ mang theo ®Êt vµo
hÇm vµ g©y ra lón mÆt ®Êt vµ h− háng c«ng tr×nh kÕ
bªn. Dßng n−íc thÊm cã thÓ lµm h¹ thÊp nghiªm
träng mùc n−íc ngÇm xung quanh khiÕn g©y ra c¸c
t¸c ®éng tai h¹i ®Õn viÖc cung cÊp n−íc s¹ch, c©y
cèi, vµ hoa mµu. Trong c¸c hÇm tiªu lò, viÖc n−íc
ngÇm ch¶y vµo hÇm cã thÓ lµm gi¶m n¨ng lùc tho¸t
n−íc khi cã dßng lò cùc ®¹i. ViÖc n−íc ch¶y vµo hÇm
ë c¸c hÇm cung cÊp n−íc s¹ch sÏ dÉn ®Õn « nhiÔm
nguån n−íc. Trong c¸c hÇm dÉn n−íc th¶i, viÖc ®Ó
cho thÊm n−íc vµo hÇm sÏ lµm t¨ng chi phÝ b¬m
th¸o vµ xö lý n−íc th¶i.
infiltration /,infil'trei∫n/ n sù thÊm nhËp cña
v÷a: The grouted hole diameter is commonly
assumed to be equal to the nominal diameter of the
drillhole. The actual final grout diameter may be
larger than the diameter of the predrilled hole, due
to oversizing of the hole by drilling action and/or by
grout infiltration into surrounding permeable,
granular soils. Grout infiltration is not likely in less
permeable, fine grained soils: §−êng kÝnh lç bul«ng
neo sau khi b¬m v÷a th−êng ®−îc gi¶ thiÕt lµ b»ng
víi ®−êng kÝnh danh nghÜa cña lç khoan. Tuy nhiªn,
®−êng kÝnh lç v÷a cuèi cïng thùc tÕ cã thÓ lín h¬n
®−êng kÝnh cña lç khoan ban ®Çu, do sù nong réng
lç khoan bëi t¸c ®éng khoan xoay vµ/hoÆc bëi sù
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
x©m nhËp lan táa cña v÷a b¬m ra nÒn ®Êt d¹ng h¹t
cã tÝnh thÊm ë chung quanh. Sù x©m nhËp lan táa
v÷a nµy sÏ khã x¶y ra trong c¸c lo¹i ®Êt h¹t mÞn vµ
khã thÊm.
inflow /'inflou/ n sù ch¶y vµo; dßng vµo: The
volume of any kind of water entering a sewer and its
connections from outside sources: Lµ thÓ tÝch cña
bÊt kú lo¹i n−íc nµo ch¶y vµo mét cèng th¸o n−íc
vµ c¸c ®−êng nèi kÕt víi nã tõ c¸c nguån bªn ngoµi
o Unexpected large inflows may occur if water-
bearing strata or seams are encountered during
excavation of tunnels: Nh÷ng l−îng n−íc ch¶y vµo
lín bÊt ngê cã thÓ x¶y ra nÕu gÆp ph¶i c¸c tÇng ®Êt
hay m¹ch vØa chøa n−íc trong qu¸ tr×nh ®µo hÇm.
infrastructure /,infrə'strʌkt∫ə/ n c¬ së h¹ tÇng:
Defined as an "underlying foundation or basic
framework". Has come to mean a diverse collection
of constructed facilities and associated services that
support industry, commerce and everyday living:
§−îc ®Þnh nghÜa nh− lµ mét "nÒn mãng c¬ b¶n hoÆc
hÖ thèng ban ®Çu". DÇn dÇn nã cã thªm nghÜa lµ mét
tËp hîp ®a d¹ng cña c¸c c«ng tr×nh x©y dùng vµ c¸c
dÞch vô kÌm theo mµ chóng hç trî nÒn c«ng nghiÖp,
th−¬ng m¹i vµ cuéc sèng hµng ngµy.
infrastructure (2) /,infrə'strʌkt∫ə/ n [c¬ së, kÕt
cÊu] h¹ tÇng: The nation’s infrastructure is the
physical framework that supports and sustains
virtually all domestic economic activity; it is
essential to maintaining international
competitiveness as well. In its broadest definition,
“infrastructure” includes all types of public
facilities, such as highways, roads, and bridges;
water resource projects and water supply and
treatment systems; sewer systems and wastewater
treatment plants; locks, dams, and waterways; ports;
airports; railroads and mass transit facilities; public
buildings; and resource recovery facilities: KÕt cÊu
h¹ tÇng cña quèc gia lµ mét hÖ thèng vËt chÊt ®Ó hç
trî vµ ®¶m b¶o hÇu nh− mäi ho¹t ®éng kinh tÕ néi
®Þa; nã còng thiÕt yÕu ®Ó duy tr× kh¶ n¨ng c¹nh tranh
quèc tÕ. Theo mét nghÜa réng nhÊt cña nã, “c¬ së h¹
tÇng” bao gåm mäi d¹ng c«ng tr×nh c«ng céng, nh−
®−êng cao tèc, ®−êng bé, cÇu cèng; c¸c c«ng tr×nh
tµi nguyªn n−íc vµ hÖ thèng xö lý vµ cung cÊp n−íc;
c¸c hÖ thèng cèng th¶i vµ nhµ m¸y xö lý n−íc th¶i;
c¸c cöa cèng, ®Ëp, vµ ®−êng thñy; c¸c c¶ng; s©n
bay; ®−êng s¾t vµ hÖ thèng xe ®iÖn ngÇm; c¸c tßa
nhµ c«ng céng; vµ c¸c c«ng tr×nh phôc håi tµi
nguyªn.
inhibitor /in'hibitə/ n chÊt øc chÕ, chÊt lµm chËm:
Also called a retarder. A material that stops or slows
a chemical reaction from occurring. In cement
 174
grouting practice, a material that delays the start of
hydration or that slows the rate of hydration: Lµ mét
vËt liÖu mµ nã ng¨n chÆn hoÆc lµm chËm mét ph¶n
øng hãa häc x¶y ra. Trong thùc hµnh b¬m v÷a
xim¨ng, ®ã lµ mét vËt liÖu lµm chËm sù b¾t ®Çu cña
thñy hãa, hoÆc nã lµm chËm l¹i tèc ®é thñy hãa.
initial cost /i'ni‘”l k˜st/ n chi phÝ ban ®Çu: The
cost of establishing a facility and putting it into
initial operation. See also construction cost: Lµ chi
phÝ ®Ó thiÕt lËp mét c«ng tr×nh vµ ®−a nã vµo vËn
hµnh ban ®Çu. Xem thªm "construction cost - chi phÝ
x©y dùng".
initial design (1) /i'ni‘”l di'zain/ n thiÕt kÕ ban
®Çu: The rock anchor design process is conveniently
divided into two phases; the initial design phases
and the final detailed phase. In initial phase, the
design process is initiated by an evaluation which
finds that a given structure is potentially unstable
without additional restraining forces. If the potential
instability is due to potential for sliding, the
magnitude of restraining forces is calculated.
Restraining forces necessary to control other modes
of potential instability, such as overturning, uplift
pressures, or excessive differential deformations are
determined on a case-to-case basis. The magnitude
of the required restraining force is evaluated with
respect to the economics and practicality of using
rock anchors to develop the necessary force: Qu¸
tr×nh thiÕt kÕ neo ®¸ th−êng ®−îc chia lµm hai giai
®o¹n: giai ®o¹n thiÕt kÕ ban ®Çu vµ giai ®o¹n thiÕt
kÕ chi tiÕt cuèi cïng. Trong giai ®o¹n ®Çu, qu¸ tr×nh
thiÕt kÕ ®−îc khëi ®éng b»ng mét phÐp ®¸nh gi¸ ®Ó
xÐt xem mét kÕt cÊu cho tr−íc cã kh¶ n¨ng bÞ mÊt æn
®Þnh kh«ng nÕu kh«ng cã c¸c lùc chèng gi÷ bæ sung.
NÕu kh¶ n¨ng mÊt æn ®Þnh lµ do nguy c¬ tr−ît lë, th×
ph¶i tÝnh to¸n ®é lín cña lùc chèng gi÷. C¸c lùc
chèng gi÷ cÇn thiÕt ®Ó kiÓm so¸t c¸c chÕ ®é mÊt æn
®Þnh kh¸c - nh− lËt, ®Èy tråi, hay lón lÖch qu¸ møc -
sÏ ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh tïy tõng tr−êng hîp. §é lín cña lùc
chèng ®ì yªu cÇu sÏ ®−îc tÝnh to¸n vÒ mÆt kinh tÕ vµ
kh¶ n¨ng thùc hµnh cña viÖc dïng neo ®¸ ®Ó t¹o ra
lùc cÇn thiÕt.
initial design (2) /i'ni‘”l di'zain/ n thiÕt kÕ ban
®Çu/s¬ bé: In the initial design and layout of a
transit system, consideration should be given to
future expansion possibilities. When expansion is
contemplated within the foreseeable future after
construction and the probable expansion points are
known, provisions should be incorporated in the
initial design and construction phases: Trong thiÕt
kÕ vµ bè trÝ ban ®Çu cña mét hÖ thèng vËn t¶i hµnh
kh¸ch lín, cÇn ph¶i xÐt ®Õn c¸c kh¶ n¨ng më réng
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
trong t−¬ng lai. NÕu dù tÝnh më réng trong mét
t−¬ng lai ®· ®Þnh sau khi x©y dùng vµ ®· biÕt c¸c
®iÓm më réng kh¶ dÜ, th× cÇn ph¶i ®−a ra c¸c quy
®Þnh ngay tõ giai ®o¹n thiÕt kÕ ban ®Çu vµ giai ®o¹n
thi c«ng.
initial set /i'ni‘”l set/ n sù b¾t ®Çu ninh kÕt: The
beginning of a noticeable stiffening in the cement
paste is known as initial set: Sù b¾t ®Çu cña mét qu¸
tr×nh ®«ng cøng nhËn thÊy ®−îc trong v÷a xim¨ng
gäi lµ sù b¾t ®Çu ninh kÕt o Further stiffening
occurs as the volume of gel increases and the stage
at which this is complete and the final hardening
process, responsible for its strength, commences is
known as the final set: Sù ®«ng cøng tiÕp theo x¶y ra
khi thÓ tÝch cña thÓ keo (gel) t¨ng lªn vµ giai ®o¹n
mµ t¹i ®ã qu¸ tr×nh nµy hoµn thµnh vµ qu¸ tr×nh
®«ng cøng cuèi cïng - t¹o nªn c−êng ®é cña nã - b¾t
®Çu, ®−îc gäi lµ sù kÕt thóc ninh kÕt.
initial support /i'ni‘”l sə'pɔ:t/ n (hÖ) chèng ®ì
ban ®Çu: Relatively short-term tunnel or shaft
support installed for stability and safety during
construction operations, with elements generally left
in place and incorporated into the final lining. Initial
support is often referred to as primary support: Lµ
hÖ chèng ®ì hÇm hay giÕng ®øng t−¬ng ®èi ng¾n
h¹n, l¾p ®Æt cho môc ®Ých æn ®Þnh vµ an toµn trong
khi thi c«ng, nãi chung c¸c bé phËn chèng sÏ ®−îc
bá l¹i vµ trë thµnh mét phÇn cña vá hÇm cuèi cïng.
HÖ chèng ban ®Çu cßn th−êng ®−îc gäi lµ hÖ chèng
®Çu tiªn/s¬ bé.
initiation /i,ni‘i'ei‘n/ n sù khëi næ, sù kÝch næ;
sù nhen ch¸y: Some types of explosive are relatively
insensitive to accidental initiation by shock, friction
or mechanical impact under normal conditions of
use: Cã mét sè lo¹i thuèc næ t−¬ng ®èi kh«ng nh¹y
c¶m víi sù kÝch næ bÊt ngê nh− va ch¹m, ma s¸t
hoÆc chÊn ®éng c¬ häc d−íi nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn sö dông
b×nh th−êng.
initiator (1) /i'ni‘ieit”/ n ngßi næ; chÊt g©y næ,
thuèc g©y næ; kÝp næ.
initiator (2) /i'ni‘ieit”/ n yÕu tè kÝch ho¹t: If the
rock is unstable, rock falls, raveling, slabbing, or
excessive short- or long-term displacements may
occur and it must be reinforced. This can be
accomplished either by preventing failure initiators
such as rock falls or by improving the ground’s
inherent rock mass strength (modulus). Either way,
the rock mass, with or without reinforcement, is still
the main building material of the tunnel or shaft
structure: NÕu ®¸ lµ kh«ng æn ®Þnh, cã thÓ x¶y ra sù
lë ®¸, trãc m¶ng, hoÆc chuyÓn dÞch lín ng¾n h¹n hay
 175
dµi h¹n, do ®ã ®¸ cÇn ®−îc gia cè. Cã thÓ thùc hiÖn
b»ng c¸ch ng¨n chÆn c¸c yÕu tè kÝch ho¹t ph¸ ho¹i
nh− lë ®¸, hoÆc b»ng c¸ch c¶i thiÖn c−êng ®é vèn cã
cña khèi ®¸ (m«®un). Trong c¶ hai c¸ch trªn, dï
khèi ®¸ cã ®−îc gia c−êng hay kh«ng, nã vÉn lµ yÕu
tè chÞu t¶i chÝnh t¹o nªn kÕt cÊu hÇm hoÆc giÕng
®øng.
initiator (3) /i'ni‘ieit”/ n chÊt ho¹t hãa, chÊt xóc
t¸c: A source of free radicals, which are groups of
atoms that have at least one unpaired electron, used
to start the curing process for unsaturated polyester
and vinyl ester resins. Peroxides are the most
common source of free radicals: Lµ mét nguån c¸c
gèc tù do, ®ã lµ c¸c nhãm nguyªn tö mµ chóng cã Ýt
nhÊt mét ®iÖn tö kh«ng cÆp ®«i, dïng ®Ó khëi ®éng
qu¸ tr×nh b¶o d−ìng cho c¸c keo polyeste kh«ng b·o
hßa vµ este vynil. Peroxyt chÝnh lµ nguån c¸c gèc tù
do th«ng dông nhÊt o A substance that causes a
chemical reaction (such as polymerization or
curing) to start. The term usually applies to free-
radical polymerization-type reactions: Lµ mét chÊt
mµ nã khiÕn cho mét ph¶n øng hãa häc x¶y ra
(ch¼ng h¹n nh− sù polyme hãa/sù trïng hîp hoÆc
b¶o d−ìng). ThuËt ng÷ nµy th−êng ¸p dông cho c¸c
ph¶n øng d¹ng polyme hãa kh«ng cã gèc tù do.
injection /in'dʒek‘n/ n sù phun, sù phôt: By
general definition, injection is the process in which,
by means of an applied pressure, a grout is forced
into the soil through pipes which have been
strategically placed to limit the zone of soil to be
treated: Theo ®Þnh nghÜa chung nhÊt, b¬m phôt lµ
qu¸ tr×nh trong ®ã, nhê t¸c dông mét ¸p lùc c−ìng
b¸ch, mét hçn hîp v÷a ®−îc ®Èy vµo trong nÒn ®Êt
th«ng qua c¸c èng mµ chóng ®· ®−îc bè trÝ mang
tÝnh chiÕn l−îc nh»m giíi h¹n khu vùc ®Êt cÇn ph¶i
xö lý (gia cè).
injection grounting /in'dʒek‘n grautiô/ n b¬m
v÷a phôt: a method for sealing or repairing cracks in
concrete and filling voids within a concrete structure
or foundation: mét ph−¬ng ph¸p bÝt tr¸m hoÆc söa
ch÷a c¸c vÕt nøt trong bªt«ng vµ lÊp kÝn c¸c lç rçng
bªn trong mét kÕt cÊu hoÆc mãng bªt«ng.
injection pipe /in'dʒek‘n paip/ n èng phun (phôt,
b¬m) v÷a: In case grouting is used to stabilize the
tunnel zone in water-bearing soils and to reduce
surface settlement, it is very important to prevent
grout from escaping up the outside of the injection
pipe: Khi kü thuËt b¬m v÷a ®−îc sö dông ®Ó gia cè
vïng hÇm trong nÒn ®Êt chøa n−íc, còng nh− ®Ó h¹n
chÕ sù lón bÒ mÆt, ®iÒu rÊt quan träng lµ ph¶i gi÷
cho v÷a kh«ng phôt ra khái èng phun.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
injection process /in'd™ek‘n 'prouses/ n qu¸
tr×nh phun v÷a: The injection process comprises two
main sections: knowledge about the grouts and the
technique of injecting the grout into the soil: Qu¸
tr×nh b¬m phôt gåm hai phÇn chÝnh: kiÕn thøc vÒ c¸c
lo¹i v÷a vµ kü thuËt phun v÷a vµo trong ®Êt.
inner lining /'in” 'laini–/ n líp vá hÇm bªn trong:
Watertightness requirements should be determined
based on the ultimate use and the functional
requirements of the finished tunnel. An initial lining
that is followed by a cast-in-place inner lining
(whether or not a waterproofing membrane is
applied) should be sufficiently tight to permit the
placement of an inner lining without compromising
its quality: C¸c yªu cÇu vÒ thÊm n−íc ph¶i ®−îc
quyÕt ®Þnh dùa trªn môc ®Ých sö dông cuèi cïng vµ
c¸c ®ßi hái vÒ vËn hµnh cña hÇm khi hoµn thiÖn. Mét
líp vá chèng ®ì ban ®Çu phÝa ngoµi ®−îc thi c«ng
tr−íc tiªn, tiÕp ®Õn lµ líp vá hÇm bªn trong b»ng
bªt«ng ®æ t¹i chç (cã thÓ l¾p ®Æt mµng chèng thÊm
hoÆc kh«ng); vá hÇm bªn ngoµi ph¶i ®ñ kÝn n−íc ®Ó
cho phÐp thi c«ng líp vá bªn trong mµ kh«ng ¶nh
h−ëng ®Õn chÊt l−îng cña nã.
inner section of tunnel /'in” 'sek∫n ”v 'tʌnl/ n tiÕt
diÖn bªn trong cña hÇm.
inorganic soil /,in˜:'g“nik s˜il/ n ®Êt v« c¬: Soil
composed of matter that is not animal or vegetable
in origin: Lµ lo¹i ®Êt gåm c¸c chÊt kh«ng cã nguån
gèc ®éng vËt hay thùc vËt.
insertion /in's”:‘n/ n sù g¾n, sù lång vµo, sù gµi c¾m
vµo: All drill holes shall be of sufficient bore to
permit the free insertion of a cartridge of explosive
to the bottom of the hole without the necessity of
undue ramming or removing the dynamite from its
original wrapper: TÊt c¶ c¸c lç khoan ®Òu ph¶i cã
kÝch th−íc ®ñ ®Ó cho phÐp dÔ dµng ®−a vµo mét thái
thuèc næ tíi tËn ®¸y lç mµ kh«ng cÇn ph¶i doa réng
lç hay bãc bá líp vá bäc cña thuèc næ ®y-na-mit o
Great care must be taken to ensure that ground
improvement treatment involving the drilling and
then the insertion of reinforcement elements into the
advance core is performed correctly: CÇn hÕt søc
cÈn thËn ®Ó ®¶m b¶o r»ng c«ng t¸c xö lý gia c−êng
nÒn ®Êt - bao gåm viÖc khoan vµ l¾p ®Æt cÊu kiÖn gia
cè vµo khèi ®Êt phÝa tr−íc g−¬ng hÇm - ®−îc thùc thi
mét c¸ch ®óng ®¾n.
insertion end of lances /in's”:‘n/ n ®Çu c¾m
vµo lç khoan cña thanh neo.
insitu /٫in 'sitju:/ adj t¹i chç: Originally two
Latin words (in situ) meaning 'in place' or 'in its
original position'. Compressed here to a single word
 176
for convenient English usage. Distinguishes rocks
and soils found in their original position of
formation, as opposed to transported materials:
Nguån gèc lµ hai tõ Latinh in situ nghÜa lµ "t¹i chç"
hay "t¹i vÞ trÝ ban ®Çu cña nã". §−îc viÕt liÒn ë ®©y
thµnh mét tõ sè Ýt ®Ó dïng cho tiÖn trong tiÕng Anh.
Nã ph©n biÖt ®Êt ®¸ t×m thÊy t¹i vÞ trÝ ban ®Çu cña
chóng, ®èi lËp víi c¸c vËt liÖu ®· bÞ dêi chuyÓn ®i
n¬i kh¸c.
in-situ investigation and test /٫in 'sitju:
in٫vesti'gei∫n “nd test/ n thÝ nghiÖm vµ ®iÒu tra t¹i
chç: To obtain detailed information of the rock
characteristics within the heart of the mountain and
to provide further data on the jointing structure and
the location and condition of the dykes, an intrusive
site investigation is about to commence. This will
consist of drilling hundred of boreholes into the
mountain to extract samples and to enable in-situ
investigation and testing: §Ó thu ®−îc th«ng tin chi
tiÕt vÒ c¸c ®Æc ®iÓm cña ®¸ trong lßng nói vµ ®Ó
cung cÊp thªm sè liÖu vÒ cÊu tróc khe nøt, vÞ trÝ vµ
t×nh tr¹ng cña c¸c ®ai m¹ch, cÇn tiÕn hµnh mét
ch−¬ng tr×nh kh¶o s¸t hiÖn tr−êng toµn diÖn. Nã bao
gåm viÖc khoan hµng tr¨m lç khoan vµo lßng nói ®Ó
lÊy mÉu, vµ ®Ó tiÕn hµnh kh¶o s¸t vµ thÝ nghiÖm t¹i
chç.
insitu stress /,in 'sitju: stres/ n øng suÊt ban ®Çu,
øng suÊt nguyªn gèc: The in situ stress is a confining
pressure prior to the start of tunnel excavation
which affects the viscoelastic and strength properties
of the rock: øng suÊt ban ®Çu lµ mét ¸p lùc nÐn Ðp
ba trôc (kh«ng gian, ba chiÒu) tr−íc khi hÇm ®−îc
khai ®µo, nã ¶nh h−ëng tíi c¸c tÝnh chÊt vÒ c−êng ®é
vµ tÝnh ®µn nhít cña ®¸ o Knowledge of the in situ
stress helps to attain a sound, logical design of rock
reinforcement systems and excavation procedures,
and to interpret expected rock strength and
deformational properties: HiÓu biÕt vÒ øng suÊt ban
®Çu gióp ®¹t ®−îc mét thiÕt kÕ hîp lý, l«gic vÒ c¸c hÖ
thèng gia cè ®¸ vµ c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p khai ®µo, còng
nh− gióp ph©n tÝch c¸c tÝnh chÊt vÒ c−êng ®é vµ biÕn
d¹ng dù ®o¸n cña ®¸.
insitu testing /,in 'sitju: 'testiô/ n thÝ nghiÖm t¹i
hiÖn tr−êng/t¹i chç: If there are conditions of
concern, such as faults, shear zones, etc., it may be
necessary to locate the adits to provide access to
these features for in-place inspection and testing.
The adits should be oriented to provide maximum
intersection of the fracture system and to provide
access for in situ testing of the rock mass
immediately below the founding level of the dam. In
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
situ testing may include uniaxial jacking tests to
determine the rock mass deformation properties,
shear testing of discontinuities, and measurement of
in situ rock stress: NÕu cã c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt
®¸ng lo ng¹i, nh− ®øt g·y, ®íi chÞu c¾t, v.v…, th× cã
thÓ cÇn ph¶i bè trÝ c¸c hang xiªn ®Ó t¹o ra lèi tiÕp
cËn tíi c¸c khu vùc nµy nh»m ®iÒu tra vµ thÝ nghiÖm
t¹i chç. C¸c hang xiªn ph¶i ®−îc ®Þnh h−íng sao cho
cã tèi ®a sè ®iÓm c¾t qua hÖ thèng ®øt g·y vµ t¹o ra
lèi tiÕp cËn phôc vô viÖc thÝ nghiÖm t¹i hiÖn tr−êng
®èi víi khèi ®¸ n»m ngay bªn d−íi cao ®é ®Æt mãng
cña ®Ëp ch¾n. ThÝ nghiÖm t¹i chç cã thÓ bao gåm thÝ
nghiÖm kÝch Ðp ®¬n trôc ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh c¸c tÝnh chÊt
biÕn d¹ng cña khèi ®¸, thÝ nghiÖm c¾t ®èi víi c¸c khe
nøt, vµ ®o ®¹c øng suÊt t¹i chç cña ®¸.
insotropic material /,aisou'tr˜pik m”'ti”ri”l/ n
vËt liÖu ®¼ng h−íng: a material that exhibits the
same properties in all directions: mét vËt liÖu mµ nã
thÓ hiÖn c¸c tÝnh chÊt nh− nhau theo mäi h−íng.
inspection /in'spek‘n/ n sù kiÓm tra; sù gi¸m s¸t,
nghiÖm thu: While inspection of a tunnel is
important, the results of the inspection are not of
great value unless they can be properly recorded
and then conveyed to others: HiÓn nhiªn sù gi¸m s¸t
mét ®−êng hÇm lµ quan träng, nh−ng c¸c kÕt qu¶
gi¸m s¸t sÏ kh«ng cã gi¸ trÞ nhiÒu nÕu chóng kh«ng
®−îc ghi nhËn mét c¸ch chuÈn x¸c vµ sau ®ã chuyÓn
®Õn nh÷ng ng−êi kh¸c o The standard method of
inspection used by most agencies is to inspect each
activity in detail as the work is being performed:
Ph−¬ng ph¸p gi¸m s¸t tiªu chuÈn ®−îc ¸p dông bëi
hÇu hÕt c¸c c¬ quan lµ gi¸m s¸t kü l−ìng tõng phÇn
viÖc trong khi c«ng viÖc ®ang ®−îc thùc hiÖn.
inspection of operations /in'spek‘n ”v ,˜p”'rei‘nz/
n sù kiÓm tra c¸c ho¹t ®éng thi c«ng: The Engineer,
and any person authorised by him, shall at all
reasonable times have access to the Site and to all
workshops and places where materials or Plant are
being manufactured, fabricated or prepared for the
Works, and the Contractor shall afford every facility
for and every assistance in obtaining the right to
such access: T− vÊn, vµ bÊt kú ng−êi nµo ®−îc T−
vÊn ñy quyÒn, vµo nh÷ng thêi ®iÓm hîp lý sÏ cã
quyÒn vµo C«ng tr−êng vµ mäi ph©n x−ëng còng nh−
®Þa ®iÓm mµ t¹i ®ã c¸c vËt liÖu hay M¸y mãc ®ang
®−îc s¶n xuÊt, chÕ t¹o hay chuÈn bÞ cho C«ng viÖc,
vµ Nhµ thÇu ph¶i t¹o mäi ph−¬ng tiÖn vµ hç trî
trong viÖc cã ®−îc quyÒn lui tíi ®ã.
inspection path /in'spek‘n p:•/ n lé tr×nh kiÓm
tra; lé tr×nh nghiÖm thu.
 177
inspection sheet /in'spek‘n ‘i:t/ n phiÕu kiÓm tra;
tê nghiÖm thu.
inspection staff /in'spek‘n ‘ta:f/ n ®éi ngò kiÓm
tra cña T− vÊn; ®éi ngò kü s− gi¸m s¸t: Concurrent
with their primary duties of examining and
monitoring the Contractor's work and reporting it,
the inspection staff has a continuous secondary
function, e.g. the liaison between the Engineer or
Owner and the Contractor in many routine manners:
Cïng víi c¸c nhiÖm vô c¬ b¶n lµ kiÓm tra vµ gi¸m
s¸t ho¹t ®éng cña Nhµ thÇu vµ b¸o c¸o c«ng viÖc,
®éi ngò gi¸m s¸t lu«n cã thªm chøc n¨ng phô, vÝ dô
lµ cÇu nèi gi÷a T− vÊn hay Chñ ®Çu t− vµ Nhµ thÇu
trªn nhiÒu ph−¬ng diÖn c«ng viÖc hµng ngµy o
Cooperation is the watchword that will assure a
successful construction project insofar as relations
between the inspection staff and the Contractor's
forces go: Hîp t¸c lµ khÈu lÖnh ®Ó ®¶m b¶o mét dù
¸n x©y dùng thµnh c«ng mét khi c¸c mèi quan hÖ
gi÷a lùc l−îng gi¸m s¸t vµ ®éi ngò Nhµ thÇu ®· khëi
®éng.
Inspector /in'spekt”/ n ng−êi kiÓm tra, thanh tra;
gi¸m ®Þnh viªn; gi¸m s¸t viªn, kü s− gi¸m s¸t cña T−
vÊn: The Authorized Inspector shall have the
authority to reject materials or workmanship which
do not fulfill the requirements of the Technical
Specifications. In cases of dispute, the Contractor
may appeal to the Engineer, whose decision shall be
final: Gi¸m s¸t viªn ®−îc ñy quyÒn sÏ cã quyÒn
kh«ng chÊp thuËn vËt liÖu hay chÊt l−îng c«ng viÖc
kh«ng ®¸p øng c¸c yªu cÇu cña Tiªu chuÈn Kü thuËt.
Trong tr−êng hîp tranh c·i, Nhµ thÇu cã thÓ kh¸ng
nghÞ lªn T− vÊn, quyÕt ®Þnh cña T− vÊn sÏ cã hiÖu
lùc cuèi cïng o The acceptance of any material or
finished members by the Inspector shall not be a bar
to their subsequent rejection, if found defective.
Rejected material and workmanship shall be
replaced as soon as practical or corrected by the
Contractor: Sù chÊp thuËn bÊt kú vËt liÖu hay bé
phËn hoµn thµnh nµo bëi Gi¸m s¸t viªn sÏ kh«ng
ph¶i lµ mét ®iÒu c¶n trë ®èi víi sù bÊt chÊp thuËn
sau ®ã cña Gi¸m s¸t viªn, nÕu thÊy c¸c h¹ng môc ®ã
cã sai sãt. VËt liÖu vµ s¶n phÈm c«ng viÖc ®· bÞ b¸c
bá sÏ ph¶i ®−îc thay thÕ (lµm l¹i) nhanh nhÊt cã thÓ
hoÆc söa ch÷a bëi Nhµ thÇu.
Inspector's Responsibility /in'spekt”z
ri,sp˜ns”'bil”ti/ n tr¸ch nhiÖm cña [gi¸m ®Þnh viªn,
gi¸m s¸t viªn]: Generally inspectors must be
completely familiar with all the terms of the contract
documents and must have available for continuous
reference both the plans and specifications and the
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
contract. An inspector who covers a number of small
jobs and spends a limited time at each could possibly
work satisfactorily from the contractor's field
drawings, but when it is at all possible, the inspector
should maintain separate files of plans and
specifications: Nãi chung kü s− gi¸m s¸t ph¶i hoµn
toµn quen thuéc víi tÊt c¶ c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn cña tµi liÖu
hîp ®ång vµ ph¶i ®−îc phÐp tiÕp cËn liªn tôc b¶n vÏ
vµ quy tr×nh kü thuËt còng nh− hîp ®ång. Mét kü s−
gi¸m s¸t nÕu chØ ®¶m nhiÖm mét sè phÇn viÖc nhá vµ
gi¸m s¸t mçi phÇn viÖc trong thêi gian giíi h¹n th×
cã thÓ lµm viÖc ®¹t yªu cÇu nhê chØ dïng b¶n vÏ t¹i
hiÖn tr−êng cña nhµ thÇu, nh−ng bÊt cø khi nµo cã
thÓ, kü s− gi¸m s¸t ph¶i gi÷ bªn m×nh c¸c tËp b¶n vÏ
vµ quy tr×nh riªng o Verification of daily
submissions frequently devolves upon the inspector,
who then needs to make actual head counts
periodically and also must be able to differentiate
clearly between the basic contract work and the
work involved in the change. The inspector's records
of labour and equipment costs can be of great
importance in a defense agianst claims that are filed
late when there is a question as to whether some
work is extra work or is within the contract
requirements. The inspector should have a good
knowledge of costs: ViÖc kiÓm tra c¸c b¸o c¸o hµng
ngµy cña nhµ thÇu th−êng giao cho gi¸m s¸t viªn,
anh ta cÇn thØnh tho¶ng kiÓm kª thùc tÕ vµ ph¶i cã
kh¶ n¨ng ph©n biÖt râ rµng gi÷a c«ng viÖc c¬ b¶n
theo hîp ®ång víi c«ng viÖc liªn quan ®Õn sù thay
®æi. C¸c b¶n ghi chÐp cña kü s− gi¸m s¸t vÒ gi¸
thµnh thiÕt bÞ vµ nh©n lùc cã tÇm quan träng lín
trong viÖc chèng l¹i sù ®ßi x¸c nhËn cña nhµ thÇu
mµ nã ®−îc ®−a ra sau nµy khi cã tranh c·i vÒ vÊn
®Ò mét sè h¹ng môc nµo ®ã lµ bæ sung hay vÉn n»m
trong ph¹m vi yªu cÇu cña hîp ®ång.
instability of face /,inst”'bil”ti/ n tÝnh [®é, sù]
kh«ng æn ®Þnh; sù mÊt æn dÞnh cña g−¬ng ®µo:
Tunnelling deep below the groundwater table will
require constant control of the tunnel face to prevent
face instability: §µo hÇm s©u bªn d−íi mùc n−íc
ngÇm ®ßi hái ph¶i kiÓm so¸t chèng ®ì g−¬ng hÇm
liªn tôc ®Ó chèng lµm mÊt æn ®Þnh g−¬ng ®µo.
install /in'st˜:l/ v ®Æt (m¸y), g¸ ®Æt, l¾p ®Æt:
There are different procedures of rock support with
different stress levels and different rock mass
behaviour. At low or intermediate stress the rock
bolts are installed before spraying the concrete.
Under heavy rock burst conditions the plates of the
rock bolts preferably should be outside the sprayed
concrete. Hence the bolts should be installed after
spraying: Víi c¸c møc ®é øng suÊt vµ øng xö cña
 178
khèi ®¸ kh¸c nhau, sÏ cã c¸c kü thuËt chèng ®ì ®¸
kh¸c nhau. Víi ®iÒu kiÖn øng suÊt thÊp hay trung
b×nh, neo ®¸ ®−îc l¾p ®Æt tr−íc khi phun bªt«ng.
D−íi ®iÒu kiÖn øng suÊt lín cã ®¸ næ th× c¸c tÊm b¶n
®Öm bul«ng neo nªn ®−îc l¾p phÝa ngoµi líp bªt«ng
phun. Do ®ã bul«ng neo cÇn ph¶i l¾p ®Æt sau khi ®·
phun xong líp bªt«ng.
installation /,inst”'lei‘n/ n sù l¾p ®Æt (hÇm d×m):
This phase of construction covers preparation for
immersion, the immersion, foundation preparation,
backfilling, and completion of the interior works:
Giai ®o¹n thi c«ng nµy bao gåm sù chuÈn bÞ cho viÖc
h¹ hÇm, qu¸ tr×nh h¹ hÇm, chuÈn bÞ nÒn mãng, lÊp
l¹i hÇm, vµ hoµn thiÖn c¸c c«ng viÖc bªn trong hÇm.
installation /,inst”'lei‘n/ n (2) sù ®Æt; sù l¾p ®Æt;
sù g¸ ®Æt: In cases where a rock bolt can not be
advanced to the required depth due to adverse field
conditions that may cause the bolt to be unable to
provide the necessary strength, installation shall be
discontinued: Trong tr−êng hîp mét bul«ng neo
kh«ng thÓ c¾m s©u vµo lç khoan tíi chiÒu s©u thiÕt
kÕ do c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn bÊt lîi mµ cã thÓ lµm cho chiÕc
bul«ng Êy kh«ng thÓ cã ®−îc ®é bÒn cÇn thiÕt, th×
viÖc l¾p ®Æt bul«ng sÏ ph¶i ngõng l¹i.
instrumentation /,instrumen'tei‘n/ n khÝ cô ®o
kiÓm; sù trang bÞ dông cô/m¸y mãc; sù sö dông dông
cô; l¾p ®Æt thiÕt bÞ quan tr¾c: Instrumentation is one
of the key features of the NATM design philosophy
which is installed to monitor deformations in the
initial support system, as well as to form the basis of
varying the initial support: ThiÕt bÞ quan tr¾c lµ mét
trong nh÷ng ®Æc ®iÓm chÝnh cña triÕt lý thiÕt kÕ theo
ph−¬ng ph¸p lµm hÇm míi cña ¸o, nã ®−îc l¾p ®Æt
®Ó kiÓm so¸t c¸c biÕn d¹ng trªn hÖ thèng chèng ®ì
ban ®Çu, còng nh− ®Ó t¹o thµnh c¨n cø cho viÖc thay
®æi hÖ chèng ®ì ban ®Çu o The instrumentation
put in place is intended to monitor the response of
the structure so that design parameters can be
adjusted, as required, throughout the construction
process: ThiÕt bÞ quan tr¾c l¾p t¹i chç cã môc ®Ých
theo dâi ®¸p øng cña kÕt cÊu ®Ó cã thÓ ®iÒu chØnh
c¸c th«ng sè thiÕt kÕ, nÕu cÇn thiÕt, trong suèt qu¸
tr×nh thi c«ng.
intact rock /in't“kt r˜k/ n ®¸ [nguyªn tr¹ng, nguyªn
vÑn]: The strength and deformability parameters of
the rock mass are estimated considering the strength
of the intact rock, the degree of jointing, the overall
structure of the rock mass, and the condition of the
discontinuities: C¸c th«ng sè c−êng ®é vµ biÕn d¹ng
cña khèi ®¸ ®−îc ®¸nh gi¸ b»ng c¸ch nghiªn cøu
c−êng ®é cña ®¸ nguyªn tr¹ng, møc ®é nøt nÎ, cÊu
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
tróc tæng thÓ cña khèi ®¸, vµ t×nh tr¹ng c¸c khe nøt
o The intact rock mass can be simulated by the
isotropic linear-elastic perfectly-plastic (Mohr-
Coulomb) model in the framework of small strains,
and the enhanced constitutive model is applied only
in the weak zone: Khèi ®¸ nguyªn tr¹ng cã thÓ ®−îc
m« pháng b»ng m« h×nh ®µn håi tuyÕn tÝnh, dÎo tuyÖt
®èi vµ ®¼ng h−íng (Mohr-Coulomb) trong khu«n khæ
biÕn d¹ng nhá, vµ chØ ¸p dông m« h×nh liªn tôc phøc
t¹p ®èi víi vïng ®¸ gi¶m yÕu.
intake /'inteik/ n sù n¹p vµo; cöa n¹p; hÇm th«ng
h¬i: The passage through which fresh air is drawn
or forced into a mine or to a section of a mine: Lµ
mét lèi th«ng mµ qua ®ã kh«ng khÝ s¹ch ®−îc hót
hay ®Èy c−ìng bøc vµo bªn trong hÇm lß hoÆc tíi
mét bé phËn cña khu má o The intake of fresh air
for compressors served for tunneling should be
located high enough to prevent sucking in smoke or
dust: Cöa n¹p kh«ng khÝ s¹ch qua m¸y nÐn khÝ phôc
vô lµm hÇm ph¶i ®Æt ®ñ cao ®Ó tr¸nh hót vµo lÉn
khãi vµ bôi.
integrated system /'intigreitid 'sistəm/ n hÖ
thèng toµn bé: All items including men, equipment,
and supplies required to perform a function: Lµ tÊt
c¶ c¸c yÕu tè nh− con ng−êi, thiÕt bÞ, vµ vËt t− cÇn
ph¶i cã ®Ó thùc hiÖn mét nhiÖm vô.
interbedded /in't”bedid/ adj n»m ®an xen:
Occurring between distinct rock layers or strata:
XuÊt hiÖn/x¶y ra gi÷a c¸c líp hay tÇng ®¸ riªng biÖt
o The Jurong Formation of interbedded, highly
variable and mostly fractured mudstone, siltstone,
sandstone and conglomerate rocks is found in a
limited section (south end) of the Spur Tunnel: Trong
mét ®o¹n ng¾n phÝa nam cña HÇm Spur, ng−êi ta t×m
thÊy thµnh hÖ Jurong gåm c¸c lo¹i ®¸ bïn kÕt, sÐt
kÕt, c¸t kÕt vµ cuéi kÕt n»m ®an xen nhau, thay ®æi
nhiÒu vµ hÇu nh− n¸t vì.
interior zone /in'ti”ri” zoun/ n ®o¹n gi÷a hÇm: The
length of tunnel between a point just beyond the
entrance transition zone, where eye adaption is no
longer a consideration for visual perception, and the
exit portal: Lµ ®o¹n ®−êng hÇm gi÷a mét ®iÓm n»m
ngay s¸t vïng tiÕp cËn cöa vµo, ë ®ã sù ®iÒu tiÕt cña
m¾t kh«ng cßn lµ mét yÕu tè ®Ó xÐt sù tri gi¸c n÷a,
vµ cæng ra.
interjack pipes /,int”'dʒæk paips/ n èng t¹i tr¹m
kÝch ®Èy trung gian: Pipes specially designed for use
with an intermediate jacking station: Lµ c¸c ®o¹n
èng ®−îc thiÕt kÕ ®Æc biÖt ®Ó sö dông víi mét tr¹m
kÝch ®Èy trung gian.
 179
interjack station = intermediate jacking station
(IJS) /,int”'dʒæk 'stei∫n/ n tr¹m kÝch ®Èy trung
gian.
intermediate jacking method /,int”'mi:dj”t
dʒækiη 'meθəd/ n ph−¬ng ph¸p kÝch ®Èy trung
gian: Pipe jacking method which redistributes the
jacking force by the use of intermediate jacking
stations: Lµ ph−¬ng ph¸p kÝch ®Èy èng mµ nã ph©n
phèi l¹i lùc kÝch b»ng c¸ch sö dông c¸c tr¹m kÝch
trung gian.
intermediate jacking station (IJS) /,int”'mi:dj”t
dʒækiη 'stei∫n/ n tr¹m kÝch ®Èy trung gian: A
fabricated steel shield incorporating hydraulic jacks
designed to operate between interjack pipes to
provide incremental thrust or to redistribute thrust
on long pipe jacking drives: Lµ mét khiªn thÐp chÕ
t¹o s½n cã l¾p c¸c kÝch thñy lùc ®−îc thiÕt kÕ ®Ó vËn
hµnh t¹i gi÷a c¸c ®o¹n èng kÝch ®Èy trung gian,
nh»m t¹o ra lùc ®Èy t¨ng thªm hoÆc nh»m ph©n bè
l¹i lùc ®Èy trong c¸c t¸c vô kÝch ®Èy èng dµi o
Intermediate jacking station is needed for long
distance pipe jacking. It helps lengthen the distance
of a run. Cylindrical steel cans with integrated
hydraulic cylinders are built into the pipeline at
defined distances and put into operation when the
permissible jacking force is reached at the main
jacking station: Tr¹m kÝch ®Èy trung gian lµ cÇn
thiÕt cho viÖc kÝch ®Èy èng víi kho¶ng c¸ch xa. Nã
gióp kÐo dµi kho¶ng c¸ch cña mét lÇn thi c«ng ®−êng
èng. C¸c èng thÐp h×nh trô víi c¸c xylanh thñy lùc
®−îc l¾p r¸p vµo ®−êng èng t¹i nh÷ng kho¶ng c¸ch
nhÊt ®Þnh vµ sÏ cho chóng ho¹t ®éng khi lùc kÝch t¹i
tr¹m kÝch ®Èy trung t©m ®¹t tíi gi¸ trÞ tèi ®a cho
phÐp.
intermediate rock /,int”'mi:dj”t r˜k/ n ®¸ trung
tÝnh: An igneous rock containing 52% to 66%
quartz: Lµ ®¸ macma chøa tõ 52% ®Õn 66% th¹ch
anh.
intermediate shaft /,int”'mi:dj”t ‘:ft/ n giÕng
trung gian: If the excavation of an intermediate shaft
is to be introduced for ventilation purposes during
construction, additional difficulties will be found on
a tunnel project: NÕu ph¶i ®µo mét giÕng trung gian
phôc vô môc ®Ých th«ng giã th× ch¾c ch¾n sÏ g©y
thªm nhiÒu khã kh¨n cho mét dù ¸n hÇm.
intermodal = multimodal /,int”'moudl
mʌlti'moudl/ adj [liªn, ®a] ph−¬ng thøc: Issues or
activities related to more than one mode of
transportation, including transportation
connections, choices, and coordination of various
modes (e.g., pedestrian, bike, bus, car). Also known
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
as “multimodal”: Thuéc nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò hoÆc ho¹t
®éng liªn quan ®Õn nhiÒu h¬n mét ph−¬ng thøc vËn
t¶i, bao gåm c¸c nèi kÕt vËn t¶i, lùa chän, vµ phèi
hîp nhiÒu ph−¬ng thøc víi nhau (nh− ®i bé, xe ®¹p,
xe buýt, «t«…). Còng gäi lµ “®a ph−¬ng thøc”.
internal friction (shear resistance) /in't”:nl 'frik‘n/
n ma s¸t trong, néi ma s¸t (søc kh¸ng c¾t): The
portion of the shearing strength of a soil or rock
indicated by the terms ptanΦ in Coulomb’s equation
s = c + ptanΦ. It is usually considered to be due to
the interlocking of the soil or rock grains and the
resistance to sliding between the grains: Lµ phÇn
cêng ®é chèng c¾t cña mét lo¹i ®Êt hay ®¸ ®−îc biÓu
diÔn bëi sè h¹ng ptanΦ trong ph−¬ng tr×nh Coulomb
s = c + ptanΦ. Nã th−êng ®−îc coi lµ do sù cµi mãc
lÉn nhau gi÷a c¸c h¹t ®Êt ®¸ vµ søc chèng tr−ît gi÷a
c¸c h¹t víi nhau.
internal inspection /in't”:nl in'spek‘n/ n kiÓm tra
tõ bªn trong: Means of ascertaining the condition of
pipelines, either by visual inspection for man-entry
size or by the use of remote control instrumentation:
Lµ c¸c biÖn ph¸p ®¸nh gi¸ t×nh tr¹ng cña c¸c ®−êng
èng, nhê kiÓm tra b»ng m¾t ®èi víi kÝch cì èng cho
ng−êi vµo ®−îc, hoÆc b»ng c¸ch dïng thiÕt bÞ ®iÒu
khiÓn tõ xa.
internal water/hydraulic pressure /in't”:nl 'w˜:t”
hai'dr˜:lik 'pre‘”(r)/ n ¸p lùc n−íc/thñy tÜnh bªn
trong: Prestressed concrete pressure tunnels are in
particular subjected to the hydrostatic water
pressure (hydraulic pressure in tunnel), known as
the operating pressure. This, the most important
applied loading case, produces hoop tensile forces
and deformations in the lining, which can be
calculated on the assumption of a freely supported
tube by known methods of analysis: HÇm thñy c«ng
b»ng bªt«ng dù øng lùc ph¶i chÞu ¸p lùc n−íc thñy
tÜnh, gäi lµ ¸p lùc vËn hµnh. ¸p lùc nµy, lµ tr−êng
hîp t¶i träng quan träng nhÊt, sÏ t¹o ra c¸c lùc kÐo
ch¹y vßng vµ biÕn d¹ng trong vá hÇm, c¸c néi lùc
nµy cã thÓ tÝnh ®−îc dùa trªn gi¶ thiÕt cña mét èng
kª tù do b»ng c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p ph©n tÝch ®· biÕt.
intrados /in'treid˜s/ n mÆt lâm th©n vßm cuèn
(tõ ch©n vßm tíi vai vßm): The interior curve of an
arch, as of a tunnel lining: Lµ ®−êng cong bªn trong
cña mét vßm, vÝ dô nh− mét kÕt cÊu vá hÇm.
intrinsic value /in'trinsik 'vælju:/ n gi¸ trÞ bªn
trong, gi¸ trÞ thùc chÊt (trong ®¸nh gi¸ dù ¸n): A
value of an amenity or object that is independent of
whether there is a financial market for the amenity
or object. Such values depend on community or
individual attitudes: Lµ mét gi¸ trÞ cña mét tiÖn nghi
 180
hay ®èi t−îng mµ nã ®éc lËp víi viÖc liÖu cã mét thÞ
tr−êng tµi chÝnh cho tiÖn nghi hay ®èi t−îng ®ã
kh«ng. C¸c gi¸ trÞ nh− vËy phô thuéc vµo th¸i ®é cña
céng ®ång hay c¸ nh©n.
intrusion /in'tru:∫n/ n khèi x©m nhËp: A mass of
rock that has been forced into or between other
rocks: Lµ mét khèi ®¸ mµ ®· bÞ nÐn Ðp c−ìng bøc
vµo trong hay n»m gi÷a c¸c lo¹i ®¸ kh¸c.
intrusive /in'tru:siv/ adj x©m nhËp: Term for an
igneous rock that has been forced into pre-existing
rocks and solidified from magma underground:
ThuËt ng÷ cho mét lo¹i ®¸ nói löa mµ nã ®· bÞ nÐn
Ðp vµo c¸c ®¸ cã tr−íc vµ ®«ng cøng tõ macma ë
d−íi s©u.
intrusive magma /in'tru:siv 'm“gm”/ n macma
x©m nhËp: The slow cooling-rate of deep-seated
intrusive magmas allows for the formation of large,
well-developed crystals and a coarse grained texture
results: Tèc ®é nguéÞ l¹nh chËm cña macma x©m
nhËp n»m d−íi s©u cho phÐp t¹o thµnh c¸c tinh thÓ
lín, ph¸t triÓn tèt vµ mét kÕt qu¶ kiÕn tróc h¹t th«.
inundation /٫inʌn'dei∫n/ n sù ngËp hÇm: For the
safety of construction, the road bed inside a tunnel
should be regularly improved because it is quickly
deteriorated by inundation and heavy vehicles:
§−êng thi c«ng trong hÇm ph¶i ®−îc söa ch÷a
th−êng xuyªn v× nã bÞ xuèng cÊp rÊt nhanh do n−íc
ngËp vµ sù qua l¹i cña nhiÒu xe cé nÆng.
invert /in'v”:t/ n (1) vßm ngöa, vßm ®¸y: The
lowest section of a tunnel, i.e., the floor. On a
circular configuration, it is approximately the
bottom 90 degree of the arc of the tunnel. On a
square-bottom configuration, it is the bottom of the
tunnel: PhÇn thÊp nhÊt cña mét hÇm, tøc lµ sµn hÇm.
Trong hÇm h×nh trßn, nã gÇn nh− chiÕm 90 ®é phÝa
d−íi cña cung trßn cña hÇm. Trong mét hÇm cã ®¸y
h×nh vu«ng, nã chÝnh lµ ®¸y hÇm.
invert /in'v”:t/ n (2) vßm vâng xuèng, vßm ngöa,
vßm ®¸y; cao ®é dßng n−íc ch¶y trong cèng: the
bottom or lowest point of the internal surface of the
transverse cross section of a pipe: lµ ®iÓm ®¸y hay
®iÓm thÊp nhÊt cña bÒ mÆt phÝa trong cña mÆt c¾t
ngang n»m ngang cña mét èng o Excess
groundwater needs to be removed from the tunnel
invert by pumping or wellpoints so as to obtain a
safe working condition: L−îng n−íc ngÇm qu¸ møc
cÇn ®−îc th¸o rót khái vßm ngöa (lßng hÇm) b»ng
b¬m hay c¸c giÕng läc ®Ó cã ®−îc ®iÒu kiÖn lµm viÖc
an toµn.
invert concrete /in'v”:t 'k˜nkri:t/ n bªt«ng vßm
ngöa.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
invert gradient (slope) /in'v”:t 'greidjənt/ n ®é
dèc vßm ngöa: A gentle “uphill” invert slope is
always desirable in tunnel excavation and lining to
allow for gravity drainage of groundwater inflows
away from the excavation heading or area of
concrete placement. This also allows for “downhill”
transport of tunnel muck. A maximum invert
gradient of 0.01 is desirable from an economical and
safety aspects of rail haulage during construction:
Lu«n lu«n nªn thiÕt kÕ mét ®é dèc vßm ngöa h¬i
“lªn dèc” mét chót trong khi ®µo hÇm vµ x©y vá
nh»m cho phÐp tho¸t n−íc ngÇm nhê träng lùc khái
g−¬ng ®µo hoÆc khái khu vùc ®æ bªt«ng. §iÒu nµy
còng cho phÐp vËn chuyÓn ®Êt ®¸ th¶i “xuèng dèc”
ra khái hÇm. Mét ®é dèc vßm ngöa tèi ®a b»ng 0,01
lµ nªn dïng xÐt tõ gãc ®é kinh tÕ vµ an toµn ®èi víi
viÖc vËn chuyÓn ®¸ th¶i b»ng ®−êng ray trong khi thi
c«ng.
invert pour /in'v”:t p˜:/ n ®æ bªt«ng vßm ngöa:
Process in which the invert of a tunnel is poured
separately. See arch pour: Qu¸ tr×nh trong ®ã vßm
ngöa cña mét hÇm ®−îc ®æ bªt«ng mét c¸ch riªng
biÖt. Xem cïng víi "arch pour".
invert segment /in'v”:t 'segm”nt/ n ®o¹n vá hÇm
t¹i vßm ngöa.
invert struts /in'v”:t strʌt/ n thanh chèng t¹i vßm
ngöa: Invert struts are installed to control
floor heave and to provide a footing for the
steel sets. When tunnel ribs tend to move inward
at the tunnel invert, compression invert struts are
installed across the invert to resist this movement:
C¸c thanh chèng t¹i vßm ngöa ®−îc l¾p ®Æt ®Ó kiÓm
so¸t sù bïng nÒn vµ t¹o ra bÖ ®ì cho c¸c v× chèng
thÐp. Khi c¸c v× chèng hÇm cã xu h−íng dÞch chuyÓn
vÒ phÝa trong t¹i khu vùc vßm ngöa, cÇn ph¶i l¾p ®Æt
c¸c thµnh chèng chÞu nÐn ngang qua vßm ngöa ®Ó
chèng l¹i sù dÞch chuyÓn nµy.
investigation /in٫vesti'gei∫n/ n sù ®iÒu tra, nghiªn
cøu: The main ground investigation should be
planned in the light of the knowledge of site
conditions already gained and of the provisional line
and depth of the tunnel and positions of shafts and
portals. The main ground investigation should
obtain as much as possible not only of the
information required for the location and design of
the tunnel, shafts, and portals, but also of that
required by the contractor for planning and carrying
out their construction: C«ng t¸c kh¶o s¸t ®Êt nÒn
chñ yÕu cÇn ph¶i ®−îc lËp kÕ ho¹ch dùa vµo kiÕn
thøc vÒ c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn hiÖn tr−êng ®· thu ®−îc, vµo
tuyÕn vµ ®é s©u dù kiÕn cña hÇm còng nh− vÞ trÝ c¸c
 181
giÕng ®øng vµ cæng hÇm. C«ng t¸c kh¶o s¸t ®Êt nÒn
chñ yÕu cÇn ph¶i thu thËp cµng nhiÒu cµng tèt kh«ng
chØ c¸c th«ng tin cÇn cho ®Þnh vÞ vµ thiÕt kÕ hÇm,
giÕng, cæng, mµ cßn c¶ nh÷ng th«ng tin yªu cÇu bëi
nhµ thÇu ®Ó phôc vô c«ng t¸c lËp kÕ ho¹ch vµ tiÕn
hµnh c«ng viÖc thi c«ng cña hä.
investigation drilling /in٫vesti'gei∫n 'driliô/ n
khoan kh¶o s¸t/th¨m dß: Investigation drilling (such
as probe drilling or core sampling) is done during
the actual tunnel work and parallel with the
pregrouting in order to investigate the rock
properties, like cracks, fissures and fissure system,
occurrence of water and soft or weathered rock, for
the next 50 metres or so: Khoan kh¶o s¸t (nh− khoan
th¨m dß hay lÊy lâi mÉu) ®−îc thùc hiÖn trong khi
thi c«ng hÇm vµ song song víi c«ng t¸c b¬m v÷a gia
cè tr−íc, nh»m ®iÒu tra c¸c tÝnh chÊt cña ®¸, nh−
c¸c khe nøt lín nhá, hÖ khe nøt, n−íc ngÇm vµ ®¸
mÒm hay phong hãa, trong ph¹m vi kho¶ng 50 mÐt
vÒ phÝa tr−íc g−¬ng ®µo.
investment /in'vestm”nt/ n ®Çu t−: Expenditure
now, or in the near future, in order to obtain benefits
spread over time. Also means the amount of the
expenses: Lµ chi phÝ hiÖn t¹i, hoÆc trong t−¬ng lai
gÇn, ®Ó nhËn ®−îc lîi nhuËn dµi l©u. Còng cã nghÜa
lµ khèi l−îng c¸c chi phÝ.
ISEE (International Society of Explosives
Engineers) /ai es i: i:/ n Héi Kü s− Thuèc næ Quèc
tÕ: The International Society of Explosives Engineers
(ISEE) was formed in 1974 as a professional society
dedicated to promoting the safe and controlled use
of explosives in mining, quarrying, construction,
manufacturing, demolition, forestry, avalanche
control, special effects, exploration, seismology,
agriculture, and many other peaceful uses of
explosives: Héi kü s− tuèc næ quèc tÕ ISEE ®−îc
thµnh lËp n¨m 1974 nh− mét tæ chøc nghÒ nghiÖp v×
môc ®Ých ph¸t triÓn sù sö dông an toµn vµ cã kiÓm
so¸t ®èi víi thuèc næ trong c¸c ngµnh khai má, má
®¸, x©y dùng, chÕ t¹o, ph¸ dì, l©m nghiÖp, kiÓm so¸t
lë ®Êt, c¸c t¸c ®éng ®Æc biÖt, th¨m dß khai th¸c,
®éng ®Êt häc, n«ng nghiÖp, vµ nhiÒu øng dông hßa
b×nh kh¸c cña thuèc næ.
ISO (International Organization for
Standardization) /aiesou/ n Tæ chøc Quèc tÕ vÒ
Tiªu chuÈn hãa: ISO is a network of the national
standards institutes of 151 countries, on the basis of
one member per country, with a Central Secretariat
in Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinates the system:
ISO lµ mét m¹ng l−íi c¸c viÖn tiªu chuÈn quèc gia
cña 151 n−íc, trªn c¬ së mçi n−íc cã mét thµnh
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
viªn, víi C¬ quan th− ký ®Æt t¹i Geneva, Thôy Sü o
Manufacturers of precast concrete standard
segmental lining systems will be required to show a
certified Quality Assurance and control programme
to ISO 9000 approved by the Engineer: C¸c nhµ s¶n
xuÊt cung cÊp c¸c hÖ thèng chÕ t¹o c¸c ®o¹n vá hÇm
bªt«ng ®óc s½n tiªu chuÈn sÏ ®−îc yªu cÇu ®Ö tr×nh
mét ch−¬ng tr×nh kiÓm so¸t vµ b¶o ®¶m chÊt l−îng
®−îc x¸c nhËn lµ phï hîp víi ISO 9000 vµ ®−îc T−
vÊn chÊp thuËn.
ISRM (International Society of Rock Mechanics)
n Héi C¬ häc §¸ Quèc tÕ: The International Society
for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) was founded in Salzburg
in 1962. The field of Rock Mechanics is taken to
include all studies relative to the physical and
mechanical behaviour of rocks and rock masses and
the applications of this knowledge for the better
understanding of geological processes and in the
fields of Engineering: Héi C¬ häc §¸ Quèc tÕ ISRM
®−îc thµnh lËp n¨m 1962 ë Salzburg (¸o). LÜnh vùc
c¬ häc ®¸ lµ ®èi t−îng chÝnh cña Héi, bao gåm mäi
nghiªn cøu liªn quan ®Õn øng xö c¬ häc vµ vËt lý cña
®¸ vµ khèi ®¸, vµ ¸p dông kiÕn thøc nµy ®Ó hiÓu râ
h¬n c¸c qu¸ tr×nh ®Þa chÊt còng nh− ¸p dông trong
lÜnh vùc x©y dùng c«ng tr×nh o The main
objectives and purposes of the Society are: to
encourage international collaboration and exchange
of ideas and information between Rock Mechanics
practitioners; to encourage teaching, research, and
advancement of knowledge in Rock Mechanics; to
promote high standards of professional practice
among rock engineers so that civil, mining and
petroleum engineering works might be safer, more
economic and less disruptive to the environment:
C¸c môc tiªu chÝnh cña Héi lµ: nh»m khuyÕn khÝch
sù hîp t¸c quèc tÕ vµ trao ®æi th«ng tin gi÷a c¸c kü
s− c¬ häc ®¸; nh»m khuyÕn khÝch viÖc gi¶ng d¹y,
nghiªn cøu, vµ n©ng cao kiÕn thøc vÒ c¬ häc ®¸;
nh»m ph¸t triÓn c¸c tiªu chuÈn cao vÒ thùc hµnh
nghÒ nghiÖp cho c¸c kü s− liªn quan ®Õn ®Êt ®¸, sao
cho c¸c c«ng tr×nh kü thuËt d©n dông, má vµ dÇu khÝ
trë nªn an toµn h¬n, kinh tÕ h¬n vµ Ýt ph¸ ho¹i m«i
tr−êng h¬n.
ITA (International Tunnelling Association) n
HiÖp héi X©y dùng hÇm Quèc tÕ: Founded in 1974,
the aims of the ITA are: to encourage the use of
the subsurface for the benefit of public, environment
and sustainable development; to promote advances
in planning, design, construction, maintenance and
safety of tunnels and underground space, by
bringing together information thereon and by
studying questions related thereto: §−îc thµnh lËp
 182

tõ n¨m 1974, c¸c môc tiªu chÝnh cña ITA lµ: nh»m
khuyÕn khÝch viÖc sö dông kh«ng gian ngÇm v× lîi Ých
cña c«ng chóng, cña m«i tr−êng vµ ph¸t triÓn bÒn
v÷ng; nh»m khuyÕch tr−¬ng c¸c tiÕn bé trong quy
ho¹ch, thiÕt kÕ, x©y dùng, b¶o tr× vµ vÊn ®Ò an toµn
cña hÇm vµ kh«ng gian ngÇm, b»ng c¸ch tËp hîp
th«ng tin vÒ c¸c vÊn ®Ò ®ã vµ nghiªn cøu c¸c vÊn ®Ò
liªn quan ®Õn chóng.
ITIG (International Tunnelling Insurance
Group) n Nhãm B¶o hiÓm X©y dùng hÇm Quèc tÕ.

Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
 183
Jj
jack /dʒ“k/ n c¸i kÝch; gi¸ ®ì ®ßn bÈy; thiÕt bÞ
n©ng: The segments are erected in the shield tail
area while the shield is pushed forward by hydraulic
jacks resting on the segmented lining: C¸c m¶nh vá
hÇm ®óc s½n ®−îc l¾p r¸p t¹i khu vùc ®u«i khiªn ®µo
trong khi khiªn ®−îc ®Èy tiÕn lªn bëi c¸c kÝch thñy
lùc mµ chóng tú vµo vßng vá hÇm l¾p ghÐp.
jackbit /dʒ“kbit/ n ®Çu mòi khoan, vµnh mòi
khoan.
jackdrill = jackhammer /dʒ“kdril/ n bóa khoan:
An air driven percussion drill that imparts a rotary
hammering motion to the bit and has a passageway
to the bit for the injection of compressed air for
cleaning the hole of cuttings: Lµ mét bóa khoan ®Ëp
ch¹y b»ng khÝ nÐn mµ nã t¹o ra sù chuyÓn ®éng ®Ëp
xoay tíi mòi khoan vµ cã mét ®−êng dÉn ®Õn mòi
khoan ®Ó cÊp khÝ nÐn dïng cho viÖc thæi s¹ch mïn
khoan khái lç khoan.
jackhammer /dʒ“k'h“m”/ n bóa khoan: Light,
hand-held percussion drill. The most economical
drill is a jackhammer, which should be supplied with
a wet head when used in a tunnel. Because
horizontal drilling with a hand-held drill is very
tiring, jack legs or air legs have been developed to
support the drill on extendable pneumatic legs,
which, in turn, are supported by the tunnel floor or
drill jumbo platform: Lµ mét bóa khoan ®Ëp cÇm
tay, nhÑ. M¸y khoan kinh tÕ nhÊt lµ mét bóa khoan,
nã ph¶i ®−îc cung cÊp víi mét ®Çu lµm −ít khi sö
dông trong hÇm. V× viÖc khoan ngang b»ng m¸y
khoan cÇm tay lµ rÊt mÖt nhäc, c¸c ch©n kÝch hoÆc
gi¸ khÝ nÐn ®· ®−îc chÕ t¹o ®Ó ®ì m¸y khoan trªn
c¸c ch©n co duçi ®−îc nhê khÝ nÐn, c¸c ch©n nµy l¹i
®−îc chèng lªn sµn hÇm hoÆc sµn cña gi¸ khoan
hÇm lín.
jacking force /dʒ“kiη fɔ:s/ n lùc kÝch ®Èy: Force
applied to pipes in a pipe jacking operation: Lµ lùc
t¸c dông lªn c¸c ®o¹n èng trong mét c«ng viÖc kÝch
®Èy èng.
jacking frame /dʒ“kiη freim/ n khung kÝch ®Èy: A
structural component that houses the hydraulic
cylinders used to propel the microtunneling machine
and pipeline. The jacking frame serves to distribute
the thrust load to the pipeline and the reaction load
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
to the shaft wall or thrust wall: Lµ mét bé phËn kÕt
cÊu mµ nã chøa c¸c xilanh thñy lùc dïng ®Ó ®Èy m¸y
khoan hÇm nhá vµ ®−êng èng. Khung kÝch ®Èy nµy
®ãng vai trß ph©n bè t¶i träng nÐn vµo èng vµ ph©n
phèi ph¶n lùc vµo thµnh giÕng hoÆc trô ®ì.
jacking load /dʒ“kiη loud/ n lùc kÝch ®Èy
hÇm/cèng.
jacking pipes /dʒ“kiη paips/ n èng kÝch ®Èy:
Pipes designed for use in a pipe jacking operation:
Lµ c¸c èng ®−îc thiÕt kÕ ®Ó dïng trong mét t¸c vô
kÝch ®Èy èng.
jacking shield /dʒ“kiη ∫i:ld/ n khiªn kÝch ®Èy:
Fabricated steel cylinder from within which
excavation is carried out, either manually or by
mechanical means. Incorporated within the shield
are facilities for controlling the line and level: Lµ
xilanh thÐp tiÒn chÕ mµ tõ bªn trong nã sÏ tiÕn hµnh
®µo ®Êt, hoÆc b»ng thñ c«ng hoÆc b»ng ph−¬ng tiÖn
c¬ khÝ. Bªn trong khiªn cßn cã c¸c thiÕt bÞ dïng cho
viÖc kiÓm so¸t h−íng tuyÕn vµ cao ®é.
jackleg /dʒ“kleg/ n bóa khoan cã ch©n co duçi: A
percussion drill used for drifting or stopping that is
mounted on a telescopic leg which has an extension
of about 2.5 m. The leg and machine are hinged so
that the drill need not be in the same direction as the
leg: Lµ mét bóa khoan ®Ëp dïng cho khoan g−¬ng
hay khoan bËc thÒm, ®−îc l¾p trªn mét ch©n/gi¸ ®ì
co duçi ®−îc, cã ®é kÐo dµi tíi 2,5m. Ch©n bóa vµ
m¸y ®−îc nèi khíp b¶n lÒ sao cho bóa khoan kh«ng
cÇn ph¶i n»m trªn cïng mét h−íng víi ch©n bóa.
jamming of steel rod /dʒ“miô/ n sù t¾c/kÑt cÇn
khoan: The standard features of the modern control
systems in hydraulic drills include e.g. anti-jamming
automatics, flushing control automatics, which
follow the penetration of a rock drill, and adjust the
system according to the rock conditions
encountered. The target is to maximize the
penetration in different conditions and minimize the
risk of steel rod jamming: Nh÷ng yÕu tè tiªu chuÈn
cña c¸c hÖ thèng ®iÒu khiÓn hiÖn ®¹i cña m¸y khoan
gåm cã: c¬ cÊu tù ®éng chèng kÑt, c¬ cÊu tù ®éng
kiÓm so¸t röa m¹t khoan v.v…mµ chóng theo dâi sù
khoan xuyªn cña bóa khoan, råi ®iÒu chØnh hÖ thèng
phï hîp víi c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ®¸ gÆp ph¶i. Môc tiªu lµ
nh»m tèi ®a hãa ®é xuyªn trong nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn
kh¸c nhau vµ tèi thiÓu hãa nguy c¬ kÑt cÇn khoan.
jet /dʒet/ n tia phun; vßi phun, häng phun, èng
phun: High-pressure water jets have been used
instead of brushes for cleaning of tunnels, with
satisfactory results. Detergent solution is sprayed on
the wall and ceiling surfaces, and rinsing water from
 184
relatively fine nozzles is flushed on under 35.2 to
42.2 kg/cm2 pressure: C¸c vßi phun n−íc ¸p lùc cao
®· ®−îc dïng thay cho c¸c chæi l«ng trong viÖc vÖ
sinh hÇm, víi kÕt qu¶ rÊt tèt. Mét dung dÞch xµ
phßng ®−îc phun lªn c¸c bÒ mÆt t−êng vµ nãc hÇm,
sau ®ã n−íc röa ®−îc xèi lªn bëi nh÷ng vßi t−¬ng
®èi nhá, d−íi ¸p lùc 32,2 ®Õn 42,2 kg/cm2.
jet cutting /dʒet ‘kʌtiη/ n ®µo c¾t b»ng tia xãi:
Guided boring method using pressurised fluid jets
for soil cutting: Lµ ph−¬ng ph¸p khoan dÉn h−íng
b»ng c¸ch sö dông c¸c vßi xãi chÊt láng ¸p lùc ®Ó
c¾t ®Êt.
jet fan /dʒet f“n/ n qu¹t ph¶n lùc: A ducted
propeller, usually mounted adjacent to or above the
traffic, that helps to maintain air velocity within that
cell: Lµ mét qu¹t giã cã èng th«ng giã, th−êng ®−îc
l¾p gÇn víi hoÆc phÝa trªn luång giao th«ng, ®Ó gióp
duy tr× tèc ®é giã bªn trong khoang hÇm ®ã.
jet grouting /dʒet 'grautiô/ n b¬m v÷a ¸p lùc cao,
b¬m Ðp: A replacement/mixing technology that uses
a tool equipped with one or more high-pressure jets
to erode/cut (hydraulically excavate?) soils while
mixing cement grout with the in situ soils, creating
soil-cement columns or soil-cement panels. In
general, the mixing tool is jetted to the final depth
prior to initiating the cuting/mixing action.
However, predrilled pilot holes are used for (1) work
in hard and/or gravelly and cobbley soils that
cannot be readily penetrated by the jetting/mixing
nozzle, and (2) projects in which the required depth
of treatment is such that a larger diameter hole is
needed to reduce the escape pressure of spoils being
evacuated from the hole: Lµ mét c«ng nghÖ trén/thay
thÕ, sö dông mét c«ng cô cã trang bÞ mét hay nhiÒu
vßi phun ¸p suÊt cao ®Ó lµm xãi röa/c¾t (®µo b»ng
thñy lùc?) ®Êt nÒn trong qu¸ tr×nh trén v÷a xim¨ng
víi ®Êt t¹i chç, t¹o thµnh c¸c cét ®Êt-xim¨ng hoÆc
panel ®Êt-xim¨ng. Nãi chung, dông cô trén ®−îc xãi
phôt ®−a xuèng tíi chiÒu s©u thiÕt kÕ tr−íc khi b¾t
®Çu thao t¸c c¾t/trén. Tuy nhiªn, ng−êi ta sÏ dïng
c¸c lç th¨m dß khoan s½n cho: (1) c«ng t¸c v÷a
trong c¸c nÒn ®Êt cøng vµ/hoÆc lÉn sái cuéi v× c¸c
®Êt nµy kh«ng thÓ dïng vßi xãi/trén xuyªn qua mét
c¸ch dÔ dµng ®−îc; vµ (2) c¸c dù ¸n trong ®ã cã
chiÒu s©u xö lý yªu cÇu rÊt ®Æc thï, ®ßi hái ph¶i cã
mét lç khoan ®−êng kÝnh lín h¬n nh»m lµm gi¶m ¸p
suÊt lín tho¸t ra cña phoi khoan khi bÞ ®Èy lªn khái
lç.
jetting /dʒetiô/ n sù phun tia; sù röa b»ng tia
(n−íc, khÝ) xãi m¹nh; sù khoan ph¸ b»ng tia n−íc
m¹nh: The process of applying water or air under
pressure to remove debris or laitance from
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
structural surfaces: Lµ qu¸ tr×nh phun n−íc hoÆc khÝ
d−íi ¸p suÊt cao ®Ó lo¹i bá cÆn l¾ng hoÆc líp v¸ng
v÷a khái c¸c bÒ mÆt kÕt cÊu o Prior to
continuation of spraying from a joint or leading
edge position where sprayed concrete has hardened
beyond its initial set, loose material should be
removed by jetting with a compressed air lance:
Tr−íc khi tiÕp tôc phun bªt«ng tõ mét mèi nèi hoÆc
tõ vÞ trÝ mÐp dÉn mµ t¹i ®ã bªt«ng phun ®· ®«ng
cøng qu¸ ph¹m vi ninh kÕt ban ®Çu, cÇn ph¶i tÈy bá
líp vËt liÖu rêi b»ng c¸ch phôt xãi b»ng mét mòi c¾t
dïng khÝ nÐn.
JH (Japan Highway Public Corporation) n C«ng
ty §−êng cao tèc NhËt b¶n: Japan Highway Public
Corporation proposed a new quantitative assessment
method of rock condition based on observational
classification obtained at the tunnel face, which will
enable to know either strength or deformability of
rock mass, further more appropriate amount of rock
bolts, thickness of shotcrete and size and pitch of
steel ribs just after the blasting procedure. The study
is confirmed by the database of up to the 6,101
sections of tunnels constructed by JH: C«ng ty
§−êng cao tèc NhËt B¶n (JH) ®· ®Ò xuÊt mét
ph−¬ng ph¸p ®¸nh gi¸ ®Þnh l−îng míi vÒ ®iÒu kiÖn
®¸ dùa trªn sù ph©n lo¹i ®¸ nhê quan tr¾c thu ®−îc
t¹i g−¬ng hÇm, cho phÐp biÕt ®−îc ®é bÒn v÷ng hoÆc
kh¶ n¨ng biÕn d¹ng cña khèi ®¸, dù kiÕn ®−îc sè
l−îng neo ®¸ phï hîp, chiÒu dµy bªt«ng phun, kÝch
cì vµ b−íc v× chèng thÐp ngay sau khi næ m×n.
Ph−¬ng ph¸p nµy ®−îc ®−a ra c¨n cø vµo c¬ së d÷
liÖu cña 6.101 mÆt c¾t hÇm ®· ®−îc x©y dùng bëi
JH.
jib /dʒib/ n dÇm ch×a: Horizontal support for
drifter drills bolted to a jumbo. These arms allow
mechanical positioning for the drill at the tunnel
face. Some jibs allow rotation of the drill so that side
holes and lifters can be drilled closer to the final
grade: Lµ mét dÇm ®ì n»m ngang cho bóa khoan,
l¾p b»ng bul«ng vµo m¸y khoan jumbo. C¸c c¸nh
tay nµy cho phÐp ®iÒu khiÓn ®Þnh vÞ bóa khoan trªn
mÆt g−¬ng hÇm. Mét sè dÇm khoan cßn cho phÐp
bóa khoan quay ®−îc, do ®ã cã thÓ khoan ®−îc c¸c
lç khoan hai bªn vµ t¹i ch©n g−¬ng gÇn víi cao ®é
thiÕt kÕ h¬n. (Xem thªm "boom").
JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) /,dʒ“p”'ni:z
in'dʌstri”l 'st“nd”dz/ n Tiªu chuÈn C«ng nghiÖp
NhËt b¶n: Japanese Industrial Standards Committee
(JISC) consist of many national committees and
plays central role in standardization activities in
Japan. The task of JISC is establishment and
maintenance of JIS, administration of accreditation
 185
and certification, participation and contribution in
international standardization activities: ñy ban Tiªu
chuÈn C«ng nghiÖp NhËt b¶n (JISC) bao gåm nhiÒu
ñy ban quèc gia vµ ®ãng vai trß trung t©m trong c¸c
ho¹t ®éng tiªu chuÈn hãa ë NhËt B¶n. NhiÖm vô cña
JISC lµ thiÕt lËp vµ duy tr× c¸c Tiªu chuÈn C«ng
nghiÖp NhËt b¶n (JIS), qu¶n lý viÖc chÊp thuËn vµ
phª chuÈn, tham gia vµ ®ãng gãp vµo c¸c ho¹t ®éng
tiªu chuÈn hãa quèc tÕ.
jobbing /'dʒ˜bi–/ n sù söa ch÷a nhá.
join /dʒ˜in/ n chç nèi, ®iÓm nèi, ®−êng nèi, mèi
nèi.
joint (1) /dʒ˜int/ n khe nøt, thí nøt (ë khèi ®¸…): A
break of geological origin in the continuity of a body
of rock occurring either singly, or more frequently in
a set or system, but not attended by a visible
movement parallel to the surface of discontinuity
(ISRM): Mét sù ®øt ®o¹n cã nguån gèc ®Þa chÊt vÒ
tÝnh liªn tôc cña mét khèi ®¸ x¶y ra mét c¸ch ®¬n lÎ,
hoÆc th«ng th−êng h¬n, d−íi d¹ng mét tËp hîp hay
hÖ thèng, nh−ng kh«ng cã sù tham gia bëi mét sù
chuyÓn ®éng tr«ng thÊy ®−îc song song víi bÒ mÆt
khe nøt o A crack or fracture of rock where no
visible displacement has occurred is known as a
joint: Mét vÕt r¹n hay g·y ®øt cña khèi ®¸ t¹i ®ã
kh«ng x¶y ra sù dÞch chuyÓn tr«ng thÊy nµo ®−îc gäi
lµ mét vÕt nøt o The location and arrangement of
joints bears an important relationship to overbreak,
required tunnel support and water problems: VÞ trÝ
vµ sù s¾p xÕp c¸c khe nøt cã mét mèi liªn hÖ quan
träng víi diÖn ®µo qu¸, hÖ chèng yªu cÇu cho hÇm,
vµ c¸c vÊn ®Ò g©y bëi n−íc ngÇm.
joint (2) /dʒ˜int/ n mèi nèi, mèi liªn kÕt: The
means of connecting sectional lengths of utility pipe
into a continuous utility pipeline using various types
of jointing materials. The number of joints depends
on the lengths of the pipe sections used in the
specific construction work: Mèi nèi lµ ph−¬ng tiÖn
®Ó liªn kÕt c¸c ®o¹n kh¸c nhau cña èng cèng thµnh
mét ®−êng èng c«ng céng liªn tôc víi viÖc sö dông
nhiÒu lo¹i vËt liÖu nèi kh¸c nhau. Sè l−îng mèi nèi
phô thuéc vµo chiÒu dµi cña ®o¹n cèng sö dông
trong mét c«ng viÖc thi c«ng nhÊt ®Þnh.
joint diagram /dʒ˜int 'daiəgræm/ n s¬ ®å khe nøt:
A diagram constructed by accurately plotting the
strike and dip of joints to illustrate the geometrical
relationship of the joints within a specified area of
geologic investigation (ISRM): Lµ mét biÓu ®å x©y
dùng b»ng c¸ch vÏ mét c¸ch chÝnh x¸c ®−êng
ph−¬ng vµ gãc dèc cña c¸c khe nøt nh»m thÓ hiÖn
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
mèi quan hÖ h×nh häc gi÷a c¸c khe nøt trong mét khu
vùc kh¶o s¸t ®Þa chÊt nhÊt ®Þnh (ISRM).
joint direction /dʒ˜int di'rek∫n/ n h−íng
cña khe nøt: The portals of a tunnel constitute the
most critical structures. Unloading by excavation to
prepare the portal face may result in instability,
fracture or ground movements. Rock may be heavily
jointed or may contain open or filled fissures, or a
major joint direction oriented parallel to a slope
surface may cause instability: C¸c cæng hÇm lµ kÕt
cÊu rÊt quan träng cña mét ®−êng hÇm. ViÖc dì t¶i
do c«ng t¸c ®µo ®Ó thi c«ng mÆt tr−íc cæng hÇm cã
thÓ g©y ra mÊt æn ®Þnh, ph¸ ho¹i hay dÞch chuyÓn
®Êt m¸i dèc. §Êt ®¸ t¹i ®©y cã thÓ nøt nÎ m¹nh hoÆc
cã thÓ cã c¸c khe nøt më hay lÊp nhÐt; hoÆcmét
h−íng khe nøt chÝnh ch¹y song song víi m¸i dèc cã
thÓ g©y ra mÊt æn ®Þnh.
joint filler /dʒ˜int 'fil”/ n vËt liÖu chÌn, chÊt
g¾n mèi nèi: Compressible material used to fill a
joint to prevent the infiltration of debris and to
provide support for sealants: Lµ vËt liÖu nÐn ®−îc
dïng ®Ó chÌn kÝn mét mèi nèi nh»m chèng sù x©m
nhËp cña c¸c h¹t vôn vµ ®Ó t¹o líp b¶o vÖ cho chÊt
tr¸m khe bªn trong.
joint pattern /dʒ˜int 'pæt(ə)n/ n m« h×nh/mÉu
khe nøt: A group of joints that form a characteristic
geometrical relationship, and which can vary
considerably from one location to another within the
same geologic formation: Lµ mét nhãm c¸c khe nøt
mµ chóng t¹o nªn mét mèi quan hÖ h×nh häc mang
tÝnh ®Æc tr−ng, vµ nã cã thÓ biÕn thiªn kh¸ lín tõ ®Þa
®iÓm nµy sang ®Þa ®iÓm kh¸c trong cïng mét thµnh
hÖ ®Þa chÊt.
joint sealant /dʒ˜int 'si:l”nt/ n vËt liÖu chÌn khe:
compressible material used to prevent water and
debris from entering joints: vËt liÖu nÐn ®−îc dïng
®Ó ng¨n ngõa n−íc vµ c¸c h¹t vôn x©m nhËp vµo c¸c
khe nèi.
joint sealing /dʒ˜int 'si:li–/ n sù chÌn khe, sù bÞt
kÝn mèi nèi: Method in which an inflatable packer is
inserted into a pipeline to span a leaking joint,
followed by the injection of resin or grout, until the
joint is closed (and the packer removed): Lµ ph−¬ng
ph¸p trong ®ã mét nót bÞt cã kh¶ n¨ng gi·n në ®−îc
®−a vµo mét ®−êng èng (®ang ®−îc kÝch ®Èy) nh»m
bÞt l¹i mét mèi nèi bÞ dß n−íc, sau ®ã b¬m v÷a hoÆc
keo vµo ®ã, cho ®Õn khi mèi nèi ®−îc khÐp kÝn (råi
nót bÞ ®−îc th¸o ra).
joint set (fault set) /dʒ˜int set/ n tËp hîp khe nøt,
tËp hîp ®øt g·y: A group of more or less parallel
 186
joints: Lµ mét nhãm gåm nhiÒu khe nøt gÇn nh− song
song víi nhau.
joint spacing = discontinuity spacing /dʒ˜int
'speisi–/ n kho¶ng c¸ch c¸c khe nøt: Joint spacing
varies according to stratigraphy and proximity to
near-surface weathering and major geological
structures: Kho¶ng c¸ch gi÷a c¸c khe nøt thay ®æi
tïy theo ®Æc ®iÓm ph©n líp, kho¶ng c¸ch ®Õn vïng
g©y phong hãa gÇn bÒ mÆt, vµ c¸c cÊu tróc ®Þa chÊt
chÝnh.
joint (fault) system /dʒ˜int 'sistəm/ n hÖ thèng
khe nøt/®øt g·y: A system consisting of two or more
joint sets or any group of joints with a characteristic
pattern, that is, radiating, concentric, etc.: Lµ mét hÖ
thèng gåm hay hay nhiÒu h¬n sè tËp hîp khe nøt
hoÆc bÊt kú nhãm khe nøt nµo víi mét d¹ng thøc ®Æc
tr−ng, nghÜa lµ, táa xße/ph©n t¸n, ®ång t©m, v.v…
joint venture /'dʒ˜int'vent‘”/ n sù liªn doanh,
c«ng ty liªn doanh: In very large or complex projects
a number of contractors may form a joint venture to
act as the Contractor. In such cases the same
principles apply as in the situation with only one
Contractor: Trong c¸c dù ¸n rÊt lín hoÆc phøc t¹p
mét sè nhµ thÇu cã thÓ lËp ra mét liªn doanh ®Ó lµm
viÖc nh− lµ mét Nhµ thÇu. Trong tr−êng hîp ®ã sÏ ¸p
dông c¸c nguyªn t¾c gièng nh− khi chØ cã mét Nhµ
thÇu.
jointed rock model /dʒ˜intid r˜k 'm˜dl/ n m«
h×nh ®¸ nøt nÎ: This is an anisotropic elastic-plastic
model where plastic shearing can only occur in a
limited number of shearing directions. This model
can be used to simulate the behaviour of stratified or
jointed rock: §©y lµ mét m« h×nh ®µn-dÎo bÊt ®¼ng
h−íng trong ®ã sù c¾t ph¸ ho¹i dÎo chØ cã thÓ x¶y ra
theo mét sè h−íng c¾t h¹n chÕ. M« h×nh nµy cã thÓ
dïng ®Ó m« pháng sù lµm viÖc cña ®¸ ph©n líp hoÆc
cã nhiÒu khe nøt.
jointing /dʒ˜inti–/ n sù nèi, sù ghÐp; sù hµn;
mèi nèi, mèi hµn; sù h×nh thµnh thí nøt; thí nøt
t¸ch: Jointing is often close to the horizontal and has
the same effect on drilling and blasting as bedding
and schistosity. The most significant property of a
joint is its inability to transmit tensile stress; in other
words, the tensile strength of a joint can be
considered as zero, or at least very low in
comparison with that of solid rock: Thí nøt t¸ch
th−êng gÇn víi ph−¬ng ngang vµ cã t¸c ®éng lªn sù
khoan næ m×n gièng nh− lµ thÕ n»m vµ tÝnh ph©n líp.
TÝnh chÊt quan träng nhÊt cña mét khe nøt lµ kh«ng
cã kh¶ n¨ng truyÒn øng suÊt kÐo; nãi c¸ch kh¸c,
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
c−êng ®é kÐo cña mét khe nøt cã thÓ ®−îc xem b»ng
zero, hoÆc Ýt nhÊt lµ rÊt bÐ so víi ®¸ khèi r¾n ch¾c.
journey speed /'dʒ”:ni spi:d/ n tèc ®é hµnh tr×nh.
JSCE (Japan Scociety of Civil Engineers) n Héi
Kü s− D©n dông NhËt b¶n: To safely and cost-
effectively carry out tunneling works, the Japan
Scociety of Civil Engineers (JSCE) has published
several standards such as “Japanese Standard for
Mounatain Tunneling”, “Shield Tunneling Method”
and “Open Cut Tunneling Method”: §Ó tiÕn hµnh
c«ng viÖc lµm hÇm ®−îc an toµn vµ hiÖu qu¶ kinh tÕ,
Héi Kü s− D©n dông NhËt B¶n ®· cho xuÊt b¶n c¸c
tiªu chuÈn nh− ph−¬ng ph¸p lµm hÇm qua nói,
ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo hÇm b»ng khiªn vµ ph−¬ng ph¸p
®µo hÇm lé thiªn.
jumbo /'dʒʌmbou/ n m¸y khoan hÇm lín: (1) A
frame with platforms to support men and drills for
rock excavation, rolling on steel rails or rubber
wheels. (2) A specially built mobile carrier used to
provide a work platform for tunneling operations,
such as installing rock bolts and grouting: Lµ mét
khung m¸y (cÊu tróc) cã c¸c sµn ®Ó l¾p m¸y khoan
vµ cho ng−êi lµm viÖc, dïng ®Ó ®µo ®¸, ch¹y trªn c¸c
ray thÐp hoÆc b¸nh h¬i. Còng lµ mét xe mang di
®éng ®−îc thiÕt kÕ ®Æc biÖt dïng ®Ó t¹o ra mét sµn
c«ng t¸c cho c¸c ho¹t ®éng lµm hÇm, vÝ dô nh− l¾p
neo ®¸ vµ b¬m v÷a gia cè o The jumbo such as
Boomer H195 has hazardous moving and rotating
parts that can cause severe bodily injury, so do not
enter working range with machine in operating: M¸y
khoan hÇm nh− lo¹i Boomer H195 cã c¸c bé phËn
quay vµ di chuyÓn nguy hiÓm, cã thÓ g©y th−¬ng tËt
nghiªm träng, do ®ã kh«ng nªn tiÕp cËn tÇm ho¹t
®éng cña m¸y khi m¸y ®ang lµm viÖc.
junction /'dʒʌ–k‘n/ n chç nèi; nót giao, ng· ba,
ng· t−: All underground structures must have some
junctions with the ground surface. But developing
structures that require such junctions, and especially
determining the location of their outlets at ground
level, is particularly difficult, especially in urban
areas. This issue must not be neglected, as it often
represents a major difficulty in designing, building,
and even operating underground works: Mäi c«ng
tr×nh ngÇm ®Òu ph¶i cã mét sè ®iÓm nèi th«ng víi
mÆt ®Êt. Nh−ng viÖc ho¹ch ®Þnh c¸c c«ng tr×nh cã
c¸c ®Çu mèi nh− vËy, ®Æc biÖt lµ viÖc x¸c ®Þnh ®Þa
®iÓm cöa ra cña chóng t¹i cao ®é mÆt ®Êt, lµ ®Æc
biÖt khã kh¨n, nhÊt lµ trong c¸c vïng ®« thÞ. VÊn ®Ò
nµy kh«ng ®−îc phÐp coi nhÑ, v× nã th−êng lµ mét
khã kh¨n lín trong viÖc thiÕt kÕ, x©y dùng, vµ c¶ khi
vËn hµnh c«ng tr×nh ngÇm o One particular
difficulty to be emphasized with shield tunneling is
 187

the operation of the machine through the entrance

and exit shafts, as these junctions usually result in
reduced confining pressures in the surrounding
ground, which could lead to critical conditions in
grounds such as water-bearing soils with low
cohesion: Mét khã kh¨n ®Æc biÖt cÇn ®−îc nhÊn
m¹nh víi c«ng nghÖ lµm hÇm b»ng khiªn lµ sù ho¹t
®éng cña m¸y khoan khi xuyªn qua c¸c giÕng khëi
ph¸t vµ giÕng tho¸t, v× c¸c ®iÓm nèi nµy th−êng g©y
ra sù gi¶m øng suÊt ba chiÒu trong ®Êt nÒn, ®iÒu ®ã
cã thÓ dÉn tíi c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn bÊt lîi trong ®Êt nÒn
ch¼ng h¹n nh− c¸c lo¹i ®Êt chøa n−íc cã lùc dÝnh
thÊp.
juncture /'dʒʌ–kt∫”/ n mèi nèi; mèi hµn; m¹ch
v÷a.
jump set /'dʒʌmp set/ n v× chèng xen kÏ: One
steel rib or unit of timber framing installed between
two overstressed sets or between two pre-existing
sets: Lµ mét v× chèng thÐp hoÆc khung gç l¾p vµo
gi÷a hai v× chèng bÞ qu¸ t¶i hoÆc vµo gi÷a hai v×
chèng ®· cã tõ tr−íc.
jurisdiction code (road category) /,dʒu”ris'dik‘n
koud/ n m· sè ®−êng (cña mét khu qu¶n lý ®−êng
bé). M· sè ®−îc dïng ®Ó m« t¶ c¸c dÆc tr−ng vËt lý
vµ ®Þa lý cña ®−êng, ®«i khi ph¶i vËn dông mét m«
h×nh to¸n häc.

Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
 188
Kk
kaolin /'keiəlin/ n sÐt cao-lanh: Also known as china
clay, kaolin is a white alumina-silicate clay used in
porcelain, paper, plastics, rubber, paints and many
other products: Còng ®−îc biÕt ®Õn víi tªn gäi lµ ®Êt
sÐt Trung Quèc, cao-lanh lµ mét lo¹i sÐt chøa nh«m-
silicat mµu tr¾ng, dïng trong lµm gèm, giÊy, chÊt
dÎo, cao su, s¬n vµ nhiÒu s¶n phÈm kh¸c o A
variety of clay containing a high percentage of
kaolinite: Lµ mét lo¹t c¸c lo¹i ®Êt sÐt chøa hµm
l−îng phÇn tr¨m cao cña kho¸ng vËt caolinit.
kaolinite /'keiəlinait/ n kho¸ng vËt caolinit: A
common clay mineral having the general formula
Al2(Si2O5) (OH4); the primary constituent of kaolin:
Lµ mét kho¸ng vËt sÐt phæ biÕn cã c«ng thøc chung
Al2(Si2O5) (OH4); lµ thµnh phÇn chÝnh cña ®Êt sÐt
cao-lanh.
karst /ka:st/ n ®Þa h×nh hang ®éng cact¬: A
geologic setting where cavities are developed in
massive limestone beds by solution of flowing water.
Caves and even underground river channels are
produced into which surface runoff drains and often
results in the land above being dry and relatively
barren (ISRM): Theo ®Þnh nghÜa cña ISRM, ®ã lµ
mét cÊu t¹o ®Þa chÊt ë ®ã c¸c hang ®éng ®−îc ph¸t
triÓn trong c¸c nÒn khèi ®¸ v«i bëi sù hßa tan cña
dßng n−íc ch¶y. Hang hèc vµ thËm chÝ c¸c c¸c kªnh
s«ng d−íi ngÇm ®−îc t¹o ra, tõ ®ã n−íc m−a trªn
mÆt ®Êt ch¶y xuèng tÝch tô vµ th−êng khiÕn cho ®Êt ë
bªn trªn bÞ kh« h¹n vµ t−¬ng ®èi c»n cçi o Karst
features formed by solution along discontinuities are
the most distinctive aspects of mass weathering in
carbonate rocks and are often of great engineering
significance and concern: C¸c ®Æc ®iÓm hang ®éng
®¸ v«i t¹o thµnh do qu¸ tr×nh hoµ tan däc theo c¸c
khe nøt lµ nh÷ng nÐt ®Æc biÖt nhÊt cña sù phong hãa
khèi ®¸ trong c¸c ®¸ cacbonat, vµ th−êng cã ý nghÜa
kü thuËt còng nh− lµ mèi lo ng¹i lín.
karst hydrology /ka:st hai'drɔlədʒi/ n thñy v¨n
hang ®éng.
karst topography /ka:st t”'p˜gr”fi/ n ®Þa h×nh ®¸
v«i (cact¬): Topography characterized by sinkholes,
caves, solution features and large underground
drainage systems. Common in limestones, rare in
other rocks: Lµ ®Þa h×nh ®Æc tr−ng bëi c¸c phÔu tiªu
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
n−íc (chç ®Êt sôt), hang ®éng, c¸c ®Æc ®iÓm vÒ dung
dÞch vµ c¸c hÖ thèng dßng n−íc ngÇm. Th−êng hiÖn
diÖn trong ®¸ v«i, hiÕm khi trong c¸c ®¸ kh¸c.
karstic environments/rock masses /'ka:stik
in'vaiərənmənt/ n m«i tr−êng/®Êt ®¸ nhiÒu hang
®éng: The particular or even unique
hydrogeological features in a karstic environment
demand special attention as there is an increased
risk for water inflows and for environmental
problems. Tunnelling in limestone terrane may thus
be a challenge for both geologists and engineers:
C¸c ®Æc ®iÓm ®Þa chÊt thñy v¨n ®Æc biÖt, thËm chÝ lµ
duy nhÊt, trong c¸c m«i tr−êng hang ®éng ®ßi hái
mét sù chó ý ®Æc biÖt, bëi v× cã nguy c¬ rÊt lín cña
sù x©m nhËp n−íc ngÇm vµ c¸c vÊn ®Ò vÒ m«i
tr−êng. Do ®ã, lµm hÇm trong ®Þa h×nh ®¸ v«i lµ mét
th¸ch thøc cho c¶ nhµ ®Þa chÊt vµ c¸c kü s−.
keel clearance /ki:l 'kli”r”ns/ n kho¶ng th«ng thñy
®¸y: The least vertical distance between the deepest
part of a floating body and the bed beneath: Lµ
kho¶ng c¸ch ®øng bÐ nhÊt gi÷a phÇn s©u nhÊt cña
mét vËt thÓ næi (vd. ®èt hÇm d×m) vµ ®¸y s«ng bªn
d−íi.
keel concrete /ki:l 'kɔηkri:t/ n bªt«ng ®¸y ®èt hÇm:
Concrete, often ballast, placed in the lowest portion
of an element: Lµ bªt«ng, hay th−êng lµ bal¸t, ®æ t¹i
phÇn thÊp nhÊt cña mét ®èt hÇm d×m.
kelly /keli/ n cét cÇn khoan: A heavy-wall tube or
pipe, usually square or hexagonal in cross section,
which works inside the matching center hole in the
rotary table of a drill rig to import rotary motion to
the drill string: Lµ mét èng thµnh dµy th−êng cã tiÕt
diÖn h×nh vu«ng hay lôc gi¸c, nã lµm viÖc bªn trong
lç ®Þnh t©m trªn m©m xoay cña mét m¸y khoan nh»m
truyÒn chuyÓn ®éng xoay tíi cÇn khoan.
kerb = curb /k”:b/ n lÒ ®−êng, bê ®−êng: An edge
between a sidewalk and a roadway consisting of a
line of curbstones (usually forming part of a gutter):
Lµ mét bê/d¶i gi÷a mét lèi ®i bé vµ mét ®−êng «t«
cÊu t¹o tõ mét d·y c¸c viªn ®¸ l¸t lÒ ®−êng (th−êng
t¹o thµnh mét phÇn cña mét r·nh tho¸t n−íc).
kerbstone = curbstone /k”:bstoun/ n ®¸ l¸t
lÒ ®−êng: A stone set along a margin as a limit and
protection, as along the edge of a sidewalk next the
roadway: Lµ ®¸ ®Æt däc theo mét biªn/lÒ nh− mét
giíi h¹n vµ b¶o vÖ, vÝ dô däc theo mÐp cña mét lèi ®i
bé kÒ víi ®−êng «t«.
kerf /k”:f/ n vßng khÝa, vßng r¹ch trªn g−¬ng ®µo:
The undercut of a coal face: Lµ r·nh c¾t cña mét
g−¬ng ®µo o The kerf is the outside boundary of
the tunnel wall that a boring machine gouges out as
 189
it bores through the ground or rock. So, this machine
will melt a circular boundary into the tunnel face:
Vßng r¹ch/khÝa lµ biªn phÝa ngoµi cña t−êng hÇm
mµ mét m¸y khoan hÇm TBM khoÐt ra khi nã khoan
xuyªn qua ®Êt hoÆc ®¸. Do vËy, m¸y nµy sÏ biÕn ®æi
mét biªn hÇm trßn thµnh g−¬ng hÇm.
kettle = kettle bottom /'ketl/ n vïng lßng ch¶o;
khèi ®¸ trßn dÔ r¬i: A smooth, rounded piece of rock,
cylindrical in shape, which may drop out of the roof
of a mine without warning. The origin of this feature
is thought to be the remains of the stump of a tree
that has been replaced by sediments so that the
original form has been rather well preserved: Lµ
mét khèi ®¸ trßn, nh½n, cã h×nh trô, mµ nã cã thÓ r¬i
khái nãc hÇm bÊt cø lóc nµo. Ng−êi ta cho r»ng
nguån gèc cña ®Æc ®iÓm nµy chÝnh lµ phÇn cßn l¹i
cña mét th©n c©y ®· ®−îc thay thÕ b»ng ®Êt ®¸ l¾ng
®äng, do ®ã mµ h×nh d¹ng trô ban ®Çu ®· ®−îc b¶o
tån kh¸ tèt.
key /ki:/ n méng, ngµm: The tunnel lining of
Cairo Metro Line 2 comprises seven segments and a
key, with the key introduced longitudinally to
complete the ring (diameter of 8.35 m). This
therefore required an overlength on the TBM
shoving jacks of 0.5 m: Vßng vá hÇm cña TuyÕn
Metro Cairo cÊu t¹o tõ b¶y m¶nh vá hÇm vµ mét
m¶nh kho¸ ngµm, trong ®ã khèi kho¸ ®−îc l¾p theo
chiÒu däc ®Ó khÐp kÝn vßng vá (®−êng kÝnh 8,35m).
Do ®ã, cÊu t¹o nµy ®ßi hái mét chiÒu dµi phô thªm
cña c¸c kÝch ®Èy m¸y khoan hÇm TBM lµ 0,5m.
key segment /ki: 'segm”nt/ n m¶nh vá hÇm chèt
®Ønh vßm, khèi khãa vá hÇm: During closure of the
ring, the key must be wedged into the space between
the two adjacent and previously erected segments.
This requires the key segment extrados to fit, with a
reasonable clearance, past the intrados of these
adjacent segments requiring a longer tail shield or
reduction of the maximum segment length for a
given minimum curve radius: Trong qu¸ tr×nh khÐp
kÝn vá hÇm l¾p ghÐp, m¶nh vá chèt ph¶i ®−îc l¾p
vµo kho¶ng trèng gi÷a hai m¶nh vá hÇm kÒ nhau ®·
l¾p tr−íc ®ã. §iÒu nµy ®ßi hái mÆt l−ng cña m¶nh vá
chèt ph¶i l¾p khÝt - víi mét dung sai hîp lý - ®i qua
phÝa bông cña hai m¶nh vá kÒ nhau nãi trªn, do ®ã
yªu cÇu ph¶i cã mét ®u«i khiªn (cña m¸y TBM) dµi
h¬n, hoÆc ph¶i gi¶m chiÒu dµi m¶nh vá lín nhÊt ®èi
víi mét b¸n kÝnh cong nhá nhÊt cho tr−íc.
keyed soffit /ki:d 'sɔfit/ n mÆt d−íi vßm cã khèi
khãa chèt.
keystone /ki:stoun/ n ®¸ chèt (cöa cuèn, hoÆc
vßm), ®¸ chªm (cuèn): A wedge-shaped or tapered
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
stone placed at the top of an arch or vault. In
vaulting it occurs at the intersection of the ribs of a
ribbed vault: Lµ mét khèi ®¸ h×nh v¸t c¹nh hoÆc
h×nh nªm t¹i ®Ønh mét kÕt cÊu vßm. Khi x©y m¸i vßm,
nã cã mÆt t¹i chç giao nhau cña c¸c s−ên cña mét
m¸i vßm cã t¹o s−ên o The Grauholz tunnel was
lined with a single shell liner consisting of six pre-
cast elements and one keystone: HÇm Grauholz ®−îc
x©y vá b»ng mét vßng ¸o lãt duy nhÊt cÊu t¹o tõ s¸u
phÇn tö bªt«ng ®óc s½n vµ mét m¶nh nèi chèt ®Ønh
vßm o As tunnel Arrowhead progressed, the TBM
erected nine precast concrete lining segments, plus
one keystone per ring. A total of 35,870 segments
have been installed. The segments are 60cm thick
and 2m long: Khi ®µo hÇm Arrowhead, m¸y khoan
hÇm TBM l¾p chÝn m¶nh vá hÇm bªt«ng ®óc s½n,
céng víi mét m¶nh chèt vßm t¹i mçi vßng vá. Tæng
sè cã 35.870 m¶nh vá hÇm ®· ®−îc l¾p, mçi m¶nh
cã chiÒu dµy 60cm vµ dµi 2m.
keyway /ki:wei/ n r·nh; khe tr−ît (trong
bªt«ng, trong th©n ®Ëp, trªn dông cô ®o…): A recess
or groove in a concrete substrate which is filled with
repair material to provide increased shear strength
along the interface: Lµ mét r·nh lâm hay ®−êng xoi
trong mét khèi bªt«ng mµ nã sÏ ®−îc lÊp chÌn b»ng
vËt liÖu söa ch÷a ®Ó t¹o ra c−êng ®é chèng c¾t lín
h¬n däc theo mÆt tiÕp xóc o An excavation in the
foundation of an embankment dam, usually located
upstream of the dam axis or centerline crest which
extends to bedrock or to an impervious stratum. The
excavation is backfilled with impervious material to
form a cutoff and reduce percolation under the dam.
Same as cutoff trench: Lµ mét hµo ®µo trong nÒn
mãng cña mét ®Ëp d¹ng nÒn ®¾p, th−êng bè trÝ vÒ
phÝa th−îng l−u cña trôc ®Ëp hoÆc sèng t©m ®Ëp, nã
kÐo dµi xuèng ®Õn ®¸ gèc hoÆc tíi ®Þa tÇng kh«ng
thÊm n−íc. Hµo nµy ®−îc lÊp ®Çy b»ng vËt liÖu
kh«ng thÊm ®Ó t¹o thµnh mét t−êng chÆn n−íc vµ
lµm gi¶m sù thÊm n−íc bªn d−íi th©n ®Ëp (Còng gäi
lµ cutoff trench).
kiloton /kil”,t—n/ n kil«ton, mét ngµn tÊn: A
kiloton is the explosive equivalent of 1,000 tons of
TNT. Deep underground production facilities can
still be destroyed by multi-hundred kiloton yield
nuclear weapons: Mét kil«ton lµ khèi thuèc næ/søc
næ t−¬ng ®−¬ng víi 1000 tÊn TNT. C¸c c«ng tr×nh
s¶n xuÊt s©u d−íi ngÇm vÉn cã thÓ bÞ ph¸ hñy bëi
c¸c vò khÝ h¹t nh©n cã søc c«ng ph¸ hµng tr¨m
kiloton.
kinematic /,kaini'm“tik/ adj thuéc ®éng häc:
Referring to the general movement patterns and
 190

directions of the earth's rocks that produce rock

deformation: §Ó chØ c¸c d¹ng thøc vµ h−íng chuyÓn
®éng nãi chung cña ®Êt ®¸ cña qu¶ ®Êt mµ chóng
g©y ra biÕn d¹ng ®Êt ®¸ o The first use of
kinematic hardening models in tunnelling problems
was carried out by Stallebrass et al. (1994), who
used the three-surface kinematic hardening model to
perform an investigation into the effect of recent
stress history on ground movements around tunnels:
ViÖc sö dông lÇn ®Çu tiªn c¸c m« h×nh vËt liÖu t¸i
bÒn ®éng häc cho c¸c bµi to¸n ph©n tÝch hÇm ®·
®−îc Stallebrass vµ nh÷ng ng−êi kh¸c tiÕn hµnh vµo
n¨m 1994, hä ®· dïng m« h×nh t¸i bÒn/biÕn cøng
®éng häc ba chiÒu ®Ó kh¶o s¸t sù ¶nh h−ëng cña
diÔn biÕn øng suÊt cña nÒn ®Êt trong qu¸ khø gÇn
®Õn sù dÞch chuyÓn ®Êt xung quanh hÇm.
kinematic coefficient of water viscosity
/,kaini'm“tik ,koui'fi∫nt/ n hÖ sè nhít ®éng häc
cña n−íc.
kinetic friction /ki'netik 'frik∫n/ n ma s¸t ®éng lùc.
kip /kip/ n kÝp, ®¬n vÞ träng l−îng Mü = 1000
pound = 453,59 kg.
knead (to) /ni:d/ v nhµo trén.
knock-free /n˜k-fri:/ n kh«ng kÝch næ.
knocking /'n˜ki–/ n sù kÝch næ.
know-how /'n˜ki–/ n (quy tr×nh) c«ng nghÖ; kü
n¨ng; kü x¶o; bÝ quyÕt kü thuËt: Austrian know-how
in tunnelling is highly appreciated throughout the
world. The excellent reputation of the "New Austrian
Tunneling Method" ("NATM") has led to an
application thereof in almost all parts of the world:
C«ng nghÖ lµm hÇm cña ¸o ®−îc ®¸nh gi¸ cao trªn
toµn thÕ giíi. Sù qu¸ næi tiÕng cña Ph−¬ng ph¸p lµm
hÇm míi cña ¸o (NATM) ®· khiÕn cho nã ®−îc ¸p
dông hÇu nh− trªn mäi phÇn cña thÕ giíi.

Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
 191
Ll
laboratory test /l”'b˜r”t”ri/ n thö trong
phßng thÝ nghiÖm, thÝ nghiÖm trong phßng: The
purpose of laboratory tests is to investigate the
physical and hydrological properties of natural
materials such as soil and rock, determine index
values for identification and correlation by means of
classification tests, and define the engineering
properties in parameters usable for design of
foundations: Môc ®Ých cña c¸c thÝ nghiÖm trong
phßng lµ ®Ó ®iÒu tra c¸c tÝnh chÊt vËt lý vµ thñy v¨n
cña c¸c vËt liÖu tù nhiªn nh− ®Êt vµ ®¸, x¸c ®Þnh c¸c
gi¸ trÞ chØ sè ®Ó nhËn d¹ng vµ liªn hÖ [gi÷a c¸c lo¹i
®Êt ®¸] b»ng c¸c thÝ nghiÖm ph©n lo¹i, còng nh− ®Ó
x¸c ®Þnh c¸c tÝnh chÊt kü thuËt thÓ hiÖn b»ng c¸c
th«ng sè mµ chóng cã Ých cho viÖc thiÕt kÕ c¸c lo¹i
nÒn mãng.
labour /'leib”/ n nh©n c«ng, lao ®éng.
lacustrine deposit /lə'kʌstrain ,depə'zit/ n trÇm
tÝch hå: Sediments deposited on the bottom of lakes:
Lµ c¸c trÇm tÝch l¾ng ®äng d−íi ®¸y hå.
lagging /'l“gi–/ n t−êng ch¾n; thanh chèng ngang;
v¸n ch¾n: Timber planks, steel plates or other
materials inserted above tunnel-supporting ribs to
hold soil or rock: C¸c tÊm gç, b¶n thÐp hoÆc lo¹i vËt
liÖu kh¸c chÌn vµo phÝa trªn vßm chèng thÐp cña
hÇm ®Ó ®ì ®Êt hoÆc ®¸ (cho khái r¬i) o Steel
lagging shall consist of structural shapes with
continuous interlocks rolled integral with the
lagging throughout its entire length; the thickness of
steel lagging will be 5mm and its lengths be 1m, 2m,
and 3m: Thanh chèng thÐp sÏ cã c¸c thÐp h×nh kÕt
cÊu, cã mèi nèi cµi kho¸ liªn tôc ®−îc c¸n hîp nhÊt
víi thanh chèng trªn suèt chiÒu dµi cña nã; chiÒu
dµy sÏ lµ 5mm, chiÒu dµi cã thÓ lµ 1m, 2m hoÆc 3m.
laminar flow (streamline flow) (viscous flow)
/'læminə flou/ n dßng ch¶y tÇng: Flow in which the
head loss is proportional to the first power of the
velocity: Lµ dßng ch¶y trong ®ã sù mÊt m¸t cét ¸p lµ
tû lÖ thuËn víi lòy thõa bËc nhÊt cña vËn tèc.
laminated scale tail seal / spring steel seal /teil
si:l/ n mèi tr¸m b»ng chæi sîi+l¸ thÐp bÝt chÆn phÝa
®u«i m¸y TBM (phôc vô b¬m v÷a vµo phÝa sau vá
hÇm): Tail sealing is a key part of closed shield
technology. The seal slides over the tunnel segments,
and so must exhibit a high level of durability. A wire
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
brush seal was developed around 1973, and this
enhanced cut-off performance and durability at high
pressures. Water cut-off and lubrication are
achieved by supplying a special greasy compound
mixed with fibers to the seal, which is shaped like a
brush of steel wires. It is the development of this seal
that provided a foundation for the development of
modern shield technology in Japan, and this seal is
used for almost all shields today. To ensure a good
seal at the tail section of a shield, the tunnel
segments must be accurately fabricated and
assembled: Mèi tr¸m ®u«i khiªn lµ mét phÇn quan
träng cña c«ng nghÖ khiªn kÝn. Mèi tr¸m nµy tr−ît
trªn c¸c ®o¹n vá hÇm, do vËy nã ph¶i cã ®é bÒn cao.
Lo¹i tr¸m chæi thÐp ®−îc øng dông tõ nh÷ng n¨m
1970, vµ lo¹i mèi tr¸m nµy ®· n©ng cao tÝnh n¨ng
chÆn n−íc vµ ®é bÒn ë ¸p lùc cao. ViÖc chÆn n−íc vµ
b«i tr¬n ®−îc thùc hiÖn nhê b¬m vµo mèi tr¸m mét
hîp chÊt mì ®Æc biÖt trén víi sîi; mèi tr¸m nµy ®−îc
t¹o h×nh gièng mét c¸i chæi gåm c¸c sîi thÐp. ChÝnh
sù ph¸t triÓn lo¹i mèi tr¸m nµy ®· t¹o nÒn mãng cho
sù ph¸t triÓn cña c«ng nghÖ khiªn ®µo hiÖn ®¹i ë
NhËt B¶n, vµ ngµy nay mèi tr¸m nµy ®−îc dïng cho
hÇu hÕt c¸c khiªn ®µo. §Ó ®¶m b¶o mét mèi tr¸m tèt
t¹i ®o¹n ®u«i cña khiªn, c¸c ®o¹n vá hÇm ph¶i ®−îc
chÕ t¹o vµ l¾p r¸p mét c¸ch chÝnh x¸c.
lamp /l“mp/ n ®Ìn: Since fluorescent lamps in
tunnel service have a very long life, often in excess
of 20000 hours, random replacement may be
acceptable, but will result in occasional dark spots:
V× c¸c ®Ìn huúnh quang trong hÇm cã tuæi thä rÊt
cao, th−êng lµ h¬n 20.000 giê, nªn viÖc thay thÕ bÊt
ngê lµ cã thÓ chÊp nhËn ®−îc, nh−ng sÏ g©y nªn
nh÷ng chç bÞ tèi.
lamprophyre /l“mproufi”/ n lamprophia: An
igneous rock, composed of dark minerals, that
occurs in the form of dykes: Lµ mét lo¹i ®¸ macma,
cÊu t¹o tõ c¸c kho¸ng vËt mµu thÉm, xuÊt hiÖn d−íi
d¹ng c¸c thÓ t−êng (®ai m¹ch).
lance /l:ns/ n thanh thÐp chèng g−¬ng; l−ìi/mòi
xÞt.
land subsidence /'l“nd s”b'said”ns/ n lón ®Êt:
Sinking or settlement of the land surface, due to
diverse causes and generally occurring on a large
scale. Usually the term refers to the vertical
downward movement of the land surface although
small-scale horizontal movements may be present.
The term does not include landslides which have
large-scale horizontal displacements, or settlement
of artificial fills: Lµ sù ch×m hoÆc lón xuèng cña mÆt
®Êt, do nhiÒu nguyªn nh©n kh¸c nhau vµ nãi chung
x¶y ra trªn mét diÖn réng. §©y th−êng lµ thuËt ng÷
 192
®Ó chØ sù chuyÓn dÞch th¼ng ®øng xuèng d−íi cña
mÆt ®Êt mÆc dï cã thÓ tån t¹i c¶ nh÷ng chuyÓn dÞch
ngang quy m« nhá kh¸c. ThuËt ng÷ nµy kh«ng bao
gåm sù tr−ît ®Êt mµ chóng cã nh÷ng chuyÓn dÞch
ngang quy m« lín, hoÆc sôt lón cña nÒn ®Êt ®¾p
nh©n t¹o.
landform /'l“ndf˜:m/ n thµnh hÖ ®Êt ®¸, d¸ng ®Êt,
h×nh thÕ ®Êt: A landform comprises a
geomorphological unit. Oceans and continents
exemplify highest-order landforms. A number of
factors, ranging from plate tectonics to erosion and
deposition can generate and affect landforms.
Biological factors can also influence landforms: Mét
thµnh hÖ cÊu thµnh nªn mét ®¬n vÞ ®Þa m¹o. C¸c ®¹i
d−¬ng vµ c¸c lôc ®Þa cho ta vÝ dô vÒ c¸c thµnh hÖ cã
trËt tù cao nhÊt. Cã mét sè nh©n tè, tõ kiÕn t¹o m¶ng
cho ®Õn xãi mßn vµ trÇm tÝch, cã thÓ t¹o ra vµ t¸c
®éng ®Õn c¸c thµnh hÖ. C¸c nh©n tè sinh häc còng
cã thÓ ¶nh h−ëng ®Õn c¸c thµnh hÖ.
land-use permit /'l“ndju:s/ n giÊy phÐp sö dông
®Êt: Permission required to substantially change the
land-level i.e. through excavation or land-filling
within areas with development plans. Permission is
obtained by the Building Committee: Lµ giÊy phÐp
cÇn cã ®Ó lµm thay ®æi mét c¸ch ®¸ng kÓ cao ®é ®Êt,
nghÜa lµ qua viÖc ®µo hay lÊp ®Êt trong ph¹m vi cã
quy ho¹ch ph¸t triÓn. ñy ban X©y dùng lµ n¬i cÊp
giÊy phÐp nµy.
landslide /'l“ndslaid/ n sù lë ®Êt, tr−ît ®Êt:
Landsliding as a result of ground shaking is a
common phenomena. Landsliding across a tunnel
can result in concentrated shearing displacements
and collapse of the cross section. Landslide potential
is greatest when a pre-existing landslide mass
intersects the tunnel. The hazard of landsliding is
greatest in shallower parts of a tunnel alignment and
at tunnel portals. At tunnel portals, the primary
failure mode tends to be slope failures. Particular
caution must be taken if the portal also acts as a
retaining wall: Tr−ît ®Êt do hËu qu¶ cña chÊn ®éng
®Êt lµ mét hiÖn t−îng th−êng thÊy. Tr−ît ®Êt ngang
qua mét hÇm cã thÓ sinh ra nh÷ng chuyÓn vÞ c¾t tËp
trung vµ lµm sËp ®æ g−¬ng hÇm. Kh¶ n¨ng tr−ît ®Êt
lµ lín nhÊt khi mét khèi ®Êt tr−ît cã s½n giao c¾t víi
hÇm. Nguy c¬ tr−ît lë ®Êt lµ lín nhÊt t¹i nh÷ng phÇn
n«ng h¬n cña tuyÕn hÇm vµ t¹i c¸c cæng hÇm. T¹i
cæng hÇm, chÕ ®é ph¸ ho¹i chñ yÕu th−êng lµ sù ph¸
ho¹i m¸i dèc. CÇn chó ®Æc biÖt nÕu cæng hÇm còng
lµm viÖc nh− lµ mét t−êng ch¾n.
landslide prevention pile /'l“ndslaid pri'ven‘n
pail/ n cäc chèng tr−ît lë ®Êt:
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
lanyard /'l“nj”d/ n gi©y buéc, gi©y giËt (b¸o
hiÖu nguy hiÓm ®Ó c«ng nh©n d−íi giÕng chui lªn):
laser /'leiz”/ n ®Ìn chïm laze: A concentrated,
monochromatic light beam to control the direction
or tunnel excavation, particularly of tunnel-boring
machines: Mét chïm ¸nh s¸ng tËp trung, ®¬n s¾c
(®á) dïng ®Ó kiÓm so¸t (chØ dÉn) h−íng hoÆc chç cÇn
®µo trong hÇm, ®Æc biÖt lµ cho c¸c m¸y khoan hÇm
o Do not stare into laser radiation beam: Kh«ng
®−îc nh×n ch»m ch»m vµo chïm tia laze.
lateral earth pressure coefficient /'l“t”r”l ”:•
'pre∫”(r) ,koui'fi∫nt/ n hÖ sè ¸p lùc ®Êt ngang.
lateral support /'l“t”r”l s”'p˜:t/ n chèng ngang.
laterite /'l“t”rait/ n laterit, ®¸ ong: Residual
soil, usually reddish in colour, rich in secondary
oxides of iron and/or aluminium. A product of
intensive insitu rock weathering through leaching of
more suloble elements. Common in tropical areas
with strong seasonal rainfall: Lµ lo¹i ®Êt cßn l¹i,
th−êng cã mµu h¬i ®á, giµu «xyt s¾t vµ/hoÆc nh«m
thø sinh. Lµ mét s¶n phÈm cña sù phong hãa m¹nh
mÏ ®¸ t¹i chç qua sù thÊm läc cña ngµy cµng nhiÒu
c¸c nguyªn tè hoµ tan. Th−êng thÊy t¹i c¸c vïng
nhiÖt ®íi cã l−îng m−a theo mïa lín.
launch pit /'l˜:nt‘ pit/ n giÕng khëi t¹o: As for
drive pit but more usually associated with launching
an impact moling or similar tool: Lµ mét hè ®µo ®Ó
b¾t ®Çu lµm èng, nh−ng th−êng lµ dïng víi viÖc ®ãng
mét èng chÊn ®éng hay mét dông cô t−¬ng tù kh¸c.
launch shaft /'l˜:nt‘ ‘ɑ:ft/ n giÕng khëi t¹o ®µo
hÇm: The EPB-shields can start excavation of a
underground metro in the launch shafts: C¸c m¸y
khoan hÇm kiÓu khiªn c©n b»ng ¸p lùc ®Êt cã thÓ b¾t
®Çu viÖc ®µo hÇm cña mét hÖ thèng metro ngÇm tõ
c¸c giÕng khëi ph¸t o The start of the excavation
work of a tunnel and the assembly of the tunnel
boring machine. The construction site assembly of
the TBM usually takes place on a shield cradle,
where the machine is in the start position: Lµ n¬i b¾t
®Çu c«ng viÖc ®µo mét hÇm vµ lµ n¬i ®Ó l¾p r¸p m¸y
khoan hÇm TBM. ViÖc l¾p r¸p m¸y TBM t¹i c«ng
tr−êng th−êng tiÕn hµnh trªn mét mãng ®ì h×nh n«i
bªn trong giÕng, ®ã còng chÝnh lµ vÞ trÝ xuÊt ph¸t cña
m¸y.
launching /'l˜:nt‘i–/ n sù phãng, sù h¹ thñy:
The tunnel tube sections ranging in length from 83 to
102 meters are fabricated on an inclined plane to
facilitate launching: C¸c ®o¹n èng hÇm dµi tõ 83 tíi
102 mÐt ®−îc chÕ t¹o trªn mét mÆt nghiªng ®Ó t¹o dÔ
dµng cho qu¸ tr×nh h¹ xuèng n−íc.
 193
lava /'l:v”/ n lava, dung nham: General term for
molten extrusive magma erupting non-explosively
from a volcanic vent or fissure. Also, the term for the
rock solidified from this magma: ThuËt ng÷ chung
chØ macma phun trµo nãng ch¶y phun ra tõ mét
miÖng nói löa hay mét khe nøt mµ kh«ng cã tiÕng næ.
Còng lµ mét thuËt ng÷ chØ lo¹i ®¸ ®«ng cøng tõ lo¹i
macma nµy.
lay-by /'leibai/ n gãc (thôt vµo ®Ó) ®ç xe, gara, chç
dõng xe; ng¸ch tr¸nh xe: A paved area beside a main
road where cars can stop temporarily: Lµ mét diÖn
tÝch ®−îc l¸t mÆt bªn lÒ mét con ®−êng chÝnh mµ ë
®ã xe cé cã thÓ ®ç l¹i t¹m thêi.
layer /'lei”/ n líp: A term used for a discrete
thickness of shotcrete (sprayed concrete), built up
from a number of successive passes of the nozzle and
allowed to set (see Pass): Mét tõ dïng cho mét chiÒu
dµy riªng biÖt cña bªt«ng phun (bªt«ng phôt), tÝch
lòy ®−îc tõ mét sè lÇn phôt qua l¹i liªn tiÕp cña vßi
phun vµ sau ®ã ®«ng cøng l¹i.
leachfield /li:t‘fi:ld/ n tr¹m (bÓ) ng©m chiÕt, bån
thÊm läc.
leaching /li:t‘iô/ n sù ng©m chiÕt, sù thÊm läc; sù
bµo mßn do hßa tan: Separation and removal of the
soluble constituents in a rock by the natural action
of percolating groundwater: Lµ sù ph©n t¸ch vµ rêi
chuyÓn c¸c hîp phÇn tan ®−îc trong mét lo¹i ®¸ do
t¸c dông tù nhiªn cña n−íc thÊm qua.
lead pipe /li:d paip/ n èng dÉn tr−íc: The leading
pipe designed to fit the rear of a jacking shield and
over which the trailing end of the shield is fitted: èng
dÉn tr−íc ®−îc thiÕt kÕ ®Ó l¾p khÝt víi phÇn ®u«i cña
mét khiªn kÝch ®Èy, vµ trªn chiÒu dµi èng nµy sÏ
®−îc ¨n khíp víi phÇn kÐo theo cña khiªn.
leak /li:k/ n sù rß (rØ); ®é rß: Where the tunnel is
located below the water table, problems with leaks
and water infiltration are unavoidable and will
require post-construction remedial work, such as
grouting and caulking to seal off the leaks. However,
leaks can be held to a minimum through good design
and quality construction: Khi ®−êng hÇm ®i d−íi
mùc n−íc ngÇm, c¸c vÊn ®Ò vÒ rß rØ vµ thÊm n−íc lµ
kh«ng tr¸nh khái vµ sÏ ®ßi hái c«ng t¸c söa ch÷a sau
x©y dùng, nh− b¬m v÷a vµ bÝt tr¸m ®Ó chÆn ®øng c¸c
chç rß thÊm. Tuy nhiªn, c¸c chç rß thÊm cã thÓ gi÷ ë
møc tèi thiÓu nhê thiÕt kÕ tèt vµ thi c«ng cã chÊt
l−îng.
leakage /'li:kid™/ n sù rß (rØ); sù lät qua: Issues
related to leakage of groundwater into completed
gravity flow or low pressure water tunnels, or
leakage from the completed pressure tunnel, may
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
affect tunnel final lining criteria and, in effect, the
overall design approach: C¸c vÊn ®Ò liªn quan ®Õn
rß thÊm n−íc ngÇm vµo c¸c hÇm dÉn n−íc ¸p lùc
thÊp hoÆc ch¶y träng lùc ®· thi c«ng xong, hoÆc rß
thÊm tõ hÇm ¸p lùc ®· thi c«ng xong ra bªn ngoµi,
®Òu cã thÓ ¶nh h−ëng ®Õn tiªu chuÈn vá hÇm cuèi
cïng, vµ thùc tÕ lµ ¶nh h−ëng ®Õn toµn bé ph−¬ng
ph¸p thiÕt kÕ.
leaking /'li:kiô/ n sù rß; sù lät qua, sù thÊm qua:
The current grouting material and equipment are
high tech instruments and very suitable for the
aggressive fight against leaking water to ensure dry
tunnels and a stable environment: Ngµy nay, vËt liÖu
vµ thiÕt bÞ b¬m v÷a lµ nh÷ng c«ng cô c«ng nghÖ cao
vµ rÊt phï hîp cho viÖc chèng l¹i cã hiÖu qu¶ sù
thÊm n−íc ngÇm nh»m ®¶m b¶o cã ®−îc c¸c hÇm
kh« r¸o vµ mét m«i tr−êng æn ®Þnh/bÒn v÷ng.
leg hammer /leg 'h“m”/ n bóa cã ch©n.
level /'levl/ n hÇm ngang: A horizontal tunnel or
drift in an underground mine: Lµ mét hÇm hay lß
ngang hay trong mét má khai th¸c ngÇm.
level /'levl/ n m¸y thñy chuÈn; cao ®é: Another
kind of telescope with a bubble level, a tube of fluid
with an air bubble in it. The surveyor can sight a
rule called a level rod through the telescope in order
to measure elevation: Lµ mét d¹ng kh¸c cña kÝnh
viÔn väng cã mét niv« bät th¨ng b»ng, tøc lµ mét èng
chÊt láng cã bät khÝ trong ®ã. Ng−êi kh¶o s¸t cã thÓ
ng¾m qua èng kÝnh thÊy mét c¸i th−íc gäi lµ thanh
mia ®Ó ®o cao ®é.
level loop /'levl lu:p/ n vßng (l−íi) kiÓm tra cao ®é:
Level loops for settlement surveys are run through
the settlement points and closed on the permanent
benchmarks: C¸c vßng ®i cao tr×nh ®Ó kiÓm tra lón
®−îc ch¹y qua c¸c ®iÓm ®o lón råi ®−îc khÐp l¹i t¹i
c¸c mèc chuÈn.
leveling /'levliô/ n ®o cao ®é, ®o cao tr×nh, sù ®o
thñy chuÈn; lµm b»ng ph¼ng: Precise levelling and
facade monitoring are the most common methods for
monitoring displacements at ground surface. The
accuracy of these measurements is typically ±0.2mm
(over about 100m lengths) for precise leveling and
±5 arcsec (0.025mm per metre) for angles and 1mm
+ 0.2mm/100m for distances in the case of façade
monitoring with total stations: §o cao ®é chÝnh x¸c
vµ ®o ®¹c theo dâi mÆt tiÒn lµ nh÷ng ph−¬ng ph¸p
th«ng dông nhÊt ®Ó kiÓm so¸t chuyÓn dÞch t¹i mÆt
®Êt. §é chÝnh x¸c cña nh÷ng phÐp ®o nµy th−êng lµ
±0,2mm (trªn chiÒu dµi kho¶ng 100m) ®èi víi ®o cao
®é chÝnh x¸c, ±5 arcsec (0,025mm/1m) ®èi víi ®o
gãc, vµ 1mm + 0,2mm/100m ®èi víi ®o kho¶ng c¸ch
 194
trong tr−êng hîp theo dâi mÆt tiÒn b»ng m¸y toµn
®¹c ®iÖn tö.
life cycle /laif 'saikl/ n tuæi thä: The full period
from the creation of a facility or object to its
destruction, replacement and/or disposal. The
planned life cycle may be very different from the
actual life cycle: Lµ toµn bé kho¶ng thêi gian tõ lóc
t¹o ra mét ph−¬ng tiÖn/c«ng tr×nh hay ®èi t−îng ®Õn
lóc ph¸ ho¹i, thay thÕ vµ/hoÆc lo¹i bá nã. Tuæi thä
dù kiÕn cã thÓ kh¸c xa rÊt nhiÒu so víi tuæi ®êi thùc
tÕ.
life-cycle analysis /laif 'saikl/ n ph©n tÝch tuæi thä:
An analysis that compares project alternatives on
the basis of a comparison over their respective full
life-cycles taking account of differences in the timing
of the investments. May focus only on issues that can
be monetarized or may attempt to weigh monetarized
issues against non-monetarized issues: Lµ mét sù
ph©n tÝch mµ nã so s¸nh c¸c ph−¬ng ¸n cña dù ¸n
trªn c¬ së mét sù ®èi chøng trªn toµn bé c¸c tuæi thä
t−¬ng øng cña chóng, cã tÝnh ®Õn nh÷ng kh¸c biÖt vÒ
thêi gian ®Çu t−. Cã thÓ chØ tËp trung vµo nh÷ng vÊn
®Ò mµ chóng cã thÓ quy ra tiÒn ®−îc, hoÆc cã thÓ cè
g¾ng ®Ó ®¸nh gi¸ c¸c vÊn ®Ò ®Þnh l−îng thµnh tiÒn
®−îc ®èi chøng víi c¸c vÊn ®Ò kh«ng quy thµnh tiÒn
®−îc.
lifter (holes) /lift”/ n lç khoan ph¸ ®¸y (nÒn), lç
m×n ph¸ ch©n tÇng: The blastholes at the bottom of
the face to fragment the rock in the invert are called
lifters. Because drills cannot be positioned to drill
on the invert line, they have to be pitched slightly
down in order to prevent tights: C¸c lç khoan ë ®¸y
tiÕt diÖn hÇm ®Ó ph¸ vì ®¸ ë phÇn vßm ngöa gäi lµ lç
m×n ®¸y. Bëi v× bóa khoan kh«ng thÓ ®Þnh vÞ ®−îc ®Ó
khoan ®óng trªn ®−êng ®¸y vßm ngöa, nªn chóng
ph¶i ®−îc ®iÒu chØnh h¬i chÕch xuèng d−íi ®Ó tr¸nh
bÞ mót chÆt.
lifting /lifti–/ n sù næ m×n ®Êt ®¸, sù ph¸ ®¸; sù
n©ng, sù nhÊc; ®Èy tråi: In tunnel grouting, the use of
low grouting pressure is to avoid any prospect of
‘lifting’ the ground. In pressure sensitive situations
it must also be recognised that the danger of causing
damage by lifting, splitting or other deformations, is
rather linked to the product of pressure and quantity,
than to pressure alone: Trong kü thuËt b¬m v÷a cho
hÇm, viÖc sö dông ¸p lùc b¬m v÷a thÊp lµ nh»m
tr¸nh bÊt cø kh¶ n¨ng “nhÊc lªn” nµo cña nÒn ®Êt.
Trong nh÷ng tr−êng hîp nh¹y c¶m víi ¸p lùc b¬m,
còng cÇn ph¶i nhËn thøc r»ng mèi nguy g©y ra h−
h¹i do ®Èy tråi ®Êt, ph¸ vì cÊu tróc ®Êt hoÆc c¸c
h×nh thøc biÕn d¹ng kh¸c, th−êng lµ liªn quan ®Õn
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
tÝch sè cña ¸p suÊt vµ khèi l−îng v÷a, h¬n lµ chØ liªn
quan ®Õn ¸p lùc b¬m mµ th«i.
lifting lugs /lifti– lʌgz/ n mÊu n©ng, vÊu nhÊc:
Temporary lifting points from which an element is
suspended during immersion, usually removed after
an element is set on its foundation: Lµ c¸c ®iÓm
n©ng t¹m thêi ®Ó treo ®èt hÇm d×m trong qu¸ tr×nh
h¹ hÇm, th−êng ®−îc th¸o bá sau khi mét ®èt hÇm ®·
®−îc ®Æt trªn mãng cña nã.
lighting /'laiti–/ n thuËt bè trÝ ¸nh s¸ng; sù
chiÕu s¸ng; sù ®èt ch¸y: Another essential for
highway tunnels is some form and degree of lighting.
Lighting expenses are highest near portals and
depend heavily on availability of natural light and
the need to make a good light transition. For
example, the upper row of lights has to provide
supplemental daytime lighting at the entrance portal
to reduce the optical shock of traveling from natural
to artificial lighting: Mét ®iÒu quan träng kh¸c ®èi
víi hÇm «t« lµ mét sè d¹ng thøc vµ møc ®é chiÕu
s¸ng. Chi phÝ cho chiÕu s¸ng lµ cao nhÊt gÇn cöa
hÇm vµ phô thuéc rÊt lín vµo møc ®é ¸nh s¸ng tù
nhiªn còng nh− nhu cÇu chuyÓn tiÕp ¸nh s¸ng tèt. VÝ
dô d·y ®Ìn phÝa trªn ph¶i cung cÊp ¸nh s¸ng ban
ngµy bæ sung t¹i cöa vµo nh»m lµm gi¶m sù sèc thÞ
gi¸c khi ®i tõ ¸nh s¸ng tù nhiªn vµo ¸nh s¸ng nh©n
t¹o o Adequate lighting to permit walking the
entire length of the tunnel in safety should be
provided. At the heading, flood lights should be
sufficient to provide safe and efficient conditions:
CÇn ph¶i cung cÊp mét hÖ chiÕu s¸ng ®ñ ®Ó cho phÐp
®i bé mét c¸ch an toµn trong suèt chiÒu dµi hÇm. T¹i
g−¬ng ®µo, c¸c ®Ìn pha (®Ìn chiÕu) cÇn ph¶i ®ñ ®Ó
t¹o ra c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn lµm viÖc an toµn vµ hiÖu qu¶.
lime /laim/ n v«i: Specifically, calcium oxide
(CaO) also loosely, a general term of the various
chemical and physical forms of quicklime, hydrated
lime, and hydraulic hydrated lime. Acts as a
stabilizing agent when in contact with clays due to a
cation exchange. Forms a cementious material when
mixed with a pozzolan: Nãi riªng lµ ®Ó chØ «xit canxi
(CaO), nh−ng mét c¸ch gÇn ®óng còng lµ thuËt ng÷
chung ®Ó chØ nhiÒu d¹ng kh¸c nhau vÒ vËt lý vµ hãa
häc cña v«i sèng, v«i t«i, vµ v«i t«i thñy lùc. Nã t¸c
dông nh− mét chÊt lµm æn ®Þnh khi tiÕp xóc víi c¸c
lo¹i sÐt do sù trao ®æi cation. Nã t¹o thµnh mét vËt
liÖu g¾n kÕt khi trén víi puz¬lan.
limestone /'laimstoun/ n ®¸ v«i: Sedimantary
rock compposed wholly or predominantly of calcium
carbonate, mainly in the form of the mineral calcite:
Lµ lo¹i ®¸ trÇm tÝch cÊu t¹o toµn bé hoÆc chñ yÕu tõ
 195
cacbonat canxi CaCO3, phÇn lín d−íi d¹ng canxit
kho¸ng vËt.
limit state concept/method /'limit steit 'k˜nsept/
n ph−¬ng ph¸p tÝnh to¸n theo tr¹ng th¸i giíi h¹n:
Limit state is a condition beyond which the bridge or
component ceases to satisfy the provisions for which
it was designed: Trạng thái giới hạn là một điều kiện
mà vượt qua nó thì cầu hoặc cấu kiện của cầu ngừng
thỏa mãn các quy định đã được dựa vào để thiết kế
o The purpose of limit analysis is to provide an
estimate of stability conditions for a mechanical
system regardless of the behaviour of the material it
is made of: Mục đích của phân tích theo trạng thái
giới hạn là nhằm cung cấp một sự đánh giá về các
điều kiện ổn định cho một hệ thống cơ học bất kể
ứng xử của vật liệu cấu tạo nên nó ra sao.
line /lain/ v lãt, l¸t; phñ: Walls and ceilings lined
with a light-colored, matte-finished material will
enhance the penetration of natural light into the
tunnel: T−êng hÇm vµ trÇn hÇm nÕu ®−îc l¸t b»ng
mét lo¹i vËt liÖu ®−îc t¹o nh¸m mê, mµu s¸ng sÏ
lµm t¨ng sù dÉn nhËp ¸nh s¸ng tù nhiªn vµo trong
hÇm.
line holes /lain 'houlz/ n c¸c lç khoan t¹o biªn,
lç m×n theo chu tuyÕn, lç khoan theo chu vi.
line of creep (path of percolation) /lain ”v kri:p/ n
®−êng thÊm dß d−íi ch©n mãng: The path that water
follows along the surface of contact between the
foundation soil and the base of a dam or other
structure: Lµ ®−êng mµ n−íc ch¶y theo däc theo bÒ
mÆt tiÕp xóc gi÷a ®Êt nÒn vµ ®¸y cña mét con ®Ëp
hoÆc kÕt cÊu kh¸c.
linear elastic model /'lini” i'l“stik 'm˜dl/ n m«
h×nh ®µn håi tuyÕn tÝnh: This model represents
Hooke's law of isotropic linear elasticity. The model
involves two elastic stiffness parameters, namely
Young's modulus, E, and Poisson's ratio, ν. The
linear elastic model is very limited for the simulation
of soil behaviour. It is primarily used for stiff
structures in the soil: M« h×nh nµy thÓ hiÖn ®Þnh luËt
Hóc trong lý thuyÕt ®µn håi tuyÕn tÝnh ®¼ng h−íng.
M« h×nh nµy cã hai th«ng sè ®é cøng ®µn håi, gäi lµ
m«®un Young E vµ hÖ sè Poatx«ng ν. M« h×nh ®µn
håi tuyÕn tÝnh bÞ h¹n chÕ rÊt nhiÒu trong viÖc m«
pháng sù lµm viÖc cña ®Êt. Nã chñ yÕu ®−îc dïng
cho c¸c cÊu tróc cøng trong ®Êt.
linear shrinkage /'lini” '∫riηkidʒ/ n co ngãt tuyÕn
tÝnh (cña ®Êt): Decrease in one dimension of a soil
mass, expressed as a percentage of the original
dimension, when the water content is reduced from a
given value to the shrinkage limit: Lµ sù gi¶m ®i
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
theo mét chiÒu cña mét khèi ®Êt, biÓu thÞ b»ng phÇn
tr¨m cña kÝch th−íc ban ®Çu, khi hµm l−îng n−íc
®−îc gi¶m ®i tõ mét gi¸ trÞ cho tr−íc ®Õn giíi h¹n co
ngãt.
liner plate /'lain” pleit/ n b¶n lãt, tÊm ®Öm, tÊm
vá hÇm: A steel plate segment, generally preformed
to support a tunnel excavation. They are almost
universally used for shield-driven tunnels. Until
recent years, liner plates were made mostly of cast
iron. Now liner plates of steel have largely
supplanted cast plates. Concrete liner plates have
been designed to be competitive with steel: Lµ mét
miÕng b¶n thÐp, nãi chung ®−îc chÕ t¹o tr−íc ®Ó
chèng ®ì mét hang hÇm. Chóng hÇu hÕt ®−îc sö
dông trong c¸c hÇm d¹ng khiªn ®µo. Cho tíi nh÷ng
n¨m gÇn ®©y, c¸c tÊm vá hÇm chñ yÕu lµm b»ng
gang ®óc. HiÖn nay c¸c tÊm vá hÇm b»ng thÐp ®·
thay thÕ phÇn lín lo¹i vá b»ng gang ®óc. Lo¹i tÊm
vá hÇm b»ng bªt«ng còng ®· ®−îc thiÕt kÕ ®Ó c¹nh
tranh víi lo¹i vËt liÖu thÐp.
lining /'laini–/ n líp gç che t−êng, líp g¹ch (®¸,
bªt«ng) gi÷ bê ®Êt; líp lãt; líp phñ; líp vá hÇm: A
temporary or permanent concrete structure to secure
and finish the tunnel interior: Lµ mét kÕt cÊu bªt«ng
t¹m thêi hoÆc vÜnh cöu nh»m chèng ®ì hay hoµn
thiÖn phÝa bªn trong hÇm o Unless microsilica is
an integral part of the design mix, it is still
preferable to increase the design thickness to obtain
the required lining capacity: Trõ phi microsilica
(®i«xyt silic mÞn SiO2) lµ mét phÇn cÊu thµnh cña
hçn hîp thiÕt kÕ, ng−êi ta vÉn −a thÝch t¨ng chiÒu
dµy thiÕt kÕ ®Ó ®¹t ®−îc n¨ng lùc chÞu lùc yªu cÇu
cña vá hÇm.
lining ring /'laini– riô/ n khoanh èng chèng ®−êng
hÇm, vßng vá hÇm: Steel, cast iron or precast lining
ring are installed in tunnels to support the ground:
C¸c vßng vá hÇm b»ng thÐp, gang hay bªt«ng ®óc
s½n ®−îc l¾p ®Æt trong hÇm ®Ó chèng ®ì nÒn ®Êt o
An estimate of the theoretical number of taper and
straight lining rings can be made based on the
radius and length of curves: Cã thÓ lËp mét dù to¸n
lý thuyÕt vÒ sè l−îng c¸c vßng vá hÇm th¼ng vµ vßng
d¹ng c«n, dùa trªn b¸n kÝnh cong vµ chiÒu dµi c¸c
®−êng cong cña hÇm.
lining with close-fit pipes /'laini– wið klouz fit
paip/ n lµm vá b»ng èng tiÕp gi¸p khÝt: Method of
lining with a continuous pipe for which the cross
section is reduced to facilitate installation, and
reverted after installation to provide a close fit to the
existing pipe: Lµ ph−¬ng ph¸p x©y vá èng/hÇm nhá
b»ng mét èng liªn tôc mµ tiÕt diÖn cña nã ®−îc lµm
 196
nhá ®i ®Ó t¹o dÔ dµng cho viÖc l¾p r¸p, råi ®−îc
phôc håi l¹i sau khi l¾p ®Æt nh»m t¹o ra mét sù tiÕp
xóc s¸t khÝt víi èng cèng cò.
lining with continuous pipe /'laini– wið
kən'tinjuəs paip/ n lµm vá b»ng luån èng liªn tôc:
Method of lining with a pipe made continuous for the
length of the section to be renovated prior to
insertion, and which has not been shaped to give a
cross sectional diameter smaller than its final
diameter after installation: Lµ ph−¬ng ph¸p x©y vá
èng/hÇm nhá víi mét èng ®−îc chÕ t¹o liªn tôc b»ng
víi chiÒu dµi ®o¹n cèng cÇn ®−îc c¶i t¹o tr−íc khi
luån, vµ nã vÉn ch−a ®−îc t¹o h×nh ®Ó t¹o ra ®−êng
kÝnh mÆt c¾t ngang nhá h¬n ®−êng kÝnh cuèi cïng
cña nã sau khi l¾p ®Æt.
lining with discrete pipe /'laini– wið dis'kri:t paip/
n lµm vá b»ng luån èng gi¸n ®o¹n: Method of lining
with pipes shorter than the section to be renovated
which are not jointed prior to insertion to form a
continuous pipe, and which have not been shaped to
give them a cross sectional diameter smaller than
their final diameter after installation: Lµ ph−¬ng
ph¸p x©y vá èng/hÇm nhá víi c¸c èng ng¾n h¬n
®o¹n cÇn ®−îc c¶i t¹o mµ chóng kh«ng ®−îc nèi víi
nhau tr−íc khi luån, tøc lµ ch−a t¹o ra mét èng liªn
tôc, vµ chóng vÉn ch−a ®−îc t¹o h×nh ®Ó t¹o cho
chóng mét ®−êng kÝnh mÆt c¾t ngang nhá h¬n ®−êng
kÝnh cuèi cïng cña chóng sau khi l¾p ®Æt.
liquefaction /,likwi'fæk∫n/ n sù hãa láng ®Êt: A
process by which water-saturated sediment
temporarily loses strength and acts as a fluid, like
when you wiggle your toes in the wet sand near the
water at the beach. This effect can be caused by
earthquake shaking: Lµ mét qu¸ tr×nh qua ®ã ®Êt
trÇm tÝch b·o hoµ n−íc t¹m thêi bÞ mÊt c−êng ®é vµ
lµm viÖc nh− mét chÊt láng, gièng nh− khi b¹n ngä
nguËy ngãn ch©n vµo c¸t −ít gÇn mÐp n−íc ë bê biÓn
vËy. HiÖn t−îng nµy cã thÓ g©y ra bëi sù chÊn ®éng
cña ®éng ®Êt o Soil liquefaction was prominent
both in the Loma Prieta and Kobe earthquakes,
resulting in substantial damage to port facilities and
lifelines: Sù hãa láng ®Êt lµ hiÖn t−îng rÊt phæ biÕn
trong c¸c tr©n ®éng ®Êt Loma Prieta vµ Kobe, g©y ra
h− háng nÆng nÒ cho c¸c c«ng tr×nh c¶ng vµ ®−êng
èng o Potential consequences of any liquefaction
and soil strength loss need to be assessed, including
estimation of differential settlement, lateral
movement or reduction in foundation soil bearing
capacity: C¸c hËu qu¶ cã thÓ cã cña bÊt cø sù hãa
láng ®Êt hay mÊt c−êng ®é ®Êt nµo ®Òu cÇn ph¶i
®¸nh gi¸, bao gåm dù ®o¸n vÒ lón lÖch, dÞch chuyÓn
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
ngang hay gi¶m kh¶ n¨ng chÞu t¶i cña ®Êt d−íi
mãng.
liquefaction potential /,likwi'fæk∫n pə'ten∫l/ n
kh¶ n¨ng hãa láng ®Êt: The capability of a soil to
liquefy or develop cyclic mobility: Lµ kh¶ n¨ng cña
mét lo¹i ®Êt cã thÓ bÞ hãa láng hay ph¸t triÓn tÝnh
l−u ®éng theo chu kú.
liquefaction (spontaneous liquefaction)
/,likwi'fæk∫n spɔn'teiniəs/ n hãa láng ®Êt tøc thêi:
The sudden large decrease of the shearing resistance
of a cohesionless soil. It is caused by a collapse of
the structure by shock or other type of strain and is
associated with a sudden but temporary increase of
the prefluid pressure. It involves a temporary
transformation of the material into a fluid mass: Lµ
sù suy gi¶m m¹nh ®ét ngét cña søc chèng c¾t cña
mét lo¹i ®Êt kh«ng dÝnh. Nã bÞ g©y ra bëi mét sù sËp
®æ cña kÕt cÊu do chÊn ®éng m¹nh hay do kiÓu biÕn
d¹ng kh¸c vµ ®i kÌm víi sù t¨ng lªn ®ét ngét nh−ng
t¹m thêi cña ¸p suÊt tr−íc khi hãa láng. §ã chÝnh lµ
mét sù chuyÓn hãa t¹m thêi cña vËt liÖu thµnh mét
khèi chÊt láng.
liquid limit /'likwid 'limit/ n giíi h¹n ch¶y láng:
The water content (in %) of a clay as it changes from
a plastic solid to a viscous liquid: Lµ l−îng n−íc
(tÝnh b»ng %) cña mét ®Êt sÐt khi nã chuyÓn tõ mét
khèi dÎo thµnh mét chÊt láng nhít.
liquid waste disposal /'likwid weist dis'pouz”l/ n
chÊt th¶i láng; sù th¶i chÊt bÈn d¹ng láng.
liquidity index /li'kwiditi 'indeks/ n chØ sè ch¶y:
The liquidity index is defined as
w − wp w − wp
Il = = , where w is the natural
wl − w p Ip
water content of a clay having limits wl and wp. Thus
the liquidity index, which is usually expressed as a
percentage and which may be negative, gives a
measure of the consistency of the natural soil: ChØ sè
w − wp w − wp
ch¶y ®−îc ®Þnh nghÜa lµ I l = = ,
wl − w p Ip
trong ®ã w lµ l−îng n−íc tù nhiªn cña ®Êt sÐt mµ nã
cã c¸c giíi h¹n ch¶y wl vµ giíi h¹n dÎo wp. Do ®ã
chØ sè ch¶y, th−êng ®−îc biÓu diÔn b»ng phÇn tr¨m
vµ cã thÓ ©m, cho ta mét th−íc ®o vÒ ®é sÖt cña ®Êt
tù nhiªn o At a liquidity index of 100 per cent the
natural clay is at its liquid limit and it will
experience a loss of strength on disturbance or
remoulding. A liquidity index of zero signifies that
the natural clay is at its plastic limit and will tend to
crumble on remoulding: T¹i chØ sè ch¶y 100% ®Êt tù
nhiªn ®ang ë giíi h¹n ch¶y láng cña nã, vµ sÏ tr¶i
 197
qua sù mÊt m¸t c−êng ®é khi bÞ x¸o trén vµ t¸i ®Þnh
d¹ng. Mét chØ sè ch¶y b»ng zero cã nghÜa lµ ®Êt tù
nhiªn ®ang ë giíi h¹n dÎo cña nã, vµ sÏ cã xu h−íng
bë vôn khi vª b»ng tay.
lithology /li'θɔlədʒi/ n tÝnh chÊt th¹ch häc: The
character of a rock described in terms of its
structure, color, mineral composition, grain size,
and arrangement of its component parts; all those
visible features that in the aggregate impart
individuality of the rock: Lµ tÝnh chÊt cña mét ®¸
®−îc m« t¶ theo c¸c tiªu chÝ nh− cÊu tróc, mµu,
thµnh phÇn kho¸ng vËt, cì h¹t, vµ s¾p xÕp c¸c bé
phËn thµnh phÇn cña nã. Mäi ®Æc tr−ng nh×n thÊy
®−îc trong vËt liÖu ®ã gióp t¹o ra tÝnh riªng biÖt cña
®¸.
live load /laiv loud/ n t¶i träng ®éng, ho¹t t¶i: The
weight that will be added to a structure as a result of
its use - people, furniture, cars, machines, and so on:
Lµ träng l−îng mµ nã sÏ ®−îc céng thªm vµo kÕt cÊu
nh− mét hÖ qu¶ cña viÖc sö dông c«ng tr×nh, nh−
ng−êi ®i, trang bÞ, xe cé, m¸y mãc, v©n v©n.
load /loud/ n t¶i träng; t¶i: Loads which can be
considered as essential are ventilation, tunnel
lighting, traffic lights, closed circuit television, fire
alarms, a carbon monoxide monitoring system,
drainage pumps and fire pumps: C¸c t¶i ®−îc coi lµ
t¶i tiªu thô chÝnh gåm cã th«ng giã, chiÕu s¸ng cho
hÇm, ®Ìn giao th«ng, hÖ thèng truyÒn h×nh c¸p, thiÕt
bÞ b¸o ch¸y, hÖ thèng kiÓm so¸t khÝ monoxit cacbon
CO, c¸c b¬m tho¸t n−íc vµ b¬m cøu háa.
load cell (= pressure cell) /loud sel/ n hép ®o ¸p
lùc; c¶m biÕn t¶i träng: A device for measuring axial
loads by means of strain gages attached to an elastic
structural member, for which a calibration curve
between applied load and gage readings has been
established: Lµ mét thiÕt bÞ ®o lùc däc trôc nhê c¸c
c¶m biÕn ®o biÕn d¹ng g¾n vµo mét cÊu kiÖn ®µn
håi, mµ ng−êi ta ®· lËp ra mét ®−êng cong hiÖu
chØnh quan hÖ gi÷a t¶i träng t¸c dông vµ sè ®äc trªn
hép ®o o Solid load cells are used to measure the
loads being developed by steel sets. Hollow load
cells are also available to monitor the loads carried
by rock bolts: C¸c hép ®o ¸p lùc kiÓu ®Æc ®−îc dïng
®Ó ®o lùc g©y bëi c¸c v× chèng thÐp. Hép ®o t¶i träng
kiÓu rçng còng cã s½n ®Ó kiÓm so¸t t¶i träng chÞu bëi
bul«ng neo.
loading /'loudi–/ n t¶i träng; sù n¹p m×n: The
utility of the completed tunnel depends upon its
ability to sustain both construction and permanent
loading: TÝnh h÷u dông cña ®−êng hÇm ®· xong phô
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
thuéc vµo kh¶ n¨ng cña nã chèng chÞu víi t¶i träng
thi c«ng còng nh− t¶i träng l©u dµi.
loading conveyor /'loudi–/ n b¨ng chuyÒn t¶i.
loading diagram /'loudi– 'dai”gr“m/ n s¬ ®å n¹p
thuèc næ vµo lç khoan.
loading shovel /'loudi– '‘ʌvl/ n m¸y ñi ®Êt lín,
m¸y xóc-bèc: In large tunnels, revolving loading
shovels are sometimes used, either powered
electrically or with diesel engines where the tunnel
is wide enough to permit the truck to stand beside
the shovel: Trong nh÷ng hÇm lín, ®«i khi ng−êi ta sö
dông lo¹i m¸y xóc bèc lín quay trßn ®−îc, ho¹t
®éng b»ng ®iÖn hay ®éng c¬ ®iªzen t¹i nh÷ng n¬i
hÇm ®ñ réng ®Ó cho phÐp xe t¶i cã thÓ ®øng bªn
c¹nh m¸y xóc ®−îc.
loam /loum/ n ®Êt nhiÒu mïn: A mixture of sand,
silt, or clay, or a combination of any of these, with
organic matter (see humus). It is sometimes called
topsoil in contrast to the subsoils that contain little
or no organic matter: Lµ mét hçn hîp cña c¸t, bïn
hay sÐt, hay bÊt kú sù kÕt hîp nµo cña nh÷ng thø nµy,
víi vËt chÊt h÷u c¬ (xem humus). §«i khi nã ®−îc
gäi lµ ®Êt mÆt ®Ó ph©n biÖt víi ®Êt nÒn mµ nã chøa Ýt
hoÆc kh«ng chøa chÊt h÷u c¬.
loess /'loues/ n hoµng thæ: A uniform aeolian
deposit of silty material having an open structure
and relatively high cohesion due to cementation of
clay or calcareous material at grain contacts. A
characteristic of loess deposits is that they can stand
with nearly vertical slopes: Lµ mét trÇm tÝch rçng
®ång nhÊt cña vËt liÖu bïn phï sa cã mét cÊu tróc
më vµ lùc dÝnh t−¬ng ®èi cao do sù kÕt dÝnh cña sÐt
hoÆc vËt liÖu chøa canxi t¹i c¸c mèi tiÕp xóc cña h¹t
®Êt. Mét ®Æc ®iÓm cña c¸c ®Êt hoµng thæ lµ chóng cã
thÓ ®øng v÷ng víi c¸c m¸i dèc gÇn nh− th¼ng ®øng.
localized repair /'loukəlaizd ri'peə/ n söa ch÷a èng
côc bé: Repair work on a pipe, particularly
sewerage, for lengths less than the run between two
adjacent access points: Lµ c«ng t¸c söa ch÷a trªn
mét ®−êng èng, ®Æc biÖt lµ hÖ thèng cçng r·nh th¶i,
®èi víi c¸c ®o¹n söa ng¾n h¬n chiÒu dµi gi÷a hai
®iÓm tiÕp cËn kÒ nhau.
location condition /lou'kei‘n 'k”ndi∫n/ n ®iÒu kiÖn
hiÖn tr−êng.
locator /lou'keit”/ n bé ®Þnh vÞ: An electronic
instrument, sometimes called a walkover system,
used to determine the position and strength of
electro-magnetic signals emitted from: (1) a radio
transmitter in the pilot head of a boring system; (2)
an impact moling tool; or (3) an existing
underground service which has been energized: Lµ
 198
mét thiÕt bÞ ®iÖn tö, ®«i khi cßn gäi lµ mét hÖ thèng
v−ît tr−íc, dïng ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh vÞ trÝ vµ c−êng ®é cña
c¸c tÝn hiÖu ®iÖn tõ ph¸t ra tõ: (1) mét bé ph¸t sãng
radio trªn ®Çu th¨m dß cña mét hÖ thèng khoan; (2)
mét dông cô ®ãng èng chÊn ®éng; hoÆc (3) mét dÞch
vô ngÇm hiÖn t¹i mµ nã ®· ®−îc ho¹t ®éng.
lock /l˜k/ n khoang ®iÒu ¸p, khoang khÝ nÐn: A
chamber designed to facilitate the passage of men
and materials from an air pressure greater than
normal, as in a compartment, caisson or tunnel, to
the ground or water level or normal air pressure: Lµ
mét buång ®−îc thiÕt kÕ ®Ó t¹o thuËn lîi cho viÖc
th«ng qua cña ng−êi vµ vËt liÖu tõ mét m«i tr−êng ¸p
suÊt kh«ng khÝ cao h¬n ¸p suÊt b×nh th−êng, vÝ dô
trong mét khoang kÝn, giÕng ch×m hay hÇm dïng khÝ
Ðp, lªn mÆt ®Êt hoÆc cao ®é mÆt n−íc hoÆc vµo m«i
tr−êng ¸p suÊt kh«ng khÝ b×nh th−êng.
locking fill /'l˜ki– fil/ n vËt liÖu lÊp gi÷:
Backfill, usually granular, placed carefully around
the lower part of a tunnel to hold it in position: VËt
liÖu ®¾p, th−êng lµ d¹ng h¹t, lÊp cÈn thËn xung
quanh phÇn phÝa d−íi cña mét hÇm d×m ®Ó gi÷ nã t¹i
vÞ trÝ.
locomotive /'louk”moutiv/ n ®Çu m¸y xe löa:
When mechanical haulage is used, cars shall not be
moved except by a locomotive, unless under direct
control of an operator. No cars shall be pushed
ahead of the locomotive underground if it is
practicable to draw, and all locomotives shall be
provided with headlights and gongs. In cases when it
is necessary to push cars ahead of the locomotive a
man shall be stationed on the head end of the train
for the purpose of giving warning when the train
approaches. No locomotive shall be driven by a
person under 21 years of age. No gas locomotive
shall be used in any tunnel: NÕu vËn t¶i ®Êt ®¸ th¶i
b»ng c¬ khÝ, c¸c toa hµng kh«ng ®−îc di chuyÓn nÕu
kh«ng cã ®Çu m¸y, trõ phi d−íi sù ®iÒu khiÓn trùc
tiÕp cña mét thî m¸y. Kh«ng ®−îc ®Èy c¸c toa vÒ
phÝa tr−íc ®µu m¸y d−íi ngÇm nÕu cã thÓ dïng h×nh
thøc kÐo, vµ mäi ®Çu m¸y ®Òu ph¶i ®−îc trang bÞ ®Ìn
pha vµ chu«ng. NÕu cÇn ph¶i ®Èy c¸c toa hµng vÒ
phÝa tr−íc ®Çu m¸y, th× ph¶i bè trÝ mét ng−êi t¹i
phÝa ®Çu ®oµn tµu ®Ó b¸o hiÖu cã tµu tíi. §Çu m¸y
kh«ng ®−îc phÐp vËn hµnh bëi ng−êi d−íi 21 tuæi.
Kh«ng ®−îc dïng ®Çu m¸y ch¹y gas trong bÊt cø
hÇm nµo.
log /l˜g/ n nhËt ký khoan, b¶n ghi chÐp sè liÖu
khoan: The drill log must be designed so that it can
be used with a minimum of searching for needed
data. This requires a compromise between a graphic
and a narrative log: Tê nhËt ký khoan ph¶i ®−îc bè
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
trÝ sao cho cã thÓ dïng nã mµ tèn Ýt c«ng t×m kiÕm sè
liÖu nhÊt. §iÒu nµy ®ßi hái mét sù tháa hiÖp gi÷a
d¹ng tr×nh bµy m« t¶ vµ tr×nh bµy d¹ng ®å thÞ.
logging /'l˜giô/ n carota, phÐp ®o lç khoan b»ng
ph−¬ng ph¸p ®Þa vËt lý: The process of recording
geological observations of drill core either on paper
or on computer disk: Lµ qu¸ tr×nh ghi l−u d÷ liÖu c¸c
quan tr¾c ®Þa chÊt cña lâi khoan, trªn giÊy hoÆc trªn
®Üa m¸y tÝnh.
long-hole drilling /l˜ô houl 'driliô/ n ph−¬ng ph¸p
khoan lç dµi: Procedure of drilling long holes to
contain powder for breaking the rock in
underground excavation. As an illustration, a tunnel
may be excavated by first driving a pilot drift near
the center of the tunnel. Then approximately 10 ft
lengths of this drift are enlarged to full tunnel
dimensions at intervals of 100 to 200 ft. These
excavated areas are used as working chambers to
drill holes in the remaining rock to the next enlarged
section. Holes are then loaded and exploded, with
relief for the explosion provided by the pilot drift: Lµ
kü thuËt khoan c¸c lç dµi ®Ó chøa thuèc næ nh»m
ph¸ vì ®Êt ®¸ trong ®µo ngÇm. VÝ dô, mét hÇm cã
thÓ ®µo tr−íc tiªn b»ng mét g−¬ng lß nhá (hoa tiªu)
gÇn t©m tiÕt diÖn hÇm. Sau ®ã c¸c ®o¹n ng¾n kho¶ng
3m cña hÇm nhá nµy ®−îc më réng ra toµn mÆt c¾t
t¹i nh÷ng qu·ng c¸ch 30m ®Õn 60m. Nh÷ng vïng
võa më réng nµy ®−îc dïng lµm buång thi c«ng ®Ó
khoan vµo phÇn khèi ®¸ cßn l¹i cÇn më réng tiÕp
theo. Sau ®ã c¸c lç ®−îc n¹p thuèc vµ kÝch næ, víi
mÆt tho¸ng chÝnh lµ hÇm hoa tiªu.
long step method /l˜ô step 'meθ”d/ n ph−¬ng ph¸p
b−íc ®µo dµi.
longitudinal profile /,l˜nd™i'tju:dinl 'proufail/ n
mÆt c¾t däc, tr¾c däc: Analytical studies can be
conducted to understand the longitudinal behavior
of the ground along the tunnel axis. Attewell and
Woodman (1982) assumed that the longitudinal
profile of tunneling induced settlement could be
modeled as a cumulative probability curve and drew
a conclusion that the settlement directly above the
tunnel face is half of Smax, which is the maximum
transverse surface settlement: Cã thÓ tÝnh to¸n ph©n
tÝch ®Ó t×m hiÓu øng xö theo chiÒu däc cña nÒn ®Êt
däc theo trôc hÇm ®ang thi c«ng. Attewell vµ
Woodman (1982) ®· gi¶ thiÕt r»ng mÆt c¾t däc cña
m¸ng lón g©y ra do ®µo hÇm cã thÓ ®−îc m« h×nh
hãa nh− mét ®−êng cong x¸c suÊt tÝch lòy, vµ rót ra
kÕt luËn r»ng lón trùc tiÕp bªn trªn g−¬ng hÇm th×
b»ng mét nöa gi¸ trÞ Smax, lµ l−îng lón bÒ mÆt theo
chiÒu ngang lín nhÊt.
 199
longitudinal ventilation /,l˜nd™i'tju:dinl venti'lei‘n/
n th«ng giã däc: The tunnel is normally ventilated in
both directions by the natural longitudinal
ventilation / piston effect: HÇm th−êng ®−îc th«ng
giã theo c¶ hai chiÒu nhê th«ng giã däc tù nhiªn /
hiÖu øng pit-t«ng o For longitudinal ventilation of
a tunnel, under normal operations, ambient air
would enter the tunnel from all portals and would be
moved along the tunnel by a combination of vehicle
induced airflow and mechanical ventilation through
the use of jet fans located throughout the main
tunnel and associated ramps. Longitudinal
ventilation with electrostatic precipitators was
developed in the 1970’s: §Ó th«ng giã däc cho hÇm,
d−íi nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn vËn hµnh b×nh th−êng, kh«ng
khÝ xung quanh cã thÓ ®i vµo hÇm tõ c¸c cæng hÇm
vµ cã thÓ ®−îc ®Èy däc theo hÇm b»ng t¸c dông kÕt
hîp cña dßng khÝ do ch¹y xe vµ th«ng giã c¬ khÝ nhê
dïng c¸c qu¹t ph¶n lùc ®Æt trªn suèt hÇm chÝnh vµ
c¸c dèc liªn quan. Th«ng giã däc víi c¸c m¸y läc bôi
tÜnh ®iÖn ®−îc ph¸t triÓn tõ nh÷ng n¨m 1970.
loop stress /lu:p stres/ n øng suÊt theo chu
tuyÕn, øng suÊt vßng.
loosening of rock / 'lu:s”ni– ”v r˜k/ n sù níi
øng suÊt cña ®¸; sù r·o rêi, long rêi ®¸: Non-
reversible modifications suffered by the ground,
resulting of the decrease of one or several stresses
near an underground cavity. Shotcrete is sprayed
immediately after excavating an advance of tunnel,
this has much advantage to prevent loosening of the
rock mass: Lµ nh÷ng biÕn ®æi kh«ng håi phôc ®−îc
cña nÒn ®Êt, do sù suy gi¶m mét hay mét sè thµnh
phÇn øng suÊt gÇn mét hang ngÇm. Bªt«ng ®−îc
phun ngay sau khi ®µo mét b−íc ®µo trong hÇm, ®iÒu
nµy rÊt cã lîi trong viÖc chèng l¹i sù lë rêi cña khèi
®¸ xung quanh o Loosening of rock due to
improper construction or delay of work, resulting in
a decrease of stability and/or a change of rock
properties, shall not change the initial classification
of applicable support system(s) for payment purpose.
In such cases, additional support, as required by the
Engineer, in addition to the requirements of the
original rock classification, shall be accomplished
by the Contractor at no additional cost: Sù níi láng
khèi ®¸ do nguyªn nh©n thi c«ng sai hoÆc do chËm
trÔ c«ng viÖc, g©y nªn sù mÊt æn ®Þnh vµ/hoÆc g©y
thay ®æi c¸c tÝnh chÊt cña ®¸, sÏ kh«ng lµm thay ®æi
sù ph©n lo¹i ban ®Çu cña (c¸c) hÖ thèng chèng ®ì ¸p
dông cho môc ®Ých thanh to¸n. Trong tr−êng hîp ®ã,
kÕt cÊu chèng ®ì phô thªm, theo yªu cÇu cña T− vÊn,
ngoµi c¸c yªu cÇu cña cÊp ph©n lo¹i ®¸ ban ®Çu, sÏ
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
®−îc Nhµ thÇu l¾p dùng mµ kh«ng ®−îc thanh to¸n
thªm.
loss of strength /l˜s ”v streη/ n mÊt m¸t
c−êng ®é: Diminished strength of sprayed concrete
with accelerator in comparison with base concrete:
Lµ sù suy gi¶m c−êng ®é cña bªt«ng phun cã dïng
phô gia thóc ®Èy ninh kÕt khi so s¸nh víi bªt«ng ®èi
chiÕu.
loudness /'laudnis/ n ®é ån to: Acoustic intensity:
C−êng ®é ©m thanh.
louvre, louver /'lu:v”/ n cöa giã; thanh m¸i h¾t; v¸n
déi: A series of baffles used to shield a source from
view at certain angles or to absorb unwanted light:
Lµ mét d·y c¸c mµn ch¾n dïng ®Ó che ch¾n mét
nguån khái tÇm nh×n theo nh÷ng gãc nhÊt ®Þnh, hoÆc
®Ó hÊp thô l−îng ¸nh s¸ng kh«ng cÇn thiÕt.
low air /lou e”/ n khÝ nÐn ¸p suÊt thÊp:
Compressed air used to facilitate tunnelling in soft
or very wet ground by counterbalancing external
hydrostatic pressures. Supplied at 5 to 40 psi: Lµ khÝ
Ðp dïng ®Ó t¹o thuËn lîi cho viÖc ®µo hÇm trong ®Êt
yÕu hay ®Êt rÊt −ít b»ng c¸ch t¹o ¸p lùc c©n b»ng
víi ¸p lùc thñy tÜnh bªn ngoµi. Th−êng ®−îc cÊp víi
¸p suÊt 0,03 ®Õn 0,3 MPa.
low frequency air-vibration /lou 'fri:kw”nsi e”-
vai'brei‘n/ n rung ®éng kh«ng khÝ tÇn sè thÊp.
low load method /lou loud 'meθ”d/ n ph−¬ng ph¸p
lùc kÝch bÐ: A pipe jacking method in which separate
provision is made to carry the jacking load, the pipe
being installed carrying little or none of the jacking
force: Lµ mét ph−¬ng ph¸p kÝch ®Èy èng trong ®ã cã
bé phËn riªng ®Ó chÞu t¶i kÝch ®Èy, èng cèng ®ang
®−îc l¾p ®Æt chØ chÞu mét Ýt hoÆc kh«ng chÞu t¸c
dông cña lùc kÝch.
low pressure grout /lou 'pre∫” graut/ n v÷a
b¬m ë ¸p suÊt thÊp: Grout pumped through the
concrete lining under low pressure to fill any voids
between the concrete lining and the tunnel surface
or between steel tunnel liners and backfill concrete:
Lµ v÷a b¬m qua vá hÇm bªt«ng d−íi ¸p suÊt thÊp ®Ó
lÊp ®µy mäi lç trèng gi÷a vá hÇm bªt«ng vµ bÒ mÆt
®¸ hoÆc gi÷a c¸c tÊm vá thÐp vµ bªt«ng lÊp lßng.
low voltage supply /lou 'voultidʒ s”'plai/ n
cung cÊp ®iÖn ¸p thÊp, nguån ®iÖn h¹ thÕ: The supply
of electricity if the difference of potential between
any two points of the circuit does not exceed 300
volts: Lµ sù cung cÊp dßng ®iÖn trong ®ã chªnh lÖch
®iÖn thÕ gi÷a hai ®iÓm bÊt kú trong m¹ch ®iÖn kh«ng
v−ît qu¸ 300 v«n.
lubrication /,lu:bri'kei∫n/ n b«i tr¬n: Means of
reducing friction either around a pipe being jacked
 200
or a shaft being sunk into the ground: Lµ c¸c biÖn
ph¸p lµm gi¶m ma s¸t xung quanh èng cèng ®ang
®−îc kÝch ®Èy hoÆc xung quanh mét giÕng ®øng ®ang
®−îc h¹ xuèng lßng ®Êt.
lubricity /lu:'brisiti/ n tÝnh chÊt tr¬n/dÔ l−u th«ng:
In grouting, the physico-chemical characteristic of a
grout material flow through a soil or rock that is the
inverse of the inherent friction of that material to the
soil or rock; comparable to “wetness”: Trong b¬m
v÷a, ®©y lµ ®Æc tr−ng hãa-lý cña mét dßng vËt liÖu
v÷a ch¶y qua mét lo¹i ®Êt hay ®¸, mµ nã lµ nghÞch
®¶o cña lùc ma s¸t s½n cã cña vËt liÖu v÷a ®ã víi ®Êt
hay ®¸; cã thÓ so s¸nh víi “tÝnh −ít”.
lugeon /'lu:gi”n/ n ®¬n vÞ ®o ®é thÊm: A measure
of permeability defined by a pump-in test or pressure
test, where one Lugeon unit is a water take of 1
L/min per metre of hole at a pressure of 10 bars: Lµ
mét sè ®o ®é thÊm ®−îc ®Þnh nghÜa bëi mét thÝ
nghiÖm b¬m hay thÝ nghiÖm ¸p lùc, trong ®ã mét ®¬n
vÞ Lugeon lµ mét l−îng n−íc b¬m 1 L/phót trªn mét
mÐt dµi lç khoan t¹i mét ¸p suÊt lµ 10 bar.
luminaire /,lu:mi'ne”/ n bé ®Ìn; nguån ph¸t
s¸ng: A complete lighting device consisting of a
light source together with its direct appurtenances:
Lµ mét thiÕt bÞ chiÕu s¸ng hoµn chØnh bao gåm mét
nguån s¸ng vµ nh÷ng phô tïng trùc tiÕp cña nã o
Fluorescent lamp luminaries for application to
tunnel lighting have been developed consisting of
two tandem-connected lamps mounted in a
protective pyrex glass tube and sealed at the ends to
connection devices, providing watertight integrity:
C¸c bé ®Ìn huúnh quang dïng trong chiÕu s¸ng hÇm
®· ®−îc thiÕt kÕ bao gåm hai bãng ®Ìn nèi c¸i tr−íc
c¸i sau, l¾p trªn mét èng thñy tinh chÞu nhiÖt cã tÝnh
chÊt b¶o vÖ, vµ ®−îc tr¸m t¹i c¸c ®Çu nèi, t¹o ra
tÝnh chèng thÊm n−íc toµn vÑn.
lumen /'lu:men/ n lumen: The unit of measure of
the quantity of light. The amount of light that falls on
an area of 1 foot2, every point of which is 1 foot from
a source of 1 candela (candle): Lµ ®¬n vÞ ®o l−îng
¸nh s¸ng. Tøc lµ l−îng ¸nh s¸ng räi trªn mét diÖn
tÝch 1 fut2, mçi ®iÓm trªn diÖn tÝch ®ã c¸ch ®Òu 1 fut
tõ mét nguån s¸ng cã c−êng ®é 1 can®ªla.
lux /lʌks/ n lux - ®¬n vÞ chiÕu s¸ng: In SI, the
unit of illuminance - how brightly a surface is
illuminated. One lux is 1 lumen per square meter.
On the Earth’s surface, the illumination from the sun
is about 100,000 lux; from a full moon at the zenith
on a clear night, about 0.27 lux; and from all the
stars about 0.00022 lux. The dimensions of the lux,
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
candela
in terms of base units, are : Trong
steradian.meter 2
hÖ SI, ®©y lµ ®¬n vÞ chiÕu s¸ng - tøc lµ mét bÒ mÆt
®−îc räi s¸ng ®Õn møc ®é nµo. VÝ dô, trªn bÒ mÆt
tr¸i ®Êt, ®é chiÕu s¸ng cña mÆt trêi lµ kho¶ng
100.000 lux; cña mÆt tr¨ng trßn trªn thiªn ®Ønh vµo
®ªm ®Ñp trêi lµ 0,27 lux; vµ cña tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i sao
lµ 0,00022 lux. Thø nguyªn cña lux theo c¸c ®¬n vÞ
candela
c¬ b¶n lµ o An extremely
steradian.m 2
sophisticated daytime-lighting control is used in the
IJ Tunnel in Amsterdam, where the daytime tunnel
lighting level is automatically and electronically
controlled by 12 light-sensitive sensors from a
maximum entrance level of 300 lux to a minimum
nighttime level of 50 lux. (An outdoor illumination
level of about 2000 lux is recorded around sunset
and sunrise): T¹i HÇm IJ ë Amsterdam ng−êi ta
dïng mét chÕ ®é kiÓm so¸t chiÕu s¸ng ban ngµy cùc
kú phøc t¹p, theo ®ã møc ®é chiÕu s¸ng hÇm ban
ngµy ®−îc kiÓm so¸t mét c¸ch tù ®éng vµ b»ng ®iÖn
tö nhê 12 chiÕc c¶m biÕn nh¹y s¸ng, tõ møc s¸ng
nhÊt ë cöa vµo lµ 300 lux ®Õn møc nhá nhÊt vµo ban
®ªm lµ 50 lux. (Møc ®é s¸ng ngoµi trêi ghi nhËn
®−îc vµo lóc hoµng h«n vµ b×nh minh lµ kho¶ng
2000 lux).
lysimeter /lai'simitə/ n thÈm kÕ: A device to
measure the quantity or rate of water movement
through a block of soil, usually undisturbed or in-
situ; or to collect such percolated water for
analyses: Lµ mét dông cô ®Ó ®o khèi l−îng hay tèc
®é chuyÓn ®éng cña n−íc qua mét khèi ®Êt, th−êng
lµ nguyªn tr¹ng hoÆc t¹i chç; hoÆc ®Ó thu thËp n−íc
thÊm ra tõ ®ã phôc vô ph©n tÝch.
 201
Mm
machine mining /'m“fik/ n ®µo hÇm b»ng m¸y:
Continuous tunnelling by means of boomheaders,
tunnelling machines, TBMs, etc. Distinguished from
drill-and-blast: Lµ viÖc ®µo hÇm liªn tôc b»ng c¸c
®Çu khoan thñy lùc cã thÓ v−¬n dµi, m¸y ®µo hÇm,
TBM, v.v… Ph©n biÖt víi c¸ch ®µo hÇm b»ng khoan-
næ.
macropore /'mækrou,pɔ:/ n lç rçng vÜ m«:
Interaggregate cavities that service as the principal
avenues for the infiltration and drainage of water
and for aeration: Lµ c¸c hang hèc n»m gi÷a c¸c h¹t
cèt liÖu cã vai trß nh− lµ nh÷ng n¬i tËp trung chÝnh
cho sù thÊm vµ th¸o n−íc còng nh− cho viÖc th«ng
giã.
macroporosity /'mækrou,p˜:'r˜siti/ n ®é rçng vÜ
m«: Large intergranular porosity with large pore
throats, including soil cracks, moldic porosity,
animal burrows and other significant void space: Lµ
®é rçng lín gi÷a c¸c h¹t víi c¸c häng lç rçng lín,
bao gåm c¸c vÕt nøt trong ®Êt, ®é rçng t¬i xèp, hang
hèc do ®éng vËt ®µo bíi, vµ c¸c kho¶ng trèng lín
kh¸c.
mafic /'m“fik/ adj mafic, chøa magiª-s¾t: General
term for dark-coloured, ferromagnesian minerals, or
an igneous rock composed chiefly of these minerals.
(Contrast with 'felsic'): ThuËt ng÷ chung cho c¸c
kho¸ng vËt chøa magiª-s¾t, sÉm mµu, hoÆc cho mét
®¸ macma chñ yÕu bao gåm c¸c kho¸ng vËt nµy.
(T−¬ng ph¶n víi 'felsic').
magazine /,m“g”'zi:n/ n n¬i dù tr÷, kho chøa,
kho vò khÝ: Any building or structure approved for
the storage of explosive material, whether above or
below ground: Lµ bÊt cø khu nhµ hay kÕt cÊu nµo
®−îc chÊp thuËn cho viÖc cÊt tr÷ vËt liÖu næ, dï lµ ë
bªn trªn hay bªn d−íi mÆt ®Êt o Class 1.1D
explosives cases need to be stored in a suitable
licensed magazine. Magnumå has a storage life in
excess of 12 months in an approved magazine, even
in hot and humid extremes: C¸c hép thuèc næ Lo¹i
1.1D cÇn ®−îc cÊt trong mét kho chøa thÝch hîp ®·
®−îc cÊp giÊy phÐp. Lo¹i thuèc Magnumå cã thêi
h¹n b¶o qu¶n lµ 12 th¸ng trong mét kho vò khÝ ®ñ
tiªu chuÈn, ngay c¶ trong c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn nãng Èm
kh¾c nghiÖt.
magma /'m“gm”/ n macma, dung dÞch ®Êt ®¸ nãng
ch¶y trong lßng ®Êt: Molten rock material formed
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
within the earth. Solidifies at or near the earth's
crust to produce extrusive and intrusive igneous
rocks. Extrusive magma becomes 'lava': Lµ vËt liÖu
®¸ nãng ch¶y h×nh thµnh bªn trong qu¶ ®Êt. §«ng
cøng t¹i hoÆc gÇn vá qu¶ ®Êt ®Ó t¹o nªn c¸c ®¸ nói
löa x©m nhËp vµ phun trµo. Macma phun trµo trë
thµnh 'dung nham'.
magmatic minerals /mæg'mætik 'minərəlz/ n
c¸c kho¸ng vËt cã tÝnh macma.
main sewers /mei 'su:”/ n hÖ thèng cèng th¶i chÝnh.
main-line jumbo /'meinlain 'd™ʌmbou/ n m¸y
khoan jumbo ch¹y trªn ray: Drill jumbo that travels
on the main rail line; has man platforms on the sides
that can be folded back when not in use. After
drilling out the round, the jumbo has to be moved
back from the face to a passing track before the
mucker can be moved in: Lµ m¸y khoan lín ch¹y
trªn ®−êng ray chÝnh; cã sµn c«ng t¸c cho ng−êi ë
hai bªn, sµn nµy cã thÓ gËp l¹i khi kh«ng sö dông.
Sau khi khoan xong mét b−íc ®µo, jumbo ph¶i lïi
khái g−¬ng vÒ mét ®−êng ray tr¸nh tr−íc khi cã thÓ
®−a m¸y bèc xóc vµo.
maintenance /'meintin”ns/ n sù b¶o d−ìng, sù b¶o
tr×: The act of caring for a facility or system to keep
it in working order or to preserve its appearance or
value: Lµ ho¹t ®éng ch¨m sãc mét thiÕt bÞ hay hÖ
thèng ®Ó gi÷ cho nã lµm viÖc tèt hoÆc ®Ó duy tr× h×nh
thøc hay gi¸ trÞ cña nã o As closed-circuit
television (CCTV) camera surveillance has replaced
foot patrols in tunnels, maintenance walks have
generally been eliminated, and lanes are closed
when maintenance access is required: V× viÖc theo
dâi b»ng camªra v« tuyÕn truyÒn h×nh c¸p (CCTV)
®· thay thÕ cho viÖc ®i bé tuÇn tra trong hÇm, nªn
d¶i ®−êng dïng cho ®i bé b¶o d−ìng nãi chung ®· bÞ
b·i bá, vµ c¸c lµn xe sÏ bÞ ®ãng khi cÇn vµo hÇm ®Ó
b¶o d−ìng o Maintenance crew will perform
routine inspection, general janitorial, cleanup,
painting, patching, replacement, and repair work:
§éi b¶o d−ìng sÏ thùc hiÖn c¸c c«ng viÖc nh− kiÓm
tra th−êng ngµy, tr«ng nom chung, lµm s¹ch, quÐt
s¬n, v¸ t−êng, thay thÕ vµ söa ch÷a.
maintenance cost /'meintin”ns k˜st/ n chi phÝ b¶o
d−ìng: The cost of carrying out maintenance
activities: Lµ chi phÝ cña viÖc thùc hiÖn c¸c ho¹t
®éng b¶o d−ìng.
major principal plane of stress /'meidʒə 'prinsəpl
plein əv stres/ n mÆt ph¼ng øng suÊt chÝnh lín nhÊt.
major principal stress /'meidʒə 'prinsəpl stres/ n
øng suÊt chÝnh lín nhÊt: The greater normal stress
represented by a Mohr stress circle. It is the greater
 202
value of the point of intersection of the Mohr circle
with the normal stress axis: Lµ øng suÊt ph¸p lín
h¬n, ®−îc thÓ hiÖn trªn mét vßng trßn øng suÊt
Mohr. Nã lµ gi¸ trÞ lín h¬n cña ®iÓm giao c¾t gi÷a
vßng trßn Mohr víi trôc øng suÊt ph¸p.
man-entry /'m“n 'entri/ n sù cã mÆt cña con
ng−êi trong cèng/hÇm: Description of any operation
which requires an operative to enter a pipe, duct or
bore. The minimum size and other conditions for
which this is permissible may be defined under
health and safety legislation: M« t¶ bÊt kú ho¹t ®éng
nµo mµ nã ®ßi hái mét thî vËn hµnh/c«ng nh©n ph¶i
®i vµo bªn trong cèng, èng hoÆc hang khoan. KÝch
th−íc nhá nhÊt vµ c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn kh¸c ®Ó cho phÐp sù
cã mÆt cña con ng−êi cã thÓ ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh theo luËt
®Þnh vÒ søc kháe vµ an toµn.
man-entry pipes /'m“n 'entri 'sə:kjulə paip/
n cèng trßn cã thÓ cho ng−êi chui vµo ®−îc.
management of rock bolt anchoring
/'m“nidʒm”nt/ n qu¶n lý l¾p ®Æt bul«ng neo.
manlock /m“n'l˜k/ n khoang khÝ nÐn.
manpower /'m“npau”/ n nh©n lùc, nh©n c«ng:
Rock bolting has become the most important
support system in mining engineering. Rock bolting
is more economic than other methods because it
saves material and manpower consumption: HÖ
bul«ng neo ®¸ ®· trë thµnh hÖ thèng chèng ®ì quan
träng nhÊt trong c«ng nghiÖp má. L¾p ®Æt bul«ng
neo sÏ kinh tÕ h¬n c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p kh¸c bëi v× nã
tiÕt kiÖm vËt liÖu vµ l−îng tiªu tèn nh©n c«ng.
manual mechanical shield /'mænjuəl mi'kænikl
∫i:ld/ n khiªn c¬ khÝ ®µo thñ c«ng: Open shield in
which manpower is used to excavate the material but
which has some steering capability: Lµ khiªn hë
trong ®ã nh©n lùc ®−îc sö dông ®Ó ®µo ®Êt ®¸ nh−ng
khiªn nµy vÉn cã mét vµi kh¶ n¨ng l¸i ®−îc.
mapping of underground space /'m“pi– ”v
'ʌndəgraund speis/ n sù vÏ b¶n ®å kh«ng gian
ngÇm.
marine deposit /mə'ri:n di'pɔzit/ n trÇm tÝch biÓn.
marking /'ma:ki–/ n sù ®¸nh dÊu: With regard
to construction surveying and control for a blasted
tunnel, the tunnel face is marked with its center,
based on laser light, and the blast layout is marked
with paint marks on the face. The drill jumbo must
be set accurately to ascertain parallelism of
boreholes along the alignment and the proper angle
of angled blastholes. An automated drill jumbo can
be set up using laser light without marking the
tunnel face: VÒ vÊn ®Ò kh¶o s¸t vµ kiÓm so¸t trong
thi c«ng hÇm khoan næ, t©m g−¬ng hÇm ®−îc ®¸nh
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
dÊu b»ng tia laze, vµ s¬ ®å lç m×n ®−îc ®¸nh dÊu
b»ng c¸c dÊu s¬n trªn bÒ mÆt ®¸. M¸y khoan lç m×n
ph¶i ®øng t¹i vÞ trÝ chÝnh x¸c nh»m ®¶m b¶o tÝnh
song song cña c¸c lç khoan däc theo tuyÕn hÇm vµ
®¶m b¶o gãc nghiªng chÝnh x¸c cña c¸c lç khoan
xiªn. Mét m¸y khoan Jumbo tù ®éng hãa cã thÓ ®−îc
cµi ®Æt ®Ó sö dông ¸nh s¸ng laze mµ kh«ng cÇn ®¸nh
dÊu bÒ mÆt g−¬ng.
marl /'ma:l/ n macn¬: Calcareous clay, usually
containing from 35 to 65 % calcium carbonate
(CaCO3): Lµ lo¹i ®Êt sÐt chøa canxi, th−êng chøa tõ
35 ®Õn 65% cacbonat canxi (CaCO3).
marly clay /'ma:li klei/ n sÐt macn¬.
marsh /'mɑ:∫/ n ®Çm lÇy: A wetland characterized
by grassy surface mats which are frequently
interspersed with open water or by a closed canopy
of grasses, sedges, or other herbaceous plants: Lµ
mét vïng ®Êt thÊp-−ít ®−îc ®Æc tr−ng bëi c¸c th¶m
bÒ mÆt ®Çy cá mµ chóng th−êng cã xen lÉn c¸c khu
n−íc r¶i r¸c, hoÆc ®Æc tr−ng bëi mét vßm kÝn cña cá
d¹i, lau l¸ch, hay c¸c thùc vËt th¶o méc kh¸c.
Marsh funnel /'mɑ:∫ 'fʌnl/ n phÔu Marsh: An
instrument used to assess the relative viscosity of
slurries by measuring the time for a standard volume
of liquid (1.0 litre or 1.0 US quart) to flow out of a
standard shaped funnel: Lµ mét dông cô dïng ®Ó
®¸nh gi¸ ®é nhít t−¬ng ®èi cña v÷a khoan, b»ng
c¸ch ®o thêi gian cÇn thiÕt ®Ó mét thÓ tÝch tiªu chuÈn
cña chÊt láng (1,0 lýt) ch¶y qua hÕt mét phÔu cã
h×nh tiªu chuÈn.
masonry /'meisnri/ n khèi ®¸ x©y: Mortar in a
masonry arch has the effect of cementing opened
cracks and locking unstable blocks: it is essential for
stability, unless the basic building blocks fit
perfectly, which is rarely the case in practice: M¹ch
v÷a cña mét vßm ®¸ x©y cã t¸c dông g¾n kÕt c¸c khe
hë vµ liªn kÕt c¸c khèi láng lÎo víi nhau: nã rÊt
quan träng ®èi víi sù æn ®Þnh, trõ phi c¸c khèi x©y
hoµn toµn r¸p khÝt víi nhau, lµ tr−êng hîp kh¸ hiÕm
trong thùc tÕ.
mass transit /m“s 'tr“nsit/ n vËn chuyÓn lín:
Provision for the movement of people in an urban
area in unstructured groups, e.g. by bus, train,
metro, etc: Ph−¬ng thøc vËn chuyÓn ng−êi trong mét
khu ®« thÞ theo nhiÒu nhãm hçn hîp, vÝ dô b»ng xe
buýt, tµu háa, metro, v.v…
massive /'m“siv/ n khèi lín: In geology, the
homogeneous structure of a rock without any planar,
directional arrangement of textural or structural
features: Tõ dïng trong ®Þa chÊt, chØ cÊu tróc ®ång
nhÊt cña mét lo¹i ®¸ kh«ng cã bÊt kú sù s¾p xÕp
 203
ph¼ng, cã h−íng nµo cña c¸c ®Æc ®iÓm vÒ kiÕn tróc
vµ cÊu t¹o.
massive rock /'m“siv r˜k/ n ®¸ khèi: Tunnel
construction projects involve the deployment of
large amounts of sophisticated and expensive plant
and equipment. Heavy machinery like drill jumbos,
excavators, dump trucks, loading shovels and wheel
loaders are used to carry out massive rock
excavation works and for transportation and
disposal of excavated material: C¸c dù ¸n hÇm
th−êng sö dông mét sè l−îng lín c¸c thiÕt bÞ m¸y
mãc phøc t¹p vµ ®¾t tiÒn. C¸c m¸y mãc h¹ng nÆng
nh− m¸y khoan, m¸y ®µo, xe t¶i, xe xóc lËt v.v…
®−îc dïng ®Ó tiÕn hµnh c«ng t¸c ®µo qua ®¸ cøng
nguyªn khèi còng nh− vËn chuyÓn vµ th¶i bá c¸c vËt
liÖu ®µo.
master planning /'mɑ:stə 'plæniη/ n quy ho¹ch
tæng thÓ: Master planning and preliminary
infrastructure designs are necessary for identified
growth areas including the suburban development.
The task may cover computer modelling of systems
and networks to develop preliminary designs and
preparation of initial cost estimates: Quy ho¹ch tæng
thÓ vµ thiÕt kÕ s¬ bé c¬ së h¹ tÇng lµ cÇn tiÕn hµnh
cho c¸c khu vùc ®« thÞ ph¸t triÓn m¹nh, kÓ c¶ ph¸t
triÓn ngo¹i «. C«ng viÖc cÇn lµm bao gåm m« h×nh
ho¸ trªn m¸y tÝnh c¸c hÖ thèng vµ m¹ng l−íi ®Ó lËp
c¸c thiÕt kÕ c¬ së vµ chuÈn bÞ dù to¸n chi phÝ ban
®Çu.
material characteristics /mə'tiəriəl ,kæriktə'ristiks/
n tÝnh chÊt cña vËt liÖu.
material constant /mə'tiəriəl 'kɔnstənt/ n h»ng sè
vËt liÖu.
mathematical model, numerical model
/,mæθə'mætikl 'mɔdl/ n m« h×nh to¸n häc, m« h×nh
sè: The representation of a physical system by
mathematical expressions from which the behavior
of the system can be deduced with known accuracy:
Lµ sù biÓu diÔn cña mét hÖ thèng vËt lý b»ng c¸c
biÓu thøc to¸n häc mµ tõ ®ã cã thÓ t×m ra sù lµm viÖc
cña hÖ thèng víi ®é chÝnh x¸c cho tr−íc.
matrix /'meistriks/ n [m¹ng, nÒn] liªn kÕt; thÓ mÑ,
thÓ nÒn: (1) in the case of mortar, the cement paste
in which the fine aggregate particles are embedded;
in the case of concrete, the mortar in which coarse
aggregate particles are embedded; (2) in the case of
fiber-reinforced composites, the material in which
the fiber reinforcements are embedded: (1) trong
tr−êng hîp cña v÷a x©y, ®ã lµ khèi hå xim¨ng mµ
trong ®ã c¸c h¹t cèt liÖu mÞn ®−îc ph©n bè; trong
tr−êng hîp cña bªt«ng, ®ã lµ khèi v÷a mµ trong ®ã
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
c¸c h¹t cèt liÖu th« ®−îc ph©n bè; (2) trong tr−êng
hîp c¸c vËt liÖu composit cã sîi gia c−êng, ®ã lµ
thµnh phÇn vËt liÖu mµ trong ®ã cèt sîi ®−îc ph©n
bè.
mean sea level datum /mi:n si: 'levl 'deit”m/ n
cao tr×nh (mèc chuÈn) mùc n−íc biÓn trung b×nh:
Vertical control is based on mean sea level datum,
as defined by recently established YZ. Rapit Transit
System benchmarks, set near the tube terminals
under consideration: KiÓm so¸t cao ®é ®−îc dùa
trªn cao ®é mùc n−íc biÓn trung b×nh, nh− ®· x¸c
®Þnh bëi c¸c mèc chuÈn thiÕt lËp gÇn ®©y cho HÖ
thèng HÇm Qu¸ c¶nh Nhanh YZ, ®Æt gÇn víi c¸c
®Çu mèi (®iÓm cuèi) cña hÇm ®ang xÐt.
measurement /'meʒ”m”nt/ n sù ®o l−êng, phÐp
®o, ph−¬ng ph¸p ®o; sè ®o: Constant measurements
and visual inspection of tunnel behavior as well as of
the various means of support are an integral feature
of the NATM. These measurements guarantee
operational safety: Sù ®o ®¹c th−êng xuyªn vµ sù
kiÓm tra b»ng m¾t vÒ sù hµnh xö cña hÇm còng nh−
cña c¸c ph−¬ng tiÖn chèng ®ì lµ mét ®Æc tr−ng
kh«ng thÓ thiÕu cña NATM. C¸c ho¹t ®éng ®o l−êng
nµy ®¶m b¶o cho sù an toµn khi thi c«ng.
measurement of stress in shotcrete /'meʒ”m”nt
”v stres in '∫˜tkri:t/ n sù ®o øng suÊt trong bªt«ng
phun: This measurement is done inside tunnel, with
two items: stress in shotcrete and working load.
Results are used for studying appropriateness of
shotcrete thickness & strength, and studying load
sharing with steel support: PhÐp ®o nµy ®−îc tiÕn
hµnh bªn trong hÇm, víi hai kho¶n môc: øng suÊt
trong bªt«ng phun, vµ t¶i träng lµm viÖc. KÕt qu¶ ®o
®−îc dïng ®Ó nghiªn cøu ®é phï hîp cña chiÒu dµy
& c−êng ®é bªt«ng phun, vµ nghiªn cøu sù chia sÎ
t¶i träng víi c¸c vßm chèng thÐp.
measurement while drilling (MWD) /'meʒ”m”nt
wail 'driliη/ n ®o trong khi khoan: Instrumentation in
a bore that provides continuous data simultaneously
with drilling operations, usually transmitting to a
display at or near the drilling rig: Lµ sù ®o ®¹c theo
dâi trong mét hang khoan ®Ó cung cÊp sè liÖu liªn
tôc mét c¸ch ®ång thêi víi c«ng viÖc khoan, råi
th−êng truyÒn tíi mét mµn h×nh t¹i hoÆc gÇn gi¸
khoan.
measuring equipment/instruments/devices
/'me™”ri– i'kwipm”nt/ n thiÕt bÞ/dông cô ®o
l−êng/®o ®¹c: The metrological structural
monitoring of the tunnel driving in the soft ground
section can be carried out using a variety of
measuring equipment, such as piezometers, 3-D
 204
convergence measurements, extensometers,
distometers, cross-section surveys and steel
extension sensors (strain gauges): ViÖc ®o ®¹c theo
dâi kÕt cÊu cña viÖc ®µo hÇm trong ®o¹n ®Þa chÊt
yÕu cã thÓ tiÕn hµnh b»ng c¸ch sö dông mét lo¹t c¸c
thiÕt bÞ ®o ®¹c, nh− dông cô ®o ¸p suÊt/mùc n−íc
ngÇm, ®o héi tô 3-D, gi·n në kÕ, dông cô ®o biÕn
d¹ng xo¾n, kh¶o s¸t mÆt c¾t ngang vµ c¸c c¶m biÕn
gi·n në b»ng thÐp (hép ®o biÕn d¹ng).
measuring error /'meʒəriη 'erə/ n sai sè ®o.
mechanical bond /mi'k“nikl b˜nd/ n liªn kÕt c¬
khÝ: In general concrete construction, the physical
interlock between cement paste and aggregate, or
between concrete and reinforcement (specifically,
the sliding resistance of an embedded bar and not
the adhesive resistance): Trong thi c«ng bªt«ng nãi
chung, ®ã lµ sù khãa mãc liªn kÕt vËt lý gi÷a hå
xim¨ng vµ cèt liÖu, hoÆc gi÷a bªt«ng vµ cèt thÐp (nãi
mét c¸ch cô thÓ, ®ã lµ søc chèng tr−ît cña mét thanh
thÐp ch«n s½n, chø kh«ng ph¶i lµ søc bÒn dÝnh).
mechanical excavation /mi'k“nikl ,eksk”'vei∫n/ n
®µo b»ng c¬ khÝ: The removal of soil or rock by
means of heavy cutting or digging equipment (not
hand-held). Distinguished from hand mining and
drill-and-blast excavation: Lµ sù ®µo chuyÓn ®Êt ®¸
b»ng c¸c thiÕt bÞ ®µo hoÆc c¾t nÆng nÒ (kh«ng cÇm
tay ®−îc). Ph©n biÖt víi ®µo hÇm b»ng tay vµ ®µo
theo c¸ch khoan-næ.
mechanical parking /mi'k“nikl 'pa:ki–/ n ®ç xe
b»ng c¬ khÝ: A system for parking cars mechanically.
Allows the cars to be parked in less volume per car
which can be important in underground parking: Lµ
mét hÖ thèng ®Ó cho xe vµo gara b»ng c¬ khÝ. Cho
phÐp c¸c xe ®ç sao cho mçi xe chiÕm mét kh«ng gian
nhá h¬n, ®iÒu nµy rÊt quan träng trong gara ngÇm.
mechanical properties /mi'k“nikl 'pr˜p”tiz/ n c¸c
tÝnh chÊt c¬ häc: those properties of a material that
are associated with elastic and inelastic reaction
when force is applied, or which involve the
relationship between stress and strain: Lµ c¸c tÝnh
chÊt cña mét vËt liÖu mµ chóng ®i liÒn víi ph¶n øng
®µn håi vµ kh«ng ®µn håi khi t¸c dông lùc, hoÆc
chóng liªn quan ®Õn mèi liªn hÖ gi÷a øng suÊt vµ
biÕn d¹ng.
mechanical props repair = rerounding /mi'k“nikl
'pr˜pz ri'peə/ n söa n¾n trßn èng b»ng chèng c¬ khÝ.
mechanical soil stabilization /mi'k“nikl
s˜il ,steibəlai'zei∫n/ n æn ®Þnh hãa ®Êt b»ng ph−¬ng
ph¸p c¬ häc.
mechanical weathering /mi'k“nikl 'weθəriη/ n
phong hãa c¬ häc: There are two types of
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
weathering: mechanical weathering and chemical
weathering. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks
into different shapes and smaller pieces. Before
weathering occurs, rocks usually have sharp, jagged
edges. Weathering causes them to be smooth and
rounded. The causes of mechanical weathering such
as abrasion, frost, gravity, organic activity,
temperature, all have the same effect: they break
rocks into smaller pieces: Cã hai d¹ng phong hãa:
phong hãa c¬ häc vµ phong hãa hãa häc. Phong hãa
c¬ häc ph¸ vì ®¸ thµnh c¸c m¶nh nhá h¬n cã h×nh
d¹ng kh¸c nhau. Tr−íc khi phong hãa x¶y ra, ®¸
th−êng cã c¸c c¹nh s¾c, gå ghÒ. Sù phong hãa khiÕn
cho chóng trë nªn nh½n vµ trßn trÞa. C¸c nguyªn
nh©n phong hãa c¬ häc nh− mµi mßn, s−¬ng gi¸,
träng lùc, ho¹t ®éng cña chÊt h÷u c¬, nhiÖt ®é, ®Òu
cã cïng mét t¸c ®éng: chóng ph¸ vì ®¸ thµnh c¸c
m¶nh nhá h¬n.
mechanism /'mekənizm/ n c¬ cÊu, c¬ chÕ.
mechanized spraying /'mekənaizd spreiiη/ n phun
bªt«ng c¬ giíi hãa: Thanks to mechanized and
automated equipment (spraying manipulators or
robots) even large volumes of sprayed concrete -
dry-mix and wet-mix - can be applied under
constantly optimum conditions and without fatigue
for the nozzleman who also profits from higher
safety and improved general working conditions:
Nhê c¸c thiÕt bÞ c¬ giíi hãa vµ tù ®éng hãa (tay m¸y
hoÆc r«b«t phun) mµ nh÷ng l−îng lín bªt«ng - kÓ c¶
trén −ít vµ trén kh« - ®Òu cã thÓ phun ®−îc trong
nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn duy tr× tèi −u vµ kh«ng lµm mÖt nhäc
cho thî phun, ng−êi thî phun còng ®−îc lîi v× ®é an
toµn cao h¬n vµ ®iÒu kiÖn lµm viÖc chung ®−îc c¶i
thiÖn tèt h¬n o Benefits of mechanized spraying
includes: Reduced spraying cycles due to higher
output capacity and the elimination of time-
consuming installation and removal of the
scaffolding, particularly in tunnels with variable
profiles; Cost savings thanks to reduced rebound
and labour savings; Improved quality of the in-place
sprayed concrete thanks to even spraying; Improved
working conditions for the nozzleman thanks to
protection from cave-ins, rebound, dust and
accelerators: Lîi Ých cña viÖc phun bªt«ng c¬ giíi
hãa gåm cã: Rót ng¾n chu kú phun nhê n¨ng suÊt
cao h¬n, nhê lo¹i bá ®−îc viÖc l¾p r¸p vµ th¸o dì
c¸c giµn gi¸o rÊt mÊt thêi gian, ®Æc biÖt lµ trong
hÇm cã tiÕt diÖn thay ®æi; TiÕt kiÖm gi¸ thµnh nhê
l−îng n¶y bËt r¬i v·i gi¶m vµ tiÕt kiÖm nh©n c«ng;
N©ng cao chÊt l−îng cña bªt«ng phun t¹i chç nhê
phun ®Òu ®Æn; §iÒu kiÖn lao ®éng tèt h¬n cho c«ng
 205
nh©n phun nhê ®−îc b¶o vÖ khái sù sËp lë ®Êt ®¸,
bËt n¶y vËt liÖu, bôi vµ phô gia ®éc h¹i.
mechanized tunnelling /'mekənaizd 'tʌnliô/ n ®µo
hÇm c¬ giíi: The shield method is a tunnelling
method using a steel tube (shield) to support
temporarily the face in ground and secure the safety
of both of excavation and lining works which are
performed inside shield. This method is a
mechanized tunnelling method and adopted in
tunnelling works in soft ground in the world: Ph−¬ng
ph¸p khiªn ®µo lµ mét ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo hÇm b»ng
c¸ch sö dông mét èng thÐp (gäi lµ khiªn) ®Ó chèng
®ì t¹m thêi cho g−¬ng hÇm trong ®Êt vµ ®¶m b¶o sù
an toµn cho c«ng t¸c ®µo ®Êt còng nh− x©y vá hÇm,
v× hai c«ng viÖc nµy ®−îc thùc hiÖn trong lßng khiªn.
Ph−¬ng ph¸p nµy lµ mét ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo hÇm c¬
giíi vµ ®−îc øng dông trong c«ng t¸c x©y dùng hÇm
trong ®Êt yÕu trªn toµn thÕ giíi.
medical air lock /'medikl e” l˜k/ n khoang khÝ
nÐn cÊp cøu: A lock to which men suffering from
compressed air diseases (bends) may be removed for
medical attention: Lµ mét khoang ®iÒu ¸p mµ nh÷ng
ng−êi bÞ m¾c ph¶i bÖnh khÝ nÐn sÏ ®−îc chuyÓn tíi
®ã ®Ó ®−îc ch¨m sãc y tÕ.
medium voltage supply /'mi:di”m 'voultidʒ
s”'plai/ n cung cÊp ®iÖn ¸p trung b×nh, nguån/m¹ng
®iÖn trung thÕ: The supply of electricity if the
difference of potential between any two points of the
circuit may, at any time, exceed 300 volts, but which
shall not exceed 650 volts: Cung cÊp ®iÖn trong ®ã
chªnh lÖch ®iÖn thÕ gi÷a hai ®iÓm bÊt kú trong m¹ch
®iÖn, vµo thêi ®iÓm bÊt kú, cã thÓ lín h¬n 300 v«n,
nh−ng kh«ng v−ît v−ît qu¸ 650 v«n.
mesh = wire mesh /me∫/ n l−íi thÐp: Wire mesh
may be used in conjunction with rock bolts and
anchors or bracing to help protect workers from
debris falling from tunnel face: L−íi thÐp cã thÓ
dïng kÕt hîp víi bul«ng vµ neo hay gi»ng chèng ®Ó
hç trî b¶o vÖ c«ng nh©n khái ®¸ r¬i tõ g−¬ng hÇm.
metal /'metl/ n kim lo¹i: The application of metals
in civil engineering are many and varied, ranging
from their use as main structural materials to their
use for fastenings and bearing materials: ViÖc øng
dông c¸c kim lo¹i trong ngµnh kü thuËt d©n dông lµ
rÊt nhiÒu vµ kh¸c nhau, tõ viÖc sö dông chóng nh− lµ
vËt liÖu kÕt cÊu chñ yÕu ®Õn viÖc dïng chóng cho c¸c
môc ®Ých liªn kÕt vµ lµm bÖ ®ì (b¶n ®Öm).
metal-induced pollution /'metl in'dju:s p”'lu:∫n/ n
« nhiÔm do kim lo¹i.
metamorphic /,met”'m˜:fik/ adj thuéc ®¸ biÕn
chÊt: General term for any rock formed by
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
mineralogical, chemical, and structural adjustment
of pre-existing rocks due to changed physical and
chemical conditions (excluding near-surface
weathering and cementation effects): Mét thuËt ng÷
chung chØ bÊt kú lo¹i ®¸ nµo h×nh thµnh tõ sù ®iÒu
chØnh (biÕn ®æi) vÒ cÊu t¹o, vÒ hãa häc vµ kho¸ng
vËt häc cña c¸c ®¸ cã tr−íc do c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn vËt lý
vµ hãa häc thay ®æi (ngo¹i trõ sù phong hãa vµ c¸c
t¸c ®éng xim¨ng hãa gÇn-bÒ mÆt)
metamorphic rock /,met”'m˜:fik r˜k/ n ®¸ biÕn
chÊt: Metamorphic rocks form when existing rocks
are subjected to physical or chemical forces and new
minerals and/or textures are developed: §¸ biÕn
chÊt h×nh thµnh khi c¸c ®¸ hiÖn t¹i chÞu t¸c dông cña
nh÷ng lùc vËt lý hay hãa häc, vµ c¸c kho¸ng vËt
vµ/hoÆc c¸c cÊu tróc míi sÏ h×nh thµnh.
metamorphism /,met”'m˜:fizm/ n qu¸ tr×nh
(sù) biÕn chÊt: Metamorphism is primarily a
recrystallization process, whereby elements are
redistributed into new minerals; there is only very
limited movement into or out of the rock, and so the
chemical composition remains essentially the same
as in the original rock: Sù biÕn chÊt chñ yÕu lµ mét
qu¸ tr×nh t¸i kÕt tinh, trong ®ã c¸c nguyªn tè ®−îc
ph©n bè l¹i thµnh c¸c kho¸ng vËt míi; chØ cã rÊt Ýt
chuyÓn ®éng ra hoÆc vµo khèi ®¸, vµ nh− vËy thµnh
phÇn hãa häc vÉn c¬ b¶n gi÷ nguyªn nh− trong ®¸
gèc.
metering equipment /'mi:t”ri– i'kwipm”nt/ n thiÕt
bÞ ®o l−êng: All measuring equipment for batching
and mixing shotcrete shall be maintained in a clean
and serviceable condition and shall be zeroed daily
and calibrated monthly: Mäi thiÕt bÞ ®o l−êng dïng
®Ó c©n ®ong vµ trén bªt«ng phun ®Òu ph¶i ®−îc b¶o
d−ìng trong ®iÒu kiÖn s¹ch sÏ vµ s½n sµng lµm viÖc,
vµ hµng ngµy ph¶i ®−îc ®iÒu chØnh vÒ kh«ng vµ ®−îc
hiÖu chØnh h»ng th¸ng.
method of attack with several drifts /'me•”d ”v
ə'tæk/ n ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo hÇm b»ng mét sè g−¬ng
hÇm nhá.
method of forecast /'me•”d ”v 'f˜:ca:st/ n ph−¬ng
ph¸p dù b¸o.
method of investigation /'me•”d in٫vesti'gei∫n/ n
ph−¬ng ph¸p ®iÒu tra kh¶o s¸t.
methane /'mi:•ein/ n khÝ mªtan: Methane CH4,
being lighter than air, tends to gather in pockets in
the roof of tunnels. In order to prevent concentration
of methane obove a safe level (not over 1%), it is
necessary to provide ample ventilation with small
blow pipes or exhaust ducts, directed into pockets
where the lighter methane gas tends to concentrate:
 206
Mªtan CH4 nhÑ h¬n kh«ng khÝ vµ cã xu h−íng tÝch tô
trong c¸c hèc trªn nãc hÇm. §Ó tr¸nh sù tËp trung
mªtan qu¸ møc an toµn (h¬n 1%), cÇn ph¶i th«ng
giã thËt tèt b»ng c¸c èng thæi nhá hoÆc c¸c èng hót
x¶, chÜa vµo c¸c hèc chøa khÝ mµ t¹i ®ã mªtan nhÑ
h¬n cã chiÒu h−íng tËp trung vµo.
metro /'metrou/ n mªtr«, hÖ thèng tµu ®iÖn ngÇm: A
rail-based urban mass transport system - usually
with a substantial portion of the route length
underground: Lµ hÖ thèng vËn t¶i lín trong ®« thÞ
ch¹y trªn ®−êng ray - th−êng cã mét phÇn lín chiÒu
dµi tuyÕn ®i ngÇm.
micropore /'maikrou,pɔ:/ n lç rçng vi m«:
Intraaggregate capillaries responsible for the
retention of water and solutes: Lµ c¸c mao m¹ch bªn
trong c¸c h¹t ®Êt cã nhiÖm vô gi÷ n−íc vµ c¸c chÊt
tan.
microporosity /'maikrou,p˜:'r˜siti/ n ®é rçng vi
m«: Intragranular porosity and microscopic
intergranular porosity with submicroscopic pore
throats: Lµ ®é rçng nhá bªn trong c¸c h¹t ®Êt vµ ®é
rçng vi m« gi÷a c¸c h¹t ®Êt víi c¸c häng lç rçng siªu
hiÓn vi.
microsilica = silica fume /,maikrou'silik”/ n muéi
(h¬i/bät) microsilica; silic ®i«xyt mÞn: An
amorphous silica of high silica content and purity
possessing high pozzolanic activity: Lµ lo¹i «xyt silic
v« ®Þnh h×nh cã ®é tinh khiÕt vµ hµm l−îng «xyt silic
cao, cã ho¹t tÝnh puz¬lan cao o Also call silica
fume, this material replaces a small percentage of
the cement content, not as much for its best-known
attribute of improving concrete strength, as for its
welcome side effects of increased adhesion,
improved impermeability, reduction of required
accelerator, and, for dry-mix shotcrete, considerably
reduced rebound and dust when gunning: Còng ®−îc
gäi lµ silica fume (muéi ®i«xit silic), vËt liÖu nµy
thay thÕ cho mét l−îng phÇn tr¨m nhá xim¨ng, còng
kh«ng h¼n v× thuéc tÝnh ng−êi ta th−êng nghÜ lµ c¶i
thiÖn c−êng ®é bªt«ng cña nã, mµ lµ v× hiÖu øng phô
cã lîi cña nã lµm t¨ng tÝnh dÝnh b¸m, t¨ng ®é chèng
thÊm, gi¶m l−îng phô gia, vµ, ®èi víi bªt«ng phun
kh«, gi¶m ®¸ng kÓ l−îng bôi vµ bËt n¶y r¬i v·i khi
phun.
microtunneling /,maikrou'tʌnliô/ n lµm hÇm nhá:
Method of steerable remote control pipe jacking to
install pipes of internal diameter less than that
permissible for man-entry. In North America the
term is used to describe remote control continuous
pipe jacking in all diameters: Lµ ph−¬ng ph¸p kÝch
®Èy èng ®iÒu khiÓn tõ xa cã l¸i h−íng ®Ó thi c«ng c¸c
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
®−êng èng cã ®−êng kÝnh trong nhá h¬n kÝch th−íc
cho phÐp sù cã mÆt cña con ng−êi. T¹i B¾c Mü tõ
nµy ®−îc dïng ®Ó chØ viÖc kÝch ®Èy èng liªn tôc ®iÒu
khiÓn tõ xa víi mäi ®−êng kÝnh.
microtunneling (techniques) /,maikrou'tʌnliô/ n
[kü thuËt] lµm hÇm nhá: Europeans define
microtunneling with an upper limit of 36 inches in
diameter. In the U.S. an upper limit is not generally
set. Remote operation of the boring machine without
manned entry is the key. Microtunneling technology
involves the excavation of “jacking” and
“receiving” pits between which the pipeline is
pushed and received, respectively: Ng−êi ch©u ¢u
®Þnh nghÜa lµm hÇm nhá víi giíi h¹n trªn cña ®−êng
kÝnh hÇm lµ 0,91 m. ë Mü nãi chung kh«ng quy ®Þnh
vÒ giíi h¹n trªn. YÕu tè chÝnh ë ®©y lµ sù vËn hµnh
tõ xa m¸y khoan hÇm mµ kh«ng cÇn ng−êi tiÕp cËn.
C«ng nghÖ nµy ®ßi hái ph¶i ®µo c¸c hè “kÝch” vµ hè
“nhËn” ®Ó ®Èy vµ nhËn ®o¹n ®−êng èng.
mill test /mil test/ n sù thÝ nghiÖm t¹i nhµ m¸y
mine engineer /'main ,end™i'ni”/ n kü s− má: A
Mine Engineer is a trained engineer with the
knowledge of the science, economics, and arts of
mineral location, extraction, concentration and sale,
and the administrative and financial problems of
importance in connection with the profitable conduct
of mining: Kü s− má lµ kü s− ®−îc ®µo t¹o c¸c kiÕn
thøc vÒ khoa häc, kinh tÕ vµ kü thuËt liªn quan ®Õn vÞ
trÝ quÆng, khai th¸c, tr÷ l−îng vµ doanh thu kho¸ng
s¶n, còng nh− c¸c vÊn ®Ò qu¶n lý vµ tµi chÝnh quan
träng nh»m khai th¸c má sao cho cã lîi nhuËn.
mine gas /'main g“s/ n khÝ má: Mine gases
may consist of oxigen O2, methane CH4, carbon
dioxide CO2, carbon monoxide CO, hydrogen sulfide
H2S, ethane C2H6, propane C3H8, butane C4H10,
nitrogen dioxide NO2, hydrogen H2, nitrogen N2 and
sulfur dioxide SO2. Gases that are dangerous to
breathe comprise CO2, CO, H2S, NO2, SO2. In
general most gases may be flammable or explosive
with a certain percentage by volume in air (except
for NO2 and N2): C¸c khÝ trong hÇm lß cã thÓ bao
gåm «xi, mªtan, ®i«xit cacbon, monoxit cacbon,
sunfua hy®r«, ªtan, pr«pan, butan, «xit nit¬, hy®r«,
nit¬ vµ ®i«xit l−u huúnh. C¸c khÝ nguy hiÓm khi hÝt
ph¶i lµ CO2, CO, H2S, NO2, SO2. Nãi chung tÊt c¶
c¸c khÝ ®Òu cã thÓ b¾t ch¸y hay næ víi mét phÇn
tr¨m thÓ tÝch nhÊt ®Þnh trong kh«ng khÝ (trõ NO2 vµ
N2).
mine straps /'main str“ps/ n d¶i/b¶n thÐp gia cè
hÇm: Steel bands on the order of 12 in. wide and
several feet long designed to span between rock
 207
bolts and provide additional rock mass support: Lµ
c¸c b¨ng thÐp réng kho¶ng 30cm vµ dµi vµi mÐt ®−îc
thiÕt kÕ ®Ó gi»ng gi÷a c¸c bul«ng neo vµ t¹o ra søc
chèng ®ì bæ sung cho khèi ®¸.
mined construction /maind k”n'strʌk∫n/ n thi
c«ng theo ph−¬ng ph¸p má: Construction
underground with only limited points of access from
the surface: X©y dùng ngÇm chØ víi mét sè h¹n chÕ
c¸c ®iÓm tiÕp cËn tõ trªn bÒ mÆt.
mined tunnel /maind 'tʌnl/ n hÇm thi c«ng theo
ph−¬ng ph¸p má: A tunnel excavated without
removing the overlying rock or soil and, except for
shaft connections, open to the surface only at one or
both ends during construction: Mét hÇm ®µo mµ
kh«ng cÇn lo¹i bæ líp ®Êt hay ®¸ n»m phÝa trªn, vµ,
ngo¹i trõ ®èi víi c¸c ®iÓm th«ng víi giÕng ®øng, më
lèi lªn bÒ mÆt chØ t¹i mét hay c¶ hai ®Çu trong suèt
qu¸ tr×nh x©y dùng.
miner /'main”/ n thî má, thî hÇm; m¸y ®µo hÇm,
m¸y khai th¸c má: A skilled underground worker.
Miners should be well equiped so that they can be
familiar with and able to handle both hard rock and
soft ground: Lµ ng−êi c«ng nh©n cã kü n¨ng lµm viÖc
d−íi ngÇm. Nh÷ng ng−êi thî lµm hÇm ph¶i ®−îc
trang bÞ kiÕn thøc tèt ®Ó cã thÓ quen thuéc víi vµ cã
kh¶ n¨ng xö lý thi c«ng c¶ hai lo¹i ®Þa chÊt ®¸ cøng
vµ ®Êt mÒm.
mineral /'min”r”l/ n kho¸ng vËt: Naturally
occurring inorganic element or compound with an
orderly internal structure, and characteristic
chemical composition and physical properties: Lµ
nguyªn tè hay hîp chÊt v« c¬ h×nh thµnh trong tù
nhiªn víi mét cÊu tróc bªn trong chÆt chÏ, vµ cã
thµnh phÇn hãa häc còng nh− c¸c tÝnh chÊt vËt lý
®Æc tr−ng.
mineralization /,minərəlai'zei∫n/ n sù kho¸ng vËt
khãa: A natural aggregate of one or more metallic
minerals: Lµ sù cè kÕt tù nhiªn cña mét hay nhiÒu
kho¸ng vËt kim lo¹i.
mineralized /'minərəlaizd/ adj kho¸ng khãa:
Mineral-bearing; the minerals may have been either
a part of the original rock unit or injected at a later
time: Cã chøa kho¸ng vËt; c¸c kho¸ng vËt cã thÓ ®·
tõng lµ mét phÇn cña khèi ®¸ ban ®Çu, hoÆc ®· ®−îc
l«i kÐo vµo ë mét thêi ®iÓm muén h¬n.
mini bench cut /mini bent∫ cʌt/ n khai ®µo theo
tõng bËc thÒm nhá.
mining /'mainiô/ n sù khai má: The process
of digging below the surface of the ground to extract
ore or to produce a passageway such as a tunnel: Lµ
qu¸ tr×nh ®µo ngÇm bªn d−íi mÆt ®Êt ®Ó khai th¸c
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
quÆng hoÆc ®Ó t¹o ra mét lèi ®i ch¼ng h¹n nh− hÇm
o The tunnels constructed by mining methods refer
to those that are constructed without removing the
overlying rock or soil. The most important limitation
on mining method is the capability to control the
inflow of ground water into the tunnel heading: C¸c
hÇm thi c«ng b»ng ph−¬ng ph¸p má lµ nh÷ng hÇm
®−îc x©y dùng mµ kh«ng bãc ®i líp ®Êt hay ®¸ bªn
trªn. H¹n chÕ quan träng nhÊt trong ph−¬ng ph¸p
®µo hÇm theo lèi khai má, lµ kh¶ n¨ng kiÓm so¸t
®−îc dßng n−íc x©m nhËp vµo g−¬ng lß.
mining engineer /'mainiô ,endʒi'niə/ n kü s−
má: A person qualified by education, training, and
experience in mining engineering. A trained
engineer with knowledge of the science, economics,
and arts of mineral location, extraction,
concentration and sale, and the administrative and
financial problems of practical importance in
connection with the profitable conduct of mining: Lµ
mét ng−êi cã ®ñ chuyªn m«n vÒ mÆt gi¸o dôc, huÊn
luyÖn, vµ kinh nghiÖm trong ngµnh c«ng nghiÖp má.
Lµ mét kü s− ®−îc ®µo t¹o víi kiÕn thøc vÒ khoa häc,
kinh tÕ, vµ nghÖ thuËt t×m kiÕm, khai th¸c, tinh chÕ
vµ b¸n kho¸ng s¶n, còng nh− c¸c vÊn ®Ò vÒ tµi chÝnh
vµ qu¶n lý thùc dông trong khi tiÕn hµnh khai má
sinh lîi nhuËn.
mining subsidence /'mainiô səb'saidəns/ n lón
do ®µo hÇm.
mining technique /'mainiô tek'ni:k/ n kü thuËt ®µo
hÇm/khai má.
minor principal stress /'main” 'prins”pl stres/ n
øng suÊt chÝnh nhá nhÊt: The normal stress
represented by the smaller value of the intersection
of the Mohr stress circle with the normal stress axis:
Lµ øng suÊt ph¸p thÓ hiÖn bëi gi¸ trÞ nhá h¬n cña
giao c¾t gi÷a vßng trßn øng suÊt Mohr víi trôc øng
suÊt ph¸p.
misfire (missed hole) /'mis'fai”/ n lç m×n c©m: A
drill hole in which all part of the explosive has failed
to detonate. Blasting caps from different
manufacturers may have different characteristics
and will likely lead to misfires (undetonated holes) if
used in the same blast: Lµ mét lç khoan trong ®ã
toµn bé thuèc næ ®· kh«ng ®−îc kÝch næ. KÝp næ cña
c¸c nhµ s¶n xuÊt kh¸c nhau cã thÓ cã nh÷ng tÝnh
chÊt kh«ng nh− nhau, vµ rÊt cã thÓ sÏ dÉn tíi cã c¸c
lç m×n c©m (lç kh«ng næ) nÕu sö dông trong cïng
mét ph¸t m×n o Don't drill, bore, or pick out a
charge of explosive materials that has misfired.
Misfires should be handled only by or under the
direction of a competent and experienced person:
Kh«ng ®−îc khoan, xoi ®µo, hay mãc lÊy ra cét
 208
thuèc næ ch−a ®−îc kÝch næ. C¸c lç m×n c©m chØ
®−îc phÐp xö lý bëi hoÆc d−íi sù h−íng dÉn cña mét
ng−êi cã kinh nghiÖm vµ thÈm quyÒn.
mismatch /mis'm“t‘/ n sù ghÐp kh«ng khíp nhau,
l−îng vªnh: Dimensions of individual precast
concrete ring segments should be within the
tolerances as follows: width of sealing groove ¡1
mm, mismatch of sealing groove at corners < 1 mm:
C¸c kÝch th−íc cña ®o¹n vßng vá hÇm bªt«ng ®óc
s½n ph¶i n»m trong kho¶ng dung sai nh− sau: bÒ
réng r·nh tr¸m (khe ®én, bÝt kÝn) lµ ¡1mm, l−îng
vªnh cña r·nh bÝt t¹i c¸c gãc lµ < 1mm.
mismatching /mis'm“t‘iô/ n sù kh«ng t−¬ng hîp,
sù kh«ng khíp.
misrouting /'mis'ru:tiô/ n sù dÉn h−íng sai.
mitigation /,miti'gei∫n/ n sù lµm nhÑ bít: The
lessening of a problem by an action or change in
design: Lµ sù lµm nhÑ bít mét vÊn ®Ò nhê mét hµnh
®éng hay thay ®æi vÒ thiÕt kÕ.
mix /miks/ n hçn hîp: Mixture of materials
including cement, aggregates, additives, admixtures,
and, possibly fibers used to make concrete or
shotcrete (sprayed concrete) : Lµ hçn hîp cña c¸c
vËt liÖu nh− xim¨ng, cèt liÖu, chÊt ®én, phô gia, vµ
®«i khi c¶ sîi thÐp ®Ó chÕ t¹o bªt«ng hay bªt«ng
phun.
mix design /miks di'zain/ n hçn hîp thiÕt kÕ:
Concrete mix design can be defined as the procedure
by which, for any given set of conditions, the
proportions of the constituent materials are chosen
so as to produce a concrete with all the required
properties for the minimum cost: ThiÕt kÕ hçn hîp
bªt«ng lµ mét thñ tôc, víi bÊt cø tËp hîp ®iÒu kiÖn
nµo cho tr−íc, mµ nhê ®ã tû lÖ c¸c vËt liÖu thµnh
phÇn ®−îc lùa chän sao cho t¹o ®−îc mét thø bªt«ng
cã mäi tÝnh chÊt yªu cÇu víi gi¸ thµnh nhá nhÊt o
Overall, the mix design should keep the
Water/Cement ratio and the cement factor as low as
possible and the coarse aggregate fraction as large
as practicable: Nãi chung, thiÕt kÕ hçn hîp ph¶i gi÷
tû lÖ N/X vµ hÖ sè xim¨ng cµng thÊp cµng tèt còng
nh− tû lÖ cèt liÖu th« cµng lín cµng hay.
mixed face /mikst feis/ n g−¬ng ®µo hçn hîp:
The portion of a tunnel where both rock and soft
ground occur in the same cross-section: PhÇn cña
mét ®−êng hÇm n¬i mµ c¶ ®¸ cøng vµ ®Êt yÕu xuÊt
hiÖn trªn cïng mét mÆt c¾t ngang o Mixed face
tunneling is slow and tedious and will increase the
cost three or five times: §µo hÇm qua ®Þa chÊt hçn
hîp sÏ chËm vµ vÊt v¶, nã sÏ lµm t¨ng chi phÝ lªn tõ
ba tíi n¨m lÇn.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
mixed ground /mikst graund/ n nÒn ®Êt/®Þa chÊt hçn
hîp: For tunnel construction, one of the most
difficult features of weathered rocks is the potential
for mixed conditions which include flowing or
ravelling ground in conjunction with rock that is
strong and difficult to excavate. Such conditions are
often found in weathered rocks, due to uneven
penetration of weathering into the rock mass. It
would be wise when planning a tunnel route to
account for this fact and to consciously opt for either
predominantly soft (shallow) or hard (deep) rock
conditions to minimise the difficulties resulting from
the mixed ground: Trong thi c«ng hÇm, mét trong
nh÷ng ®iÓm khã kh¨n nhÊt cña ®¸ phong hãa lµ kh¶
n¨ng xuÊt hiÖn c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn hçn hîp mµ chóng cã
®Êt yÕu ch¶y láng kÕt hîp víi ®¸ cøng khã ®µo. C¸c
®iÒu kiÖn nh− vËy th−êng thÊy trong c¸c lo¹i ®¸ ®·
bÞ phong hãa, do sù x©m nhËp kh«ng ®Òu cña qu¸
tr×nh phong hãa vµo bªn trong khèi ®¸. Trong khi
v¹ch tuyÕn hÇm, sÏ lµ kh«n ngoan nÕu tÝnh ®Õn thùc
tÕ nµy vµ tiÕn hµnh thiÕt kÕ mét c¸ch chñ ®éng víi
c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ®Êt mÒm ë n«ng hoÆc ®¸ cøng ë s©u
nh»m gi¶m thiÓu nh÷ng khã kh¨n sinh ra tõ ®Þa chÊt
hçn hîp.
mixed-face tunnel /mikst feis 'tʌnl/ n hÇm cã
g−¬ng ®µo víi ®Þa chÊt hçn hîp: A tunnel requiring
excavation of both earth and rock materials in the
same heading at the same time. Some owners may
extend the definition of rock to include boulders
larger that 3 ft in diameter because of similar
difficulties of removal: Lµ mét hÇm ®ßi hái ph¶i ®µo
c¶ vËt liÖu ®Êt vµ ®¸ trong cïng mét g−¬ng ®µo t¹i
cïng thêi ®iÓm. Mét sè chñ dÇu t− cã thÓ më réng
®Þnh nghÜa vÒ ®¸ ®Ó bao gåm c¶ c¸c t¶ng ®¸ ®−êng
kÝnh lín h¬n 0,9m do nh÷ng khã kh¨n t−¬ng tù trong
viÖc ®µo vµ dêi chuyÓn chóng.
mixed-in-place pile /mikst-in-pleis pail/ n cäc ®Êt
trén t¹i chç: A soil-cement pile, formed in place by
forcing a grout mixture through a hollow shaft into
the ground where it is mixed with the in-place soil
with an auger-like head attached to the hollow shaft:
Lµ mét cäc ®Êt-xim¨ng, t¹o thµnh t¹i chç b»ng c¸ch
®−a c−ìng bøc mét hçn hîp v÷a qua mét thanh trôc
rçng vµo nÒn ®Êt, ë ®ã nã ®−îc trén víi ®Êt t¹i chç
b»ng mét ®Çu trén kiÓu ruét gµ l¾p trªn thanh trôc
rçng.
mixer /'miks”/ n thiÕt bÞ trén, m¸y trén: All
concrete shall be mixed in batch mixers. Each mixer
shall have attached to it in a prominent place a
manufacturer's plate showing the capacity of the
drum in terms of volume of mixed concrete and the
speed of rotation of mixing drum: Toµn bé bªt«ng
 209
®Òu ph¶i trén b»ng c¸c thiÕt bÞ trén theo mÎ. Mçi
m¸y trén ph¶i g¾n trªn nã t¹i mét vÞ trÝ næi bËt mét
b¶ng hiÖu cña nhµ s¶n xuÊt thÓ hiÖn c«ng suÊt cña
thïng trén theo thÓ tÝch bªt«ng trén ®−îc, vµ tèc ®é
quay cña trèng trén.
mixing /miksiô/ n sù trén hçn hîp, sù khuÊy
trén.
mixing cycle /miksiô 'saikl/ n chu kú trén: the time
taken for the loading, mixing, and unloading cycle:
Lµ thêi gian cÇn cho chu tr×nh n¹p vËt liÖu, trén, vµ
x¶ vËt liÖu.
mixing time /miksiô taim/ n thêi gian trén hçn
hîp bªt«ng: Mixing time could be determined by the
Engineer in accordance with JIS A 1119. Otherwise
the mixing time shall be longer than 1 ½ minutes
after all the materials have been introduced into the
mixer, but in no case shall the mixing time exceed
three times the mixing time prescribed above: Thêi
gian trén bªt«ng cã thÓ ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh bëi T− vÊn
theo tiªu chuÈn JIS A 1119. HoÆc lµ, thêi gian trén
sÏ ph¶i l©u h¬n 1,5 phót sau khi mäi vËt liÖu ®· ®−îc
®−a vµo trong thïng trén, nh−ng thêi gian trén
kh«ng bao giê ®−îc phÐp v−ît qu¸ ba lÇn gi¸ trÞ ®·
nãi ë trªn.
mixshield /mik∫i:ld/ n khiªn ®µo hçn hîp:
Enhanced slurry shield technology with additional
safety for difficult geologies and larger diameters.
Control of the support pressure via an adjustable
compressed air cushion. It is often also called hydro
shield: Lµ c«ng nghÖ khiªn ®µo d¹ng bïn v÷a c¶i
tiÕn cã ®é an toµn cao h¬n ®èi víi c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa
chÊt khã kh¨n vµ c¸c ®−êng kÝnh hÇm lín. ViÖc kiÓm
so¸t ¸p lùc chèng ®ì g−¬ng ®−îc thùc hiÖn th«ng
qua mét ®Öm khÝ nÐn cã thÓ ®iÒu chØnh ®−îc. Nã
còng th−êng ®−îc gäi lµ khiªn thñy lùc.
mobile miner /'moubail 'main”/ n m¸y ®µo hÇm di
®éng.
mobilization of consultant /,moubilai'zei∫n/ n
huy ®éng: The preparation of the consultant’s team
just prior to the fielding of services: Lµ sù chuÈn bÞ
cña nhµ t− vÊn ngay tr−íc khi triÓn khai dÞch vô t−
vÊn t¹i dù ¸n.
modal /'moudl/ adj thuéc d¹ng dao ®éng: A term
referring natural modes of vibration or their
properties, for example, modal damping: Mét thuËt
ng÷ nãi ®Õn c¸c d¹ng dao ®éng tù nhiªn hoÆc c¸c
tÝnh chÊt cña chóng, vÝ dô nh− gi¶m chÊn.
mode shape /moud ‘eip/ n d¹ng dao ®éng: The
shape a structure assumes when it oscillates solely
at one of its natural frequencies. Mathematically, a
mode shape is an eigenvector of the eigenvalue
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
problem posed by linear, free vibration of a
structure: Lµ h×nh d¹ng mµ mét kÕt cÊu tr¶i qua khi
nã dao ®éng t¹i chØ mét trong sè nhiÒu tÇn sè tù
nhiªn cña nã. VÒ mÆt to¸n häc, mét d¹ng dao ®éng
lµ mét gi¸ trÞ riªng cña bµi to¸n trÞ riªng ®Æt ra bëi
sù dao ®éng tù do, tuyÕn tÝnh cña mét kÕt cÊu.
modified sliplining = lining with close-fit pipes
/'mɔdifai sliplainiη/ n luån èng c¶i tiÕn = lµm vá
èng b»ng tiÕp gi¸p khÝt.
modifier /'mɔdifaiə/ n chÊt ®én: in grouting, an
additive used to change the normal chemical
reaction or final physical properties of a grout
system: Trong b¬m v÷a, ®ã lµ mét chÊt thªm vµo
dïng ®Ó lµm thay ®æi ph¶n øng hãa häc b×nh th−êng
hoÆc c¸c tÝnh chÊt vËt lý cuèi cïng cña mét hÖ thèng
v÷a.
modulus of deformation /'m˜djul”s/ /di:f˜:'mei‘n/
n m« ®un biÕn d¹ng: The elastic modulus relates the
change in applied stress to the change in the
resulting strain. Mathematically, it is expressed as
the slope of a given stress-strain response. The
modulus of deformation is determined from the slope
of the secant line established between zero and some
specified stress level on the typical stress-strain
curve of in-situ rock mass. The stress level is usually
specified as the maximum or peak stress: M«®un ®µn
håi liªn hÖ sù thay ®æi vÒ øng suÊt t¸c dông víi sù
thay ®æi vÒ biÕn d¹ng sinh ra. VÒ mÆt to¸n häc, nã
®−îc biÓu thÞ nh− lµ ®é dèc cña mét ®−êng cong ®¸p
øng øng suÊt-biÕn d¹ng ®· cho. M«®un biÕn d¹ng
®−îc x¸c ®Þnh tõ ®é dèc cña ®−êng c¸t tuyÕn ®i qua
gèc täa ®é vµ mét gi¸ trÞ øng suÊt quy −íc nµo ®ã
trªn ®−êng cong øng suÊt-biÕn d¹ng ®iÓn h×nh cña
khèi ®¸ hiÖn tr−êng. Gi¸ trÞ øng suÊt ®ã th−êng ®−îc
quy ®Þnh nh− lµ gi¸ trÞ øng suÊt ®Ønh hay lín nhÊt o
The modulus of deformation can also be calculated
using formulae derived empirically from in-situ
testing and correction factors that were developed
by laboratory testing: M«®un ®µn håi còng cã thÓ
tÝnh ®−îc b»ng c¸c c«ng thøc t×m ra b»ng thùc
nghiÖm th«ng qua thÝ nghiÖm hiÖn tr−êng vµ c¸c hÖ
sè hiÖu chØnh lÊy tõ thÝ nghiÖm trong phßng.
modulus of elasticity = modulus of deformation
/'m˜djul”s ”v ,el“s'tisiti/ n m« ®un ®µn håi: The
modulus of elasticity is defined as the ratio of load
per unit area (stress) to the extension (elastic
deformation) per unit length (strain), e.g. in the
linear elastic range of the typical load - extension
curve for mild steel and copper: M«®un ®µn håi
®−îc ®Þnh nghÜa lµ tû sè gi÷a t¶i träng trªn mét ®¬n
vÞ diÖn tÝch (øng suÊt) vµ ®é d·n dµi (biÕn d¹ng ®µn
håi) trªn mét ®¬n vÞ chiÒu dµi (biÕn d¹ng), v.d. trong
 210
vïng ®µn håi tuyÕn tÝnh cña ®−êng cong t¶i träng -
d·n dµi ®iÓn h×nh cña thÐp c¸cbon thÊp vµ ®ång o
The ratio of stress to strain for a material under
given loading conditions; numerically equal to the
slope of the tangent or the secant of a stress-strain
curve. The use of the term modulus of elasticity is
recommended for materials that deform in
accordance with Hooke’s law; the term modulus of
deformation for materials that deform otherwise: Lµ
tû sè gi÷a øng suÊt vµ biÕn d¹ng ®èi víi mét vËt liÖu
d−íi c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn chÞu t¶i nhÊt ®Þnh; vÒ mÆt sè häc
nã t−¬ng ®−¬ng víi ®é dèc cña tiÕp tuyÕn hoÆc c¸t
tuyÕt cña mét ®−êng cong øng suÊt-biÕn d¹ng. ViÖc
dïng thut ng÷ m«®un ®µn håi lµ nªn dïng cho c¸c
vËt liÖu mµ chóng biÕn d¹ng theo ®Þnh luËt Hooke;
thuËt ng÷ m«®un biÕn d¹ng dïng cho c¸c vËt liÖu mµ
chóng biÕn d¹ng kiÓu kh¸c.
modulus of rupture /'m˜djul”s ”v 'rʌpt‘”/ n
m«®un ph¸ ho¹i: a measure of the ultimate load-
carrying capacity of a beam tested in flexure. (See
also flexural strength): Lµ mét sè ®o vÒ kh¶ n¨ng
chÞu t¶i tíi h¹n cña mét dÇm ®−îc thÝ nghiÖm chÞu
uèn (xem thªm tõ flexural strength).
Mohr-Coulomb model /m˜:-'ku:l˜m 'm˜dl/ n m«
h×nh Mo-Cul«ng: This well-known model is used as
a first approximation of soil behaviour in general.
The model involves five parameters, namely Young's
modulus E, Poisson's ratio ν, the cohesion c, the
friction angle ϕ, and the dilatancy angle ψ: M« h×nh
næi tiÕng nµy ®−îc dïng nh− lµ mét sù gÇn ®óng ®Çu
tiªn cña øng xö cña ®Êt nãi chung. M« h×nh nµy sö
dông n¨m th«ng sè, ®ã lµ m«®un Young E, hÖ sè
Poatx«ng ν, lùc dÝnh kÕt c, gãc néi ma s¸t ϕ, vµ gãc
tr−¬ng në ψ.
Mohr's circle /m˜: 's”:kl/ n vßng trßn øng suÊt Mo:
The Mohr diagram is much used to display one given
state of stress at a point in a material. The Mohr
circle is the locus of the values of principal and
shearing stresses (σ, τ) on all possible planes at the
point: BiÓu ®å Mo ®−îc dïng nhiÒu ®Ó thÓ hiÖn mét
tr¹ng th¸i ®· biÕt cña øng suÊt t¹i mét ®iÓm trong
mét vËt liÖu. Vßng trßn Mo lµ quü tÝch c¸c gi¸ trÞ
øng suÊt ph¸p vµ øng suÊt tiÕp (σ, τ) trªn mäi mÆt
ph¼ng cã thÓ t¹i ®iÓm ®ã.
Mohr failure envelope /m˜: 'feilj” 'enviloup/ n
h×nh bao ph¸ ho¹i Mo: The line drawn tangential to
the Mohr circles is called the Mohr failure envelope;
this may be nearly a straight line passing through
the origin of the diagram and having the equation τf
= σ' tan φ' where φ' is the slope of the tangent:
§−êng ®−îc vÏ tiÕp tuyÕn víi c¸c vßng trßn øng suÊt
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
Mo gäi lµ ®−êng bao ph¸ ho¹i Mo; ®−êng nµy cã thÓ
gÇn nh− lµ mét ®−êng th¼ng ®i qua gèc to¹ ®é cña
biÓu ®å vµ cã ph−¬ng tr×nhτf = σ' tgφ', trong ®ã φ' lµ
®é dèc cña tiÕp tuyÕn.
Moh’s hardness scale /m˜: 'hɑ:dnis skeil/ n thang
®é cøng cña Moh: A scale of mineral hardness,
ranging from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest) : Lµ mét
thang ®é cøng cña kho¸ng vËt, cã ph¹m vi gi¸ trÞ tõ
1 (mÒm nhÊt) ®Õn 10 (cøng nhÊt).
moil or gad /moil - g“d/ n c¸i ®ôc ®¸: A short
steel-pointed chisel wedge or bar for breaking and
wedging out rock: Mét c¸i thanh hay nªm h×nh c¸i
®ôc (c¸i chµng) ng¾n ®Çu nhän b»ng thÐp ®Ó ph¸ vì
vµ böa t¸ch ®¸.
moisture diffusibility /'mɔist∫ə di,fju:zə'biliti/ n
tÝnh khuyÕch t¸n ®é Èm.
moisture transfer /'mɔist∫ə 'trænsfə:/ n sù truyÒn
®é Èm.
mole /moul/ n m¸y ®µo hÇm: A tunneling machine
that can bore through hard rock: Lµ mét m¸y ®µo
hÇm mµ nã cã thÓ khoan xuyªn qua ®¸ cøng o At
the Seikan Railroad Tunnel in Japan, the Japanese
are experimenting with new types of machines called
moles, which can bore through hard rock by
mechanical means: T¹i dù ¸n HÇm §−êng s¾t Seikan
cña NhËt (nèi hai ®¶o Honshu vµ Hokkaido), ng−êi
NhËt ®ang thÝ nghiÖm lo¹i m¸y míi gäi lµ mole, nã
cã thÓ khoan xuyªn qua ®¸ cøng b»ng c¬ cÊu c¬ khÝ.
mole = impact moling /moul/ n èng ®ãng b»ng
chÊn ®éng.
mole drainage pipe /moul 'dreinid™ paip/ n èng
tho¸t n−íc ngÇm: Mole drainage, on the right soil
type and done properly can help reduce
waterlogging problems: èng tho¸t n−íc ngÇm, nÕu
l¾p ®Æt trong lo¹i ®Êt phï hîp vµ thi c«ng ®óng c¸ch,
cã thÓ gióp lµm gi¶m c¸c vÊn ®Ò ngËp óng n−íc.
mole ploughing /moul 'plauiη/ n ch«n èng b»ng kÐo
ngÇm: Method of installing a pipeline by pulling a
plough through the ground whilst a continuous
length of pipe is fed into the top of the plough and
buried from the tail: Lµ ph−¬ng ph¸p thi c«ng mét
®−êng èng b»ng c¸ch kÐo mét c«ng cô gièng nh− c¸i
cµy qua nÒn ®Êt, trong khi ®ã mét ®o¹n èng nèi liªn
tôc ®−îc l¾p vµo ®Çu cña c«ng cô cµy ®Ó kÐo theo råi
®−îc ch«n tõ phÝa ®u«i.
moment of inertia /'moum”nt ”v i'n”:‘j”/ n m«men
qu¸n tÝnh: The rotational analog of mass. Moment of
inertia quantifies the resistance of a physical object
to angular acceleration. Moment of inertia is to
rotational motion as mass is to linear motion. It is
the sum of the products of mass and the square of the
 211
perpendicular distance to the axis of rotation of each
particle in a body rotating about an axis: Lµ ®¹i
l−îng vÒ tÝnh chÊt quay liªn quan víi khèi l−îng. M«
men qu¸n tÝnh x¸c ®Þnh søc kh¸ng cña mét vËt thÓ
chèng l¹i gia tèc gãc. M« men qu¸n tÝnh liªn quan
®Õn chuyÓn ®éng quay gièng nh− khèi l−îng liªn
quan ®Õn chuyÓn ®éng th¼ng vËy. Nã b»ng tæng c¸c
tÝch cña khèi l−îng vµ b×nh ph−¬ng cña kho¶ng c¸ch
vu«ng gãc víi trôc quay cña mçi h¹t trong mét vËt
thÓ quay quanh mét trôc.
monitor /'m˜nit”/ n mµn h×nh gi¸m s¸t: They
are mounted on the control board and should give a
clear picture with adequate contrast under all
conditions. They are solid state, designed to operate
on a closed circuit system continuously. A 14-inch
size is adequate: C¸c mµn h×nh nµy ®−îc ®Æt trªn
bµn ®iÒu khiÓn, chóng ph¶i cho h×nh ¶nh râ nÐt víi
®é t−¬ng ph¶n tèt trong mäi ®iÒu kiÖn. Chóng thuéc
lo¹i r¾n, ®−îc thiÕt kÕ ®Ó lµm viÖc liªn tôc trong mét
hÖ thèng truyÒn h×nh c¸p. Cì mµn h×nh 14-inch lµ ®ñ
lín.
monitoring /'m˜nit”ri–/ n sù gi¸m s¸t, sù kiÓm
chøng, sù kiÓm tra, quan tr¾c: The measurement plan
and operations aimed to obtain a continuous or
periodic survey of geotechnical, structural or
hydrogeological parameters: Là kế hoạch và những
hoạt động đo đạc nhằm mục đích có được một sự
khảo sát liên tục hay định kỳ về các thông số địa kỹ
thuật, kết cấu hay địa chất thủy văn o The main
purpose of the monitoring program is to verify the
adequacy of the support structure with the
geomechanical conditions that are actually
encountered, and as such the measured stresses and
deformations can be expected to stabilize with time:
Môc ®Ých chÝnh cña ch−¬ng tr×nh quan tr¾c lµ nh»m
thÈm tra kh¶ n¨ng chÞu lùc cña kÕt cÊu chèng ®ì tïy
theo c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa c¬ häc thùc tÕ gÆp ph¶i trong
qu¸ tr×nh thi c«ng, nhê ®ã cã thÓ dù kiÕn r»ng øng
suÊt vµ biÕn d¹ng ®o ®−îc sÏ æn ®Þnh theo thêi gian.
monitoring well (observation well) /'m˜nit”ri–
wel/ n giÕng kiÓm tra, giÕng quan tr¾c: A special
well drilled in a selected location for observing
parameters such as liquid level or pressure changes
or for collecting liquid samples. The well may be
cased or uncased, but if cased the casing should
have openings to allow flow of borehole liquid into
or out of the casing: Lµ mét giÕng ®Æc biÖt khoan t¹i
mét vÞ trÝ chän lùa ®Ó quan tr¾c c¸c th«ng sè nh−
c¸c thay ®æi vÒ mùc hay ¸p suÊt chÊt láng hoÆc ®Ó
thu thËp c¸c mÉu chÊt láng. GiÕng nµy cã thÓ cã èng
v¸ch b¶o vÖ hoÆc kh«ng, nh−ng nÕu ®−îc ®ãng èng
th× èng v¸ch ph¶i cã c¸c lç më ®Ó cho phÐp cã sù l−u
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
chuyÓn chÊt láng lç khoan vµo hoÆc ra khái èng
v¸ch.
monolithic lining /,mɔnou'liθik 'lainiη/ n vá
hÇm liÒn khèi: A tunnel lining that is cast in place
and continuous: Mét vá hÇm mµ nã ®−îc ®óc t¹i chç
vµ cã tÝnh liªn tôc.
monorail /'m˜noureil/ n ®−êng s¾t mét/®¬n ray: A
type of self-propelled transportation facility
comprised of guided passenger vehicles riding on a
single rail, beam, or tube. In most cases, rail is
elevated, but rail can also run at grade, below
grade, or in subway tunnels. Vehicles are either
suspended from, or straddle, the guideway. Monorail
vehicles are wider than the guideway that supports
them: Lµ mét d¹ng ph−¬ng tiÖn vËn t¶i tù hµnh cÊu
t¹o tõ c¸c toa hµnh kh¸ch cã dÉn h−íng ch¹y trªn
mét ray, dÇm hoÆc èng duy nhÊt. Trong ®a sè tr−êng
hîp, ray lµ lo¹i ®i trªn cao, nh−ng ray còng cã thÓ
ch¹y ®ång møc trªn mÆt ®Êt, chui d−íi, hoÆc trong
c¸c hÇm tµu ®iÖn ngÇm. C¸c toa xe cã thÓ ®−îc treo
tõ bªn d−íi hay ch¹y bªn trªn hÖ thèng ®−êng ch¹y
dÉn h−íng. C¸c toa xe ®¬n ray cã bÒ réng lín h¬n bÒ
réng cña ®−êng ch¹y dÉn h−íng.
Monthly Statement /'m—n•li 'steitm”nt/ n B¸o c¸o
Hµng th¸ng: The Engineer shall, within 28 days of
receiving a monthly statement, certify to the
Employer the amount of payment to the Contractor
which he considers due and payable. So, it is the
duty of the Engineer to comply with his certification
obligations: T− vÊn trong vßng 28 ngµy sau khi nhËn
®−îc b¸o c¸o hµng th¸ng cña Nhµ thÇu, ph¶i x¸c
nhËn víi Chñ ®Çu t− ®Ó thanh to¸n cho Nhµ thÇu
khèi l−îng mµ T− vÊn cho lµ thÝch ®¸ng vµ cã thÓ tr¶
®−îc. Nh− vËy, tr¸ch nhiÖm cña T− vÊn lµ ph¶i hoµn
thµnh c¸c nghÜa vô kiÓm tra vµ x¸c nhËn thanh to¸n
cña m×nh.
montmorillonite /'m˜ntm˜ril”nait/ n
montmorilonit: A group of clay minerals
characterized by a weakly bonded sheet-like internal
molecular structure; consisting of extremely finely
divided hydrous aluminum or magnesium silicates
that swell on wetting, shrink on drying, and are
subject to ion exchange. Chemistry is (Na, Ca)(Al,
Mg)6(Si4O10)3(OH)6 - nH2O, Hydrated Sodium
Calcium Aluminum Magnesium Silicate Hydroxide:
Lµ mét nhãm c¸c kho¸ng vËt sÐt ®−îc ®Æc tr−ng bëi
mét cÊu tróc ph©n tö bªn trong kiÓu tÊm cã liªn kÕt
yÕu; cÊu t¹o tõ c¸c silicat nh«m hoÆc magiª cã n−íc
®−îc ph©n chia rÊt mÞn mµ chóng tr−¬ng në khi bÞ
Èm, co rót khi bÞ kh«, vµ cã sù trao ®æi i-on. Thµnh
phÇn hãa häc lµ (Na, Ca)(Al, Mg)6(Si4O10)3(OH)6
 212
- nH2O, tªn gäi lµ Hydroxit Silicat Nh«m Magiª
Canxi Natri thñy hãa.
mountain tunnel /'mauntin 'tʌnl/ n hÇm qua
nói: In a mountain tunnel, the stability of the tunnel
will not be seriously damaged by fire although the
tunnel lining will get a severe damage: Trong mét
hÇm qua nói, sù æn ®Þnh cña hÇm sÏ kh«ng bÞ ¶nh
h−ëng mét c¸ch nghiªm träng bëi háa ho¹n mÆc dï
vá hÇm cã thÓ bÞ h− háng nÆng.
mountain tunneling method /'mauntin 'tʌnli–
'me•”d/ n ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo hÇm qua nói.
mountainous [conditions, areas] /'mauntinəs
kən'di∫nz/ n [®iÒu kiÖn, khu vùc] miÒn nói.
mountainous terrain /'mauntinəs 'terein/ n ®Þa
h×nh miÒn nói: Longitudinal and transverse changes
in elevation are abrupt, and benching and side hill
excavation are frequently required to provide the
highway alignment: Lµ ®Þa h×nh cã nh÷ng thay ®æi
®ét ngét vÒ cao ®é theo h−íng däc vµ h−íng ngang,
vµ muèn bè trÝ tuyÕn ®−êng th−êng cÇn ph¶i ®¸nh
cÊp vµ ®µo s−ên ®åi o In mountainous terrain, it is
often difficult or very expensive to gain access to the
ground surface above the tunnel alignment for
exploratory drilling. Many tunnels have been driven
with borehole data available only at the portals: ë
®Þa h×nh miÒn nói, th−êng rÊt khã hoÆc rÊt ®¾t ®Ó
tiÕp cËn ®−îc bÒ mÆt ®Êt phÝa trªn tuyÕn hÇm ®Ó thùc
hiÖn khoan kh¶o s¸t ®Þa chÊt. NhiÒu hÇm ®· ®−îc
®µo mµ chØ cã c¸c sè liÖu lç khoan thu ®−îc quanh
khu vùc cöa hÇm.
MPR (Monthly Progress Report = Monthly
Statement) /'mʌn•li 'prougres ri'p˜:t/ n B¸o c¸o
TiÕn ®é Hµng th¸ng (cña Nhµ thÇu tr×nh lªn T− vÊn
®Ó ®−îc thanh to¸n): In recognition of the
importance to the Contractor of a predictable and
prompt cash flow, payments are to be made monthly
on the basis of statements submitted by the
Contractor and checked and certified by the
Engineer: Víi nhËn thøc râ vÒ tÇm quan träng cña
mét vßng quay tiÒn mÆt nhanh chãng vµ cã thÓ tiªn
liÖu tr−íc ®−îc ®èi víi Nhµ thÇu, cÇn ph¶i thanh
to¸n hµng th¸ng cho hä trªn c¬ së c¸c b¶n b¸o c¸o
tr×nh bëi Nhµ thÇu ®Ó ®−îc T− vÊn kiÓm tra vµ phª
chuÈn.
muck /mʌk/ n t¹p chÊt, ®Êt ®¸ th¶i; vôn quÆng:
Excavated material in a tunnel is known as muck
and the loading of it into vehicles for transportation
is known as mucking: VËt liÖu ®µo ra trong mét hÇm
®−îc gäi lµ ®Êt ®¸ th¶i, vµ viÖc chÊt nã lªn ph−¬ng
tiÖn ®Ó chuyÓn ®i gäi lµ sù bèc xóc o Prior to
concreting, the loose muck in the bottom of the
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
invert can be removed quickly as part of the cleanup
for the lining operation: Tr−íc khi ®æ bªt«ng vá
hÇm, ®Êt ®¸ th¶i ë ®¸y vßm ngöa cã thÓ ®−îc chuyÓn
th¶i ®i nhanh chãng nh− lµ mét phÇn cña c«ng viÖc
dän dÑp cho c«ng t¸c thi c«ng vá hÇm.
muck removal /mʌk ri'mu:vl/ n sù chuyÓn bá ®Êt
®¸ th¶i: The process of loading and transportation of
the excavated ground from the face to the point of
disposal: Qu¸ tr×nh chÊt t¶i vµ vËn chuyÓn ®Êt ®¸ ®·
®µo tõ g−¬ng hÇm tíi b·i th¶i.
mucker /m∧k”/ n m¸y thu dän quÆng vôn:
Machine for loading excavated material into
haulage units: M¸y mãc ®Ó chÊt vËt liÖu ®µo lªn c¸c
thiÕt bÞ vËn chuyÓn.
muck lock /mʌk l˜k/ n khoang chuyÓn th¶i ®Êt
®¸: Muck locks are steel cylinders 9.1 to 18.2m long
with doors at both ends and the necessary valves,
used in compressed air tunnels: Khoang chuyÓn ®Êt
®¸ th¶i lµ nh÷ng h×nh trô thÐp dµi tõ 9.1 ®Õn 18.2m
cã c¸c cöa ë c¶ hai ®Çu vµ cã c¸c van cÇn thiÕt,
dïng trong nh÷ng hÇm thi c«ng b»ng khÝ nÐn..
mucking /'mʌkiô/ n sù dän dÑp ®Êt ®¸ th¶i; sù
bèc xóc: Removal of material excavated or blasted
from the tunnel face: Sù dêi chuyÓn vËt liÖu ®· ®−îc
®µo hay næ ph¸ ra khái g−¬ng hÇm o Tunnelling
with NATM requires quick and efficient mucking:
§µo hÇm theo NATM ®ßi hái ph¶i bèc xóc ®Êt ®¸
th¶i nhanh chãng vµ hiÖu qu¶.
muckpile /'mʌkpail/ n ®èng ®Êt ®¸ th¶i sau næ m×n:
Spraying the muck pile will reduce dust, dissolve
soluble toxic gases and can displace non-soluble
gases in the muck pile to permit their ealier removal
by the ventilation system: Sù phun n−íc vµo ®èng ®¸
næ m×n sÏ gi¶m ®−îc bôi, hßa tan c¸c khÝ ®éc tan
®−îc vµ cã thÓ di chuyÓn c¸c khÝ hßa tan ®Ó cho
phÐp lo¹i bá chóng nhanh h¬n b»ng hÖ thèng th«ng
giã.
muckpile looseness /'mʌkpail 'lu:snis/ n ®é t¬i
xèp cña ®èng ®Êt ®¸ th¶i sau næ m×n.
mud cake /mʌd keik/ n mµng bïn: Fine
membrane of dewatered slurry in or at the surface of
the soil to stabilise the excavation: Lµ mét mµng mÞn
cña v÷a bïn ®· mÊt n−íc n»m trong hoÆc t¹i bÒ mÆt
cña ®Êt nÒn ®Ó æn ®Þnh hãa g−¬ng ®µo.
mud pumping /mʌd 'pʌmpi–/ n b¬m th¸o bïn.
mudsill /mʌdsil/ n dÇm liªn kÕt ch×m (mãng hÖ
chèng ®ì hÇm): Continuous horizontal member
installed along the side of a tunnel at the lowest
excavation line to support sets or take the load of the
supports from the wall plate: Bé phËn n»m ngang
ch¹y liªn tôc l¾p ®Æt däc theo thµnh bªn cña hÇm t¹i
 213

®−êng ®µo thÊp nhÊt ®Ó ®ì c¸c v× chèng thÐp hoÆc h¹t rÊt mÞn cã kiÕn tróc vØa hoÆc ph©n líp t¹o thµnh
chÞu ®ùng t¶i träng cña hÖ chèng ®ì tõ v¸ch ch¾n. do sù c¾t vµ vì cña c¸c h¹t ban ®Çu trong qu¸ tr×nh
mullock /'mʌlk/ n ®èng ®¸ th¶i: Waste rock biÕn chÊt m¹nh mÏ.
thrown outside a shaft or other underground
working around the entrance forming a heap: Lµ
®èng ®¸ th¶i vøt lªn khái mét giÕng ®øng hay hang
ngÇm kh¸c, t¹o thµnh ®èng quanh khu vùc cöa vµo.
multiple shift /'mʌltipl ‘ift/ n [chÕ ®é lµm viÖc] ®a
ca.
multi-bench blasting /'mʌlti-bent∫ 'blɑ:stiη/ n næ
m×n nhiÒu bËc thÒm: The blasting of several benches
(steps) in quarries and open pits, either
simultaneously or with small delays: Lµ viÖc næ m×n
mét sè bËc thÒm trong c¸c má ®¸ vµ má lé thiªn, mét
c¸ch ®ång thêi hoÆc víi c¸c cÊp vi sai bÐ.
multi-drift method /'mʌlti-drift 'me•”d/ n
ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo hÇm víi nhiÒu hÇm nhá: Starting
with single track tunnels, good results with regard to
stability and settlements encouraged respective
NATM designer to enlarge cross sections further,
and to improve project economy for the client at the
same time. Double track tunnels have been following
single track tunnels, and stations have been
following double track tunnels. With multiple drift
methods it looks, that there are almost no limits for
further enlargement: B¾t ®Çu víi c¸c hÇm ®−êng s¾t
®¬n, c¸c kÕt qu¶ tèt vÒ mÆt æn ®Þnh vµ lón ®· khuyÕn
khÝch c¸c nhµ thiÕt kÕ NATM më réng tiÕt diÖn hÇm
h¬n n÷a, ®ång thêi n©ng cao hiÖu qu¶ kinh tÕ cña dù
¸n cho chñ ®Çu t−. Sau ®ã, NATM ®−îc më réng ¸p
dông cho c¸c hÇm ®−êng s¾t ®«i, råi ®Õn c¸c nhµ ga
xe ®iÖn ngÇm. Víi ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo hÇm ph©n chia
mÆt c¾t thµnh nhiÒu hÇm nhá, cã vÎ nh− sÏ kh«ng cã
giíi h¹n nµo cho viÖc më réng h¬n n÷a.
multi / multiple drift /'mʌlti - 'mʌltipl drift/ n
ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo hÇm víi nhiÒu hÇm nhá:
Excavation of a tunnel by driving two small drifts
along each side of the tunnel, which allow the side
support to be placed. A top drift is then and widened
out slowly to take the roof support: ViÖc ®µo hÇm
b»ng c¸ch ®µo hai hÇm nhá däc theo mçi bªn cña
hÇm, chóng cho phÐp l¾p ®Æt hÖ chèng ®ì thµnh
hÇm. Sau ®ã ®µo mét hÇm nhá trªn ®Ønh vµ më réng
ra chËm chËm ®Ó x©y dùng hÖ chèng ®ì vßm hÇm.
mutual influence /'mju:tju”l 'influ”ns/ n sù
¶nh h−ëng qua l¹i/ lÉn nhau.
mylonite /mil”nait/ n ®¸ mylonit: Very fine-
grained crystalline metamorphic rock with streaked
or banded texture produced by shearing and
fracturing of original grains during intense dynamic
metamorphism: Lµ lo¹i ®¸ biÕn chÊt d¹ng tinh thÓ
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
 214
Nn
narrow trenching /'n“rou trent∫iη/ n ®µo r·nh
hÑp: Method of excavation of a trench up to 100mm
wider than the outside diameter of the service to be
installed, usually employing either a rockwheel or
chain type trencher: Lµ ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo mét r·nh
réng tíi h¬n 100mm so víi ®−êng kÝnh ngoµi cña
c«ng tr×nh cÇn l¾p ®Æt, th−êng b»ng c¸ch sö dông
mét m¸y lµm r·nh kiÓu b¸nh l¨n hoÆc d©y xÝch.
NATM or SCL (New Austrian Tunneling Method
or Sprayed Concrete Lining) /nju: '˜stri”n 'tʌnliô
'me•”d/ n Ph−¬ng ph¸p Lµm hÇm Míi cña n−íc ¸o
/ Lµm vá hÇm Bªt«ng Phun: The New Austrian
Tunnelling Method (NATM) and its observational
technique have had good success in difficult ground:
Ph−¬ng ph¸p Lµm hÇm Míi cña n−íc ¸o (NATM) vµ
kü thuËt quan tr¾c cña nã ®· cã thµnh c«ng tèt trong
®Þa chÊt khã kh¨n o It was the achievement of the
Austrian father of the NATM Prof. Rabcewicz and
his colleagues to sort out all theoretical ideas on the
interaction of rock, rock-bolts, shotcrete, steel
girders and others as a compound structure, and
put them into construction practice: Thµnh tùu cña
cha ®Î cña NATM - G.S Rabcewicz vµ c¸c ®ång
nghiÖp cña «ng - chÝnh lµ ®· hÖ thèng hãa tÊt c¶ c¸c
ý t−ëng lý thuyÕt vÒ sù lµm viÖc cïng nhau nh− mét
hîp thÓ gi÷a khèi ®¸, bul«ng neo, bªt«ng phun, dÇm
thÐp vµ c¸c chi tiÕt kh¸c, vµ råi ®−a chóng vµo thùc
tÕ x©y dùng o Hai Van Pass Tunnels are
constructed in accordance with the concepts of the
NATM which utilizes the principle of self-standing
ability of rock structures after excavation and
convergence confinement. The concepts utilize
instrumentation to observe and monitor the
excavated rock behavior, which is reflected in the
ongoing design of the tunnel with supports such as
shotcrete, rock bolts, and steel ribs applied for stress
equilibrium after tunnel excavation: C¸c hÇm ®Ìo
H¶i V©n ®−îc x©y dùng theo quan niÖm cña NATM
sö dông nguyªn t¾c vÒ kh¶ n¨ng tù chèng ®ì cña kÕt
cÊu ®¸ sau khi ®µo vµ sù h¹n chÕ chuyÓn vÞ héi tô.
Quan niÖm cña NATM dïng khÝ cô ®o kiÓm ®Ó quan
tr¾c vµ kiÓm so¸t øng xö cña ®¸ sau khi ®µo, ®−îc
ph¶n ¸nh trong thiÕt kÕ hÇm víi viÖc ¸p dông c¸c hÖ
chèng nh− bªt«ng phun, neo ®¸, vµ s−ên chèng thÐp
®Ó t¹o sù c©n b»ng øng suÊt sau khi ®µo hÇm.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
natural cavern/cave /'n“t‘r”l 'k“v”n/ n hang
ngÇm tù nhiªn: If the rock is strong enough to bear
the tangential stress along the perimeter (approx.:
Rc > 3γH around a circular hole), and if there are
no ill-oriented joint surfaces, the hole will stand
without any support. Natural caves as wide as 50 m
are not uncommon, and the largest known to date
spans almost 400 m (Good Luck Cave, Sarawak,
Malaysia): NÕu ®¸ ®ñ cøng ®Ó chÞu ®−îc øng suÊt
tiÕp quanh chu vi (mét c¸ch gÇn ®óng: Rc > 3γH
quanh mét hang trßn, γ lµ dung träng cña ®¸, H lµ
chiÒu s©u cña hang), vµ nÕu kh«ng cã nh÷ng bÒ mÆt
bÞ nøt nÎ bÊt lîi, th× hang nµy sÏ ®øng v÷ng kh«ng
cÇn chèng ®ì. C¸c hang ngÇm tù nhiªn réng tíi 50m
lµ kh«ng hiÕm, vµ hang lín nhÊt tõng ®−îc biÕt ®Õn
cã nhÞp tíi gÇn 400m (Hang Good Luck Cave ë
Sarawal, Malaysia).
natural frequency /'n“t‘r”l 'fri :kw”nsi/ n tÇn
sè tù nhiªn: The frequency at which a particular
object or system vibrates when pushed by a single
force or impulse, and not influenced by other
external forces or by damping: Lµ tÇn sè mµ t¹i ®ã
mét vËt hay hÖ thèng nµo ®ã dao ®éng khi bÞ t¸c
®éng bëi mét lùc hay xung ban ®Çu, vµ kh«ng bÞ ¶nh
h−ëng bëi c¸c ngo¹i lùc kh¸c hay bëi sù gi¶m chÊn
o Studies suggest that dynamic stress amplification
at the tunnel opening generally gives stresses that
can be up to 10 or 15 percent higher than
pseudostatic solutions. This is different from typical
surface structures (buildings, bridges), whose
natural frequency often falls within the typical
seismic wave frequency band, and where
amplification can be large: C¸c nghiªn cøu chØ ra
r»ng sù khuyÕch ®¹i øng suÊt ®éng häc t¹i hang hÇm
nãi chung sÏ t¹o ra c¸c øng suÊt cã thÓ lín h¬n tíi
10 - 15% so víi kÕt qu¶ cña lêi gi¶i gi¶ tÜnh (cña bµi
to¸n thiÕt kÕ hÇm chèng ®éng ®Êt). §iÒu nµy lµ kh¸c
víi c¸c kÕt cÊu ®iÓn h×nh trªn mÆt ®Êt kh¸c (nhµ,
cÇu), mµ tÇn sè tù nhiªn cña chóng th−êng n»m
trong d¶i tÇn sè sãng ®Þa chÊn ®iÓn h×nh, trong khi
t¹i mÆt ®Êt sù khuyÕch ®¹i l¹i cã thÓ lín h¬n.
natural period /'n“t‘r”l 'pi”ri”d/ n chu kú tù
nhiªn: In earthquake engineering, period of an
oscillator or structure during free vibration.
Typically measured in seconds: Trong kü thuËt ®éng
®Êt, ®ã lµ thêi gian cña mét con l¾c hay kÕt cÊu
trong dao ®éng tù nhiªn. Th−êng ®o b»ng gi©y.
natural ventilation /'n“t‘r”l ,venti'lei∫n/ n
th«ng giã tù nhiªn: Ventilation of a mine/tunnel
without the aid of fans or furnaces: Lµ th«ng giã cho
 215
mét má/hÇm mµ kh«ng cÇn trî gióp cña qu¹t hay
giÕng giã.
navigation /'n“vigei∫n/ n sù ®i l¹i trªn s«ng: One
of special problems of immersed tunnels is
interference with navigation. On busy waterways, it
is sometimes assumed that construction of an
immersed tunnel would be impractical as it would
interfere with shipping. In fact, such tunnels have
been successfully built in some exceptionally busy
waterways without undue problems: Mét trong
nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò ®Æc biÖt cña hÇm d×m ph¶i ch¨ng lµ
¶nh h−ëng ®Õn l−u th«ng thñy? Trªn c¸c s«ng nhén
nhÞp, ®«i khi ng−êi ta cho r»ng viÖc thi c«ng mét
hÇm d×m cã thÓ lµ kh«ng kh¶ thi v× nã cã thÓ ¶nh
h−ëng ®Õn viÖc ®i l¹i cña tµu bÌ. Trong thùc tÕ, cã
nhiÒu hÇm d×m ®· ®−îc x©y dùng thµnh c«ng trong
mét sè con s«ng cùc kú bËn rén mµ kh«ng x¶y ra vÊn
®Ò ®¸ng tiÕc nµo.
negative side waterproofing /'neg”tiv said
'w˜:t”,pru:fiô/ n phßng n−íc ë phÝa kh«ng chÞu ¸p
lùc: applying waterproofing to the side of a
structural element opposite the one subjected to
hydrostatic pressure: Lµ viÖc thi c«ng líp phßng
n−íc vÒ phÝa ®èi diÖn víi phÝa chÞu ¸p lùc thñy tÜnh
cña mét bé phËn kÕt cÊu.
neighboring construction /'neib”ri– k”n'strʌk∫n/
n sù thi c«ng kÕ bªn.
neighboring structure /'neib”ri– 'strʌkt∫”/ n c«ng
tr×nh l©n c©n, kÕt cÊu kÕ bªn: Inflows can cause loss
of ground into the tunnel and result in surface
settlements and damage to neighboring
structures/buildings. Surface settlement can be kept
small, and serious damages to neighboring
structures avoided, through the use of well-
controlled backfill grouting. If neighboring buildings
pose a threat of instability, then reinforcement works
will be necessary: Dßng n−íc ngÇm ch¶y vµo trong
hÇm cã thÓ g©y ra mÊt ®Êt xung quanh vµ sinh ra lón
mÆt ®Êt phÝa trªn hÇm còng nh− lµm h− háng c¸c
c«ng tr×nh/nhµ cöa l©n cËn. Cã thÓ khèng chÕ lón
mÆt ®Êt ë møc ®é nhá, vµ tr¸nh ®−îc h− h¹i nghiªm
träng c«ng tr×nh l©n cËn nhê ¸p dông kü thuËt b¬m
v÷a lÊp bï ®−îc kiÓm so¸t tèt. NÕu c¸c c«ng tr×nh kÕ
bªn cã nguy c¬ mÊt æn ®Þnh, th× cÇn ph¶i thùc hiÖn
c¸c biÖn ph¸p gia cè.
neighbouring tunnel /'neib”ri– 'tʌnl/ n ®−êng hÇm
kÕ bªn.
Newtonian fluid /nju:'touniən 'flu:id/ n chÊt láng
Niut¬n: A true fluid that tends to exhibit constant
viscosity at all rates of shear: Lµ mét chÊt láng thùc
sù mµ nã cã xu h−íng thÓ hiÖn mét ®é nhít kh«ng
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
®æi víi mäi tèc ®é quay c¾t o A fluid in which the
viscosity is independent of the rate of shear (flow);
the shear resistance increases linearly with flow rate
from zero at zero flow rate (Cf. Bingham fluid): Lµ
mét chÊt láng trong ®ã ®é nhít lµ ®éc lËp víi tèc ®é
c¾t (dßng ch¶y); søc kh¸ng c¾t t¨ng lªn tuyÕn tÝnh
víi l−u l−îng dßng ch¶y tõ zero t¹i l−u l−îng b»ng
zero. (Xem thªm Bingham fluid)
niche /nit‘/ n hèc t−êng, khoang lâm t¹i t−êng hÇm
®Ó bè trÝ c¸c thiÕt bÞ phô trî: Technical equipment
must be located in a separate niche, preferably
linked to an emergency lay-by and separated by a
sealed off wall from the traffic lanes. Regulations for
cooling require that the technical equipment niche
shall be constructed in concrete. Where the niche is
located away from an emergency lay-by, a separate
parking layby must be constructed: C¸c thiÕt bÞ kü
thuËt ph¶i ®−îc bè trÝ trong mét khoang lâm riªng
biÖt, nãi chung nªn ®−îc liªn kÕt víi mét chç ®ç xe
khÈn cÊp trong hÇm vµ ®−îc ng¨n c¸ch b»ng mét
t−êng ch¾n khái c¸c lµn giao th«ng. C¸c quy ®Þnh vÒ
lµm m¸t ®ßi hái r»ng hèc chøa thiÕt bÞ kü thuËt ph¶i
®−îc x©y dùng b»ng bªt«ng. NÕu hèc nµy ®−îc bè trÝ
c¸ch xa chç ®ç xe khÈn cÊp, th× cÇn ph¶i x©y dùng
mét gãc thôt ®ç xe riªng biÖt kh¸c.
nipper /'nip”/ n ng−êi phô viÖc, thî m¸y: Laborer
on the drilling crew who handles drill steel
replacements and bits and does general
housekeeping: Lµ ng−êi c«ng nh©n trong ®éi khoan
lµm nh÷ng viÖc nh− thay thÕ cÇn khoan vµ mòi khoan
vµ lµm c«ng viÖc coi kho nãi chung.
NMT (Norwegian Method of Tunnelling)
/nɔ:'wi:dʒən 'meθəd əv 'tʌnliô/ n ph−¬ng ph¸p
lµm hÇm cña Na Uy: The Norwegian Method of
Tunnelling (NMT) is most suitable in jointed rock.
By 1984 (in Sweden, Norway etc.), NMT had
replaced NATM in such ground conditions. NMT
does not use mesh-reinforced concrete or S(mr),
instead it uses S(fr) (fiber reinforced shotcrete).
NMT is often used with drill and blast tunnelling, but
can be used in conjunction with TBMs in clay zones.
One of the advantages of NMT is use of S(fr) as the
final tunnel lining. Over 160km of Norwegian road-
tunnel uses shotcrete or S(fr) as the approved final
lining. Temporary rock reinforcement and
permanent tunnel support can be any of the
following: Reinforced Ribs of Shotcrete - RRS;
Systematic Bolting; Spot Bolts: Ph−¬ng ph¸p lµm
hÇm cña Na Uy (NMT) thÝch hîp nhÊt cho ®¸ nøt
nÎ. Vµo n¨m 1984 (ë Thôy §iÓn, Na Uy), NMT ®·
thay thÕ NATM trong c¸c ®¸ nøt nÎ. NMT kh«ng
dïng bªt«ng gia c−êng b»ng l−íi thÐp - gäi lµ S(mr),
 216
mµ nã dïng S(fr) (bªt«ng phun cèt sîi thÐp). NMT
th−êng ¸p dông víi kü thuËt khoan næ m×n, nh−ng cã
thÓ dïng kÕt hîp víi m¸y TBM trong c¸c vïng ®Êt
sÐt. Mét trong nh÷ng −u ®iÓm cña NMT lµ viÖc sö
dông S(fr) lµm vá hÇm cuèi cïng. H¬n 160km hÇm
®−êng bé cña Na Uy ®· sö dông bªt«ng phun - S(fr)
lµm vá hÇm vÜnh cöu. Gia c−êng ®¸ t¹m thêi vµ
chèng ®ì hÇm vÜnh cöu cã thÓ dïng mét trong c¸c
thµnh phÇn sau ®©y: C¸c s−ên bªt«ng phun ®−îc gia
c−êng - RRS; Bul«ng neo cã hÖ thèng; Bul«ng neo
®iÓm xuyÕt.
NO, NO2, NOX (oxide of nitrogen) /'ɔksaid əv
'naitrədʒən/ n «xyt nit¬: Common pollutants
monitored in urban areas. Work has been directed at
understanding the total cost to society of the release
of such pollutants: §©y lµ nh÷ng chÊt g©y « nhiÔm
phæ biÕn cÇn ®−îc kiÓm so¸t trong c¸c ®« thÞ. §· cã
c¸c nghiªn cøu vÒ tæng phÝ tæn g©y ra cho x· héi do
viÖc th¶i ra c¸c chÊt g©y « nhiÔm nµy.
noise /n˜iz/ n tiÕng ån, ®é ån: Unwelcome
sound. In drilling, noise has always been one of the
most dangerous hazards to the health of workers.
The level reached by today's technology, 105 dBA
(decibel), is far from the 85…90 dBA noise level
considered comfortable for operators in continuous
work. The best possible protection is obtained by
shielding the operator himself (proper ear plugs): Lµ
©m thanh khã chÞu. TiÕng ån lu«n lµ mét trong nh÷ng
mèi nguy hiÓm nhÊt cho søc kháe c«ng nh©n khoan.
Møc ån ®¹t ®Õn bëi c«ng nghÖ ngµy nay lµ 105 dB,
cao h¬n nhiÒu so víi møc ån an toµn lµ 85…90 dB
®èi víi thî vËn hµnh lµm viÖc liªn tôc. Sù b¶o vÖ tèt
nhÊt chÝnh lµ b»ng viÖc che ch¾n b¶n th©n ng−êi vËn
hµnh m¸y khoan (dïng nót bÞt tai).
noise attenuation /n˜iz ”,tenju'ei‘n/ n sù lµm
gi¶m tiÕng ån, sù t¾t dÇn tiÕng ån: Attenuation of
ventilation fan and exhaust air noise can be
provided by installing noise absorbing baffles in the
evase stacks to within reasonable levels, but requires
increased fan horsepower: ViÖc lµm gi¶m ®é ån cña
qu¹t th«ng giã vµ cña luång khÝ x¶ tho¸t cã thÓ thùc
hiÖn ®−îc nhê l¾p ®Æt c¸c mµn ch¾n (v¸ch ng¨n) hÊp
thô tiÕng ån t¹i èng x¶ ®Ó ®−a vÒ møc ån cho phÐp,
nh−ng nã l¹i ®ßi hái c«ng suÊt qu¹t lín h¬n.
noise pollution /n˜iz p”'lu:‘n/ n « nhiÔm tiÕng ån:
Sounds or sound levels causing annoyance,
environmental or health impacts. Studies indicate
that noise can affect social, behavioral, mental and
physical health: Lµ c¸c ©m thanh hay møc ©m thanh
g©y ra khã chÞu, t¸c ®éng ®Õn m«i tr−êng hay søc
kháe. C¸c nghiªn cøu cho thÊy r»ng tiÕng ån cã thÓ
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
lµm ¶nh h−ëng xÊu ®Õn søc kháe con ng−êi vÒ mäi
mÆt nh− x· héi, hµnh vi, t©m thÇn vµ thÓ chÊt.
non-alkaline acceleration of setting /,n˜n
'ælkəlain ək,selə'rei∫n əv ‘setiη/ n sù gia tèc ®«ng
cøng kh«ng kiÒm: The required strength of fresh
sprayed concrete is achieved without addition of
alkali. For this purpose, spray cement with an alkali
content not higher than than of normal cement or
non-alkaline accelerator is used: C−êng ®é yªu cÇu
cña bªt«ng phun t−¬i ®¹t ®−îc mµ kh«ng cÇn cho
thªm c¸c chÊt kiÒm. §Ó ®¹t môc ®Ých nµy, ng−êi ta
sö dông xim¨ng cã hµm l−îng kiÒm kh«ng lín h¬n
hµm l−îng kiÒm cña xim¨ng b×nh th−êng, hoÆc sö
dông phô gia t¨ng ®«ng cøng kh«ng chøa kiÒm.
non-alkaline acceleratior /,n˜n 'ælkəlain
ək,selə'reitə/ n phô gia tèc ®«ng cøng kh«ng chøa
kiÒm: Accelerator with a pH value within a certain
range (3.0 - 8.0) and an alkali content below a
certain limit (N2O eqivalent ≤ 1.0 wt.%) : Lµ lo¹i
phô gia thóc ®Èy ninh kÕt cã gi¸ trÞ pH n»m trong
mét kho¶ng nhÊt ®Þnh (tõ 3 - 8) vµ mét hµm l−îng
kiÒm bÐ h¬n mét giíi h¹n nhÊt ®Þnh (N2O t−¬ng
®−¬ng ≤ 1 % khèi l−îng).
non-attainment /,n˜n'”teinm”nt/ n sù kh«ng ®¹t
yªu cÇu: The failure to meet a specified standard: Lµ
sù kh«ng ®¸p øng tiªu chuÈn kü thuËt.
non-destructive testing /,n˜ndi'strʌktiv 'testi–/ n
thö nghiÖm kh«ng ph¸ huû (mÉu): Nondestructive
testing, as the name implies, requires that the
material under test is not damaged during testing. In
the last four decades, attempts have been made to
determine some suitable nondestructive test for
determining the quality of concrete. The most widely
accepted tests include vibrational methods (such as
resonance, ultrasonic pulse…) for estimating
strength, durability and uniformity and for detecting
flaws, and hardness methods for estimating strength
(Schmidt rebound hammer): ThÝ nghiÖm kh«ng ph¸
hñy mÉu, nh− c¸i tªn ®· chØ ra, yªu cÇu r»ng vËt liÖu
®−îc thö nghiÖm sÏ kh«ng bÞ ph¸ ho¹i trong khi thö.
Trong bèn thËp kû qua, ®· cã nhiÒu nç lùc ®Ó t×m ra
mét sè thÝ nghiÖm kh«ng ph¸ hñy mÉu phï hîp ®Ó
®¸nh gi¸ chÊt l−îng bªt«ng. C¸c thÝ nghiÖm ®−îc
chÊp nhËn réng r·i nhÊt bao gåm c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p
rung ®éng (nh− céng h−ëng, xung siªu ©m…) dïng
®Ó ®¸nh gi¸ c−êng ®é, tÝnh bÒn vµ tÝnh ®ång nhÊt
còng nh− ph¸t hiÖn c¸c vÕt nøt, vµ c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p
®é cøng ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh c−êng ®é (nh− bóa ®é chèi
Schmidt).
non-electric cap /,n˜n'elektrik k“p/ n kÝp næ
kh«ng dïng ®iÖn: A detonator which does not
 217
require an electric current to initiate its explosive
charge: Lµ mét kÝp næ mµ nã kh«ng cÇn mét dßng
®iÖn ®Ó måi næ cho khèi thuèc cña nã.
non-swelling soil /n˜n'sweli– s˜il/ n ®Êt kh«ng
tr−¬ng në: The soils in that no significant volume
change is observed as a result of water content
changes are described as nonswelling soils: C¸c ®Êt
trong ®ã kh«ng x¶y ra sù thay ®æi thÓ tÝch ®¸ng kÓ
khi l−îng n−íc thay ®æi ®−îc coi lµ lo¹i ®Êt kh«ng
tr−¬ng në.
nontelescopic forms /,n˜n,teli'skɔpik fɔ:m/ n v¸n
khu«n kh«ng chui ®−îc: Full-circle or arch forms
that when stripped and collapsed, will not pass
through other forms erected in place: Lµ v¸n khu«n
[vá hÇm] d¹ng vßm hay h×nh trßn mµ khi ®−îc th¸o
ra vµ co l¹i, nã sÏ kh«ng ®i qua ®−îc v¸n khu«n
kh¸c dùng t¹i chç.
normal fault /'n˜:m”l f˜:lt/ n ®øt g·y thuËn: If the
hanging wing moves downwards compared to the
lying wing, the formed fault is called normal fault.
Normal faults are created when vertical stresses are
greater than horizontal stresses. Movements of the
earth's crust will tense its surface, resulting in a
series of normal faults: NÕu c¸nh treo chuyÓn ®éng
xuèng d−íi so víi c¸nh n»m th× ®øt g·y ®ã gäi lµ ®øt
g·y thuËn. §øt g·y thuËn ®−îc sinh ra khi øng suÊt
th¼ng ®øng lín h¬n øng suÊt n»m ngang. Nh÷ng
chuyÓn ®éng cña vá Tr¸i §Êt lµm cho bÒ mÆt cña vá
bÞ kÐo c¨ng sinh ra mét lo¹t ®øt g·y thuËn.
normal stress /'n˜:m”l stres/ n øng suÊt ph¸p
tuyÕn: That stress component perpendicular to a
given plane: Lµ thµnh phÇn øng suÊt vu«ng gãc víi
mét mÆt ph¼ng ®· cho o The lining in tunnels and
underground caverns can be simulated by beam
elements. The surrounding ground, that provides the
embedment of the lining, is simulated by spring
elements. Spring elements are typically oriented
perpendicular to the lining, simulating the normal
stresses induced to the ground from outward lining
deflection: Vá hÇm vµ hang ngÇm cã thÓ ®−îc m«
h×nh hãa b»ng c¸c phÇn tö dÇm. §Êt ®¸ xung quanh
vá hÇm ®−îc m« h×nh b»ng c¸c phÇn tö lß xo. C¸c
phÇn tö lß xo th−êng ®Þnh h−íng vu«ng gãc víi vá
hÇm, ®Ó m« pháng c¸c øng suÊt ph¸p tuyÕn t¸c dông
vµo nÒn ®Êt g©y bëi sù uèn cña vá hÇm ra phÝa
ngoµi.
normally consolidated soil deposit /'nɔ:məli
kən'soulideitid sɔil di'pɔzit/ n trÇm tÝch ®Êt cè kÕt
b×nh th−êng: A soil deposit that has never been
subjected to an effective pressure greater than the
existing overburden pressure: Lµ mét trÇm tÝch ®Êt
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
mµ nã ch−a bao giê ph¶i chÞu mét ¸p lùc cã hiÖu lín
h¬n ¸p lùc líp phñ hiÖn t¹i.
no-slump grout /nou-slʌmp graut/ n v÷a kh«ng
cã ®é sôt: Grout with a slump of 1 in. (25 mm) or
less according to the standard slump test (Test
Method C 143). See also slump and slump test: Lµ
v÷a cã ®é sôt b»ng 25 mm hoÆc bÐ h¬n theo thÝ
nghiÖm ®é sôt tiªu chuÈn (Test Method C 143). Xem
thªm slump vµ slump test.
noxious fumes /'n˜k‘”s fju:m/ n c¸c khãi ®éc:
Pollutant and dangerous smoke produced in the
construction site: Lµ khãi g©y « nhiÔm vµ nguy hiÓm
®−îc s¶n ra trªn c«ng tr−êng x©y dùng.
nozzle /'n˜zl/ n vßi phun, miÖng phun, èng phun:
Attachment at end of delivery hose from which
shotcrete is jetted at high velocity. Principles of the
shotcrete nozzle were developed in 1907 by Carl E.
Akeley, and its was further developed and patented
in 1910 by the Cement Gun Co. of Allentwon,
Pensylvania, which also coined the word gunite for
what is now formally designated as fine-aggregate
shotcrete: Lµ bé phËn g¾n vµo mét ®Çu cña èng
ph©n phèi mµ tõ ®ã bªt«ng phun ®−îc phôt ra víi
vËn tèc cao. C¸c nguyªn t¾c vÒ vßi xÞt bªt«ng phun
®· ®−îc ®−a ra n¨m 1907 bëi Carl E. Akeley, vµ nã
®−îc ph¸t triÓn h¬n n÷a vµ ®¨ng ký s¸ng chÕ n¨m
1910 bëi C«ng ty Cement Gun t¹i Allentown,
Pennsylvania, c«ng ty nµy còng ®Æt ra mét tõ míi
gunite cho lo¹i vËt liÖu mµ ngµy nay ®−îc gäi chÝnh
thøc lµ bªt«ng phun cèt liÖu-nhá.
nozzle velocity /'n˜zl vi'l˜s”ti/ n tèc ®é t¹i vßi
phun: The rate at which shotcrete is ejected from the
nozzle, usually stated in feet per second or meters
per second: Lµ tèc ®é t¹i ®ã bªt«ng phun ®−îc phôt
ra khái vßi, th−êng ®o b»ng mÐt trªn gi©y.
nozzleman /'n˜zlm“n/ n c«ng nh©n cÇm vßi
phun, ng−êi thùc hiÖn viÖc phun bªt«ng: Worker on
shotcrete crew who manipulates the nozzle, controls
consistency with the dry process, and controls final
disposition of the material. Testing of each
nozzleman's ability to produce satisfactory shotcrete
in place is an obvious necessity, as this could be the
weak link in the materials-mix-application-product
chain: Lµ ng−êi c«ng nh©n trong ®éi phun bªt«ng
lµm nhiÖm vô ®iÒu khiÓn vßi phun, kiÓm so¸t ®é ®ång
nhÊt bªt«ng trong qu¸ tr×nh trén kh«, vµ kiÓm so¸t sù
ph©n bè cuèi cïng cña bªt«ng. Thö tay nghÒ mçi
c«ng nh©n phun bªt«ng ®Ó biÕt hä cã kh¶ n¨ng t¹o
®−îc bªt«ng chÊt l−îng tho¶ m·n râ rµng lµ mét viÖc
cÇn thiÕt, v× ®iÒu nµy cã thÓ lµ mét m¾t xÝch yÕu
trong d©y chuyÒn vËt liÖu-trén-phun-s¶n phÈm o
 218
ACI 506.3R provides for certification of nozzlemen:
Tiªu chuÈn ACI 506.3R cña ViÖn Bªt«ng Mü cã quy
®Þnh vÒ thñ tôc cÊp chøng chØ cho c«ng nh©n phun
bªt«ng.
nuisance /'nju:sns/ n mèi phiÒn to¸i; mèi g©y
thiÖt h¹i: Any horseplay or any offensive or
obnoxious practice that endangers the lives, limbs,
or health of persons employed: Lµ bÊt cø sù Çm Ü
nµo hay bÊt cø thñ tôc lµm viÖc g©y khã chÞu hay ®éc
h¹i nµo mµ chóng g©y nguy hiÓm cho tÝnh m¹ng,
ch©n tay, hay søc kháe cña ng−êi lao ®éng.
numerical analysis /nju:'merik”l ə'næləsis/ n
ph−¬ng ph¸p ph©n tÝch sè: Numerical analysis
(Finite Element Modelling) is normally run as 2-
dimensional models in computers. Even relatively
simple situations may take days of preparation and
run-time, before results are available. Once some
basic work for a given project has been carried out,
sensitivity analysis and re-calculation based on new,
or updated information, can be more quickly
performed. Numerical 3-dimensional modelling is
normally so demanding that only mainframe
computers can cope with such tasks: Ph©n tÝch sè
(m« h×nh hãa phÇn tö h÷u h¹n) th−êng ®−îc thùc
hiÖn b»ng c¸c m« h×nh hai chiÒu trªn m¸y tÝnh. Ngay
c¶ c¸c bµi to¸n t−¬ng ®èi ®¬n gi¶n còng cã thÓ mÊt
hµng ngµy ®Ó chuÈn bÞ sè liÖu vµ ch¹y m¸y, tr−íc khi
cã ®−îc kÕt qu¶. Sau khi mét sè c«ng viÖc c¬
b¶n/ban ®Çu cña mét dù ¸n ®· ®−îc tiÕn hµnh, th×
viÖc ph©n tÝch sù ®¸p øng vµ tÝnh to¸n l¹i dùa trªn
c¸c th«ng tin míi hoÆc cËp nhËt sÏ cã thÓ ®−îc thùc
hiÖn nhanh h¬n. TÝnh to¸n b»ng m« h×nh sè ba chiÒu
th−êng lµ rÊt nÆng nÒ, do ®ã chØ cã c¸c m¸y tÝnh lín
míi ®¶m ®−¬ng ®−îc nhiÖm vô nµy.
numerical method/procedure /nju:'merik”l
'meθ”d/ n ph−¬ng ph¸p tÝnh to¸n sè: The numerical
methods of analysis fall under one of the following
categories: (a) finite difference method; (b) finite
element method; (c) boundary integral equation
method; and (d) method of characteristics where a
set of partial differential equations is converted into
a set of ordinary differential equations. The
usefulness, validity and application of each of these
methods greatly depends on the type of problem
under consideration: C¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p tÝnh to¸n sè
cã mÊy lo¹i sau ®©y - (a) ph−¬ng ph¸p sai ph©n h÷u
h¹n; (b) ph−¬ng ph¸p phÇn tö h÷u h¹n; (c) ph−¬ng
ph¸p ph−¬ng tr×nh tÝch ph©n biªn; vµ (d) ph−¬ng
ph¸p ®Æc tr−ng, trong ®ã mét tËp c¸c ph−¬ng tr×nh vi
ph©n riªng phÇn ®−îc chuyÓn ®æi thµnh mét tËp
ph−¬ng tr×nh vi ph©n th«ng th−êng. TÝnh cã Ých, tÝnh
thÝch hîp, vµ viÖc ¸p dông mçi ph−¬ng ph¸p ®Òu phô
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
thuéc rÊt lín vµo lo¹i bµi to¸n ®ang xÐt o The
reinforcement scheme may comprise rock bolt
systems and cable bolt systems and possibly even
ground anchor systems. In some cases, it is possible
to estimate reinforcement scheme response by
applying analytical and numerical procedures to
simple rock mass collapse mechanisms (e.g.
deformation of a continuum, simple flexure of
stratified beams, the agitation of simple systems of
polyhedral blocks, etc.): HÖ thèng gia c−êng ®Êt ®¸
cã thÓ cÊu t¹o tõ c¸c hÖ thèng bul«ng neo vµ hÖ
thèng c¸p neo vµ thËm chÝ c¶ hÖ thèng neo ®Êt.
Trong mét vµi tr−êng hîp, cã thÓ ®¸nh gi¸ sù lµm
viÖc cña hÖ tæ hîp gia c−êng nµy b»ng c¸ch ¸p dông
c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p c¬ häc kÕt cÊu hoÆc tÝnh to¸n sè
®èi víi nh÷ng c¬ chÕ ph¸ ho¹i khèi ®¸ ®¬n gi¶n (vÝ
dô biÕn d¹ng cña vËt thÓ liªn tôc, uèn ®¬n gi¶n cña
dÇm ph©n líp, chuyÓn ®éng hçn ®én cña c¸c hÖ
thèng ®¬n gi¶n gåm c¸c khèi ®a diÖn).
nut /nʌt/ n ®ai èc: The Contractor shall submit
manufacturers data certifying the properties and
strength of all nuts, washers and bearing plates to
the Engineer for review and approval at least 60
days prior to intended use: Nhµ thÇu ph¶i tr×nh c¸c
sè liÖu cña nhµ s¶n xuÊt chøng nhËn c¸c tÝnh chÊt vµ
c−êng ®é cña tÊt c¶ c¸c ®ai èc bul«ng, vßng ®Öm vµ
b¶n ®Õ ®Ó T− vÊn xem xÐt vµ chÊp thuËn Ýt nhÊt lµ 60
ngµy tr−íc khi muèn sö dông chóng o The nuts are
usually tightened by means of a pneumatically-
driven wrench. Such a wrench is an indispensable
tool for the roof-bolting technique, for the nuts are
tightened very strongly within a few seconds: C¸c
®ai èc th−êng ®−îc vÆn chÆt b»ng mét cêlª lùc ch¹y
khÝ nÐn. Cêlª nµy lµ dông cô kh«ng thÓ thiÕu cho kü
thuËt neo bul«ng trªn nãc hÇm, cho c¸c ®ai èc ®−îc
vÆn rÊt chÆt trong vßng vµi gi©y.
 219
Oo
obscuration /,˜bskju”'rei‘n/ n sù lµm tèi ®i, sù
lµm mê ®i.
observation /˜bz”:'vei‘n/ n sù quan s¸t, sù kiÓm
tra, theo dâi, quan tr¾c: The inspector's observations
and measurements are an important part in
justifying compliance with the specifications: Sù
kiÓm tra vµ ®o ®¹c cña kü s− gi¸m s¸t lµ mét phÇn
quan träng trong viÖc ®¸nh gi¸ sù tu©n thñ ®óng quy
tr×nh kü thuËt o Because of subsequent
construction, written reports and records of
observations and measurements are usually the only
remaining evidence that the tunnel work was
performed correctly: Do thi c«ng lµ mét qu¸ tr×nh
nèi tiÕp liªn tôc, c¸c b¸o c¸o vµ ghi chÐp vÒ c¸c
quan s¸t kiÓm tra vµ ®o ®¹c b»ng v¨n b¶n th−êng lµ
chøng cí cßn l¹i duy nhÊt sau nµy chøng minh r»ng
c«ng viÖc trong hÇm ®· ®−îc thùc thi ®óng d¾n.
observation and measurement items /˜bz”:'vei∫n
“nd 'meʒ”m”nt 'ait”mz/ n c¸c h¹ng môc quan tr¾c
vµ ®o ®¹c: The items of observation and
measurement of the tunnel and surrounding ground
are classified into five categories: i) observation of
the stability of ground and support ii) survey and
tests on ground property iii) measurements to grasp
the behaviour of ground and tunnel iv)
measurements relating to supporting function v)
others: C¸c h¹ng môc quan tr¾c vµ ®o ®¹c cho hÇm
vµ ®Êt nÒn bao quanh ®−îc chia lµm n¨m lo¹i: i)
quan tr¾c sù æn ®Þnh cña ®Êt nÒn vµ hÖ chèng ®ì, ii)
kh¶o s¸t vµ thÝ nghiÖm vÒ tÝnh chÊt cña ®Êt, iii) ®o
®¹c ®Ó n¾m v÷ng sù biÕn ®æi (øng xö) cña ®Êt vµ cña
hÇm, iv) c¸c ®o ®¹c liªn quan ®Õn chøc n¨ng chèng
®ì, v) c¸c môc kh¸c nh− thay ®æi cña c«ng tr×nh bªn
c¹nh, mùc n−íc ngÇm.
observation and measurement location
/˜bz”:'vei∫n “nd 'meʒ”m”nt lou'kei∫n/ n vÞ trÝ
quan tr¾c vµ ®o ®¹c: Observation and measurement
locations shall be selected properly so that the
interrelation between observation results and
different measurement items can be understood: C¸c
vÞ trÝ quan tr¾c vµ ®o ®¹c ph¶i ®−îc lùa chän thÝch
®¸ng sao cho cã thÓ hiÓu ®−îc mèi quan hÖ qua l¹i
gi÷a kÕt qu¶ quan tr¾c vµ c¸c h¹ng môc ®o ®¹c kh¸c
nhau.
observation record /˜bz”:'vei‘n 'rekɔ:d/ n b¸o
c¸o quan tr¾c: Observation records should include
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
objective comments on all the observation items
required and should be accompanied by sketches or
photographs of the face: C¸c b¸o c¸o quan tr¾c ph¶i
cã nh÷ng nhËn xÐt kh¸ch quan vÒ tÊt c¶ c¸c h¹ng
môc quan tr¾c ®−îc yªu cÇu vµ ph¶i ®Ýnh kÌm víi
b¶n vÏ ph¸c häa hoÆc ¶nh chôp g−¬ng hÇm.
observation well /˜bz”:'vei‘n wel/ n giÕng quan
tr¾c: Observation wells to monitor the groundwater
level adjacent to tunnels and underground structures
are installed and read periodically: C¸c giÕng quan
tr¾c ®Ó kiÓm tra mùc n−íc ngÇm gÇn ®−êng hÇm vµ
c¸c c«ng tr×nh ngÇm kh¸c ®−îc thiÕt lËp vµ lÊy sè
liÖu theo ®Þnh kú.
observational investigation /٫˜bz”:'vei∫”nl
in٫vesti'gei∫n/ n sù ®iÒu tra kh¶o s¸t phôc vô quan
tr¾c: Position of observational investigation is on the
inside of tunnel and on the surface. Items to be
observed include ground conditions of excavation
face, state of supports/lining of constructed portion,
and condition of surface. Results are used for
evaluating the stability of excavation face, reviewing
ground classification, studying relationship between
ground condition and ground behaviour, prediction
of future ground conditions, studying the range
influenced by excavation, and evaluating the
stability of surrounding ground: VÞ trÝ cña c¸c kh¶o
s¸t quan tr¾c lµ ë bªn trong hÇm vµ trªn mÆt ®Êt.
C¸c viÖc cÇn quan tr¾c gåm ®iÒu kiÖn ®Êt t¹i g−¬ng
®µo, tr¹ng th¸i cña hÖ chèng/vá hÇm t¹i phÇn ®· thi
c«ng, vµ ®iÒu kiÖn bÒ mÆt. C¸c kÕt qu¶ ®iÒu tra quan
tr¾c ®−îc dïng ®Ó ®¸nh gi¸ ®é æn ®Þnh cña g−¬ng
®µo, kiÓm tra l¹i cÊp h¹ng ®Êt, nghiªn cøu mèi quan
hÖ gi÷a ®iÒu kiÖn ®Êt vµ øng xö cña nã, dù b¸o ®iÒu
kiÖn ®Êt s¾p ®µo tíi, nghiªn cøu tÇm ¶nh h−ëng cña
viÖc ®µo hÇm, vµ ®¸nh gi¸ ®é æn ®Þnh cña nÒn ®Êt
xung quanh.
observational method /٫˜bz”:'vei∫”nl 'meθ”d/ n
ph−¬ng ph¸p [thiÕt kÕ chèng ®ì hÇm] dùa trªn quan
tr¾c/quan s¸t: The Observational Method has in
reality existed since man started tunnelling. The
basic elements of the observational method are as
outlined as follows: i) Rock support shall be
designed for expected rock condition variations as a
rock support prognosis. In this design work, any and
all kinds of empirical and calculation methods can
be used, as considered necessary and useful; ii)
Verification of the prognosis shall take place after
excavation and support installation, by visual
inspection, monitoring of deformations, stresses,
loads, water pressure and any other means as
considered necessary. Adjusted or added support
may become necessary, locally, also subject to
 220
verification; iii) The prognosis shall be updated by
feedback of data from previous steps, to decide upon
possible design adjustments: Ph−¬ng ph¸p quan tr¾c
thùc ra ®· tån t¹i tõ khi loµi ng−êi biÕt b¾t ®Çu ®µo
hÇm. C¸c b−íc c¬ b¶n cña ph−¬ng ph¸p quan tr¾c
®−îc kh¸i qu¸t nh− sau: i) HÖ chèng ®−îc thiÕt kÕ
cho mäi thay ®æi dù kiÕn cña ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt, nh−
mét tiªn l−îng vÒ hÖ chèng. Trong viÖc thiÕt kÕ nµy,
cã thÓ dïng bÊt kú hoÆc nhiÒu ph−¬ng ph¸p tÝnh to¸n
vµ kinh nghiÖm, nÕu thÊy cÇn vµ cã Ých; ii) ViÖc kiÓm
chøng thiÕt kÕ tiªn l−îng sÏ tiÕn hµnh sau khi ®µo vµ
thi c«ng hÖ chèng, nhê kiÓm tra b»ng m¾t, theo dâi
biÕn d¹ng, øng suÊt, t¶i träng, ¸p lùc n−íc vµ c¸c
yÕu tè kh¸c nÕu thÊy cÇn thiÕt. Sau khi ®iÒu chØnh
hoÆc bæ sung hÖ chèng mét c¸ch côc bé th× còng cÇn
kiÓm chøng l¹i; iii) ThiÕt kÕ tiªn l−îng sÏ lu«n ®−îc
cËp nhËt nhê ph©n tÝch d÷ liÖu cña c¸c b−íc tr−íc
®ã, nh»m x¸c ®Þnh c¸c ®iÒu chØnh thiÕt kÕ cÇn thiÕt
o In a major part of modern tunnelling activity, the
Observational Method is today the accepted basic
approach. The very well known New Austrian
Tunnelling Method (NATM), is a procedure covered
by the more general approach of the Observational
Method: Trong phÇn lín ho¹t ®éng x©y dùng hÇm
hiÖn ®¹i, hiÖn nay ph−¬ng ph¸p quan tr¾c lµ mét
c¸ch tiÕp cËn c¬ b¶n ®· ®−îc chÊp nhËn réng r·i.
Ph−¬ng ph¸p lµm hÇm míi cña ¸o (NATM) rÊt næi
tiÕng chÝnh lµ mét quy tr×nh tu©n theo mét c¸ch tiÕp
cËn tæng qu¸t h¬n cña ph−¬ng ph¸p quan tr¾c.
obstacle /'˜bst”kl/ n sù c¶n trë; vËt c¶n, ch−íng
ng¹i vËt: Obstacles and objects in the path of the
vehicle inside tunnel must be visible at such a
distance that the neccesary maneuvers can be
executed in an effective manner: C¸c ch−íng ng¹i
vËt vµ c¸c vËt thÓ kh¸c trªn ®−êng xe ch¹y trong
hÇm ph¶i ®−îc chiÕu s¸ng ®Ó nh×n thÊy râ rµng t¹i
mét kho¶ng c¸ch sao cho ng−êi l¸i xe cã thÓ thùc
hiÖn nh÷ng thao t¸c cÇn thiÕt mét c¸ch cã hiÖu qu¶.
obstruction /”b'strʌk‘n/ n vËt c¶n; sù c¶n trë: Any
object or feature that lies completely or partially
within the cross-section of the microtunnel and
prevents continued forward progress: VËt c¶n lµ bÊt
kú vËt hay ®èi t−îng nµo mµ nã n»m hoµn toµn hoÆc
mét phÇn trong ph¹m vi tiÕt diÖn ngang cña hÇm nhá
vµ c¶n trë sù ®µo hÇm tiÕn lªn o If, during the
contruction period, the Contractor encounters
unforeseen physical obstructions or conditions on
the Site he notifies the Engineer who issues relevant
instructions: NÕu, trong giai ®o¹n thi c«ng, Nhµ
thÇu gÆp ph¶i c¸c c¶n trë hay nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn tù
nhiªn kh«ng l−êng tr−íc t¹i hiÖn tr−êng, Nhµ thÇu sÏ
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
th«ng b¸o cho T− vÊn ®Ó T− vÊn ®−a ra c¸c chØ dÉn
thÝch hîp.
obtain /”b'tein/ v ®¹t ®−îc, giµnh ®−îc, thu ®−îc,
nhËn ®−îc: When estimating concrete quality after
tunnel construction has been completed, it is
necessary to use not only the non-destructive test
methods (a test hammer) but also the destructive test
method (drilling cores) to obtain the reliable values
of compressive strength: Khi ®¸nh gi¸ chÊt l−îng
bªt«ng sau khi ®· x©y dùng xong hÇm, kh«ng nh÷ng
ph¶i sö dông c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p thÝ nghiÖm kh«ng ph¸
hñy (v.d bóa thö) mµ cßn c¶ ph−¬ng ph¸p ph¸ hñy
(khoan lÊy mÉu) ®Ó thu ®−îc c¸c gi¸ trÞ tin cËy vÒ
c−êng ®é nÐn o To obtain a good choice of
support type, especially at the initial stages of
design, tunnel designers can anticipate the expected
extents of squeezing problems and then estimate the
type and amount of support required. This is done by
assuming a circular tunnel in hydrostatic stress
conditions with a closed ring of support (evenly
distributed around the tunnel circumference): §Ó cã
®−îc sù lùa chän hîp lý vÒ lo¹i chèng ®ì hÇm, ®Æc
biÖt ë giai ®o¹n thiÕt kÕ s¬ bé, ng−êi kü s− cã thÓ tÝnh
to¸n ph¹m vi c¸c vïng ph¸ hñy ®Êt ®¸ quanh hÇm,
sau ®ã dù kiÕn lo¹i vµ sè l−îng kÕt cÊu chèng cÇn
thiÕt. Thñ tôc nµy ®−îc thùc hiÖn víi gi¶ thiÕt lµ hÇm
trßn n»m trong ®iÒu kiÖn ¸p lùc thñy tÜnh cã vá
chèng khÐp kÝn (ph©n bè ®Òu quanh chu vi hÇm).
odeometer = consolidometer /oudiou'mi:t”/ n m¸y
®o cè kÕt: Traditionally consolidation has been
measured in an odeometer and is generally known
as the one-dimensional consolidation test.
Developments in test techniques and apparatus have
led to the use of hydraulic consolidation tests: Tõ
tr−íc ®Õn nay ng−êi ta vÉn dïng m¸y ®o cè kÕt ®Ó ®o
®¹c ®¸nh gi¸ sù cè kÕt cña ®Êt sÐt vµ nã ®−îc gäi lµ
thÝ nghiÖm cè kÕt mét chiÒu. HiÖn nay, do nh÷ng
ph¸t triÓn vÒ c¸c kü thuËt còng nh− m¸y mãc thÝ
nghiÖm, ng−êi ta ®· sö dông c¸c thÝ nghiÖm cè kÕt
dïng thñy lùc.
off-street parking /'˜:fstri:t 'pa:ki–/ n ®ç xe ngoµi
khu phè: Parking in appropriate facilities off the
street. Does not refer to illegal parking at the
roadside: Lµ sù ®ç xe trong c¸c khu c«ng tr×nh thÝch
hîp kh«ng n»m trªn phè. Tõ nµy kh«ng nãi ®Õn viÖc
®ç xe bÊt hîp ph¸p t¹i lÒ ®−êng.
offset /'˜:fset/ n sù dÞch chuyÓn; sù bï; kho¶ng c¸ch
vu«ng gãc: A short distance measured at right
angles from a line actually run to some point in an
irregular boundary, or to some object: Lµ mét
kho¶ng c¸ch ng¾n ®o vu«ng gãc víi mét ®−êng th¼ng
 221
mµ nã thùc tÕ ®i qua mét sè ®iÓm trªn mét ®−êng
biªn kh«ng ®Òu, hoÆc ch¹y qua mét sè ®èi t−îng o
The position of the key is selected by measuring
offsets between the shield and the previously
installed ring (springlines, crown and invert) with
allowance for the look-ahead position of the shield
cylinder: VÞ trÝ cña m¶nh vá hÇm khãa chèt ®−îc lùa
chän b»ng c¸ch ®o c¸c kho¶ng c¸ch gi÷a khiªn ®µo
víi vßng vá hÇm ®· l¾p r¸p xong (®o t¹i ®iÓm chuyÓn
tiÕp t−êng-vßm, t¹i vßm ®Ønh vµ vßm ®¸y) cã tÝnh
®Õn t− thÕ h−íng vÒ phÝa tr−íc cña xy-lanh khiªn
®µo.
oil mist /˜il mist/ n s−¬ng mï dÇu: Type of
pollution caused by air with oil particules: Lo¹i «
nhiÔm g©y bëi kh«ng khÝ cã c¸c h¹t dÇu.
on-the-job training /,˜n›”'d™˜b 'treini–/ n sù ®µo
t¹o trong qu¸ tr×nh lµm viÖc: Programs for
continuous education is a key factor to success
within any organisation or company. Tunnelling and
underground projects are suitable for "on the job"
training since most large projects make use of
"state-of-art" technology in one or more fields. It is
recommended that educational programmes be
established within all organisations and companies,
and that the goals and requirements of the detailed
education plans are specified in the contracts: C¸c
ch−¬ng tr×nh gi¸o dôc th−êng xuyªn lµ nh©n tè quan
träng cho sù thµnh c«ng trong bÊt kú tæ chøc hay
c«ng ty nµo. C¸c dù ¸n lµm hÇm vµ c«ng tr×nh ngÇm
rÊt phï hîp víi sù ®µo t¹o "trong khi lµm viÖc" v×
hÇu hÕt c¸c dù ¸n lín ®Òu sö dông c«ng nghÖ "hiÖn
®¹i" trong mét hay nhiÒu lÜnh vùc.
opacity, obscuration /ou'p“siti, ,˜bskju”'rei‘n/ n
®é mê ®ôc, tÝnh kh«ng trong suèt: Opacity means
the fraction of a beam of light, expressed in percent,
which fails to penetrate a plume of smoke as
measured and calculated under the specific
provisions: §é mê ®ôc ®−îc tÝnh b»ng sè phÇn tr¨m
cña mét tia s¸ng kh«ng thÓ xuyªn qua ®−îc mét khèi
khãi, ®−îc ®o vµ tÝnh theo c¸c quy ®Þnh riªng o
Because there will be no certain control of air
direction or velocity, natural ventilation cannot be
fully relied upon to prevent the build up of unhealthy
fumes, obscuration or contamination occurring
within a tunnel during still, adverse wind or slow
moving traffic conditions: V× kh«ng cã ®−îc sù kiÓm
so¸t ch¾c ch¾n vÒ h−íng hay tèc ®é kh«ng khÝ, nªn
kh«ng thÓ dùa hoµn toµn vµo th«ng giã tù nhiªn ®Ó
ng¨n chÆn sù tÝch lòy c¸c khãi ®éc, mê tèi/gi¶m tÇm
nh×n hay « nhiÔm x¶y ra bªn trong hÇm trong ®iÒu
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
kiÖn giã lÆng bÊt lîi hay khi cã dßng giao th«ng
thÊp.
opal /'oup”l/ n kho¸ng vËt «pan: Amorphous silica
mineral. Softer, less dense, less transparent and
lacks crystalline structure compared with quartz.
Occurs in nearly all colours. Transparent coloured
varieties used as gemstones: Lµ kho¸ng vËt «xyt silic
SiO2 v« ®Þnh h×nh. MÒm h¬n, Ýt ®Æc sÝt h¬n, kÐm
trong suèt h¬n vµ thiÕu cÊu tróc tinh thÓ so víi th¹ch
anh. XuÊt hiÖn víi hÇu hÕt c¸c mµu s¾c. C¸c lo¹i
«pan mµu trong suèt ®−îc dïng lµm ®¸ quý.
open (face) shield /'oup”n feis ‘i:ld/ n khiªn ®µo
(g−¬ng) hë: The shield normally used in soft ground
tunnelling: Lµ khiªn th−êng sö dông khi ®µo hÇm
trong ®Êt yÕu.
open cut = conventional trenching /'oup”n kʌt/ n
hè ®µo hë; r·nh/tuyÕn ®µo lé thiªn: A trench
excavated from the surface and left uncovered until
completion of the work within: Lµ mét r·nh/hµo
®−îc ®µo tõ mÆt ®Êt vµ ®Ó hë kh«ng lÊp l¹i cho tíi
khi ®· hoµn thµnh c«ng viÖc bªn trong o An
excavation through rock or soil made through a hill
or other topographic feature to facilitate the passage
of a highway, railroad, or waterway along an
alignment that varies in topographic relief. An open
cut can be comprised of single slopes or multiple
slopes, or multiple slopes and horizontal benches, or
both: Lµ mét hè ®µo qua ®¸ hoÆc ®Êt ®−îc më qua
mét ®åi hoÆc ®Æc tr−ng ®Þa h×nh kh¸c ®Ó t¹o dÔ dµng
cho sù ®i qua cña ®−êng bé, ®−êng s¾t, hoÆc ®−êng
thñy däc theo mét tuyÕn mµ tuyÕn nµy thay ®æi trong
khu vùc ®Þa h×nh ®ã. Mét tuyÕn ®µo lé thiªn cã thÓ
®−îc t¹o thµnh tõ c¸c m¸i dèc ®¬n cÊp hay c¸c m¸i
dèc nhiÒu cÊp, hoÆc c¸c m¸i dèc ®a cÊp vµ c¸c bËc
thÒm ngµng, hoÆc c¶ hai.
open face shield /'oup”n feis/ n khiªn hë g−¬ng:
Shield in which manual excavation is carried out
from within a steel tube at the front of a pipe jack:
Lµ khiªn ®µo trong ®ã viÖc ®µo ®Êt b»ng thñ c«ng
®−îc tiÕn hµnh tõ bªn trong mét trô thÐp t¹i mÆt
tr−íc cña ®o¹n kÝch èng.
open pit /'oup”n pit/ n má lé thiªn: A surface mine,
open to daylight, such as a quarry. Also referred to
as open-cut or open-cast mine: Lµ mét má trªn bÒ
mÆt, lé thiªn tr−íc ¸nh s¸ng ban ngµy, ch¼ng h¹n
mét má ®¸. Còng t−¬ng tù nh− “open-cut” hoÆc
“open-cast mine”.
open-cut tunnel /'oup”n kʌt 'tʌnl/ n hÇm ®µo hë: A
tunnel constructed by excavating a trench from the
surface, building the structure within the trench, and
then backfilling to restore the surface: Lµ mét hÇm
 222
thi c«ng b»ng c¸ch ®µo mét hµo tõ trªn mÆt ®Êt, x©y
dùng kÕt cÊu bªn trong hµo, vµ sau ®ã lÊp l¹i ®Ó kh«i
phôc bÒ mÆt.
open TM /'oup”n ti:em/ n m¸y khoan hÇm d¹ng hë:
TM without pressure bulkhead behind the excavation
chamber. Open shields are normally only employed
above groundwater level. Open TMs include, among
other machines, TBMs and machines with partitial
face excavation: Lµ m¸y lµm hÇm kh«ng cã v¸ch
ng¨n ¸p lùc phÝa sau buång ®µo. C¸c khiªn hë
th−êng chØ ®−îc dïng ë phÝa trªn mùc n−íc ngÇm.
C¸c m¸y lµm hÇm d¹ng hë gåm cã: c¸c m¸y khoan
hÇm TBM toµn tiÕt diÖn, vµ c¸c m¸y cã thÓ ®µo
g−¬ng tõng phÇn.
opening /'oupni–/ n sù më; khe hë; lç, hang ®µo:
The plate loading tests are used to evaluate the
required thickness for stable rock pillars between
adjacent openings: ThÝ nghiÖm b¶n gia t¶i ®−îc
dïng ®Ó ®¸nh gi¸ chiÒu dµy cÇn thiÕt ®Ó cã ®−îc c¸c
cét ®¸ æn ®Þnh chèng gi÷a c¸c hang ®µo kÒ nhau.
opening = aperture /'oupni– 'æpət∫ə/ n khe hë;
®é më.
operate /'˜p”reit/ v ho¹t ®éng, vËn hµnh: The
operating systems that are needed to convert a hole
in the ground into a transportation tunnel include
ventilation, lighting, electric power supply and
distribution, water supply and drainage, surveillance
and control, finishes, and service buildings and
ancillary spaces: C¸c hÖ thèng vËn hµnh cÇn cã ®Ó
biÕn mét hang ngÇm trong ®Êt thµnh mét ®−êng hÇm
giao th«ng bao gåm: th«ng giã, chiÕu s¸ng, cung cÊp
vµ ph©n phèi ®iÖn, cÊp vµ tho¸t n−íc, kiÓm tra vµ
theo dâi, hoµn thiÖn vµ c¸c nhµ söa ch÷a, c¸c kh«ng
gian phô.
operating cost /'˜p”reiti– k˜st/ n chi phÝ vËn hµnh:
The periodic, on-going cost of a system, facility or
object. Depending on specific usage, may be
restricted only to costs when a facility is used: Lµ
chi phÝ ®Þnh kú, liªn tôc cho mét hÖ thèng, thiÕt
bÞ/c«ng tr×nh hoÆc ®èi t−îng. Tïy thuéc vµo ng÷
c¶nh sö dông ®Æc thï, tõ nµy cã thÓ chØ h¹n chÕ lµ
c¸c chi phÝ khi mét c«ng tr×nh ®−îc sö dông.
operation and maintenance (OM) /,˜p”'rei‘n
“nd 'meintin”ns/ n vËn hµnh vµ b¶o d−ìng:
Environmental impact analysis (EIA) and operation
and maintenance (OM) are an integral part of every
tunnel project, and are a disciplines in which
consultant firms must have considerable expertise:
Ph©n tÝch t¸c ®éng m«i tr−êng (EIA) vµ chØ dÉn vËn
hµnh vµ b¶o tr× (OM) lµ mét phÇn kh«ng t¸ch rêi
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
cña mäi dù ¸n hÇm, vµ lµ mét nguyªn t¾c trong ®ã
c¸c h·ng t− vÊn ph¶i cã nghiÖp vô chuyªn m«n cao.
operator (equipment) /'˜p”reit”/ n thî vËn hµnh,
thî m¸y: The person with direct control of the
equipment: Lµ ng−êi trùc tiÕp ®iÒu khiÓn m¸y
mãc/thiÕt bÞ.
operator's cabin /'˜p”reit” 'k“bin/ n cabin cña thî
vËn hµnh.
optical guidance /'˜ptik”l 'gaid”ns/ n sù dÉn h−íng
b»ng quang häc: The means by which visible aids
indicate the course of the road direction. In tunnel
application, this aid is derived from the light sources
as well as curb delineation and lane maker lines: Lµ
biÖn ph¸p nhê ®ã nh÷ng ph−¬ng tiÖn trî gióp thÞ gi¸c
sÏ chØ dÉn luång giao th«ng trªn ®−êng. Trong ngµnh
hÇm, sù trî gióp nµy xuÊt ph¸t tõ nh÷ng nguån s¸ng,
còng nh− viÖc vÏ lÒ vµ c¸c ®−êng kÎ ph©n lµn xe.
optical plumbing device /'˜ptik”l 'plʌmi– di'vais/
n dông cô ®o s©u quang häc.
optimization /'ɔptimaizei∫n/ n tèi −u hãa.
optimum moisture content = optimum water
content /'ɔptiməm 'mɔist∫ə 'kɔntent/ n hµm l−îng
n−íc tèi −u: The water content at which a soil can be
compacted to a maximum dry unit weight by a given
compactive effort: Lµ l−îng n−íc t¹i ®ã mét lo¹i ®Êt
cã thÓ ®−îc ®Çm ®Õn mét dung träng kh« lín nhÊt
bëi mét c«ng ®Çm ®· cho.
ore /˜:r/ n quÆng: A mixture of ore minerals and
gangue from which at least one of the metals can be
extracted at a profit: Lµ mét hçn hîp cña c¸c
kho¸ng vËt quÆng vµ ®Êt ®¸ th¶i, tõ ®ã Ýt nhÊt sÏ cã
mét kim lo¹i ®−îc t¸ch ra ®Ó sinh lîi o A metal or
mineral or combination of these of sufficient value
as to quality and quantity to enable it to be mined at
a profit: Lµ mét kim lo¹i ho¨ch kho¸ng vËt hoÆc hçn
hîp cña chóng cã gi¸ trÞ ®ñ lín vÒ mÆt khèi l−îng vµ
chÊt l−îng ®Ó cho phÐp khai th¸c chóng cã l·i.
orebody = ore zone /˜:r'b˜di/ n th©n quÆng: A
continuous, well-defined mass of material of
sufficient ore content to make extraction
economically feasible: Lµ mét khèi vËt liÖu liªn tôc,
®· x¸c ®Þnh râ vµ cã hµm l−îng quÆng ®ñ ®Ó khiÕn
cho viÖc khai th¸c kh¶ thi vÒ mÆt kinh tÕ.
orientation /,˜:rien'tei‘n/ n sù ®Þnh h−íng: The
orientation of a discontinuity is described by the dip
direction, the compass bearing of the maximum
inclination measured clockwise from true north, and
by the dip, maximum inclination of the discontinuity
measured from horizontal: H−íng cña mét khe nøt
®−îc m« t¶ b»ng h−íng dèc, lµ gãc ph−¬ng vÞ la bµn
cña ®é nghiªng lín nhÊt ®o theo chiÒu kim ®ång hå
 223
tõ ph−¬ng b¾c ®Þa lý, vµ b»ng gãc dèc, lµ ®é nghiªng
lín nhÊt cña khe nøt ®o tõ mÆt n»m ngang.
oscillating cutterhead /'ɔsileitiη 'kʌt”hed/ n c¬
cÊu/®Çu c¾t dao ®éng/l¾c (m¸y TBM).
oscillation /,ɔsi'lei∫n/ n sù dao ®éng: The
variation, usually with time, of the magnitude of a
quantity with respect to a specified reference when
the magnitude is alternately greater and smaller
than the reference: Lµ sù thay ®æi, th−êng lµ theo
thêi gian, cña biªn ®é cña mét ®¹i l−îng so víi mét
gi¸ trÞ tham chiÕu ®· biÕt khi biªn ®é (®é lín) lÇn
l−ît lín h¬n vµ nhá h¬n gi¸ trÞ so s¸nh.
outbye /,aut'bai/ adj h−íng ra ngoµi g−¬ng ®µo:
Away from the working face toward the shaft or
portal: C¸ch xa khái g−¬ng ®µo h−íng vÒ phÝa giÕng
®øng hoÆc cæng hÇm.
outcrop /'aut٫kr˜p/ n vÕt lé vØa, phÇn båi: An
exposure of rock, coal, or mineral deposit that can
be seen on surface, i.e., that is not covered by
overburden or water: Lµ mét khèi lé cña ®¸, than,
hay trÇm tÝch kho¸ng vËt mµ cã thÓ nh×n thÊy tõ trªn
mÆt ®Êt, tøc lµ kh«ng bÞ phñ bëi ®Êt hay n−íc.
outfitting /'aut٫fiti:ô/ n c«ng viÖc chuÈn bÞ tr−íc
khi h¹ hÇm d×m (xem fitting out).
outflow /'autflou/ n [sù, l−îng] ch¶y ra cña n−íc:
The temperature of the rock mass and the outflow
rate of the tunnel water depend on the geological,
hydrological, geothermal and topographical
conditions of the site: NhiÖt ®é cña khèi ®¸ vµ tèc
®é/l−u l−îng n−íc ngÇm ch¶y vµo hÇm phô thuéc
vµo c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt, thñy v¨n, ®Þa nhiÖt vµ ®Þa
h×nh cña vÞ trÝ x©y dùng.
outrigger /'aut٫rig”(r)/ n cÇn; dÇm ch×a; gi¸ ch×a.
outside water pressure /'autsaid 'w˜:t” 'pre‘”(r)/
n ¸p lùc n−íc tõ bªn ngoµi hÇm.
ovaling effect /'ouv”liô i'fekt/ n t¸c ®éng/hiÖu øng
bãp mÐo hÇm.
ovaling or racking deformation /'ouv”liô 'r“kiô
,di:f˜:'mei‘n/ n biÕn d¹ng bãp mÐo hoÆc vÆn ngang
hÇm.
ovality /ə'væliti/ n ®é biÕn d¹ng «van: The
difference between the maximum and minimum
diameter divided by the mean diameter at any one
cross section of a pipe, generally expressed as a
percentage: Lµ sù kh¸c nhau gi÷a ®−êng kÝnh lín
nhÊt vµ nhá nhÊt chia cho ®−êng kÝnh trung b×nh t¹i
mÆt c¾t ngang bÊt kú cña mét èng, nãi chung ®−îc
biÓu thÞ b»ng phÇn tr¨m.
over cutting tool / over cutter (copycutter) /,ouv”
'kʌtiô tu:l/ n dông cô c¾t më réng (m¸y TBM).
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
overbreak = over-excavation = excess excavation
/,ouv”'breik/ n diÖn ®µo qu¸ thiÕt kÕ (ë mÆt c¾t
ngang hÇm), sù ®µo v−ît: Excavation that occurs
outside of the "B" line of a tunnel owing to the
irregular pattern of rock breakage; the definition
also describes concrete required to fill this
overexcavated space in lined tunnels. The
Contractor's unit price for the excavation will be
considered to include the theoretical excavation
area as indicated on drawings, plus over-break for
Contractor's workable reason. It shall be understood
that Contractor shall excavate to minimize the over-
break within the workable reason: Lµ phÇn ®µo x¶y
ra ngoµi ®−êng "B" cña mét ®−êng hÇm do d¹ng
thøc ph¸ vì ®¸ kh«ng ®ång ®Òu; ®Þnh nghÜa nµy còng
chØ ra phÇn bªt«ng cÇn cã ®Ó lÊp kÝn kh«ng gian bÞ
®µo v−ît qu¸ nµy ®èi víi c¸c hÇm cã x©y vá. §¬n gi¸
®µo hÇm cña Nhµ thÇu sÏ ph¶i bao gåm diÖn tÝch
®µo lý thuyÕt nh− chØ ra trong b¶n vÏ, céng víi phÇn
®µo qu¸ v× lý do cÇn kh«ng gian ®ñ réng ®Ó Nhµ
thÇu cã thÓ lµm viÖc ®−îc trong hÇm. CÇn ph¶i hiÓu
r»ng Nhµ thÇu cã tr¸ch nhiÖm ®µo sao cho gi¶m
thiÓu diÖn ®µo qu¸ nµy trong ph¹m vi v× lý do thao
t¸c ®−îc.
overburden /,ouv”'b”:dn/ n líp phñ, líp ®Êt (®¸)
phñ bªn trªn: Essentially the same as cover, the total
depth of soil and/or rock overlying the tunnel crown.
Distinguished from another common definition as
the mantle of soil or loose material overlying bed
rock. Maximum overburden is 730m over the 12.8m
(excavated) span tunnel: VÒ c¬ b¶n ®ång nghÜa víi
tõ "cover", lµ chiÒu s©u toµn bé cña líp ®Êt vµ/hoÆc
®¸ n»m phÝa trªn nãc hÇm. Ph©n biÖt víi c¸c ®Þnh
nghÜa th«ng th−êng kh¸c nh− vá tr¸i ®Êt, hoÆc líp
vËt liÖu mÒm n»m trªn nÒn ®¸ cøng. VÝ dô, ë hÇm X
cã chiÒu dµy líp ®Êt phñ lín nhÊt lµ 730m phÝa trªn
nãc hÇm (sau khi ®µo) cã nhÞp (bÒ réng) lµ 12,8m.
overburden load /,ouv”'b”:dn loud/ n t¶i träng
líp phñ: The load on a horizontal surface
underground due to the column of material located
vertically above it: Lµ t¶i träng trªn mét bÒ mÆt
ngang d−íi ngÇm do cét vËt liÖu n»m th¼ng ®øng bªn
trªn nã.
overconsolidated /'ouv”k”n,s˜li'deitid/ adj qu¸
cè kÕt: That is, the clay has been consolidated in the
past under loading greater than the existing loading
today. Its present void ratio is represented by a point
on a reloading curve: NghÜa lµ, ®Êt sÐt ®· bÞ cè kÕt
trong qu¸ khø d−íi t¶i träng lín h¬n t¶i träng t¸c
dông hiÖn t¹i. Tû lÖ ®é lç rçng hiÖn t¹i cña nã ®−îc
thÓ hiÖn b»ng mét ®iÓm trªn ®−êng cong t¸i chÊt t¶i.
 224
overconsolidated clay /'ouv”k”n,s˜li'deitid klei/
n ®Êt sÐt qu¸ cè kÕt: The construction of a tunnel
through unstable overconsolidated clay results in
relief of confining pressure at the boundaries of the
excavation: X©y dùng hÇm qua ®Êt sÐt qu¸ cè kÕt
kh«ng æn ®Þnh sÏ sinh ra sù gi¶i phãng øng suÊt nÐn
Ðp t¹i ®−êng biªn ®µo o Depending on the degree
of overconsolidation, the resultant swelling can
continue until the opening is completely closed: Tïy
thuéc vµo møc ®é qu¸ cè kÕt, sù tr−¬ng ph×nh ch¶y
láng x¶y ra nh− mét hËu qu¶ cã thÓ tiÕp tôc cho tíi
khi hang hÇm hoµn toµn bÞ lÊp kÝn o The most
efficient method of dealing with such material is to
install a lining of circular cross-section as soon as
practical after excavation: Ph−¬ng ph¸p hiÖu qu¶
nhÊt ®Ó ®èi phã víi lo¹i ®Þa chÊt nh− vËy lµ l¾p ®Æt
vá hÇm cã tiÕt diÖn trßn ngay sau khi ®µo cµng sím
cµng tèt.
overconsolidated soil deposit /'ouv”k”n,s˜li'deitid
sɔil di'pɔzit/ n trÇm tÝch ®Êt qu¸ cè kÕt: A soil
deposit that has been subjected to an effective
pressure greater than the present overburden
pressure: Lµ mét lo¹i ®Êt ®· tõng chÞu mét ¸p lùc cã
hiÖu lín h¬n ¸p lùc tÇng ®Êt phñ hiÖn t¹i.
overconsolidation ratio (OCR)
/'ouv”k”n,s˜li'dei‘n 'rei∫iou/ n tû lÖ qu¸ cè kÕt: The
ratio of preconsolidation vertical stress to the
current effective overburden stress: Lµ tû sè gi÷a
øng suÊt th¼ng ®øng tiÒn cè kÕt víi ¸p lùc líp ®Êt
phñ cã hiÖu hiÖn t¹i.
overcoring /,ouv”'k˜riô/ n sù khoan níi réng lâi,
khoan lÊy lâi.
overcoring strain meter /,ouv”'k˜riô strein
'mi:t”/ n dông cô ®o biÕn d¹ng b»ng kü thuËt khoan
lâi réng c¸ch ly: The overcoring technique measures
strain recovery in the rock by means of an electrical
or photoelastic instrument, when the strain meter,
which is set in a small-diameter borehole, is isolated
from the existing rock stress field by drilling a large-
diameter hole around it: Kü thuËt khoan lÊy lâi réng
dïng ®Ó ®o l−îng phôc håi biÕn d¹ng trong ®¸ b»ng
mét dông cô ®iÖn hay quang ®µn håi, trong khi ®ång
hå ®o biÕn d¹ng - mµ nã ®−îc ®Æt trong mét lç
khoan nhá - ®−îc c¸ch ly víi tr−êng øng suÊt cña ®¸
hiÖn t¹i b»ng c¸ch khoan mét lç khoan lín h¬n xung
quanh nã o The strain measured during
overcoring is converted to an equivalent stress by
reloading the large-diameter cores in a biaxial
chamber, and calculating the measured muduli: BiÕn
d¹ng ®o ®−îc b»ng kü thuËt lÊy lâi sÏ ®−îc chuyÓn
®æi thµnh mét øng suÊt t−¬ng ®−¬ng nhê chÊt t¶i c¸c
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
lâi khoan ®−êng kÝnh lín trong mét buång hai trôc,
vµ tÝnh ra m«®un ®o ®−îc.
over-cutting = overbreak /,ouv” 'kʌti–/ n diÖn ®µo
qu¸ thiÕt kÕ (ë mÆt c¾t ngang hÇm), sù ®µo v−ît:
Tunnel excavation has to be carried out in a uniform
and controlled manner, over-cutting must be kept to
a minimum consistent with the need to maintain the
necessary clearance for construction of the tunnel:
ViÖc ®µo hÇm ph¶i tiÕn hµnh mét c¸ch cã trËt tù vµ
cã kiÓm so¸t, cÇn gi÷ cho ®µo v−ît nhá nhÊt phï hîp
víi nhu cÇu duy tr× mét kho¶ng kh«ng cÇn thiÕt ®Ó
x©y dùng hÇm.
over-depth drilling = subdrilling /,ouv”dep•
driliô/ n sù khoan s©u thªm: For each round of
tunneling, the over-depth drilling (from 15 to 75cm
deeper than the round's depth desired) depends on
the quality of the rock and the spacing of the holes
and will usually average about 30cm: §èi víi mçi
chu kú ®µo hÇm, l−îng khoan s©u thªm (s©u h¬n tõ
15 - 75cm so víi b−íc ®µo mong ®îi) sÏ phô thuéc
vµo chÊt l−îng ®¸ vµ kho¶ng c¸ch gi÷a c¸c lç khoan,
nã th−êng cã gi¸ trÞ trung b×nh lµ 30cm.
overdrilling /,ouv”'driliô/ n sù khoan më réng: The
process of drilling out a well casing and any
material placed in the annular space: Lµ qu¸ tr×nh
khoan më réng mét èng v¸ch giÕng vµ lo¹i bá bÊt cø
vËt liÖu nµo trong kho¶ng trèng h×nh xuyÕn xung
quanh.
overhang /'ouv”h“–/ n mÈu ch×a, ®o¹n ch×a;
phÇn nh« ra: On the curves of the tunnel, the
overhang of subway cars in curves required
additional clearance: Trªn nh÷ng ®o¹n cong cña
hÇm, phÇn nh« ra cña xe ®iÖn ngÇm ®ßi hái ph¶i cã
l−îng tÜnh kh«ng bæ sung.
overheating /'ouv”hi:ti–/ n sù qu¸ nhiÖt; sù ®un
qu¸ nãng: For diesel operations, it is necessary to
purge the diesel exhaust fumes after passage of each
train, and also to ensure adequate air flow past the
locomotives to prevent overheating: §èi víi tµu ch¹y
®iezel, cÇn ph¶i tèng ®i khãi th¶i ®iezel sau mçi lÇn
tµu qua hÇm, vµ còng nh»m ®¶m b¶o dßng khÝ ®ñ
thæi qua ®Çu tµu ®Ó chèng g©y qu¸ nhiÖt.
owner /'oun”/ n chñ ®Çu t−, chñ qu¶n lý: A
company, agency or person controlling a system,
facility or object: Lµ mét c«ng ty, h·ng hay c¸ nh©n
cã quyÒn kiÓm so¸t mét hÖ thèng, c«ng tr×nh hoÆc
®èi t−îng nµo ®ã.
oxidation /,˜ksi'dei‘”n/ n sù [qu¸ tr×nh] «xy hãa:
Chemical weathering process involving the reaction
between rocks and atmospheric oxygen, the oxygen
usually being dissolved in water. The main products
 225

are oxides and hydroxides. Iron is the mineral most

obviously affected: iron oxidation products are
characteristically brown, red and yellow in colour:
Lµ qu¸ tr×nh phong hãa hãa häc trong ®ã diÔn ra
ph¶n øng gi÷a c¸c ®¸ víi «xy cña khÝ quyÓn, «xy
th−êng ®−îc hoµ tan trong n−íc. C¸c s¶n phÈm
chÝnh lµ c¸c «xyt vµ hy®r«xyt. S¾t lµ lo¹i kho¸ng vËt
bÞ t¸c ®éng râ rµng nhÊt: c¸c s¶n phÈm cña sù «xy
hãa s¾t cã ®Æc tr−ng lµ mµu n©u, ®á vµ vµng.
oxygen deficient air /'˜ksidʒ”n di'fi∫”n e”/ n
kh«ng khÝ thiÕu «xy: Class-1 hazardous workplaces
of anoxia (in oxygen-deficient air) include: Inside a
well, shaft or tunnel in contact with or
communicating with a gravel layer having a water
impermeable layer on it, a stratum containing a
ferrous salt or manganous salt, a stratum containing
methane, ethane or butane, a stratum from which
carbonated water springs, or a sapropel layer, etc.:
C¸c ®Þa ®iÓm lµm viÖc nguy hiÓm CÊp 1 vÒ thiÕu «xy
huyÕt (trong kh«ng khÝ thiÕu «xy) bao gåm: Bªn
trong mét giÕng, hÇm cã tiÕp xóc víi hoÆc ¨n th«ng
víi mét tÇng sái cã líp kh«ng thÊm n−íc trong nã,
mét tÇng chøa muèi s¾t hay muèi mangan, mét líp
chøa mªtan, ªtan hoÆc butan, mét líp cã n−íc
cacbonat hãa phôt ra, hoÆc mét líp bïn thèi, v.v…

Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
 226
Pp
P wave /pi: weiv/ n sãng chÝnh, sãng c¬ b¶n, sãng
däc: A seismic body wave that shakes the ground
back and forth in the same direction and the
opposite direction as the direction the wave is
moving: Lµ sãng ®Þa chÊn mµ nã g©y chÊn ®éng qua
l¹i (tíi lui cïng chiÒu vµ ng−îc chiÒu) cho nÒn ®Êt
trªn cïng mét h−íng mµ sãng ®ang truyÒn qua.
pack or packer /p“k - p“k”/ n vËt chÌn/lÊp khe;
nót chÆn: A wooden or more usually steel plate, but
occasionally a concrete block used to fill a gap. In
grouting, a packer is inserted and expanded to seal
the hole for injecting grout only below the level of
packer e.g. "tube à manchette" a special type of
packer: Lµ mét tÊm gç hoÆc th«ng th−êng h¬n lµ mét
tÊm thÐp, nh−ng ®«i khi l¹i lµ mét khèi bªt«ng dïng
®Ó lÊp mét khe hë. Trong b¬m v÷a, mét èng nót ®−îc
l¾p vµo vµ lµm gi·n në ®Ó bÝt kÝn lç khoan phôc vô
viÖc b¬m v÷a ngay bªn d−íi vßng nót ®ã, vÝ dô "èng
m¨ng-sÐt" lµ mét d¹ng ®Æc biÖt cña vËt/èng nót.
packaged cement mortar /'p“kid™d si'ment
'm˜:t”/ n v÷a xim¨ng s¶n xuÊt s½n vµ ®ãng gãi.
packker /p“k”/ n nót chÆn: In grouting, a device
inserted into a hole in which grout or water is to be
injected which acts to prevent return of the grout or
water around the injection pipe; usually an
expandable device actuated mechanically,
hydraulically, or pneumatically: Trong b¬m v÷a, lµ
mét thiÕt bÞ l¾p vµo mét lç khoan mµ v÷a vµ hoÆc
n−íc sÏ ®−îc b¬m vµo trong ®ã, nã ho¹t ®éng nh»m
ng¨n chÆn sù quay trë l¹i cña dßng v÷a hoÆc n−íc
xung quanh èng b¬m; th−êng lµ mét thiÕt bÞ cã thÓ
gi·n në, ®−îc lµm cho ho¹t ®éng b»ng c¸ch c¬ häc,
thñy lùc hay khÝ nÐn.
packing /'p“ki–/ n sù bÞt kÝn, sù lµm kÝn; sù ®én,
sù chÌn; vËt liÖu ®én; vËt liÖu chÌn; vßng bÝt: Any
material used to fill the void between support
members and the rock: BÊt kú vËt liÖu nµo dïng ®Ó
lÊp kÝn lç trèng gi÷a c¸c bé phËn chèng ®ì hÇm vµ
mÆt ®¸.
panning /'p“ni–/ n l¸i dßng n−íc: The use of sheet
metal to divert inflows of water from working areas
so that concrete can be placed against a drier
surface: ViÖc dïng tÊm kim lo¹i ®Ó ®æi h−íng dßng
n−íc ngÇm ch¶y khái khu vùc thi c«ng, sao cho cã
thÓ ®æ ®−îc bªt«ng vµo mét bÒ mÆt kh« h¬n.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
parallel tunnel /'p“r”lel 'tʌnl/ n hÇm song song:
Driving Simplon as two parallel tunnels with
frequent crosscut connections considerably aided
ventilation and drainage: ViÖc ®µo hÇm Simplon
thµnh hai hÇm song song víi nhiÒu hÇm nèi ngang
®· lµm t¨ng lªn ®¸ng kÓ nhu cÇu th«ng giã vµ tho¸t
n−íc o Due to the interaction between the parallel
tunnels, significant radial deformations could occur
in the tunnel lining of 0.1% and 0.12% of the radius
of the tunnels in Chicago Clay and London Clay,
respectively: Do sù t−¬ng t¸c gi÷a c¸c hÇm song
song, cã thÓ x¶y ra biÕn d¹ng lín cho vá hÇm víi gi¸
trÞ kho¶ng 0,1% vµ 0,12% b¸n kÝnh hÇm, t−¬ng øng
trong ®Êt sÐt Chicago vµ ®Êt sÐt London.
parking ramp /'pa:ki– r“mp/ n gara nhiÒu tÇng:
A multi-level parking structure with access ramps
for cars to reach each level: Lµ mét kÕt cÊu ®ç xe
nhiÒu tÇng cã c¸c ®−êng dèc lªn xuèng ®Ó « t« cã thÓ
®Õn ®−îc tõng tÇng.
partial face /'pɑ:∫l feis/ n g−¬ng ph©n nhá
(ph−¬ng ph¸p lµm hÇm truyÒn thèng).
partial face machine /'pɑ:∫l feis m”'‘i:n/ n m¸y
®µo hÇm theo g−¬ng ph©n nhá.
particulate /pa:'tikjulət/ n h¹t: Tiny, physical
objects in the air of any kind, e.g. dust. High levels
can represent a form of air pollution: Lµ c¸c vËt thÓ
vËt lý, rÊt nhá cã trong kh«ng khÝ vµ thuéc nhiÒu
lo¹i, ch¼ng h¹n nh− bôi. Nång ®é h¹t lín tøc lµ biÓu
hiÖn mét h×nh thøc « nhiÔm kh«ng khÝ.
particulate grout /pa:'tikjulət graut/ n v÷a d¹ng
h¹t: Any grouting material characterized by
undissolved (insoluble) particles in the mix. See also
chemical grout: Lµ bÊt cø vËt liÖu v÷a b¬m nµo
®−îc ®Æc tr−ng bëi c¸c h¹t kh«ng tan (kh«ng hßa
tan) trong hçn hîp v÷a. Xem thªm chemical grout.
particulate solid /pa:'tikjulət 's˜lid/ n chÊt r¾n
d¹ng h¹t: An assembly of solid particles, the number
of particles being sufficient for the statistical mean
of any property to be independent of the number of
particles present. In such a case a particulate solid
may be considered as a continuum material.
Particulate solids may also be called bulk solids,
granular materials or powders although in certain
contexts these terms may have different meanings
from one another: Lµ mét tËp hîp cña c¸c h¹t r¾n,
víi sè l−îng h¹t ®ñ lín sao cho trung b×nh thèng kª
cña bÊt kú tÝnh chÊt nµo còng ®éc lËp víi sè h¹t hiÖn
t¹i. Trong tr−êng hîp ®ã mét chÊt r¾n d¹ng h¹t cã
thÓ ®−îc xem lµ mét vËt liÖu m«i tr−êng liªn tôc. C¸c
chÊt r¾n d¹ng h¹t còng cã thÓ ®−îc gäi lµ chÊt r¾n
khèi lín, vËt liÖu d¹ng h¹t, hoÆc chÊt bét, mÆc dï
 227
trong mét sè ng÷ c¶nh nhÊt ®Þnh nh÷ng thuËt ng÷
nµy cã thÓ cã c¸c ý nghÜa kh¸c nhau.
parties /pa:'tiz/ n c¸c bªn (liªn quan trong dù ¸n):
Companies, agencies or people who are affected by
an issue or who seek resolution of an issue: Lµ c¸c
c«ng ty, tæ chøc hay ng−êi mµ hä cïng bÞ t¸c ®éng
bëi mét vÊn ®Ò hay hä cïng t×m kiÕm gi¶i ph¸p cho
mét vÊn ®Ò.
pass /pa:s/ n l−ît phun bªt«ng: Distribution of
stream of materials over the receiving surface
during shotcreting. A layer of shotcrete is built up by
making several passes: Lµ sù ph©n bè dßng vËt liÖu
trªn bÒ mÆt tiÕp nhËn trong qu¸ tr×nh phun bªt«ng.
Mét líp dµy bªt«ng phun sÏ ®−îc t¹o thµnh tõ nhiÒu
lÇn phun qua l¹i.
passage /'p“sid™/ n hµnh lang, lèi ®i; hang,
r·nh xuyªn qua.
passageway /'p“sid™wei/ n hµnh lang, lèi ®i: At
all landings where it is necessary to cross from one
side of the shaft to the other, passageways shall be
provided and shall be kept free from all obstructions
and properly lighted: T¹i mäi ®Çu cÇu thang, n¬i mµ
cÇn ph¶i v−ît tõ bªn nµy sang bªn kia cña giÕng
®øng, cÇn ph¶i bè trÝ c¸c hµnh lang/lèi ®i vµ chóng
ph¶i ®−îc duy tr× th«ng tho¸ng kh«ng cã bÊt cø vËt
c¶n nµo, vµ ®−îc chiÕu s¸ng ®Çy ®ñ.
passing distance /'p:si– 'dist”ns/ n tÇm nh×n v−ît
xe: Passing distances do not apply, since passing in
tunnels is not permitted: TÇm nh×n v−ît xe kh«ng ¸p
dông, v× viÖc v−ît xe trong hÇm lµ kh«ng ®−îc phÐp.
passivation /,p“si'vei∫n/ n sù thô ®éng hãa: the
process in metal corrosion by which metals become
passive (See also passive) : Lµ qu¸ tr×nh trong ¨n
mßn kim lo¹i mµ qua ®ã c¸c kim lo¹i trë nªn thô
®éng víi ¨n mßn (xem thªm passive)
passive /'p“siv/ adj thô ®éng: the state of a
metal surface characterized by low corrosion rates
in a potential region that is strongly oxidizing for the
metal: Lµ tr¹ng th¸i cña mét bÒ mÆt kim lo¹i ®−îc
®Æc tr−ng bëi tèc ®é ¨n mßn thÊp trong mét vïng cã
kh¶ n¨ng g©y ¨n mßn, tøc lµ cã tÝnh «xy hãa m¹nh
®èi víi kim lo¹i.
path percolation = line of creep
/pɑ:θ ,pə:kə'lei∫n/ n sù thÊm n−íc theo ®−êng,
®−êng thÊm dß d−íi ch©n mãng.
pathology, construction or building /pə'θɔlədʒi/
n bÖnh häc c«ng tr×nh.
patrol car /p”'troul k:/ n «t« tuÇn tra:
Observation by closed-circuit television, combined
with patrol cars or special patrol vehicles, is
required for traffic surpervision in tunnels: ViÖc
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
quan s¸t b»ng hÖ thèng truyÒn h×nh c¸p, kÕt hîp víi
c¸c «t« tuÇn tra hoÆc c¸c xe tuÇn tiÔu ®Æc biÖt kh¸c
lµ cÇn thiÕt cho viÖc gi¸m s¸t giao th«ng trong hÇm.
patrolman /p”'troulm“n/ n c¶nh s¸t tuÇn tra: If
the emergency occurs during peak traffic hours, then
the traffic density within the tunnel can be regulated
by patrolmen stationed at the entrance portal, or by
the traffic control system so that the carbon
monoxide can be kept within the prescribed safe
concentration level: NÕu tr−êng hîp khÈn cÊp x¶y ra
trong giê giao th«ng cao ®iÓm, th× mËt ®é giao th«ng
trong hÇm cã thÓ ®−îc ®iÒu tiÕt nhê c¶nh s¸t tuÇn tra
®ãng ®ån t¹i cæng hÇm, hoÆc b»ng hÖ thèng kiÓm
so¸t giao th«ng, sao cho khÝ monoxit cacbon CO cã
thÓ gi÷ ®−îc d−íi møc nång ®é an toµn cho phÐp.
pavement /'peivm”nt/ n mÆt ®−êng, ¸o ®−êng; sù
l¸t ®−êng, sù r¶i ®−êng: In U.K. usage, the
pedestrian movement area at the edge of a street. In
U.S. usage, the carriageway area itself and/or its
structural makeup. Flexible pavements are
constructed of various grades and mixtures of
bituminous materials and of tar: Trong c¸ch sö dông
cña Anh, ®©y lµ diÖn tÝch ®i l¹i cña ng−êi ®i bé t¹i
mÐp cña mét ®−êng phè. Trong c¸ch sö dông cña
Mü, ®ã chÝnh lµ b¶n th©n diÖn tÝch ®−êng xe ch¹y
vµ/hoÆc c¸c bé phËn kÕt cÊu phô trî cña nã. MÆt
®−êng mÒm ®−îc thi c«ng tõ nhiÒu cÊp phèi vµ hçn
hîp kh¸c nhau cña vËt liÖu bitum vµ nhùa ®−êng.
paving machine /peivi– m”'‘i:n/ n m¸y tr¶i th¶m,
m¸y l¸t (r¶i) mÆt ®−êng: A paving machine is
capable of receiving the mix in a hopper, spreading,
screeding, and lightly compacting the material, and
pushing the unloading truck: Mét m¸y tr¶i th¶m cã
kh¶ n¨ng tiÕp nhËn hçn hîp atphan vµo mét phÔu
chøa, råi r¶i, g¹t, vµ ®Çm nhÑ vËt liÖu bªt«ng
atphan, sau ®ã ®Èy xe t¶i tiÕp liÖu ®i cïng víi nã.
pay line /pei lain/ n ®−êng/biªn ®µo ®−îc thanh
to¸n: The line or tunnel section which constitues
limits of payment for excavation and concrete lining.
Overbreak is any excavation beyond the pay line,
and overrun is any excess concrete placed beyond
the pay line: Lµ ®−êng biªn hoÆc mÆt c¾t hÇm mµ nã
t¹o thµnh c¸c giíi h¹n thanh to¸n cho c«ng t¸c ®µo
vµ vá hÇm bªt«ng. DiÖn tÝch ®µo v−ît lµ bÊt cø phÇn
®µo nµo bÞ v−ît ra khái ®−êng thanh to¸n nµy, vµ
l−îng bªt«ng v−ît qu¸ lµ bÊt kú phÇn bªt«ng phô tréi
nµo ®−îc ®æ bªn ngoµi biªn thanh to¸n.
pea gravel /pi: 'gr“v”l/ n sái h¹t ®Ëu: This is
washed gravel with pebbles 6.35 mm to 9.52 mm in
diameter. It is used to fill the void left by the tail of
the shield around the primary lining during the
 228
shove: §ã lµ lo¹i sái röa cã c¸c hßn cuéi ®−êng kÝnh
tõ 6.35 mm ®Õn 9.52 mm. Nã ®−îc dïng ®Ó lÊp
kho¶ng trèng ®Ó l¹i bëi phÇn ®u«i cña khiªn ®µo
xung quanh vßng vá hÇm c¬ së trong khi tiÕn khiªn.
peat /pi:t/ n than bïn: A naturally occurring highly
organic substance derived primarily from plant
materials. Peat is distinguished from other organic
soil materials by its lower ash content (less than 25
% ash by dry weight) and from other phytogenic
material of higher rank (that is, lignite coal) by its
lower calorific value on a water saturated basis: Lµ
mét vËt chÊt chøa nhiÒu h÷u c¬ sinh ra mét c¸ch tù
nhiªn b¾t nguån chñ yÕu tõ c¸c vËt liÖu thùc vËt.
Than bïn ®−îc ph©n biÖt víi c¸c ®Êt h÷u c¬ kh¸c bëi
hµm l−îng tro thÊp cña nã (< 25 % tro theo träng
l−îng kh«) vµ víi vËt liÖu ph¸t sinh tõ thùc vËt chÊt
l−îng cao kh¸c (nh− than non) bëi gi¸ trÞ sinh
calo/nhiÖt thÊp cña nã trªn c¬ së b·o hßa n−íc.
pedestrian /pi'destri”n/ n ng−êi ®i bé, kh¸ch bé
hµnh: A person traveling on foot. Normally,
pedestrians are not permitted in freeway tunnels;
however, space should be provided for emergency
walking and for access by maintenance personnel.
Raised sidewalks, 0.76 m wide along each wall, are
desirable beyond the shoulder areas to serve the
dual purpose of a safety walk and an obstacle to
prevent the overhang of the vehicles from damaging
the wall finish or the tunnel lighting fixtures: Lµ mét
ng−êi ®i trªn hai ch©n cña m×nh. B×nh th−êng th×
ng−êi ®i bé bÞ cÊm trong c¸c hÇm cao tèc; tuy nhiªn,
cÇn t¹o ®ñ kh«ng gian cho viÖc ch¹y bé s¬ t¸n khÈn
cÊp vµ cho viÖc ®i l¹i cña nh©n viªn b¶o d−ìng hÇm.
C¸c vØa hÌ n©ng cao, réng 0.76 m däc theo mçi bªn
t−êng hÇm, ph¶i ®−îc x©y bªn ngoµi diÖn tÝch lÒ
®−êng nh»m phôc vô hai môc ®Ých: nh− mét lèi tho¸t
bé an toµn, vµ nh− mét ch−íng ng¹i ®Ó ng¨n chÆn
phÇn nh« ra cña xe cé lµm háng líp trang trÝ trªn
thµnh hÇm hay c¸c thiÕt bÞ chiÕu s¸ng.
pedestrian cross passage /pi'destri”n kr˜:s
'p“sid™/ n hµnh lang [lèi ®i, hÇm] nèi ngang cho
ng−êi ®i bé: In case the Main tunnel consists of twin
drives, pedestrian cross passages are required at
120 m intervals, and one vehicular cross passage
located at near mid-point of the tunnels is also
required: NÕu hÇm chÝnh lµ hÇm ®«i song song, th×
ph¶i bè trÝ c¸c hÇm nèi ngang cho ng−êi bé hµnh víi
qu·ng c¸ch lµ 120m, vµ mét hÇm nèi ngang cho xe
cé còng ph¶i bè trÝ t¹i gÇn ®iÓm gi÷a cña chiÒu dµi
hÇm.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
pedestrian tunnel /pi'destri”n 'tʌnl/ n hÇm bé
hµnh: A foot tunnel, often running beneath a road:
HÇm cho ng−êi ®i bé, th−êng ®i d−íi mét con ®−êng.
peeling /'pi:li–/ n bãc m¶ng, bong lë: After
completing the mucking work, wire mesh and
shotcrete are applied as the primary lining. The wire
mesh is extended across the excavated rock surface
to prevent peeling and dropping of concrete: Sau khi
hoµn thµnh c«ng t¸c bèc xóc, l−íi thÐp vµ bªt«ng
phun ®−îc thi c«ng lµm vá hÇm ban ®Çu. L−íi thÐp
®−îc tr¶i kh¾p bÒ mÆt ®¸ g−¬ng ®µo ®Ó chèng bong
trãc vµ r¬i bªt«ng.
pegmatite /'pegm”tait/ n ®¸ pecmatit: A coarse-
grained, igneous rock, usually irregular in texture
and composition, similar to a granite in
composition; it usually occurs in dykes or veins and
sometimes contains valuable minerals: Lµ mét lo¹i
®¸ macma h¹t th«, th−êng cã cÊu tróc vµ thµnh phÇn
kh«ng ®Òu, gièng mét thø granit vÒ thµnh phÇn; nã
th−êng hiÖn diÖn theo c¸c ®ai m¹ch hay vØa vµ ®«i
khi cã chøa nhiÒu kho¸ng vËt quý.
penetrability /,peni'tr”bil”ti/ n kh¶ n¨ng thÊm
nhËp: A grout property descriptive of its ability to fill
a porous mass. Primarily a function of lubricity and
viscosity: Lµ mét tÝnh chÊt cña v÷a, m« t¶ kh¶ n¨ng
cña nã trong viÖc lÊp ®Çy mét khèi vËt liÖu xèp rçng.
VÒ c¬ b¶n nã lµ mét hµm cña ®é tr¬n vµ tÝnh nhít.
penetrate /,peni'treit/ v xuyªn qua, thÊm qua; x©m
nhËp: In tunnel stabilizing by grouting, the chemical
polymer grout, AM-9, which is a mixture of two
monomers (acrylamide and
methylenebisacrylamide), is claimed to be able to
penetrate soils with an effective diameter as small as
0.013 milimeters and to result in compressive
strength of stabilized soils up to 280 psi: Trong c«ng
t¸c æn ®Þnh hãa hÇm b»ng c¸ch b¬m v÷a, lo¹i v÷a
hãa häc polyme AM-9, mét hçn hîp cña hai monome
(acrylamid vµ metylenbisacrylamid), ®−îc coi lµ cã
kh¶ n¨ng xuyªn qua nÒn ®Êt víi ®−êng kÝnh hiÖu
dông nhá tíi 0.013 milimÐt, vµ t¹o nªn c−êng ®é nÐn
cña ®Êt ®−îc gia cè tíi 280 psi (19.7 kg/cm2).
penetration /,peni'trei‘n/ n sù xuyªn qua, sù
thÊm qua; ®é thÊm, sù x©m nhËp: For the purpose of
stabilizing tunnel excavations, the chemical grout
Terranier, consisting of low molecular weight
polyphenolic polymers catalyzed by solutions
containing a formaldehyde and metal salt, is
available in mixtures to give higher strengths or for
penetration into very fine-grained soils: Nh»m môc
®Ých æn ®Þnh hãa g−¬ng ®µo hÇm, cã s½n lo¹i v÷a
hãa häc Terranier d−íi d¹ng c¸c hçn hîp, cÊu t¹o tõ
 229
c¸c p«lyme polyphenol ph©n tö l−îng thÊp, ®−îc xóc
t¸c bëi c¸c dung dÞch chøa mét muèi kim lo¹i vµ
foman®ªhit; nã ®−îc sö dông ®Ó t¹o nªn c−êng ®é
cao h¬n hoÆc ®Ó b¬m xuyªn thÊm tèt h¬n vµo c¸c ®Êt
h¹t rÊt mÞn.
penetration grouting /,peni'trei‘n 'grautiô/ n b¬m
v÷a [xuyªn thÊm, x©m nhËp]: filling joints or
fractures in rock or pore spaces in soil with a grout
without disturbing the formation; this grouting
method does not modify the solid formation
structure. (See also displacement grouting): Lµ sù
lÊp ®Çy c¸c khe nøt hoÆc vïng n¸t vì trong ®¸ hoÆc
c¸c lç trèng trong ®Êt b»ng mét hçn hîp v÷a mµ
kh«ng lµm x¸o trén nÒn ®Êt ®¸; ph−¬ng ph¸p b¬m
v÷a nµy kh«ng lµm biÕn ®æi cÊu tróc thµnh hÖ r¾n
(xem thªm displacement grouting).
penetration per revolution /,peni'trei‘n p”:
,revə'lu:∫n/ n ®é xuyªn sau mét vßng quay (®µo
hÇm c¬ khÝ).
penetration rate /,peni'trei‘n reit/ n tèc ®é xuyªn:
The optimum speed with which a drill or excavator
can advance through the ground in a short time
before it is slowed or stopped by mechanical
breakdown, ground instability, or the like: Lµ tèc ®é
tèi −u mµ víi nã mét m¸y khoan hoÆc m¸y ®µo cã
thÓ tiÕn lªn ®−îc vµo trong ®Êt trong mét thêi gian
ng¾n tr−íc khi nã chËm l¹i hoÆc dõng l¹i do sù háng
c¬ khÝ, sù kh«ng æn ®Þnh cña ®Êt, hay v× c¸c lý do
t−¬ng tù.
penetration rate /,peni'trei‘n reit/ n tèc ®é xuyªn
(2): High penetration rates can be achieved only if
the design of the rock drill - the piston and
percussion dynamics - is optimized with the drill
steel in mind, to allow the maximum amount of
energy to be transferred to break the rock without
damaging the steel itself: Tèc ®é xuyªn lín chØ cã
thÓ ®¹t ®−îc nÕu thiÕt kÕ cña bóa khoan ®¸ - nh−
piston vµ ®éng lùc va ®Ëp - ®−îc tèi −u hãa cã tÝnh
®Õn cÇn khoan thÐp, nh»m cho phÐp truyÒn n¨ng
l−îng tèi ®a ®Ó ph¸ vì ®¸ mµ kh«ng lµm h¹i ®Õn b¶n
th©n cÇn khoan.
penetration speed = advance rate /,peni'trei‘n
spi:d/ n tèc ®é xuyªn, tèc ®é ®µo hÇm tiÕn lªn.
penstock /'penst˜k/ n èng [hÇm] dÉn n−íc cã ¸p,
®−êng èng ¸p lùc, èng dÉn n−íc vµo tua-bin; cöa
cèng: Penstock is a duct through which water flows
to turn turbines in a hydroelectric plant. Penstocks
can either be in the form of a vertical shaft or steeply
inclined tunnel (minimum 420 to the horizontal):
HÇm cã ¸p lµ mét èng qua ®ã n−íc ch¶y qua ®Ó lµm
quay tuabin trong mét nhµ m¸y thñy ®iÖn. HÇm cã
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
¸p cã thÓ lµ mét giÕng ®øng hoÆc mét hÇm nghiªng
cã ®é dèc lín (tèi thiÓu 420 so víi ph−¬ng ngang) o
Penstock tunnels should be steel-lined in zone A to
take full internal pressure for some distance (e.g. up
to 100 feet) from the powerhouse: C¸c hÇm cã ¸p
dÉn vµo tua-bin ph¶i ®−îc lãt vá thÐp ë vïng A ®Ó
chÞu toµn bé ¸p lùc trong trªn mét chiÒu dµi nµo ®ã
(vd. tíi 30.5m) kÓ tõ tr¹m ph¸t ®iÖn.
percent fines /pə'sent fainəz/ n l−îng phÇn tr¨m
h¹t mÞn: Amount, expressed as a percentage by
weight, of a material in aggregate finer than a given
sieve, usually the No. 200 (74 μm) sieve: Lµ khèi
l−îng tÝnh b»ng phÇn tr¨m träng l−îng cña mét vËt
liÖu trong cèt liÖu nhá h¬n mét cì sµng nhÊt ®Þnh,
th−êng lµ sµng sè No. 200 (74 μm).
percolation /,pə:kə'lei∫n/ n sù thÊm läc: The
movement of water through the vadose zone, in
contrast to infiltration at the land surface and
recharge across a water table: Lµ chuyÓn ®éng cña
n−íc qua vïng kh«ng b·o hßa, tr¸i víi sù thÊm nhËp
t¹i bÒ mÆt ®Êt vµ sù th¸o n−íc xuyªn qua mùc n−íc
ngÇm.
percussion /,p”'kʌ‘n/ n sù va ®Ëp, sù va ch¹m:
There are four main components involved in the
traditional drilling methods: feed, rotation,
percussion, and flushing. The coordination of
percussion, rotation, cutting action and feed force
with the geometric properties of the bit is what
enables the rock to be penetrated: Cã bèn thµnh
phÇn chñ yÕu trong c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p khoan truyÒn
thèng: lùc Ðp, lùc xoay, lùc ®Ëp, vµ xãi röa. Sù kÕt
hîp cña t¸c ®éng va ®Ëp, quay, c¾t vµ lùc Ðp céng
víi tÝnh chÊt h×nh häc cña mòi khoan lµ nh÷ng g×
khiÕn cho ®¸ bÞ xuyªn qua.
percussion drill /,p”'kʌ‘n 'dril/ n bóa khoan ®Ëp:
A drill, usually air powered, that delivers its energy
through a pounding or hammering action: Lµ mét
lo¹i bóa khoan, th−êng ch¹y b»ng khÝ Ðp, nã ph¸t
sinh n¨ng l−îng ph¸ nhê t¸c ®éng nghiÒn gi· hay
nÖn bóa.
percussion drilling /,p”'kʌ‘n 'driliô/ n khoan
®Ëp: a drilling process in which a hole is advanced
by using a series of impacts to the drill steel and
attached bit; the bit is normally rotated during
drilling. (See also rotary drilling): Lµ mét qu¸ tr×nh
khoan trong ®ã mét lç khoan ®−îc t¹o ra b»ng c¸ch
sö dông mét lo¹t c¸c va ®Ëp t¸c ®éng lªn cÇn khoan
vµ mòi khoan g¾n trªn ®ã; mòi khoan th−êng ®−îc
quay trong khi khoan (xem thªm rotary drilling).
perfo aleeve /'p”f˜: ”li:v/ n èng xÎ r·nh/khoan lç
(trong c¶i t¹o ®Êt): Two perforated half round
 230
sections of sheet metal which are filled with grout,
wired together, and installed in a hole. A steel bar
with a rounded nose is forced inside the aleeve,
causing the grout to squeeze through the
perforations and bond to the sides of the hole: Lµ
hai bé phËn h×nh b¸n nguyÖt cã xÎ r·nh lµm b»ng
tÊm kim lo¹i, ®−îc nhÐt ®Çy v÷a, buéc vµo víi nhau,
vµ c¾m vµo trong mét lç khoan. Sau ®ã Ên mét thanh
thÐp ®Çu nhän vµo trong lßng èng nµy, lµm cho v÷a
bÞ Ðp ®Èy ra qua c¸c lç xÎ/khoan vµ liªn kÕt vµo bÒ
mÆt lç khoan.
perforation /,pə:fə'rei∫n/ n hµng r·nh xÎ/lç ®ôc
trªn èng: A slot or hole made in well casing to allow
for communication of fluids between the well and the
annular space: Lµ mét khe hay lç t¹o trªn èng v¸ch
lç khoan ®Ó cho phÐp l−u chuyÓn chÊt láng gi÷a lç
khoan/giÕng vµ kho¶ng trèng h×nh xuyÕn xung
quanh.
performance certificate /pə'fɔ:məns sə'tifikit/ n
chứng nhận thực hiện/hoàn thành: The technical
report in which the approval engineer or a certifying
body declares that the contractor has performed all
obligations under contract: Là báo cáo kỹ thuật
trong đó công ty tư vấn có thẩm quyền hay một tổ
chức cấp chứng nhận khác tuyên bố rằng nhà thầu
đã thực hiện xong mọi nghĩa vụ theo hợp đồng.
perimeter blasting technique /p”'rimit”(r)
'bl:sti– tek'ni:k/ n kü thuËt næ m×n t¹o biªn.
perimeter drilling /p”'rimit”(r) 'drili–/ n sù
khoan t¹o biªn: If perimeter holes are drilled far
apart, the resulting perimeter of the tunnel will be
very jagged, with much resulting overbreak or
expensive trimming, or both. Line drilling with holes
spaced as close as 6 inches, combined with
controlled blasting, will reduce overbreak to a
minimum: NÕu c¸c lç khoan t¹o biªn qu¸ c¸ch xa
nhau, ®−êng biªn hÇm nhËn ®−îc sÏ rÊt lëm chëm,
g©y nªn diÖn ®µo v−ît lín hay ph¶i gät tØa ®¸ tèn
kÐm, hoÆc lµ c¶ hai. ViÖc khoan t¹o biªn víi c¸c lç
khoan c¸ch nhau 6 in. (15 cm), kÕt hîp víi sù næ m×n
cã ®iÒu khiÓn, sÏ lµm gi¶m diÖn ®µo qu¸ tíi møc nhá
nhÊt.
permanent ballast /'p”:m”n”nt 'b“l”st/ n líp d»n
vÜnh cöu: Non-structural solid material placed inside
or outside an immersed tunnel to increase its
effective weight permanently: Lµ vËt liÖu r¾n kh«ng
cã tÝnh chÊt kÕt cÊu d−îc ®æ vµo bªn trong hay bªn
ngoµi mét hÇm d×m ®Ó lµm t¨ng träng l−îng cã hiÖu
cña nã mét c¸ch l©u dµi (chèng sù ®Èy næi).
permanent lining /'p”:m”n”nt 'laini–/ n líp vá hÇm
vÜnh cöu: It is the usual practice to place permanent
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
lining after excavation of the entire tunnel is
complete, even in large tunnels, where interference
between excavation and concrete haul would be
minimal: Theo lÖ th−êng ng−êi ta x©y líp vá hÇm
vÜnh cöu cho hÇm sau khi hoµn thµnh viÖc ®µo toµn
bé ®−êng hÇm, ngay c¶ ®èi víi c¸c hÇm lín, trong ®ã
sù ¶nh h−ëng gi÷a viÖc ®µo ®Êt vµ viÖc vËn chuyÓn
bªt«ng lµ rÊt nhá.
permanent reference points /'p”:m”n”nt
'ref”r”ns p˜ints/ n c¸c ®iÓm tham chiÕu [quy
chiÕu] cè ®Þnh (dïng cho kh¶o s¸t): Permanent
reference points shall be continuously located and
installed along the tunnel route, no later than one
day after installation of the tunnel support system:
C¸c ®iÓm quy chiÕu cè ®Þnh sÏ ph¶i ®Þnh vÞ vµ l¾p
®Æt mét c¸ch liªn tôc däc theo tuyÕn hÇm, kh«ng
chËm h¬n mét ngµy sau khi l¾p dùng hÖ thèng chèng
®ì cho hÇm.
permanent shafts /'p”:m”n”nt ‘:fts/ n giÕng má
vÜnh cöu: Permanent shafts can be used for
ventilation, pumping, utility lilnes or manholes, or
they may be enlarged to house stations: C¸c giÕng
®øng vÜnh cöu cã thÓ ®−îc dïng cho môc ®Ých th«ng
giã, b¬m tho¸t n−íc, l¾p c¸c hÖ thèng tiÖn Ých c«ng
céng hay nh− lµ c¸c lèi vµo b¶o d−ìng, hoÆc chóng
cã thÓ ®−îc më réng ®Ó trë thµnh c¸c nhµ ga.
permanent strain /'p”:m”n”nt strein/ n biÕn
d¹ng vÜnh viÔn: The strain remaining in a solid with
respect to its initial condition after the application
and removal of stress greater than the yield stress
(commonly also called “residual” strain): Lµ biÕn
d¹ng cßn l¹i trong mét vËt r¾n so víi t×nh tr¹ng ban
®Çu cña nã sau khi t¸c dông vµ dì bá øng suÊt cã gi¸
trÞ lín h¬n øng suÊt ch¶y/ph¸ hñy (còng th−êng gäi
lµ biÕn d¹ng “d−”).
Permanent Works /'p”:m”n”nt w”:ks/ n C«ng
viÖc vÜnh cöu: "Permanent Works" means the
permanent works to be executed (including Plant) in
accordance with the Contract: "C«ng viÖc VÜnh cöu"
lµ tÊt c¶ nh÷ng c«ng viÖc cè ®Þnh cña dù ¸n ph¶i
thùc hiÖn (gåm c¶ ThiÕt bÞ) phï hîp víi Hîp ®ång.
permeability /,p”:mi”'bil”ti/ n tÝnh thÊm; ®é
thÊm: Assuming laminar flow, the relation v = ki
(where v is superficial velocity or specific discharge,
k coefficient of permeability, i hydraulic gradient)
applies to groundwater flow in a given direction in a
soil. Parameter k is a function of the pore fluid as
well as of the soil. When the pore fluid is water and
its temperature range not large, k is considered to
describe fully the permeability of the soil in a given
direction of flow: Gi¶ sö cã dßng ch¶y tÇng, quan hÖ
 231
v = ki (trong ®ã v lµ l−u tèc thÊm hay l−u l−îng ®¬n
vÞ, k lµ hÖ sè thÊm, i lµ gra®ien thñy lùc) sÏ ¸p dông
cho dßng n−íc ngÇm theo mét h−íng x¸c ®Þnh trong
®Êt. Th«ng sè k lµ mét hµm cña chÊt láng trong lç
rçng còng nh− cña ®Êt. Khi chÊt láng trong lç rçng
lµ n−íc, vµ kho¶ng thay ®æi nhiÖt ®é cña nã kh«ng
lín, k ®−îc xem lµ hoµn toµn m« t¶ ®−îc tÝnh thÊm
cña ®Êt theo mét h−íng ch¶y ®· cho.
permeability /,p”:mi”'bil”ti/ n tÝnh thÊm; ®é thÊm
(2): The property of porous material that permits a
fluid (or gas) to pass through it; in construction,
commonly refers to water vapor permeability of a
sheet material or assembly and is defined as water
vapor permeance per unit thickness: Lµ tÝnh chÊt
cña mét vËt liÖu rçng mµ nã cho phÐp chÊt láng
(hoÆc khÝ) ®i qua nã; trong thi c«ng, th−êng nãi ®Õn
tÝnh thÊm h¬i n−íc cña mét vËt liÖu hay bé phËn
d¹ng tÊm vµ ®−îc ®Þnh nghÜa nh− lµ l−îng h¬i n−íc
thÊm qua trªn mét ®¬n vÞ chiÒu dµy.
permeability coefficient /٫p”:mi”'bil”ti ٫koui'fi‘nt/
n hÖ sè thÊm.
permeability test /٫p”:mi”'bil”ti test/ n thÝ nghiÖm
thÊm.
permeation grouting /٫p”:mi'ei‘n 'grautiô/ n b¬m
v÷a thÊm nhËp: Filling of voids in a soil or rock
mass with a grout fluid at a low injection pressure to
strengthen and/or reduce permeability, while not
destroying the original structure of the soil or rock:
Lµ sù lÊp ®Çy c¸c lç rçng trong mét khèi ®Êt hay ®¸
b»ng mét v÷a láng víi ¸p suÊt b¬m thÊp ®Ó gia cè
vµ/hoÆc lµm gi¶m ®é thÊm, trong khi kh«ng lµm ph¸
ho¹i cÊu tróc ban ®Çu cña ®Êt ®¸.
permissible shear force /p”'mis”bl ‘i” f˜:s/ n lùc
c¾t cho phÐp.
permissible stress method /p”'mis”bl stres
'meθəd/ n ph−¬ng ph¸p tÝnh theo øng suÊt cho
phÐp.
persistence /p”'sist”ns/ n tÝnh liªn tôc, tÝnh
kh«ng ®øt ®o¹n cña khe nøt; sù tån l−u:
"Persistence" refers to the areal extent or size of a
discontinuity within a plane. However, it is difficult
to quantify accurately because it is rarely possible to
see the three-dimensional extent of a discontinuity.
For most practical purposes, persistence can be
assessesed very approximately by measuring the
discontinuity trace length on the surfaces of rock
exposure: "TÝnh liªn tôc" hµm ý møc ®é ph©n bè hay
kÝch cì cña mét khe nøt trong ph¹m vi mét mÆt
ph¼ng. Tuy nhiªn, thËt khã ®Þnh l−îng ®−îc tÝnh chÊt
nµy, bëi v× hiÕm khi nh×n thÊy ®−îc quy m« ba chiÒu
cña khe nøt. §èi víi hÇu hÕt c¸c môc ®Ých thùc tÕ,
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
tÝnh kh«ng ®øt ®o¹n cã thÓ ®−îc ®¸nh gi¸ gÇn ®óng
b»ng c¸ch ®o chiÒu dµi vÖt khe nøt trªn c¸c bÒ mÆt
lé ra cña khèi ®¸.
person /’pə:sn/ n ph¸p nh©n: A firm or
corporation as well as natural persons: Lµ mét h·ng
hay c«ng ty, còng nh− lµ nh÷ng ng−êi b×nh
th−êng/thÓ nh©n.
personnel lock /,pə:sə'nel l˜k/ n khoang chøa
ng−êi (m¸y TBM).
PETN /pi: i: ti: en/ n mét lo¹i thuèc næ m¹nh: The
high explosive generally used is penta-erythritol
tetranitrate (PETN): ChÊt næ m¹nh th−êng dïng lµ
penta-erythritol tetra-nitrat (PETN).
pH /pi: eit∫/ n ®é Ph, ®é axit/®é kiÒm: A
measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution,
with neutrality represented by a value of 7, with
increasing acidity represented by increasingly
smaller values and with increasing alkalinity
represented by increasingly larger values: Lµ mét sè
®o vÒ ®é axit hay ®é kiÒm cña mét dung dÞch, víi ®é
trung tÝnh ®−îc biÓu thÞ b»ng gi¸ trÞ 7, ®é axit t¨ng
lªn sÏ ®−îc biÓu thÞ b»ng c¸c gi¸ trÞ nhá h¬n 7, cßn
®é kiÒm t¨ng lªn ®−îc biÓu thÞ b»ng c¸c gi¸ trÞ lín
h¬n 7.
phreatic line /fri'ætik lain/ n ®−êng mùc n−íc
ngÇm: The trace of the phreatic surface in any
selected plane of reference: Lµ vÖt cña bÒ mÆt mùc
n−íc ngÇm trong mét mÆt ph¼ng tham chiÕu ®−îc
lùa chän bÊt kú.
physiological issues /,fiziə'lɔdʒikl 'isju:/ n c¸c
vÊn ®Ò vÒ sinh lý häc: Issues pertaining to health or
the functioning of living things: Lµ c¸c vÊn ®Ò thuéc
vÒ søc kháe hay chøc n¨ng cña c¬ thÓ sèng.
pick /pik/ n quèc chim, bóa nhän.
pick bit /pik bit/ n r¨ng cµo ®Êt (m¸y TBM).
piezometer /,pi:,ei'zɔmitə/ n dông cô ®o ¸p
suÊt: A device which is embedded in a drill hole to
measure the soil pore pressure (pressure head of
groundwater). In its simplest form, it may consist of
an open hole or well penetrating the water table. In
engineering work, it more often refers to a pressure
cell that may be placed in a dam embankment, etc.,
as part of the permanent instrumentation: Lµ mét
dông cô ®−îc ch«n trong mét lç khoan ®Ó ®o ¸p lùc
n−íc lç rçng cña ®Êt (chiÒu cao ¸p suÊt cña n−íc
ngÇm). ë d¹ng ®¬n gi¶n nhÊt, nã chØ lµ mét c¸i hè
hay giÕng hë xuyªn xuèng mùc n−íc ngÇm. Trong kü
thuËt c«ng tr×nh, nã th−êng ®Ó chØ mét hép ®o ¸p
suÊt mµ nã cã thÓ l¾p ®Æt trong mét th©n ®Ëp, v.v…
nh− lµ mét phÇn cña c«ng t¸c ®o ®¹c theo dâi th−êng
xuyªn.
 232
piezometric line = equipotential line
/,pi:,ei'zɔmitrik lain/ n ®−êng ®¼ng ¸p: Line along
which water will rise to the same elevation in
piezometric tubes: Lµ ®−êng mµ däc theo ®ã n−íc sÏ
d©ng lªn ®Õn cïng cao ®é trong c¸c èng ®o ¸p.
pillar /'pil”(r)/ n cét ®¸, trô ®ì hÇm: A block of
solid ore or rock left in place to structurally support
the shaft, walls or roof in a mine. Or An area of coal
left to support the overlying strata in a mine;
sometimes left permanently to support surface
structures: Lµ mét khèi quÆng hay ®¸ r¾n ®Ó l¹i t¹i
chç ®Ó chèng ®ì cho giÕng ®øng, t−êng bªn hay nãc
hÇm [má]. HoÆc nã lµ mét diÖn tÝch cña quÆng than
®Ó l¹i ®Ó chèng ®ì ®Þa tÇng phÝa trªn trong má; ®«i
khi ®Ó l¹i vÜnh viÔn ®Ó chèng gi÷ c¸c kÕt cÊu trªn mÆt
®Êt.
pilot anchor /'pail”t '“–k”/ n neo hoa tiªu.
pilot bore /'pail”t b˜:/ n khoan dÉn tr−íc: The
action of creating the first (usually steerable) pass of
a boring process, which later requires a back
reamer (or other enlargement). Pilot bores are used
in guided boring, directional drilling, and two-pass
microtunneling systems: Lµ viÖc t¹o ra lèi ®i ®Çu
tiªn (th−êng lµ l¸i chuyÓn h−íng ®−îc) cho mét qu¸
tr×nh khoan, sau ®ã nã sÏ ph¶i ®−îc doa l¹i (tøc lµ
më réng ra). C¸c lç khoan dÉn tr−íc ®−îc dïng
trong kü thuËt khoan cã ®iÒu khiÓn, khoan ®Þnh
h−íng, vµ trong c¸c hÖ thèng lµm hÇm nhá b»ng hai
c«ng ®o¹n khoan.
pilot drift = pioneer tunnel /'pail”t 't∧nl/ n lß
dÉn, hÇm dÉn: A drift or tunnel first excavated as a
smaller section than the dimensions of the main
tunnel. A pilot drift or tunnel is usually used to
investigate rock conditions in advance of the main
tunnel, to permit installation of bracing before the
principal mass of rock is removed, or to serve as a
drainage tunnel: Lµ mét lß hoÆc hÇm ®−îc ®µo ®Çu
tiªn trªn mét diÖn tÝch nhá h¬n kÝch th−íc cña hÇm
chÝnh. Mét lß hoÆc hÇm dÉn th−êng ®−îc dïng ®Ó
kh¶o s¸t ®iÒu kiÖn ®Êt ®¸ vÒ phÝa tr−íc hÇm chÝnh,
nh»m cho phÐp l¾p ®Æt chèng ®ì tr−íc khi khèi ®¸
chñ yÕu ®−îc ®µo dì ®i, hoÆc ®Ó phôc vô nh− mét
hÇm dÉn n−íc.
pilot tunnel /'pail”t 't∧nl/ n hµnh lang dÉn, hÇm
dÉn, hÇm hoa tiªu/®Þnh h−íng: A small tunnel
excavated over the entire length or over part of a
tunnel, to explore ground conditions and assist in
final excavation. May also be referred to as "pilot
drift": Lµ mét ®−êng hÇm nhá ®µo theo toµn chiÒu
dµi hoÆc mét phÇn cña hÇm chÝnh, ®Ó kh¶o s¸t ®iÒu
kiÖn ®Þa chÊt vµ gióp dÔ dµng cho viÖc ®µo më réng
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
hÇm chÝnh thøc sau nµy. Cßn gäi lµ "lß däc hoa
tiªu".
pioneer bore /,pai”'ni”(r) b˜:/ n hÇm dÉn, hÇm
hoa tiªu: Same as pilot tunnel:
pipe /paip/ n èng; èng dÉn v vËn chuyÓn b»ng
®−êng èng: Polymer pipes are now used very widely
for water and gas distribution, drainage, for
carrying industrial effluents and sewage, and in
chemical plant construction. High-density
polyethylene (HDPE) and poly vinyl chloride (PVC)
are the main thermoplastics material, but there is
some use of low-density polyethylene (LDPE),
polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE),
acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS)
and polybutylene. Thermoset pipes are also
manufactured from glass fibre-reinforced polyester
and from reinforced thermoset mortars containing
silica sand fillers: C¸c èng polyme (chÊt trïng hîp)
ngµy nay ®−îc sö dông rÊt réng r·i trong ph©n phèi
khÝ vµ n−íc, tho¸t th−íc, dÉn c¸c dßng n−íc th¶i
c«ng nghiÖp vµ n−íc cèng, vµ trong x©y dùng nhµ
m¸y hãa häc. Polyetylen mËt ®é-cao (HDPE) vµ
poly vinyl clorua (PVC) lµ lo¹i vËt liÖu nhùa dÎo
nãng chÝnh, nh−ng mét sè polyetylen mËt ®é-thÊp
(LDPE), polypropylen (PP), copolyme acrylonitril-
buta®ien-styren (ABS) vµ polybutylen còng ®−îc sö
dông. C¸c èng nhùa ph¶n øng nhiÖt còng ®−îc s¶n
xuÊt tõ polyeste gia c−êng sîi thñy tinh vµ tõ c¸c v÷a
ph¶n øng nãng cã gia cè chøa c¸c chÊt ®én c¸t «xyt
silic.
pipe arch /paip ɑ:t∫/ n vßm èng chèng: Tunnelling
construction method for the creation of underpasses.
The pipe arch consists of several pipes, which serve
as support structure. This method is employed to
construct tunnels with large diameters and short
lengths, such as pedestrian subways: Lµ ph−¬ng
ph¸p thi c«ng lµm hÇm dïng ®Ó t¹o ra c¸c ®−êng
chui. Vßm èng cÊu t¹o tõ mét sè ®o¹n èng, lµm viÖc
nh− mét kÕt cÊu chèng ®ì. Ph−¬ng ph¸p nµy ®−îc
dïng ®Ó x©y dùng c¸c hÇm cã ®−êng kÝnh lín vµ
chiÒu dµi ng¾n, vÝ dô nh− lèi ®i bé ngÇm.
pipe bursting = pipe displacement /paip bə,stiη/
n kü thuËt lµm ®−êng èng b»ng c¸ch ph¸ vì èng cò:
A rehabilitation technique that breaks the existing
pipe by brittle fracture, using mechanical force
applied from within, and forces the remains of the
pipe into the surrounding ground. At the same time,
a new pipe, of the same or larger diameter, is drawn
in behind the bursting tool. Pipe bursting may be
done with an impact moling tool that exerts diverted
forward thrust into the radial bursting effect, or it
may be done with a hydraulic device that is inserted
 233
into the pipe and expanded to exert direct radial
force: Lµ mét kü thuËt c¶i t¹o cèng mµ nã ph¸ vì
èng cò b»ng Ðp vì dßn, b»ng c¸ch dïng lùc c¬ häc
t¸c dông tõ bªn trong èng, råi ®Èy Ðp phÇn vì vôn
cña èng cò vµo trong nÒn ®Êt xung quanh. §ång thêi,
mét èng míi, cã ®−êng kÝnh t−¬ng tù hoÆc lín h¬n,
®−îc kÐo vµo tõ phÝa sau dông cô ph¸ vì. Kü thuËt
ph¸-Ðp èng cò nµy cã thÓ thùc hiÖn b»ng mét dông
cô ®ãng èng chÊn ®éng mµ nã biÕn ®æi lùc ®Èy däc
thµnh lùc ph¸ vì ngang, hoÆc cã thÓ thùc hiÖn b»ng
mét thiÕt bÞ thñy lùc mµ nã ®−îc ®−a vµo trong cèng
cò råi bung ra ®Ó t¹o ra lùc Ðp ngang trùc tiÕp.
pipe eating /paip 'i:tiη/ n kü thuËt lµm ®−êng èng
b»ng c¸ch nghiÒn n¸t èng cò: A replacement
technique, usually using an MTBM, in which a
defective pipe is excavated together with the
surrounding soil as if for a new installation. The
microtunneling shield machine usually needs some
crushing capability to perform effectively. The
defective pipe is sometimes filled with grout to
improve steering performance. Alternatively, some
systems employ a proboscis device to seal the pipe in
front of the shield to collect and divert the existing
flow (thus allowing a sewer, for example, to remain
"live"): Lµ mét kü thuËt thay thÕ èng, th−êng dïng
mét m¸y khoan hÇm nhá MTBM, trong ®ã mét èng bÞ
háng ®−îc ®µo bá cïng víi ®Êt xung quanh, gièng
nh− khi l¾p èng míi vËy. M¸y khoan hÇm nhá th−êng
cÇn cã kh¶ n¨ng nghiÒn vì ®Ó ho¹t ®éng mét c¸ch cã
hiÖu qu¶. §«i khi èng cò bÞ h− ®−îc lÊp tr−íc b»ng
v÷a ®Ó c¶i thiÖn kh¶ n¨ng l¸i. HoÆc, mét sè hÖ thèng
l¹i dïng mét thiÕt bÞ vßi voi ®Ó tr¸m èng cò t¹i phÝa
tr−íc khiªn ®µo nh»m gom vµ chuyÓn h−íng dßng
n−íc hiÖn t¹i (nhê ®ã cho phÐp ch¼ng h¹n mét cèng
n−íc th¶i vÉn lu«n ho¹t ®éng).
pipe jacking /paip dʒækiη/ n kÝch ®Èy èng:
Tunnelling construction method for the creation of
pipelines, consisting of individual product or sleeve
pipes. With the help of the main jacking station in
the launch shaft and, if needed, using intermediate
jacking stations, the tunnelling machine (TM) and
the pipeline behind it are advanced up to the
reception shaft: Lµ ph−¬ng ph¸p thi c«ng kiÓu lµm
hÇm ®Ó t¹o ra c¸c hÖ thèng ®−êng èng, cÊu thµnh tõ
c¸c èng s¶n phÈm riªng biÖt hoÆc èng lång nhau.
Víi sù hç trî cña tr¹m kÝch ®Èy trung t©m t¹i giÕng
khëi ph¸t, vµ nÕu cÇn thiÕt, b»ng c¸ch dïng c¸c tr¹m
kÝch ®Èy trung gian, m¸y khoan hÇm TM vµ ®−êng
èng ®i theo phÝa sau nã sÏ ®−îc ®Èy tiÕn lªn vÒ phÝa
giÕng ®ãn nhËn (giÕng kÕt thóc).
pipe jumbo /paip 'd™ʌmbou/ n gi¸ kª èng dÉn
bªt«ng: Traveling support for the discharge line
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
from a concrete placer: Lµ hÖ ®ì di ®éng ®Ó kª èng
x¶ bªt«ng tõ mét m¸y ®æ bªt«ng.
pipe lubrication /paip ,lu:bri'kei∫n/ n b«i tr¬n èng:
Procedure employed to reduce the skin friction
between pipeline and surrounding earth, as well as
to support the annulus by means of injected
bentonite suspension: Lµ thñ tôc dïng ®Ó lµm gi¶m
ma s¸t thµnh bªn gi÷a ®−êng èng (®ang ®−îc kÝch
®Èy) vµ nÒn ®Êt xung quanh, còng nh− ®Ó chèng ®ì
kho¶ng trèng h×nh xuyÕn bao quanh èng, nhê b¬m
vµo ®ã mét dung dÞch sÐt bent«nÝt.
pipe pulling /paip 'puliη/ n thay èng nhá b»ng c¸ch
kÐo: Method of replacing small diameter pipes
where a new product pipe is attached to the existing
pipe which is then pulled out of the ground: Lµ
ph−¬ng ph¸p thay thÕ c¸c èng ®−êng kÝnh nhá trong
®ã mét èng s¶n phÈm míi ®−îc g¾n vµo èng cò, sau
®ã èng cò nµy ®−îc kÐo ra khái lßng ®Êt.
pipe ramming /paip 'ræmiη/ n nong èng: (1) A
non-steerable system that forms a bore by driving an
open-ended steel casing using a percussive hammer
from a drive pit. The soil may be removed from the
casing by augering, jetting, or compressed air. (2)
Any TT utilizing a horizontally mounted pile driver:
(1) Lµ mét hÖ thèng kh«ng l¸i ®−îc mµ nã t¹o ra mét
hang ngÇm b»ng c¸ch ®ãng mét èng v¸ch thÐp hë
®Çu vµo trong ®Êt b»ng mét bóa ®Ëp tõ vÞ trÝ hè xuÊt
ph¸t. §Êt cã thÓ chuyÓn bá khái èng v¸ch b»ng l−ìi
khoan ruét gµ, phôt n−íc, hay khÝ nÐn. (2) Lµ bÊt kú
kü thuËt kh«ng ®µo r·nh nµo cã sö dông mét bóa
®ãng cäc ®−îc l¾p n»m ngang.
pipe splitting /paip 'splitiη/ n thay thÕ èng b»ng
ph¸ vì: Replacement method for breaking an
existing pipe by longitudinal slitting. At the same
time a new pipe of the same or larger diameter may
be drawn in behind the splitting tool: Lµ ph−¬ng
ph¸p thay thÕ èng ®Ó ph¸ vì mét èng cò b»ng c¸ch
ph¸ vì theo chiÒu däc. §ång thêi mét èng míi cã
cïng ®−êng kÝnh hoÆc lín h¬n cã thÓ ®−îc kÐo theo
phÝa sau dông cô ph¸ vì.
pipeline /paiplain/ n ®−êng èng (kÝch ®Èy): Jacking
pipes are lowered separately into the launch shaft
and after being jacked with the help of the main
jacking station, they form the pipeline: C¸c ®o¹n
èng ®−îc kÝch ®Èy sÏ ®−îc lÇn l−ît h¹ xuèng giÕng
khëi ph¸t, sau khi ®−îc ®Èy ®i b»ng tr¹m kÝch trung
t©m, chóng sÏ t¹o thµnh ®−êng èng hoµn chØnh.
pipeline system /paiplain 'sistəm/ n hÖ thèng
®−êng èng: Interconnecting pipe network for the
conveyance of fluids: Lµ m¹ng l−íi ®−êng èng nèi
liªn th«ng ®Ó vËn chuyÓn c¸c chÊt láng.
 234
piping /'paipi–/ n sù xãi mßn bªn trong, sù h×nh
thµnh èng xãi: When groundwater emerges from a
soil through an exposed soil face or passes from a
soil into a drainage system the groundwater is likely
to carry with it some of the fines from the soil. This
is called internal erosion or piping and if it is
allowed to continue over a period of time it may lead
to instability in the soil, because the loss of fines
produces zones or "pipes" of increased permeability.
For safe and durable slopes (earthworks) and for
their efficient drainage the erosion must be largely
prevented: Khi xuÊt hiÖn n−íc ngÇm trong ®Êt ch¶y
lªn mét mÆt ®Êt hë hoÆc ch¶y tõ ®Êt vµo mét hÖ
thèng tho¸t n−íc, n−íc ngÇm cã thÓ mang theo nã
mét l−îng h¹t mÞn cña ®Êt. HiÖn t−îng nµy gäi lµ xãi
mßn bªn trong hay sù h×nh thµnh èng xãi, vµ nÕu ®Ó
nã tiÕp tôc diÔn ra trong mét thêi gian th× cã thÓ dÉn
®Õn mÊt æn ®Þnh khèi ®Êt, v× sù mÊt m¸t c¸c h¹t mÞn
t¹o nªn c¸c vïng hay "c¸c ®−êng èng" cã ®é thÊm
t¨ng lªn. §Ó cã ®−îc c¸c m¸i dèc (c«ng tr×nh ®Êt) an
toµn vµ bÒn v÷ng còng nh− tho¸t n−íc hiÖu qu¶ cho
chóng, cÇn ph¶i phßng chèng xãi mßn mét c¸ch réng
r·i (toµn diÖn).
piping prevention /'paipi– pri'ven‘n/ n sù
chèng xãi mßn bªn trong, sù chèng h×nh thµnh èng
xãi: The following piping criterion is widely used for
D15 (of filter )
designing filters: < 4 to 5 . This
D85 (of soil )
fundamental criretion for the prevention of piping
through filters may be states as follows: The 15
percent size (D15) of a filter material must be not
more than four or five times the 85 percent size (D85)
of a protected soil. The ration of D15 of a filter to D85
of a soil is called the piping ratio: Tiªu chuÈn vÒ xãi
ngÇm sau ®©y ®−îc sö dông réng r·i trong thiÕt kÕ
D (cua lop loc)
c¸c líp läc: 15 < 4 ~ 5 . Tiªu chuÈn
D85 (cua dat )
c¬ b¶n cho viÖc b¶o vÖ chèng xãi ngÇm qua c¸c líp
läc nµy cã thÓ ph¸t biÓu nh− sau: Cì h¹t qua sµng
15 phÇn tr¨m (D15) cña mét vËt liÖu läc kh«ng ®−îc
lín qu¸ bèn hoÆc n¨m lÇn cì h¹t qua sµng 85 phÇn
tr¨m (D85) cña mét lo¹i ®Êt ®−îc b¶o vÖ. Tû sè gi÷a
D15 cña vËt liÖu läc vµ D85 cña ®Êt ®−îc gäi lµ hÖ sè
xãi läc.
piston effect /'pist”n i'fekt/ n hiÖu øng pitt«ng,
hiÖu øng nÐn khÝ: Rail transit tunnels often have
ventilation systems in the stations or at intermediate
fan shafts, but during normal operations rely mainly
on the piston effect of the train pushing air through
the tunnel to remove stagnant air: C¸c hÇm ®−êng
s¾t vËn chuyÓn lín th−êng cã hÖ thèng th«ng giã t¹i
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
c¸c nhµ ga hoÆc t¹i c¸c giÕng ®Æt qu¹t trung gian,
nh−ng khi ho¹t ®éng b×nh th−êng th× chñ yÕu dùa vµo
hiÖu øng pit-t«ng cña ®oµn tµu ®Èy kh«ng khÝ däc
theo hÇm ®Ó th¶i khÝ bÈn ra ngoµi o In a naturally
ventilated tunnel, the movement of air is controlled
by meteorological conditions and the piston effect
created by moving traffic pushing the stale air
through the tunnel. This effect is minimized when bi-
directional traffic is present: Trong mét hÇm th«ng
giã tù nhiªn, sù chuyÓn ®éng cña kh«ng khÝ ®−îc
®iÒu khiÓn bëi c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn khÝ t−îng vµ hiÖu øng
pit-t«ng t¹o ra bëi chuyÓn ®éng giao th«ng cã t¸c
dông ®Èy khÝ bÈn ra khái hÇm.
pit /pit/ n hÇm má; hè th¨m dß: An excavation in
the surface of the earth from which ore is obtained
as in large open pit mining or as an excavation
made for test purposes, that is, a testpit: Lµ mét hè
®µo vµo bÒ mÆt qu¶ ®Êt mµ tõ ®ã ng−êi ta thu ®−îc
quÆng, ch¼ng h¹n nh− trong khai th¸c má lé thiªn
lín, hay nh− hè ®µo më ra cho c¸c môc ®Ých thÝ
nghiÖm, nghÜa lµ, mét hè th¨m dß.
placement /'pleism”nt/ n sù l¾p ®Æt [bul«ng neo,
cèt thÐp, v.v…]; sù ®æ bªt«ng: In the placement of
concrete, a free fall of more than 1.5m may result in
segregation of the coarse aggregate. This, of course,
is undesirable because it causes a weak spot in the
structure: Khi ®æ bªt«ng, nÕu chiÒu cao r¬i tù do
qu¸ 1.5m th× cã thÓ g©y ra sù ph©n tÇng c¸c h¹t cèt
liÖu th«. TÊt nhiªn ®iÒu nµy lµ kh«ng tèt, v× nã t¹o ra
mét chç yÕu trong kÕt cÊu.
placing /'pleisiô/ n ®æ bªt«ng: the deposition,
distribution, and consolidation of a freshly mixed
concrete material in the place where it is to harden:
lµ sù ®æ, ph©n bè, vµ ®Çm chÆt mét hçn hîp bªt«ng
t−¬i vµo vÞ trÝ mµ nã sÏ ®«ng cøng.
plagioclase feldspar /'pleidʒioukleis 'feldsp:/ n
kho¸ng vËt fenspat plagioclaz: Group of sodium-
calcium feldspars of general composition
(Na,Ca)Al(Si,Al)Si2O8: Lµ nhãm fenspat natri-canxi
cã thµnh phÇn chung lµ (Na,Ca)Al(Si,Al)Si2O8.
plain sprayed concrete /plein spreid 'k˜nkri:t/ n
bªt«ng phun th−êng: Sprayed concrete unreinforced
with either steel mesh, reinforcing bars or fibre: Lµ
bªt«ng phun kh«ng ®−îc gia c−êng b»ng l−íi thÐp,
cèt thÐp hoÆc sîi thÐp.
plane of weakness /plein ”v 'wi:knis/ n mÆt gi¶m
yÕu: Surface or narrow zone with a (shear or tensile)
strength lower than that of the surrounding material:
Lµ bÒ mÆt hay vïng hÑp cã ®é bÒn (chèng c¾t hay
kÐo) thÊp h¬n so víi cña vËt liÖu xung quanh.
 235
plane stress (strain) /plein stres strein/ n øng suÊt/
biÕn d¹ng ph¼ng: A state of stress (strain) in a solid
body in which all stress (strain) components normal
to a certain plane are zero: Lµ mét tr¹ng th¸i cña
øng suÊt (biÕn d¹ng) trong mét vËt thÓ r¾n trong ®ã
mäi thµnh phÇn øng suÊt (biÕn d¹ng) vu«ng gãc víi
mét mÆt ph¼ng nhÊt ®Þnh ®Òu b»ng kh«ng.
planning of underground space /'plæniη ”v
'ʌndəgraund speis/ n quy ho¹ch kh«ng gian ngÇm.
plant /pl:nt/ n x−ëng, nhµ m¸y, tr¹m; m¸y mãc,
thiÕt bÞ kü thuËt: A building or group of buildings,
and their contained equipment, in which a process
or function is carried out; on a mine it will include
warehouses, hoisting equipment, compressors,
maintenance shops, offices, mill or concentrator: Lµ
mét tßa nhµ hay nhãm nhµ, vµ c¸c thiÕt bÞ bªn trong
cña chóng, trong ®ã tiÕn hµnh mét qu¸ tr×nh hay mét
chøc n¨ng; trong mét khu má, nã sÏ gåm cã nhµ kho,
m¸y n©ng, m¸y nÐn khÝ, x−ëng b¶o tr×, v¨n phßng,
x−ëng nghiÒn hay tr¹m tuyÓn quÆng.
Plant /plɑ:nt/ n m¸y mãc, thiÕt bÞ kü thuËt: "Plant"
means machinery, apparatus and the like intended to
form or forming part of the Permanent Works:
"ThiÕt bÞ" cã nghÜa lµ m¸y mãc, khÝ cô vµ nh÷ng thø
t−¬ng tù dïng ®Ó dù ®Þnh t¹o thµnh hay thùc sù t¹o
thµnh mét phÇn cña C«ng viÖc VÜnh cöu cña mét dù
¸n.
plastic equilibrium /'plæstik ,i:kwi'libriəm/ n
c©n b»ng dÎo: State of stress within a soil or rock
mass or a portion thereof, which has been deformed
to such an extent that its ultimate shearing
resistance is mobilized: Lµ tr¹ng th¸i øng suÊt trong
mét khèi ®Êt hay ®¸ hoÆc mét phÇn cña nã, mµ nã ®·
bÞ biÕn d¹ng ®Õn møc ®é ph¶i huy ®éng ®Õn søc
kh¸ng c¾t tíi h¹n.
plastic flow = plastic deformation /pl“s'tik
flou/ n biÕn d¹ng dÎo: The deformation of a plastic
material beyond the point of recovery, accompanied
by continuing deformation with no further increase
in stress: Lµ biÕn d¹ng cña mét vËt liÖu dÎo v−ît qu¸
®iÓm phôc håi, ®i kÌm bëi sù biÕn d¹ng liªn tôc mµ
kh«ng cã sù t¨ng lªn vÒ øng suÊt.
plastic ground /pl“s'tik graund/ n ®Êt ch¶y dÎo.
plastic limit /pl“s'tik 'limit/ n giíi h¹n dÎo: The
water content (in %) of a clay as it changes from a
plastic solid to a brittle solid: Lµ hµm l−îng n−íc
(tÝnh b»ng %) cña mét ®Êt sÐt khi nã chuyÓn tõ mét
chÊt r¾n cã tÝnh dÎo thµnh mét chÊt r¾n cã tÝnh gißn.
plastic shringkage cracks /pl“s'tik '‘ri–kidʒ
kr“ks/ n nøt do co ngãt dÎo: cracking that occurs
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
in the surface of a fresh cementitious material soon
after it is placed and while it is still plastic: lµ nøt
x¶y ra trªn bÒ mÆt cña hçn hîp kÕt dÝnh (xim¨ng)
−ít ngay sau khi nã ®−îc ®æ vµo vÞ trÝ vµ trong khi
nã vÉn cßn dÎo.
plasticity /pl“s'tiksiti/ n tÝnh dÎo: The property of a
soil or rock which allows it to be deformed beyond
the point of recovery without cracking or
appreciable volume change: Lµ tÝnh chÊt cña mét
lo¹i ®Êt hay ®¸ mµ nã cho phÐp ®Êt ®¸ ®−îc biÕn
d¹ng v−ît qu¸ ®iÓm phôc håi mµ kh«ng bÞ nøt hay
thay ®æi vÒ thÓ tÝch ®¸ng kÓ o Property of a
material to continue to deform indefinitely while
sustaining a constant stress: Lµ tÝnh chÊt cña mét
vËt liÖu cã thÓ tiÕp tôc biÕn d¹ng rÊt nhiÒu trong khi
duy tr× mét øng suÊt kh«ng ®æi.
plasticity index /pl“s'tiksiti 'indeks/ n chØ sè ®é
dÎo (®Êt): Numerical difference between the liquid
limit and the plastic limit. The plasticity is defined as
Ip = wl - wp where wl is the liqid limit and wp is the
plastic limit, and gives a measure of the extent or
range of water contents over which a soil is in the
plastic state (figure below): Lµ hiÖu sè cña giíi h¹n
ch¶y vµ giíi h¹n dÎo. ChØ sè ®é dÎo ®−îc ®Þnh nghÜa
lµ Ip = wl - wp, trong ®ã wl lµ giíi h¹n láng (ch¶y),
wp lµ giíi h¹n dÎo, vµ cho ta mét th−íc ®o vÒ møc ®é
vµ ph¹m vi l−îng n−íc mµ nÕu bÞ v−ît qu¸ th× ®Êt sÏ
trë thµnh tr¹ng th¸i dÎo (h×nh d−íi).
Increasing water content
(T¨ng l−îng n−íc)
ws wl
wp
Solid Semi-solid Plastic Viscous liquid
(R¾n) (Nöa r¾n, (DÎo) (Láng nhít)
kh«ng dÎo)
plasticizer /'pl“stisaiz”/ n phô gia [hãa, t¨ng]
dÎo: (1) a material that increases the plasticity of a
fresh cementitious material. (2) a substance added to
an adhesive to increase softness, flexibility, and
extensibility. (3) a substance added to polymer or
copolymer to reduce its minimum film forming
temperature or its glass transition temperature: (1)
lµ mét vËt liÖu mµ nã lµm t¨ng tÝnh chÊt dÎo cña mét
hçn hîp bªt«ng t−¬i. (2) mét chÊt cho thªm vµo mét
chÊt kÕt dÝnh ®Ó lµm t¨ng tÝnh mÒm, tÝnh linh ®éng,
vµ tÝnh kÐo d·n. (3) mét chÊt cho thªm vµo mét
polyme hay chÊt ®ång trïng hîp ®Ó lµm gi¶m nhiÖt
®é t¹o mµng nhá nhÊt cña nã hay nhiÖt ®é chuyÓn
sang thÓ thñy tinh cña nã.
 236
plate loading test /pleit 'loudiô test/ n thÝ
nghiÖm b»ng b¶n gia t¶i: Plate loading tests measure
the insitu deformation characteristics of a material
and help evaluate its strength. The collected data
may be used to evaluate the probable load and the
pattern of load build-up on support systems and
lining: ThÝ nghiÖm gia t¶i b»ng tÊm ®o l−êng c¸c ®Æc
®iÓm biÕn d¹ng cña mét vËt liÖu vµ gióp ®¸nh gi¸
c−êng ®é cña nã. KÕt qu¶ cã thÓ ®−îc dïng ®Ó x¸c
®Þnh t¶i träng cã thÓ còng nh− d¹ng tÝch luü t¶i träng
lªn hÖ chèng vµ vá hÇm.
plate tectonics /pleit tek't˜niks/ n thuyÕt kiÕn t¹o
m¶ng: A geological theory which postulates that the
Earth's crust is made up of a number of rigid plates
which collide, rub up against and spread out from
one another: Lµ mét lý thuyÕt ®Þa chÊt cho r»ng vá
Tr¸i ®Êt ®−îc t¹o thµnh bëi mét sè m¶ng cøng mµ
chóng va ch¹m, cä x¸t vµ dÞch chuyÓn t−¬ng ®èi víi
nhau.
plenum method /'pli:n”m 'me•”d/ n ph−¬ng ph¸p
khÝ Ðp: Excavating a tunnel under air pressure: §µo
hÇm d−íi kh«ng khÝ nÐn.
plug / pin /pl∧g - pin/ n chèt (nèi vá hÇm).
plugs /pl∧gz/ n ®¸ nót phun trµo: A common name
for a small offshoot from a larger batholith: Lµ mét
tªn chung chØ mét nh¸nh nhá cña mét khèi ®¸
batholit lín h¬n.
plug holes /plʌg 'houlz/ n lç khoan ph¸ nót.
plunge /plʌgndz/ n gãc dèc: The vertical angle an
orebody makes between the horizontal plane and the
direction along which it extends, longitudinally to
depth: Lµ gãc ®øng mµ mét th©n quÆng t¹o thµnh
gi÷a mÆt ph¼ng ngang vµ ph−¬ng mµ däc theo ®ã nã
®©m xuèng theo chiÒu däc.
pneumatic crawler drill /nju:'m“tik 'kr˜:l” dril/
n m¸y khoan b¸nh xich dïng khÝ nÐn: Pneumatic
crawler drills are normally equipped with light or
medium-heavy crawler bases, and the boom types
available are fixed, articulated and telescopic
booms. These drills are suited for drilling ∅ 25mm
to 40mm steels in small construction worksites
where the total amount of rock axcavation is not
very large. Drilling of larger holes is mainly
restricted by the fact that drill steels are are too
heavy for manual handling, and that pneumatic
systems do not lend themselves easily to
mechanization or automation: C¸c m¸y khoan b¸nh
xÝch dïng khÝ Ðp th−êng cã c¸c bÖ b¸nh xÝch nhÑ
hoÆc nÆng trung b×nh, vµ cã ba kiÓu dÇm khoan lµ cè
®Þnh, khíp vµ èng lång. C¸c m¸y khoan nµy thÝch
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
hîp ®Ó khoan víi c¸c cÇn ∅25mm~40mm t¹i c¸c
c«ng tr−êng nhá khi tæng khèi l−îng ®µo ®¸ lµ kh«ng
lín. Khoan c¸c lç lín h¬n th× bÞ h¹n chÕ, lý do chñ
yÕu lµ c¸c cÇn khoan qu¸ nÆng kh«ng mang b»ng tay
®−îc, h¬n n÷a c¸c hÖ thèng khÝ nÐn kh«ng thÝch hîp
víi sù c¬ khÝ hãa vµ tù ®éng hãa.
pneumatic drill /nju:'m“tik dril/ n m¸y khoan
b»ng khÝ nÐn: A compressed air machine that is used
to make holes in rock: Lµ mét m¸y dïng khÝ nÐn
®−îc dïng ®Ó khoan c¸c lç trong ®¸ o Pneumatic
crawler drills use compressed air for the rock drill,
chain feed, tramming motors and dust collector,
whereas booms and oscillation systems are powered
hydraulically by a small powerpack on board: C¸c
m¸y khoan b¸nh xÝch dïng khÝ nÐn sö dông khÝ Ðp ®Ó
ch¹y bóa khoan, dÉn tiÕn xÝch, c¸c ®éng c¬ ®Èy vµ
bé hót bôi, ng−îc l¹i c¸c dÇm khoan vµ hÖ thèng dao
®éng ®−îc vËn hµnh b»ng thñy lùc nhê mét bé nguån
nhá l¾p trªn m¸y khoan.
pneumatic feed /nju:'m“tik fi:d/ n cÊp liÖu b»ng
khÝ nÐn: Shotcrete delivery equipment in which
material is conveyed by a pressurized air stream: Lµ
thiÕt bÞ ph©n phèi bªt«ng phun trong ®ã vËt liÖu
®−îc vËn chuyÓn b»ng mét dßng khÝ ¸p lùc.
pneumatic hammer = jack hammer /nju:'m“tik
'hæmə/ n bóa h¬i, bóa khÝ nÐn: A hammer in which
compressed air is utilized for producing the
impacting blow: Lµ mét bóa trong ®ã khÝ nÐn ®−îc
dïng ®Ó t¹o ra có ®Ëp chÊn ®éng.
point source repair = localized repair /pɔint sɔ:s
ri'peə/ n söa ch÷a èng côc bé.
pointing /'pɔintiη/ n söa ch÷a èng b»ng c¸ch v¸
®iÓm: Method of repairing a brick sewer or manhole
by the application of cement mortar where loss has
occurred: Lµ ph−¬ng ph¸p söa ch÷a mét cèng th¶i
hoÆc hè thu b»ng g¹ch b»ng c¸ch ®¾p v¸ v÷a xim¨ng
vµo nh÷ng chè ®· bÞ thñng/vì.
Poisson's ratio /pwa:‘n 'rei‘iou/ n hÖ sè Po¸t-x«ng:
When concrete is subjected to axial compression, it
contracts in the axial direction and expands
laterally. Poisson's ratio is defined as the ratio of the
lateral strain to the associated axial strain and
varies from 0.1 to 0.3 for normal working stresses. A
value of 0.2 is commonly used: Khi bªt«ng chÞu nÐn
däc trôc, nã co l¹i theo ph−¬ng däc trôc vµ gi·n në
theo ph−¬ng ngang. HÖ sè Po¸t-x«ng ®−îc ®Þnh
nghÜa lµ tû sè gi÷a biÕn d¹ng ngang vµ biÕn d¹ng
däc trôc ®i kÌm, hÖ sè nµy thay ®æi tõ 0.1 ®Õn 0.3 ®èi
víi c¸c øng suÊt lµm viÖc b×nh th−êng. Gi¸ trÞ 0.2
®−îc sö dông phæ biÕn o Poisson's ratio for rock
is not a constant, and is sensitive to stress level: HÖ
 237
sè Po¸t-x«ng cña ®¸ kh«ng ph¶i lµ mét h»ng sè, vµ
nã nh¹y c¶m víi cÊp øng suÊt.
poling /'pouli– / n sù ®ãng (®Æt) cäc; hµng cäc, d·y
cäc: Fore-poling (or pipe roofs) is a well-established
technique for forming roof support ahead of the
tunnel face excavation by installing girders or pipes
around the crown of the tunnel profile: Cäc gia cè
tr−íc lµ mét kü thuËt ®· cã tõ l©u ®Ó t¹o nªn chèng
®ì m¸i hÇm vÒ phÝa tr−íc g−¬ng ®µo, b»ng c¸ch
®ãng c¸c dÇm hoÆc èng thÐp xung quanh phÇn vßm
cña tiÕt diÖn hÇm.
poling board/plate = forepoling /'pouli– b˜:d
/ f˜:'pouli–/ n [v¸n, b¶n, tÊm] ch¾n d¹ng cäc, thanh
gia cè tr−íc: Timber or steel planks driven into the
soft ground at the tunnel face over supporting steel
or timber sets to hold back soil during excavation:
Lµ c¸c tÊm v¸n b»ng thÐp hay gç ®ãng vµo ®Êt yÕu
t¹ g−¬ng ®µo cña hÇm, xuyªn lªn phÝa trªn v× chèng
thÐp hay gç ®Ó gi÷ ®Êt æn ®Þnh trong khi ®µo hÇm.
poling plate shield /'pouli– pleit ‘i:ld/ n khiªn
®µo cã dïng [v¸n, b¶n, tÊm] ch¾n.
pollution /p”'lu:‘n/ n « nhiÔm, nhiÔm bÈn:
Interference with a natural system that is potentially
harmful or unwanted: Sù can thiÖp/x©m nhiÔm vµo
mét hÖ thèng tù nhiªn mµ nã g©y h¹i mét c¸ch tiÒm
tµng hoÆc kh«ng ®−îc mong muèn.
pollution of streams /p”'lu:‘n ”v stri:mz/ n «
nhiÔm c¸c dßng n−íc: All necessary steps and
procedures should be made to prevent pollution of
streams, rivers and other water sources, at or in the
vicinity of the Works. This shall include but not be
limited to controls and precautions for preventing
the contamination of streams, groundwater and
other watercourses with clay, silt, oil, and grease:
Ph¶i thùc hiÖn mäi b−íc vµ biÖn ph¸p cÇn thiÕt ®Ó
phßng chèng lµm « nhiÔm c¸c dßng suèi, c¸c con
s«ng vµ c¸c nguån n−íc kh¸c, t¹i hoÆc xung quanh
khu vùc C«ng tr×nh. ViÖc nµy bao gåm, nh−ng kh«ng
chØ cã thÕ, sù kiÓm so¸t vµ ®Ò phßng ®Ó tr¸nh g©y
nhiÔm bÈn c¸c dßng suèi, n−íc ngÇm vµ c¸c luång
n−íc kh¸c bëi ®Êt sÐt, bïn, dÇu vµ mì.
polymer /'p˜lim”(r)/ n chÊt trïng hîp, polyme:
the product of polymerization; more commonly a
rubber or resin consisting of large molecules formed
by polymerization: Lµ s¶n phÈm cña sù trïng hîp;
th«ng th−êng h¬n, ®ã lµ mét cao su hay keo resin
®−îc cÊu t¹o tõ c¸c ph©n tö lín t¹o thµnh nhê qu¸
tr×nh trïng hîp.
polymer concrete /'p˜lim”(r) 'k˜nkri:t/ n bªt«ng
polyme: a composite material in which the fine and
coarse aggregates are bound together in a dense
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
matrix with a polymer binder; also known as resin
concrete: Lµ mét vËt liÖu tæng hîp trong ®ã c¸c cèt
liÖu mÞn vµ th« ®−îc g¾n kÕt víi nhau thµnh mét thÓ
nÒn ®Æc sÝt nhê mét chÊt kÕt dÝnh polime; còng ®−îc
gäi lµ bªt«ng keo resin.
polymer mortar /'p˜lim”(r) 'm˜:t”/ n v÷a polyme:
a composite material of fine aggregates bound
together by an organic polymer: Lµ mét vËt liÖu tæng
hîp cña c¸c cèt liÖu mÞn ®−îc g¾n kÕt víi nhau bëi
mét polime h÷u c¬.
pop holes /p˜p 'houlz/ n lç khoan ph¸ nót, lç m×n
khÊu.
popping rock /p˜piô r˜k/ n ®¸ næ: An overstressed
rock condition involving the spontaneous and violent
detachment of rock slabs. See also rock burst: T×nh
tr¹ng khèi ®¸ chÞu øng suÊt qu¸ lín sinh ra sù nøt
t¸ch m¹nh mÏ vµ tøc thêi/tù ph¸t c¸c m¶ng ®¸. Còng
nh− "rock burst".
porewater /p˜:'w˜:t”/ n n−íc lç rçng: The
presence of water in the pores between the solid
particles may have a great influence on the
behaviour of the soil: Sù cã mÆt cña n−íc trong c¸c
lç rçng gi÷a c¸c h¹t r¾n cã thÓ cã mét ¶nh h−ëng lín
®Õn hµnh vi cña ®Êt.
porewater pressure /p˜:'w˜:t” 'pre‘”/ n ¸p lùc
n−íc lç rçng: The porewater pressure u at any place
in a soil is defined as the excess pressure in the
porewater, above atmospheric pressure, thus, u = 0
at groundwater level. Where there is no flow of
groundwater taking place through the pores of the
soil, u increases linearly with depth z below the
groundwater level: ¸p lùc n−íc lç rçng u ®−îc ®Þnh
nghÜa lµ ¸p suÊt d− trong n−íc lç rçng, phÝa trªn ¸p
suÊt khÝ quyÓn, do ®ã, u = 0 ngay t¹i mÆt n−íc
ngÇm. Khi kh«ng cã dßng n−íc ngÇm ch¶y qua c¸c
lç rçng trong ®Êt, u t¨ng lªn tuyÕn tÝnh víi chiÒu s©u
z phÝa d−íi mÆt n−íc ngÇm.
poroelastic /'pɔ:rə'ilæstik/ adj xèp ®µn håi: A non-
linear poroelastic model coupled with anisotropic
damage is proposed by Shao J.F. et al (2005) for
constitutive modelling of unsaturated brittle rock:
Mét m« h×nh xèp ®µn håi phi tuyÕn kÕt hîp víi ph¸
ho¹i kh«ng ®ång nhÊt ®· ®−îc ®Ò xuÊt bëi Shao J.F.
vµ nnk (2005) ®Ó m« h×nh hãa liªn tôc cho lo¹i ®¸
gißn kh«ng b·o hßa.
porosity /p˜:'r˜siti/ n tÝnh xèp, ®é xèp; ®é lç
hæng: Porosity describes the proportion of the total
volume of a soil which is not occupied by solid
constituents, and is defined as n = Vv/V, where Vv is
the absolute volume of voids or pore spaces in the
sample, V is total volume of the sample: §é lç rçng
 238
m« t¶ phÇn thÓ tÝch cña ®Êt kh«ng bÞ chiÕm chç bëi
c¸c h¹t r¾n, vµ ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh b»ng n = Vv/V, trong
®ã Vv lµ thÓ tÝch tuyÖt ®èi cña c¸c lç hæng hay kh«ng
gian lç rçng trong mÉu thö (gåm n−íc+khÝ), V lµ
toµn bé thÓ tÝch mÉu thö (n−íc+khÝ+h¹t r¾n) o
Even the densest rocks have porosity of 0.5 to 2.0%.
Water reaches the innermost particles of rock
through the joints and pores, and decompose or
dissolve the rock: Ngay c¶ nh÷ng lo¹i ®¸ ®Æc sÝt
nhÊt vÉn cã ®é rçng kho¶ng 0.5 tíi 2.0%. N−íc sÏ
x©m nhËp vµo tíi nh÷ng h¹t ®¸ tËn trong cïng qua
c¸c khe nøt vµ lç rçng, råi lµm ph©n huû hoÆc hoµ
tan ®¸.
porphyry /'p˜:firi/ n poãc-fia: Any igneous
rock in which relatively large, conspicuous crystals
(called phenocrysts) are set in a fine-grained
groundmass: Lµ lo¹i ®¸ macma bÊt kú mµ trong ®ã
c¸c tinh thÓ dÔ thÊy, t−¬ng ®èi lín (gäi lµ c¸c tinh
thÓ ban) ®−îc s¾p ®Æt trong mét nÒn h¹t mÞn.
porphyritic /'p˜:firitik/ adj cã kiÕn tróc poãcfia,
kiÕn tróc næi ban; thuéc tinh thÓ ban: Textural term
for an igneous rock containing large crystals
(phenocrysts) that are compatible in composition
and mode of formation with the groundmass or
matrix in which they occur. (Contrast with
'xenocrystic'): ThuËt ng÷ vÒ kiÕn tróc cña ®¸, chØ mét
®¸ macma cã chøa c¸c tinh thÓ lín (tinh thÓ ban) mµ
chóng t−¬ng hîp vÒ cÊu t¹o vµ c¸ch thøc h×nh thµnh
víi khèi ®¸ hoÆc chÊt nÒn trong ®ã chóng cã mÆt.
(Tr¸i ng−îc víi 'hiÖn tinh')
Portland cement /'p˜:tl”nd si'ment/ n xim¨ng
poocl¨ng: Portland cement was developed in 1824
and derives its name from Portland limestone in
Dorset because of its close resemblance to this rock
after hydration has taken place: Xim¨ng Poocl¨ng
®−îc s¶n xuÊt n¨m 1824 vµ ®−îc gäi theo tªn cña
lo¹i ®¸ v«i Poocl¨ng ë Dorset do tÝnh chÊt rÊt gièng
nhau cña nã víi lo¹i ®¸ nµy sau khi ®· diÔn ra qu¸
tr×nh thñy hãa.
Portland-cement-concrete pavement /'p˜:tl”nd
si'ment 'k˜nkri:t 'peivm”nt/ n mÆt ®−êng bªt«ng
xim¨ng poocl¨ng: The wearing surface, which may
be a layer of asphalt or a series of reinforced
concrete slabs, is laid onto the aggregate base
course. A concrete surface must be laid in segments
separated by joints to allow for expansion and
contraction under different weather conditions: Líp
mÆt ®−êng xe ch¹y, mµ nã cã thÓ lµ mét líp atfan
hoÆc mét lo¹t c¸c b¶n bªt«ng, sÏ ®−îc r¶i lªn trªn
líp mãng ®¸ d¨m. Líp mÆt ®−êng bªt«ng ph¶i ®−îc
®æ thµnh tõng ®o¹n ph©n c¸ch bëi c¸c khe nèi ®Ó
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
®iÒu hßa sù gi·n në vµ co rót d−íi nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn
thêi tiÕt kh¸c nhau.
portal /'p˜:tl/ n cæng hÇm: The structure or the end
of the structure at the two ends of a tunnel at the
interface of the covered and open sections: Lµ kÕt
cÊu hay phÇn cuèi cña kÕt cÊu t¹i hai ®Çu cña mét
®−êng hÇm n»m ë chç tiÕp gi¸p gi÷a c¸c ®o¹n hÇm
kÝn vµ ®o¹n lé thiªn.
portal /'p˜:tl/ n cæng hÇm: The entrance from the
ground surface to a tunnel: Lµ lèi vµo tõ mÆt ®Êt
xuèng mét ®−êng hÇm .
portal /'p˜:tl/ n cæng hÇm: There are generally two
modes of access to tunnel construction: through a
portal providing direct access from the surface, or
through a shaft, providing vertical access to the level
of tunnel operations: Nãi chung cã hai c¸ch më lèi
®Ó thi c«ng hÇm: nhê mét cöa hÇm t¹o ®−êng vµo
trùc tiÕp tõ mÆt ®Êt, hoÆc qua mét giÕng, t¹o nªn mét
lèi vµo th¼ng ®øng tíi cao ®é diÔn ra c¸c ho¹t ®éng
lµm hÇm.
portal area /'p˜:tl 'e”ri”/ n khu vùc cæng hÇm:
The portal area must be cleared of any significant
amount of disposal. At any time, when directed by
the Engineer, the Contractor shall clear the portal
area of any disposed material: Khu vùc cæng hÇm
ph¶i ®−îc lµm s¹ch khái bÊt kú l−îng chÊt th¶i ®¸ng
kÓ nµo. BÊt cø lóc nµo, khi ®−îc T− vÊn yªu cÇu,
Nhµ thÇu sÏ vÖ sinh khu vùc cæng hÇm khái mäi vËt
liÖu ®Êt ®¸ th¶i.
portal excavation /'p˜:tl ,eksk”'vei‘n/ n viÖc
®µo ®Êt ®¸ khu vùc cæng hÇm: At tunnel portals, the
ground frequently consists of talus or weathered
rock with low overburden. Tunnel excavation,
therefore, often affects the ground and produces an
unstable ground condition. An appropriate
construction method should, therefore, be selected
considering the stability of portal slope, bearing
capacity of ground, the relationship between portal
slope and tunnel axis, and records of similar
construction work: T¹i c¸c cæng hÇm, ®Êt ®¸ th−êng
lµ m¸i dèc hay cã ®¸ phong hãa víi líp ®Êt phñ
n«ng. Do ®ã, viÖc ®µo hÇm th−êng ¶nh h−ëng ®Õn
nÒn ®Êt vµ sinh ra t×nh tr¹ng ®Êt mÊt æn ®Þnh. V× thÕ,
cÇn chän mét ph−¬ng ph¸p thi c«ng thÝch hîp cã xÐt
®Õn ®é æn ®Þnh cña m¸i dèc, søc chÞu t¶i cña ®Êt,
mèi quan hÖ gi÷a m¸i dèc cæng hÇm vµ trôc hÇm,
còng nh− c¸c tµi liÖu l−u tr÷ vÒ c«ng t¸c thi c«ng
t−¬ng tù.
portal-in = portalling-in /'p˜:tliô/ n ®µo hÇm
tõ cæng hÇm: To start the tunnel excavation at the
 239
portal face: Tøc lµ b¾t ®Çu ®µo hÇm t¹i g−¬ng ®µo ë
c¸c cæng hÇm (chø kh«ng ph¶i tõ mét lß phô).
posts /pousts/ n cét chèng: The vertical members of
a steel rib or timber support system: Lµ c¸c bé phËn
th¼ng ®øng cña mét hÖ thèng chèng ®ì hÇm b»ng gç
hay s−ên thÐp.
position /p”'zi‘n/ n vÞ trÝ v ®Æt vµo vÞ trÝ.
positioning /p”'zi‘niô/ n sù ®Þnh vÞ trÝ; sù ®Æt vµo vÞ
trÝ.
positioning of forepoling /p”'zi‘niô ”v f˜:r'pouli–
/ n sù ®Þnh vÞ trÝ (sù l¾p ®Æt) c¸c thanh neo gia cè
tr−íc: Unless otherwise required by the Engineer,
the positioning of forepoling devices into the tunnel
face shall not exceed 10 degrees, measured from
theoretical tunnel excavation line to the center of the
lance. Forepoling shall be placed so that they rest
on H-beams of the tunnel steel ribs unless otherwise
required by the Engineer: Trõ khi ®−îc T− vÊn yªu
cÇu kh¸c ®i, viÖc ®Þnh vÞ vµ c¾m c¸c thanh neo gia
cè tr−íc vµo g−¬ng hÇm kh«ng ®−îc nghiªng qu¸ 10
®é, ®o tõ ®−êng ®µo lý thuyÕt ®Õn trôc thanh neo.
Thanh neo gia cè tr−íc ph¶i ®−îc ®Æt sao cho chóng
tùa mét ®Çu vµo c¸c v× chèng vßm b»ng thÐp h×nh
ch÷ H, trõ phi ®−îc T− vÊn chØ thÞ kh¸c ®i.
positioning of the laser /p”'zi‘niô ”v 'leiz”/ n
®Þnh vÞ m¸y ph¸t tia laze: The laser has to be
positioned in its X, Y and Z coordinate positions at
the laser position point and its laser beam has to be
set to beam along the predetermined laser line
(inside the tunnel): M¸y ph¸t tia laze ph¶i ®−îc ®Þnh
vÞ vµo vÞ trÝ theo täa ®é X, Y vµ Z t¹i ®iÓm ®Æt laze,
vµ chïm s¸ng laze cña nã ph¶i ®−îc chØnh sao cho
chiÕu däc theo ®−êng ®· x¸c ®Þnh tr−íc (trong hÇm).
positive displacement concrete pump /p”'zitiv
dis'pleism”nt 'k˜nkri:t pʌmp/ n m¸y b¬m bªt«ng
dÞch chuyÓn c−ìng bøc: Wet-mix shotcrete delivery
equipment in which the material is pushed through
the material hose in a solid mass by a piston, auger,
or other displacement type equipment: Lµ thiÕt bÞ
ph©n phèi bªt«ng phun trén −ít trong ®ã vËt liÖu
®−îc ®Èy qua èng dÉn d−íi d¹ng khèi r¾n b»ng mét
pÝt-t«ng, trôc xo¾n hoÆc thiÕt bÞ thuéc kiÓu dÞch
chuyÓn kh¸c.
positive side waterproofing /p”'zitiv said
'w˜:t”,pru:fiô/ n phßng n−íc ë phÝa chÞu ¸p lùc:
applying waterproofing material to the side of a
structural element subjected to hydrostatic pressure:
thi c«ng vËt liÖu phßng n−íc vÒ phÝa ph¶i chÞu ¸p lùc
thñy tÜnh cña mét bé phËn kÕt cÊu.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
postconstruction survey /,poust'k”n'strʌk‘n
's”:vei/ n kh¶o s¸t sau x©y dùng: The
postconstruction survey is necessary to compute
final quantities and to provide as-built plans: Kh¶o
s¸t sau khi x©y dùng xong lµ cÇn thiÕt ®Ó tÝnh to¸n
c¸c khèi l−îng cuèi cïng vµ ®Ó lËp c¸c b¶n vÏ hoµn
c«ng.
post-grouting / poust 'grauti–/ n b¬m v÷a ¸p lùc sau
khi ®µo hÇm: Pre-grouting is a technique where the
drilling for grout holes and pumping in of the grout
material take place somewhere along the already
excavated part of the tunnel, because of
unacceptable water ingress: Lµ mét kü thuËt trong
®ã viÖc khoan c¸c lç v÷a vµ viÖc b¬m hçn hîp v÷a
vµo c¸c lç khoan diÔn ra t¹i ®©u ®ã däc theo phÇn
hÇm ®· ®−îc ®µo xong, ®Ó kh¾c phôc vÊn ®Ò n−íc
ngÇm ch¶y vµo qu¸ nhiÒu.
pot /p˜t/ n thïng, cèi ®ùng: A steel pressure
vessel used for transporting concrete. At the point of
placement, the concrete is ejected from the pot by
use of compressed air: Lµ mét thïng ¸p lùc b»ng
thÐp dïng ®Ó vËn chuyÓn bªt«ng. T¹i vÞ trÝ ®óc,
bªt«ng ®−îc ®Èy ra khái cèi nhê dïng khÝ nÐn.
potential/voltage of a circuit /p”'ten∫l/ n ®iÖn thÕ
cña mét m¹ch ®iÖn: The potential (i.e. electrical
pressure) normally existing between the conductors
of such circuit or the terminals of such machines or
apparatus: Lµ ®iÖn thÕ (®iÖn) th−êng tån t¹i gi÷a c¸c
d©y dÉn cña m¹ch ®ã hoÆc gi÷a c¸c cùc cña m¸y
mãc hay thiÕt bÞ.
pour /p˜:/ v rãt, ®óc; n ®ît (sù, viÖc) ®æ bªt«ng:
The length of the pours for concrete lining depends
on space limitations to bring in equipment, capacity
of the concrete plant, and the work cycle selected by
the contractor: ChiÒu dµi cña c¸c ®ît ®æ bªt«ng vá
hÇm sÏ phô thuéc vµo giíi h¹n kh«ng gian ®Ó ®−a
thiÕt bÞ vµo hÇm, n¨ng lùc cña tr¹m trén bªt«ng, vµ
chu kú lµm viÖc lùa chän bëi nhµ thÇu.
pouring /'p˜:riô/ n sù rãt, sù ®óc (bªt«ng).
pouring speed /'p˜:riô spi:d/ n tèc ®é ®æ bªt«ng:
The concrete pouring speed will be chosen taking
into consideration the stability of the formwork: Tèc
®é ®æ bªt«ng sÏ ®−îc lùa chän cã xem xÐt tíi ®é æn
®Þnh cña v¸n khu«n.
powder consumption /'paud” k”n'sʌmp‘n/ n l−îng
tiªu thô thuèc næ: Powder consumption can vary
from over 5.3kg/m3 in a massive hard granite
formation in an 3.4m diameter tunnel to less than
1.2kg/m3 in a softer or less massive formation and
large-diameter tunnel: L−îng dïng thuèc næ cã thÓ
thay ®æi tõ h¬n 5.3kg/m3 ®èi víi thµnh hÖ ®¸ granit
 240
cøng nguyªn khèi trong mét hÇm ®−êng kÝnh 3.4m,
®Õn nhá h¬n 1.2kg/m3 trong mét thµnh hÖ mÒm h¬n
hay Ýt nguyªn khèi h¬n trong hÇm ®−êng kÝnh lín.
powder factor /'paud” 'f“kt”/ n hÖ sè dïng thuèc
næ: Number of pounds of powder per cubic yard of
rock: Lµ sè kil«gam thuèc næ trªn mét mÐt khèi ®¸
cÇn ph¸.
powder monkey /'paud” 'mʌ–ki/ n ng−êi chuyÓn
thuèc næ: Slang for man who handles explosives: Lµ
tiÕng lãng chØ ng−êi lµm viÖc víi/vËn chuyÓn thuèc
næ.
power supply /'pau” s”'plai/ n cung cÊp ®iÖn (cho
thi c«ng hÇm): Where electrically powered
equipment is used inside the tunnel, it usually
operates at 440 volts. In longer tunnels, it is
economical to take the power into the tunnel at
voltages of 2300 or more. Power is supplied either
from commercial sources or from job-site generating
plants. General practice is to use alternating
current: Khi dïng thiÕt bÞ ch¹y b»ng ®iÖn trong hÇm,
nã th−êng ho¹t ®éng víi ®iÖn ¸p 440 v«n. Trong c¸c
hÇm dµi h¬n, sÏ kinh tÕ h¬n nÕu ®−a ®iÖn vµo trong
hÇm víi ®iÖn ¸p 2300 hoÆc lín h¬n. N¨ng l−îng
®−îc cung cÊp tõ m¹ng c«ng céng hay tõ c¸c tr¹m
ph¸t ®iÖn ®Æt t¹i c«ng tr−êng. Nãi chung ®Òu dïng
dßng ®iÖn xoay chiÒu.
powerhouse /'pau”haus/ n nhµ m¸y ®iÖn, tr¹m
n¨ng l−îng: Tunnels have been driven of almost any
size and shape conceivable, from the smallest size
that a man can crawl through to underground
powerhouse caverns over 30m wide, 53m high and
366m long: Ng−êi ta ®· ®µo mäi lo¹i ®−êng hÇm víi
hÇu hÕt c¸c kÝch cì vµ h×nh d¹ng cã thÓ h×nh dung
®−îc, tõ kÝch th−íc nhá nhÊt mµ mét ng−êi cã thÓ bß
qua, cho tíi nh÷ng hang ngÇm cña nhµ m¸y thñy
®iÖn h¬n 30m réng, 53m cao vµ 366m dµi.
pozzolan /'pɔzəlæn/ n puz¬lan: A siliceous or
siliceous and aluminous material, which in itself
possesses little or no cementitious value but which
will, in finely divided form and in the presence of
moisture, chemically react with calcium hydroxide at
ordinary temperatures to form compounds
possessing cementitious properties: Lµ mét thø vËt
liÖu cã chøa silic hoÆc silic vµ phÌn, mµ b¶n th©n nã
cã Ýt hoÆc kh«ng cã gi¸ trÞ g¾n kÕt, nh−ng d−íi d¹ng
ph©n nhá rÊt mÞn vµ nÕu cã mÆt h¬i Èm, nã sÏ ph¶n
øng víi hy®r«xit canxi ë nhiÖt ®é th−êng ®Ó t¹o
thµnh c¸c hîp chÊt cã c¸c tÝnh chÊt g¾n kÕt.
pozzolan cement /'pɔzəlæn si'ment/ n xim¨ng
puz¬lan.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
pre-excavation grouting /pri-ekskə'vei∫n 'grauti–/
n b¬m v÷a gia cè tr−íc khi ®µo hÇm: Pre-excavation
grouting, or pre-grouting, is a technique where the
boreholes are drilled from the tunnel excavation face
into the virgin rock in front of the face and the grout
is pumped in and allowed to set, before advancing
the tunnel face through the injected and sealed rock
volume. Sometimes such pre-excavation grouting
can be executed from the ground surface, primarily
for shallow tunnels with access to the ground
surface area above the tunnel: B¬m v÷a tr−íc khi
®µo lµ mét kü thuËt trong ®ã c¸c lç khoan ®−îc
khoan tõ g−¬ng hÇm vµo ®¸ gèc ë phÝa tr−íc g−¬ng,
sau ®ã v÷a ®−îc b¬m vµo vµ ®«ng cøng, tr−íc khi
®µo hÇm qua khèi ®Êt ®¸ ®−îc b¬m v÷a vµ tr¸m
n−íc ®ã. §«i khi viÖc b¬m v÷a tr−íc nh− vËy ®−îc
tiÕn hµnh tõ trªn mÆt ®Êt, chñ yÕu lµ ®èi víi c¸c hÇm
®Æt n«ng cã ®−êng tiÕp cËn vµo khu vùc mÆt ®Êt phÝa
trªn nãc hÇm.
pre-bagged shotcrete mix /prib“gd ∫˜tkri:t miks/
n hçn hîp bªt«ng phun ®ãng bao tr−íc: Pre- bagged
concrete or shotcrete mix supplied in bags with all
ingredients oven-dried and pre-mixed: Lµ hçn hîp
bªt«ng th−êng hay bªt«ng phun ®ãng bao s½n ®−îc
cung cÊp thµnh tõng bao cã ®ñ c¸c thµnh phÇn ®·
®−îc sÊy kh« vµ trén tr−íc.
precast unit = prefabricated tunnel lining
segment /pri:'ka:st 'ju:nit/ n c¸c khèi/®o¹n/m¶nh vá
hÇm ®óc s½n/tiÒn chÕ: Prefabricated tunnel lining
segments form a lining which almost totally meets
the requirements of a shallow tunnel. Therefore
segments have been erected behind drivage
equipment to form a closed ring at an early stage:
C¸c m¶nh vá hÇm chÕ t¹o s½n ®−îc l¾p ghÐp ®Ó t¹o
thµnh mét líp vá hÇm mµ nã hÇu nh− hoµn toµn ®¸p
øng ®−îc c¸c yªu cÇu cña mét hÇm ch«n n«ng. Do
®ã tõ rÊt l©u råi c¸c m¶nh vá hÇm ®· ®−îc l¾p dùng
ë phÝa sau thiÕt bÞ ®µo hÇm ®Ó t¹o thµnh mét vßng vá
khÐp kÝn.
precipitator /pri'sipit”t˜(r)/ n bé kÕt tña, thiÕt bÞ
kÕt tña; bé l¾ng, bé läc: The Kan-Etsu and Enasan
Tunnels in Japan, which have relatively heavy
traffic, both have intermediate recirculation stations
between ventilation shafts, where particulates are
removed from the air by electrostatic precipitators:
C¸c HÇm Kan-Etsu vµ Enasan ë NhËt B¶n, cã mËt
®é giao th«ng t−¬ng ®èi lín, ®Òu cã c¸c tr¹m t¸i l−u
chuyÓn trung gian gi÷a c¸c hÇm th«ng giã, n¬i mµ
c¸c h¹t bôi ®−îc quÐt khái kh«ng khÝ nhê c¸c bé läc
(bé kÕt tña) tÜnh ®iÖn.
 241
preconditioning work /prikən'di∫niη wə:k/ n c«ng
t¸c tr−íc söa ch÷a: That part of a project, usually
before renovation work, which includes preparatory
cleaning and internal inspection: Lµ phÇn c«ng viÖc
cña mét dù ¸n, th−êng lµ tr−íc c«ng t¸c söa
ch÷a/lµm míi, bao gåm viÖc vÖ sinh ®Ó chuÈn bÞ vµ
kiÓm tra bªn trong.
preconstruction meeting /pri'k”n'strʌk‘n 'mi:ti–/
n cuéc häp tr−íc khi thi c«ng: It is a generally
accepted practice to hold a preconstruction meeting
before the start of fieldwork on a project. Attendants
will be representatives of the owner, architect-
engineer, public utilities, local governments, traffic-
control agencies, resident engineer, clerk of the
works, inspectors, and contractor's superintendent
and staff: Mét th«ng lÖ nãi chung ®· ®−îc chÊp nhËn
®ã lµ tæ chøc mét cuéc häp tiÒn thi c«ng tr−íc khi
b¾t ®Çu c«ng viÖc t¹i hiÖn tr−êng cña mét dù ¸n. C¸c
bªn tham dù sÏ lµ ®¹i diÖn cña chñ ®Çu t−, t− vÊn,
c¸c c«ng tr×nh c«ng céng, chÝnh quyÒn ®Þa ph−¬ng,
c¬ quan kiÓm so¸t giao th«ng, kü s− th−êng tró, ®èc
c«ng, kü s− gi¸m s¸t, vµ ®éi ngò qu¶n lý vµ kü s− cña
nhµ thÇu o A well-organized preconstruction
meeting sets the stage for an orderly and smooth-
running project: Mét cuéc häp tr−íc khëi c«ng nÕu
®−îc tæ chøc tèt sÏ lµm tiÒn ®Ò cho mét dù ¸n vËn
hµnh tr«i ch¶y vµ thuËn lîi.
prediction of settlement /pri'dik‘n ”v 'setlm”nt/ n
dù b¸o lón: Predictions of settlement, assuming
elastic theory and isotropic material, are based on
⎛ 1 −ν 2 ⎞
equations of the form ρ = Δq B ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ I ρ , where
⎝ E ⎠
ρ is the vertical settlement of a loaded area on the
horizontal surface of the material, Δq the increment
of vertical stresses causing the settlement, ν
Poisson's ratio, the other elastic constant of an
elastic material, B the least dimension in plan of the
loaded area, E the elastic modulus, and Iρ an
influence coefficient containing all the geometric
proportions of the case under study; taken together
with B, Iρ defines the actual size, shape and stiffness
of the loaded area: C¸c tÝnh to¸n dù b¸o lón, dùa
trªn lý thuyÕt ®µn håi vµ gi¶ thiÕt vËt liÖu ®¼ng
h−íng, dùa trªn c¸c ph−¬ng tr×nh d¹ng
⎛ 1 −ν 2 ⎞
ρ = Δq B ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ I ρ , trong ®ã ρ lµ ®é lón th¼ng
⎝ E ⎠
®øng cña mét diÖn tÝch ®−îc chÊt t¶i trªn bÒ mÆt
ngang cña vËt liÖu, Δq lµ sè gia øng suÊt th¼ng ®øng
g©y ra lón, ν lµ hÖ sè Po¸t-x«ng, mét h»ng sè ®µn
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
håi kh¸c cña vËt liÖu ®µn håi, B lµ kÝch th−íc bÐ nhÊt
trªn mÆt b»ng cña diÖn tÝch chÊt t¶i, E lµ m«®un ®µn
håi, vµ Iρ lµ hÖ sè ¶nh h−ëng chøa mäi yÕu tè h×nh
häc cña tr−êng hîp ®ang xÐt; nÕu xÐt cïng víi B, Iρ
x¸c ®Þnh kÝch th−íc, h×nh d¹ng vµ ®é cøng thùc tÕ
cña diÖn tÝch chÊt t¶i.
preliminary support /pri'liminəri sə'pɔ:t/ n che
chống sơ bộ, chống đỡ ban đầu: The methods for
supporting the rock or soil excavation: usually they
consist of bolting, sprayed concrete, wire mesh, steel
arches: Là các phương pháp để chống đỡ các hang
đào trong đá hoặc đất - thường thì chúng cấu tạo từ
bulông neo, bêtông phun, lưới thép, và dầm thép
hình.
premature explosion /'prem”tju”(r) iks'plou™n/ n
sù ph¸t næ khèi m×n tr−íc dù kiÕn: Extraneous
electricity which causes premature explosion for the
blast inside the tunnel can come from lightening
storms, static radio inductive fields, stray currents,
galvanic action, high tension power lines and
electric train propulsion: Dßng ®iÖn ngo¹i lai g©y ra
kÝch næ sím cho ph¸t m×n trong hÇm cã thÓ xuÊt ph¸t
tõ m−a d«ng cã chíp, tr−êng c¶m øng sãng ra®i«
tÜnh, dßng ®iÖn t¹p t¸n (dßng ®iÖn l¹c), ho¹t ®éng vÒ
®iÖn, ®−êng t¶i ®iÖn cao ¸p, vµ lùc ®Èy cña tµu ®iÖn.
prepackaged /pri:'p“kidʒ/ adj ®ãng bao/gãi s½n:
dry ingredients of grout, mortar, and concrete
mixtures in packages, requiring only the addition of
water to produce grout, mortar, or concrete: c¸c vËt
liÖu thµnh phÇn kh« cña c¸c hçn hîp v÷a b¬m, v÷a
x©y, vµ bªt«ng ®ãng thµnh c¸c bao, do ®ã chØ cÇn
ph¶i cho thªm n−íc ®Ó t¹o thµnh v÷a vµ bªt«ng.
prepacked concrrete /pri:'p“kt 'k˜nkri:t/ n bªt«ng
cã cèt liÖu ®æ s½n: concrete produced by placing
coarse aggregate in a form and later injecting a
portland cement-sand grout, usually with
admixtures, to fill the voids: lµ bªt«ng chÕ t¹o b»ng
c¸ch ®æ cèt liÖu th« vµo mét v¸n khu«n vµ sau ®ã
b¬m mét v÷a c¸t-xim¨ng poocl¨ng vµo, th−êng cã c¶
phô gia, ®Ó lÊp ®Çy c¸c lç rçng.
preparatory cleaning /pri'pærətri 'kli:niη/ n lµm
s¹ch tr−íc söa ch÷a cèng: Internal cleaning of
pipelines, particularly sewers, prior to inspection,
usually with water jetting and removal of material
where appropriate: Lµ viÖc vÖ sinh bªn trong c¸c
®−êng èng, ®Æc biÖt lµ cèng n−íc th¶i, tr−íc khi kiÓm
tra, th−êng lµ b»ng vßi xãi n−íc vµ tÈy bá c¸c vËt
liÖu nÕu thÊy cÇn thiÕt.
preservation /,prevə'vei∫n/ n b¶o tån: the
process of maintaining a structure in its present
condition and arresting further deterioration: lµ qu¸
 242
tr×nh duy tr×/gi÷ g×n mét kÕt cÊu trong t×nh tr¹ng hiÖn
t¹i cña nã vµ chèng l¹i sù suy tho¸i tiÕp diÔn.
presplit blasting /pri:'split bla:sti–/ n næ ph¸
b»ng c¸ch t¹o khe nøt tr−íc: Presplitting is employed
to further reduce the degree of disturbance in the
final face. The pre-split holes are detonated
simultaneously, prior to the bulk charges in the main
area to be excavated. This effectively forms a
fracture (cracking) plane along the design
excavation line. The presence of the fracture plane
along the design boundery limits the disturbing
effect of the gases produced by bulk blasting: Kü
thuËt t¹o khe nøt tr−íc ®−îc ¸p dông ®Ó lµm gi¶m
nhiÒu møc ®é ph¸ n¸t trªn mÆt g−¬ng t¹o ra. C¸c lç
t¹o khe nøt tr−íc ®−îc kÝch næ ®ång thêi, tr−íc c¸c
lç ph¸ trong khu vùc chÝnh cÇn ®µo. ViÖc nµy gióp
t¹o nªn mét mÆt nøt däc theo biªn ®µo thiÕt kÕ. Sù cã
mÆt cña mÆt ph¼ng nøt nµy däc theo biªn ®µo thiÕt
kÕ sÏ h¹n chÕ t¸c dông ph¸ n¸t phÝa ngoµi biªn ®µo
cña khÝ næ sinh ra bëi có næ c¸c lç trung t©m.
pre-splitting /pri:'spliti–/ n kü thuËt næ ph¸ cã t¹o
khe nøt tr−íc: A technique of inducing cracks
roughly following the periphery of the rock shape to
be excavated by the use of closely spaced holes and
reduced explosive charges prior to main blasting; a
subdivision of smooth blasting: Lµ mét kü thuËt lµm
t¹o ra c¸c vÕt nøt gÇn nh− b¸m theo chu vi hang ®¸
cÇn ®µo, nhê ¸p dông c¸c lç khoan ®Æt gÇn nhau vµ
tra Ýt thuèc næ tr−íc khi thùc hiÖn có næ chÝnh (trªn
toµn g−¬ng); nã lµ mét nh¸nh cña kü thuËt næ biªn
tinh/nh½n.
presplitting /pri:'spliti–/ n kü thuËt næ ph¸ cã t¹o
khe nøt tr−íc, sù t¹o khe nøt tr−íc: As an alternate
to line drilling, presplitting may be used to reduce
overbreak. This is accomplished with holes spaced
at 1-foot centers and alternate holes only loaded
with a light charge and fired before the rock
breaking holes inside the presplit lines: Nh− mét
c¸ch thay thÕ cña ph−¬ng ph¸p khoan t¹o biªn, sù
t¹o khe nøt tr−íc cã thÓ ®−îc dïng ®Ó gi¶m nhá
l−îng ®µo qu¸. Nã ®−îc thùc hiÖn b»ng c¸c lç t©m
c¸ch nhau 1 ft (0.3 m), vµ c¸c lç so le chØ ®−îc n¹p
víi mét l−îng thuèc nhá, råi ®−îc kÝch næ tr−íc c¸c
lç ph¸ ®¸ n»m phÝa trong ®−êng biªn t¹o khe nøt
tr−íc.
pressure /'pre‘”(r)/ n søc Ðp, søc nÐn, ¸p lùc, ¸p
suÊt: Most underwater tunnel construction through
silt, sand, or loose materials such as gravel utilizes
shields with compressed air. Precaution must be
taken to protect workers from being exposed to the
dangers of extreme pressure: HÇu hÕt viÖc x©y dùng
hÇm d−íi n−íc qua bïn, c¸t, hay vËt liÖu mÒm nh−
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
sái, ®Òu sö dông khiªn ®µo dïng khÝ nÐn. CÇn ph¶i
cã biÖn ph¸p ®Ò phßng ®Ó b¶o vÖ c«ng nh©n khái bÞ
nguy hiÓm do t×nh tr¹ng ¸p lùc qu¸ cao o The
lining of a tunnel excavated by means of a shield is
somewhat smaller than the area excavated; the
space is filled in by a grout pumped in under
pressure: Vßng vá chèng cña mét ®−êng hÇm ®µo
b»ng khiªn th× h¬i nhá h¬n so víi diÖn tÝch ®µo thùc
tÕ; kho¶ng trèng ®ã ®−îc lÊp ®Çy b»ng mét lo¹i v÷a
b¬m vµo d−íi ¸p lùc cao.
pressure bulkhead /'pre∫”(r) 'bʌlkhed/ n tÊm
/v¸ch ng¨n chÞu ¸p lùc: A bulkhead in a tunnelling
machine or shield separating the pressurised
working chamber from the remainder of the machine
or shield: Lµ mét tÊm v¸ch ng¨n trong mét khiªn
®µo hoÆc m¸y khoan hÇm (TBM) dïng ®Ó ph©n c¸ch
khoang lµm viÖc cã ¸p víi phÇn cßn l¹i cña m¸y
khoan hoÆc khiªn ®µo.
pressure chamber /'pre∫”(r) 't∫eimbə/ n buång
¸p lùc: The chamber in a tunnelling machine behind
the cutter head containing pressurised slurry (in a
slurry machine) or excavated material (in an earth
pressure balance machine); variously referred to as
head chamber, working chamber, excavation
chamber, slurry chamber: Lµ mét khoang trong mét
m¸y khoan hÇm ë phÝa sau ®Çu c¾t cã chøa v÷a ¸p
lùc (trong m¸y TBM dïng v÷a) hoÆc chøa vËt liÖu
®µo (trong m¸y TBM c©n b»ng ¸p lùc ®Êt); cßn ®−îc
gäi víi nhiÒu tªn kh¸c nh− khoang ®Çu c¾t, buång
c«ng t¸c, khoang ®µo, khoang v÷a.
pressure grouting (injection) /'pre∫”r 'grauti–
in'dʒek∫n/ n phun v÷a ¸p lùc: Pressure grouting in
rock is executed by drilling boreholes of suitable
diameter, length and direction into the rock
material, placing packers near the borehole opening
(or some other means of providing a pressure tight
connection to the borehole), connecting a grout
conveying hose or pipe between a pump and the
packer and pumping a prepared grout by
overpressure into the cracks and joints of the rock
surrounding the boreholes: B¬m v÷a ¸p lùc vµo
trong nÒn ®¸ ®−îc tiÕn hµnh b»ng c¸ch khoan c¸c lç
khoan cã ®−êng kÝnh, chiÒu dµi vµ h−íng thÝch hîp
vµo nÒn ®¸, l¾p ®Æt nót chÆn gÇn miÖng lç khoan
(hoÆc mét vµi d¹ng liªn kÕt kÝn ¸p suÊt kh¸c víi lç
khoan), nèi mét èng dÉn v÷a tõ m¸y b¬m víi nót
chÆn råi b¬m mét hçn hîp v÷a trén s½n b»ng ¸p suÊt
cao vµo c¸c vÕt nøt vµ khe r·nh trong ®¸ xung quanh
c¸c lç khoan.
pressure head /'pre∫” hed/ n cét ¸p: The head of
water at a point in a porous system; negative for
 243
unsaturated systems, positive for saturated systems.
Quantitatively, it is the water pressure divided by the
specific weight of water: Lµ cét n−íc t¹i mét ®iÓm
trong mét hÖ thèng rçng xèp; cã gi¸ trÞ ©m ®èi víi
c¸c hÖ thèng kh«ng b·o hßa, d−¬ng cho c¸c hÖ thèng
b·o hßa. VÒ mÆt ®Þnh l−îng, nã lµ ¸p lùc n−íc chia
cho träng l−îng riªng cña n−íc.
pressure of loosened ground /'pre∫”(r) ”v 'lu:snd
graund/ n ¸p lùc cña ®Êt ®¸ r·o rêi.
pressuremeter /'pre∫”,mi:t”/ n dông cô ®o ¸p lùc
®Êt: The pressuremeter is a device which can be used
to determine the properties of the ground in situ.
There are several different pressuremeter devices
but in essence: a cylindrical cavity lined with a
rubber membrane is created in the ground; the
cavity is expanded and the observed relationship
between the cavity pressure and the cavity expansion
provides some sort of stress:strain response from
which certain properties of the ground can be
deduced: Dông cô ®o ¸p lùc cã thÓ dïng ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh
c¸c tÝnh chÊt cña ®Êt t¹i chç. Cã mét vµi lo¹i thiÕt bÞ
®o ¸p lùc ®Êt kh¸c nhau nh−ng vÒ b¶n chÊt gåm: mét
lç h×nh trô ®−îc lãt b»ng mµng cao su ®−îc t¹o ra
trong ®Êt; lç nµy ®−îc lµm cho gi·n në vµ ng−êi ta
ghi l¹i mèi quan hÖ gi÷a ¸p suÊt trong lç vµ ®é më
réng cña lç ®Ó t×m hiÓu ®¸p øng øng suÊt:biÕn d¹ng,
tõ ®ã suy ra mét sè tÝnh chÊt nhÊt ®Þnh cña ®Êt.
pressurized face shield /'pre∫əraizd feis ∫i:ld/ n
khiªn ®µo t¹o ¸p lùc lªn mÆt g−¬ng: Rock TBMs are
available in many configurations ranging from
main-beam open-gripper to fully shielded
pressurized face machines. Currently, there are two
basic types of pressurized-face TBMs: (1) slurry
shields, and (2) earth pressure balance (EPB)
machines. The advantage of pressurized-face TBMs
is that ground losses can be minimized, even in
unstable ground conditions. When used properly,
pressurized-face TBMs can yield smaller surface
settlements than open-face tunnel shields: C¸c m¸y
khoan hÇm TBM trong ®¸ cã nhiÒu kiÓu kh¸c nhau,
tõ lo¹i cã dÇm chñ vµ guèc kÑp cho tíi c¸c m¸y t¹o
¸p lùc lªn g−¬ng cã khiªn kÝn hoµn toµn. HiÖn nay,
cã hai lo¹i TBM c¬ b¶n t¹o ¸p lùc lªn g−¬ng: (1)
khiªn dïng bïn v÷a, vµ (2) m¸y khoan c©n b»ng ¸p
lùc ®Êt EPB. ¦u ®iÓm cña c¸c m¸y TBM t¹o ¸p lùc
lªn g−¬ng lµ cã thÓ gi¶m thiÓu sù mÊt ®Êt, ngay c¶
trong c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ®Êt kh«ng æn ®Þnh. Khi sö dông
mét c¸ch ®óng ®¾n, c¸c m¸y TBM t¹o ¸p lùc g−¬ng
cã thÓ sinh ra lón mÆt ®Êt bÐ h¬n so víi c¸c khiªn
®µo ë chÕ ®é g−¬ng hë.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
prestress, temporary /'pri:'stres/ n t¹o dù øng lùc,
t¹m thêi: Used mainly in concrete tunnels to
temporarily lock a flexible joint, to modify stresses
until immersion, or to provide additional strength
during transportation and installation: Kü thuËt
dïng chñ yÕu trong c¸c hÇm d×m bªt«ng ®Ó t¹m thêi
kho¸ l¹i mét mèi nèi mÒm, ®Ó ®iÒu chØnh c¸c øng
suÊt cho tíi khi h¹ hÇm, hoÆc ®Ó cung cÊp thªm
c−êng ®é trong qu¸ tr×nh vËn chuyÓn vµ l¾p r¸p o
The immersed tunnel elements are constructed in the
dry, in a purpose-built casting basin. Once the
elements are completed, the ends are sealed with
watertight bulkheads. Cast-in prestressing cables
are employed, running the length of the element, to
make the structure act monolithically during the
immersion operations. The prestressing cables
which run the length of each element are cut at each
dilatation joint after the tunnel is in place to allow
the tunnel to articulate: C¸c ®èt hÇm d×m ®−îc thi
c«ng trong bÓ ®óc kh«, ®−îc x©y ®Æc biÖt. Khi ®óc
xong c¸c ®èt, c¸c ®Çu ®èt ®−îc bÝt l¹i b»ng v¸ch kÝn
n−íc. C¸p dù øng lùc (D¦L) ®−îc luån qua, ch¹y
suèt chiÒu dµi ®èt, ®Ó lµm cho kÕt cÊu lµm viÖc mét
c¸ch æn ®Þnh trong qu¸ tr×nh d×m/h¹ hÇm. C¸p D¦L
ch¹y trªn chiÒu dµi mçi ®èt hÇm ®−îc c¾t t¹i tõng
mèi nèi gi·n në sau khi hÇm ®· ®Æt vµo vÞ trÝ ®Ó cho
phÐp hÇm nèi khíp víi nhau.
prestressed concrete lining /'pri:'strest 'k˜–kri:t
'laini–/ n vá hÇm bªt«ng øng suÊt tr−íc: For the
construction of the hydroelectric power schemes the
pressure tunnel in igneous rock may be lined with
prestressed concrete. This method of construction is
especially suitable if the tunnel is subjected to a
relatively low internal pressure, i.e. a value not
much in excess of 1.5 MN/m2. The function of the
prestressing is to prevent cracking in the concrete
due to internal pressure, in order to ensure that the
pressure tunnel remains leakproof: Khi x©y dùng c¸c
tæ hîp nhµ m¸y thñy ®iÖn, hÇm ¸p lùc trong ®¸
m¸cma cã thÓ ®−îc x©y vá b»ng bªt«ng dù øng lùc.
Ph−¬ng ph¸p thi c«ng nµy ®Æc biÖt thÝch hîp nÕu
hÇm ph¶i chÞu mét ¸p lùc t−¬ng ®èi thÊp, kho¶ng 1,5
MN/m2. Chøc n¨ng cña viÖc t¹o øng suÊt tr−íc lµ
chèng l¹i nøt bªt«ng do ¸p suÊt tõ bªn trong, ®Ó ®¶m
b¶o r»ng ®−êng hÇm ¸p lùc vÉn gi÷ ®−îc kh¶ n¨ng
chèng thÊm.
prestressing /'pri:'stresi–/ n sù t¹o dù øng lùc: A
distinction can be made in principle between the
following types of lining: construction without
prestressing; and, construction with prestressing.
The need of prevention of water losses led soon to
the development of forms of construction comprising
 244
a socalled passive prestressing, where the
prestressing is produced by support from the
surrounding rock. The prestress is produced by a
prestressing tendon running in or around the
concrete ring, although here the surrounding rock
can be allowed to contribute to the resistance to the
operating pressure. The prestressing steel used is
strand with a nominal diameter of 13 mm or 15 mm
and a maximum ultimate strength of 210 kN and 300
kN respectively: VÒ nguyªn t¾c cã thÓ ph©n biÖt hai
lo¹i vá hÇm: cã t¹o dù øng lùc (D¦L) vµ kh«ng. Nhu
cÇu chèng thÊm mÊt n−íc cho hÇm ®· dÉn ®Õn sù
ph¸t triÓn c¸c d¹ng cÊu t¹o vá hÇm ®−îc t¹o D¦L bÞ
®éng, trong ®ã D¦L ®−îc t¹o ra nhê søc chÞu cña
nÒn ®¸ xung quanh. D¦L ®−îc t¹o ra b»ng mét c¸p
ch¹y bªn trong hay quanh vá hÇm bªt«ng, mÆc dï ë
®©y nÒn ®¸ cã thÓ ®−îc huy ®éng vµo søc kh¸ng.
ThÐp D¦L lµ lo¹i tao c¸p cã ®−êng kÝnh danh nghÜa
13mm hoÆc 15mm vµ c−êng ®é tíi h¹n t−¬ng øng lµ
210 kN vµ 300 kN.
pretunnel /'pri:'tʌnl/ n kü thuËt ®µo hÇm b»ng
c¸ch c¾t-chèng tr−íc: The Pretunnel system has been
developed for the construction of large section
tunnels in difficult ground conditions. From a
historical viewpoint, the Pretunnel can be
considered as an evolution of the “Mechanical Pre-
cut” technology, which was introduced in 1950 in
the mining industry and rediscovered in France in
the seventies as “Predecoupage” technology for
transportation tunnels. The basic idea of the
Mechanical Pre-cut consists in excavating a slot (up
to 4.5 m in length, 7.5-25 cm in thickness) ahead of
the tunnel face and along the perimeter of the
section yet to be excavated. Ground stability can be
assured by shooting concrete into the pre-cut slot
(which has to remain stable until filled with
shotcrete), forming a pre-lining of concrete ahead of
the face: C«ng nghÖ lµm hÇm c¾t tr−íc ®−îc ph¸t
triÓn ®Ó x©y dùng c¸c hÇm cã tiÕt diÖn lín trong ®iÒu
kiÖn ®Êt yÕu. Tõ quan ®iÓm lÞch sö, kü thuËt lµm hÇm
chèng tr−íc cã thÓ xem lµ mét sù tiÕn hãa cña c«ng
nghÖ “C¾t tr−íc c¬ khÝ”, ®−îc giíi thiÖu n¨m 1950
trong c«ng nghiÖp má vµ sau ®ã c¶I tiÕn ë Ph¸p vµo
nh÷ng n¨m 1970 víi tªn gäi c«ng nghÖ
“Predecoupage” cho c¸c hÇm giao th«ng. ý t−ëng
c¬ b¶n cña C¾t tr−íc c¬ khÝ lµ ®µo mét r·nh (dµi tíi
4,5 m vµ réng 7,5 - 25 cm) vÒ phÝa tr−íc g−¬ng hÇm
vµ däc theo chu vi cña tiÕt diÖn sÏ ®−îc ®µo trong
t−¬ng lai. æn ®Þnh cña ®Êt ®−îc ®¶m b¶o b»ng c¸ch
phun bªt«ng vµo trong r·nh c¾t tr−íc ®ã (r·nh nµy
ph¶i tù æn ®Þnh ®ñ cho ®Õn khi ®îc lÊp ®Çy b»ng
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
bªt«ng), t¹o thµnh mét líp vá hÇm bªt«ng c¬ së t¹i
phÝa tr−íc g−¬ng ®µo.
preventive measures /pri'ventiv 'meʒə/ n c¸c
biÖn ph¸p ®Ò/dù phßng: Measures that are
undertaken in order to avoid an environmental
impact: Lµ c¸c biÖn ph¸p ®−îc thùc hiÖn ®Ó tr¸nh
t¸c ®éng [xÊu] ®Õn m«i tr−êng.
prill /pri:l/ n thuèc næ: Ammonium nitrate fuel oil
blasting agent (ANFO): ChÊt næ hçn hîp dÇu nhiªn
liÖu vµ nitrat amon ANFO.
primary lining /'praim”ri 'lainiô/ n vá hÇm
chèng ban ®Çu; líp vá chèng hÇm bªn ngoµi: The
tunnel lining placed to support the ground as the
excavation proceeds. All shield tunnels must have a
primary lining to support the ground and take the
thrust of the shove jacks: Lµ vá hÇm l¾p ®Æt ®Ó
chèng gi÷ ®Êt khi qu¸ tr×nh ®µo tiÕn triÓn. Mäi hÇm
®µo b»ng khiªn ®Òu ph¶i cã líp vá hÇm ban ®Çu ®Ó
chèng ®ì ®Êt vµ tiÕp nhËn lùc ®Èy Ðp truyÒn tõ c¸c
kÝch ®Èy khiªn o The lining first placed inside a
tunnel or shaft, usually used to support the
excavation. The primary lining may be of wood or
steel sets with steel or wood lagging or rock bolts
and shotcrete: Lµ vá hÇm thi c«ng tr−íc tiªn bªn
trong mét hÇm hay giÕng, th−êng dïng ®Ó chèng ®ì
hang ®µo. Vá hÇm ban ®Çu cã thÓ b»ng gç hay s−êng
chèng thÐp víi c¸c v¸n chèng thÐp hay gç hoÆc b»ng
bul«ng neo vµ bªt«ng phun o Some types of
primary lining are segmental cast iron liners, ribs
and lagging, fabricated steel liners, pressed steel
liner plates, and precast concrete segmental liners:
Cã mét sè d¹ng vá hÇm t¹m ban ®Çu nh−: vßng vá
hÇm ph©n ®o¹n b»ng gang, vßm thÐp vµ hÖ thanh gia
cè, vßng vá b»ng thÐp chÕ t¹o s½n, tÊm vá b»ng thÐp
Ðp, vµ vßng vá ph©n ®o¹n b»ng bªt«ng ®óc s½n.
primary state of stress /'praim”ri steit ”v stres/ n
tr¹ng th¸i øng suÊt ban ®Çu: The stress in a
geological formation before it is disturbed by man-
made works: Lµ øng suÊt trong mét thµnh hÖ ®Þa
chÊt tr−íc khi nã bÞ lµm x¸o trén bëi c¸c c«ng
viÖc/c«ng tr×nh nh©n t¹o.
primer /'praim”(r)/ n ngßi næ, kÝp næ; thuèc måi:
A booster or stick of powder with an inserted
blasting cap: Lµ mét khèi kÝch næ hoÆc thái thuèc næ
cã nhÐt mét kÝp næ bªn trong o A primer is a
cartridge of explosive used in conjunction with a cap
or detonating fuse to initiate the detonation of a
blasting agent. Primers are necessary in using
blasting agents in order to attain high detonation
pressure and temperature rapidly and thereby to
increase efficiency of the main detonation. Three
 245
characteristics of an efficient primer are high
detonation pressure, adequate size, and high
detonation velocity. High velocity, high strength
dynamite is commonly used: Mét khèi thuèc måi lµ
mét èng thuèc næ dïng kÕt hîp víi mét kÝp næ ®Ó
kÝch næ mét khèi chÊt næ. Thuèc måi lµ cÇn thiÕt
trong khi sö dông thuèc næ ®Ó ®¹t ®−îc ¸p lùc vµ
nhiÖt ®é næ lín mét c¸ch nhanh chãng vµ nhê ®ã lµm
t¨ng hiÖu qu¶ cña khèi næ chÝnh. Ba ®Æc ®iÓm cña
mét lo¹i thuèc måi hiÖu qu¶ lµ ¸p lùc næ cao, kÝch cì
®ñ lín, vµ tèc ®é næ lín. Th−êng dïng lo¹i ®inamit
cã tèc ®é cao vµ c−êng ®é m¹nh ®Ó lµm måi næ.
priming /'praimiô/ n sù måi næ: The
recommended priming methods for Powergelå are
either an electric No.8 Star or an EXELTM
detonator: C¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p måi næ ®−îc khuyªn
dïng cho lo¹i thuèc næ Powergelå lµ sö dông mét
trong hai lo¹i kÝp næ: kÝp ®iÖn Star No.8, hoÆc kÝp
EXELTM.
principal plane /'prins”pl plein/ n mÆt ph¼ng
chÝnh: Each of three mutually perpendicular planes
through a point in a soil mass on which the shearing
stress is zero. Intermediate principal plane is the
plane normal to the direction of the intermediate
principal stress. Major principal plane is the plane
normal to the direction of the major principal stress.
Minor principal plane is the plane normal to the
direction of the minor principal stress: Lµ mét trong
ba mÆt ph¼ng vu«ng gãc víi nhau qua mét ®iÓm
trong khèi ®Êt ®¸ mµ trªn ®ã øng suÊt c¾t b»ng
kh«ng. MÆt ph¼ng chÝnh trung gian lµ mÆt ph¼ng
vu«ng gãc víi h−íng cña øng suÊt chÝnh trung gian.
MÆt ph¼ng chÝnh lín nhÊt lµ mÆt ph¼ng vu«ng gãc
víi h−íng cña øng suÊt chÝnh lín nhÊt. MÆt ph¼ng
chÝnh nhá nhÊt lµ mÆt ph¼ng vu«ng gãc víi h−íng
cña øng suÊt chÝnh nhá nhÊt.
principal stress (strain) /'prins”pl stres/ n
øng suÊt (biÕn d¹ng) chÝnh: The three mutually
perpendicular planes at the point on which the
shearing stresses τ are zero are defined as principal
planes and the (normal) stresses σ on them are
principal stresses: Ba mÆt ph¼ng vu«ng gãc víi nhau
t¹i mét ®iÓm trªn ®ã øng suÊt c¾t τ b»ng kh«ng ®−îc
®Þnh nghÜa lµ ba mÆt ph¼ng chÝnh, vµ c¸c øng suÊt
(ph¸p) σ trªn chóng gäi lµ c¸c øng suÊt chÝnh o
Every tunnel engineer should be familiar with the
fact that, the direction of maximum principal stress
σ1 in rock is seldom vertical and very often is nearly
horizontal: Mäi kü s− hÇm ph¶i biÕt mét ®iÒu lµ,
h−íng cña øng suÊt chÝnh lín nhÊt trong ®¸ σ1 hiÕm
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
khi lµ th¼ng ®øng mµ rÊt th−êng lµ gÇn nh− n»m
ngang.
principle of superposition /'prins”pl ”v
,su:p”p”'zi‘n/ n nguyªn lý chång chÊt (chång chËp),
nguyªn lý céng t¸c dông: In a general design
situation, it is necessary to calculate the stresses
induced not by a single force action but by a
combination of several forces. In the case of elastic
structures which respond linearly to the application
of forces, a useful principle known as principle of
superposition can be used to calculate the response
to combined forces as simply the algebraic/vectorial
addition of individual forces: Trong tr−êng hîp thiÕt
kÕ tæng qu¸t, cÇn ph¶i tÝnh to¸n øng suÊt g©y bëi
kh«ng chØ mét lùc ®¬n nhÊt mµ lµ mét tæ hîp c¸c lùc.
§èi víi c¸c kÕt cÊu ®µn håi mµ chóng ph¶n øng mét
c¸ch tuyÕn tÝnh víi t¸c dông cña lùc, th× cã thÓ dïng
mét nguyªn lý rÊt h÷u Ých, ®ã lµ nguyªn lý chång
chËp, ®Ó tÝnh to¸n c¸c ®¹i l−îng g©y bëi lùc tæ hîp,
®¬n gi¶n nh− lµ sù céng ®¹i sè/vÐct¬ cña tõng lùc
mét.
probe /'proub/ v th¨m dß, th¸m hiÓm, ®iÒu tra: If
deemed necessary and/or directed by the Engineer,
the front of an excavation face shall be probed, to
verify geological conditions and/or groundwater
flow: NÕu xÐt thÊy cÇn thiÕt vµ/hoÆc ®−îc chØ dÉn
bëi T− vÊn, phÇn phÝa tr−íc cña mét g−¬ng ®µo ph¶i
®−îc th¨m dß nh»m x¸c minh ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt
vµ/hoÆc dßng n−íc ngÇm.
probe head drilling /'proub hed 'driliô/ n khoan
lç th¨m dß vÒ phÝa tr−íc.
probe hole /'proub houl/ n lç khoan th¨m dß, lç
khoan kiÓm tra: The Contractor shall verify the
thickness of any shotcrete layer by drilling 25mm
diameter probe holes at any location requested by
the Engineer. The Contractor needs providing
facilities to the Engineer to allow inspection of the
probe holes: Nhµ thÇu ph¶i kiÓm tra chiÒu dµy cña
bÊt kú líp bªt«ng phun nµo b»ng c¸ch khoan c¸c lç
th¨m dß ®−êng kÝnh 25mm t¹i vÞ trÝ bÊt kú do T− vÊn
yªu cÇu. Nhµ thÇu cÇn cung cÊp c¸c ph−¬ng tiÖn cho
T− vÊn ®Ó cho phÐp kiÓm tra ®−îc c¸c lç khoan th¨m
dß nµy.
probing / probing ahead /'proubiô/ n sù t×m kiÕm,
sù th¨m dß, sù th¸m tr¾c: Mined tunnels frequently
include pilot headings and extensive probing ahead
of the working face to locate leaking joints and
pervious zones: C¸c hÇm thi c«ng theo ph−¬ng ph¸p
khai má th−êng cã c¸c hÇm dÉn h−íng vµ ch−¬ng
tr×nh khoan th¨m dß réng r·i tr−íc bÒ mÆt thi c«ng
 246
(g−¬ng ®µo) ®Ó ®Þnh vÞ c¸c ®øt g·y (khe nøt) rß rØ vµ
c¸c khu vùc dÔ thÊm qua.
produce /pr”'dju:s/ v s¶n xuÊt, chÕ t¹o; ®em
l¹i; g©y ra, t¹o ra: Produced in a cold forming mill,
the Swellex rockbolt steel reaches a very high tensile
strength and high loading capacity, but
unsatisfactory elongation. A postproduction heat
treatment is then used to produce the extraordinary
elongation properties needed for the Swellex profile:
§−îc chÕ t¹o trong mét nhµ m¸y c¸n nguéi, thÐp lµm
bul«ng neo Swellex ®¹t ®−îc mét c−êng ®é chÞu kÐo
rÊt cao vµ kh¶ n¨ng chÞu t¶i lín, nh−ng víi ®é d·n
dµi trong ph¹m vi cho phÐp. TiÕp theo, ng−êi ta gia
c«ng nhiÖt sau khi chÕ t¹o ®Ó t¹o ra c¸c tÝnh chÊt
d·n dµi ®Æc biÖt cÇn cã cho lo¹i neo Swellex.
product pipe /'prɔdəkt paip/ n èng s¶n phÈm:
Permanent pipeline for operational use: Lµ ®−êng
èng vÜnh cöu dïng cho vËn hµnh.
profession /pr”'fe∫n/ n nghÒ nghiÖp: The
occupations commonly referred to as professions
include law, medicine, teaching, architecture, and
engineering. These vocations have some common
characteristics: (1) Associated with a profession is a
great body of special knowledge, (2) Preparation for
a profession includes training in applying that
knowledge, (3) The standards of a profession are
maintained at a high level through the force of
organization or concerted opinion, (4) Each member
of a profession recognizes his or her responsibilities
to the public over and above responsibilities to
clients or to other members of the profession: C¸c
c«ng viÖc th−êng ®−îc gäi lµ nghÒ nghiÖp gåm cã
ngµnh luËt, ngµnh y, d¹y häc, kiÕn tróc, vµ x©y dùng
d©n dông. C¸c nghÒ nµy cã mét sè ®Æc ®iÓm chung
sau ®©y: (1) ®i liÒn víi nghÒ nghiÖp lµ mét l−îng
kiÕn thøc chuyªn m«n rÊt lín, (2) viÖc chuÈn bÞ cho
mét nghÒ nghiÖp bao gåm sù ®µo t¹o ®Ó ¸p dông
nh÷ng kiÕn thøc ®ã, (3) c¸c tiªu chuÈn cña mét nghÒ
®−îc thiÕt lËp ë mét tr×nh ®é cao nhê søc m¹nh cña
tæ chøc hoÆc ý kiÕn ®ång thuËn, (4) mçi thµnh viªn
cña mét nghÒ ph¶i ®Æt tr¸ch nhiÖm cña m×nh tr−íc
c«ng chóng lªn trªn vµ cao h¬n tr¸ch nhiÖm tr−íc
kh¸ch hµng hay tr−íc c¸c thµnh viªn kh¸c trong
nghÒ.
profile /'pr”ufail/ n mÆt c¾t, tiÕt diÖn, biªn d¹ng:
Characterization of the soils within a site provides
guidance for further subsurface exploration,
selection of samples for detailed testing, and
development of generalized subsurface profiles: ViÖc
m« t¶ kü c¸c ®Æc ®iÓm cña c¸c lo¹i ®Êt t¹i mét ®Þa
®iÓm sÏ cung cÊp cho ta mét sù chØ dÉn vÒ viÖc kh¶o
s¸t ®Êt nÒn tiÕp theo, lùa chän mÉu thö ®Ó thÝ nghiÖm
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
chi tiÕt, vµ lËp ra nh÷ng biªn d¹ng/mÆt c¾t tæng qu¸t
hãa cña nÒn ®Êt.
profiling /'proufailiô/ n sù t¹o d¹ng, sù gia
c«ng theo ®−êng (®Þnh h×nh); biªn d¹ng, ®Æc ®iÓm
mÆt c¾t: Tunnel face can be excavated by backhoe,
with a ripper for roof and sides profiling: G−¬ng
hÇm cã thÓ ®−îc ®µo b»ng m¸y xóc gµu ng−îc, kÕt
hîp víi mét thî hÇm/m¸y g¹t ®Ó t¹o biªn cho mÆt c¾t
hÇm o It may be difficult or expensive to obtain
borehole data for tunnels under rivers and beneath
lakes and the ocean. A minimum of borings should
still be drilled, even if costly, but maximum use
should be made of subbottom profiling: Cã thÓ sÏ rÊt
khã kh¨n hoÆc ®¾t ®á ®Ó cã ®−îc c¸c sè liÖu tõ hè
khoan phôc vô cho c¸c hÇm ch¹y d−íi lßng s«ng hay
n»m d−íi ®¸y hå vµ ®¹i d−¬ng. Dï vÉn ph¶i thùc
hiÖn khoan víi mét sè l−îng lç khoan tèi thiÓu, ngay
c¶ rÊt ®¾t ®á, nh−ng cÇn tËn dông tèi da biªn d¹ng
cña ®¸y s«ng hå.
profiling system /'proufailiô 'sist”m/ n [hÖ thèng]
th¨m dß, quÐt biªn d¹ng: Vertical seismic profiling
(VSP) system can be useful during investigation of
the damaged zone in tunnelling. A new, compact
seismic system has been developed in Japan and has
been applied to in-situ measurement. The VSP
system consists of a vibration sensor and a super
elastic alloy pipe, which presses the sensor against
the borehole surface, an A/D converter, a computer
and a trigger system. The vibration sensor setting on
the spring of VSP probe is pressed to the borehole
surface and measures the seismic signal due to a
transmitted wave caused by the impact of the
hammer on the tunnel wall. The distribution of the
elastic wave velocity in rock can easily be measured
along a borehole drilled for rockbolts: HÖ thèng
th¨m dß ®Þa chÊn th¼ng ®øng (VSP) lµ rÊt cã Ých
trong khi kh¶o s¸t c¸c khu vùc n¸t vì trong khi lµm
hÇm. Mét hÖ thèng th¨m dß ®Þa chÊn míi, gän nhÑ
®· ®−îc ph¸t triÓn ë NhËt vµ øng dông vµo ®o hiÖn
tr−êng. HÖ thèng VSP cÊu t¹o tõ mét c¶m biÕn rung
vµ mét èng hîp kim siªu ®µn håi ®Ó Ðp c¶m biÕn vµo
thµnh lç khoan, mét bé chuyÓn ®æi A/D, mét m¸y
tÝnh vµ mét hÖ thèng khëi ®éng. C¶m biÕn rung l¾p
trªn lß xo cña ®Çu dß VSP ®−îc Ðp vµo thµnh lç
khoan vµ ®o tÝn hiÖu ®Þa chÊn nhê mét sãng truyÒn
g©y bëi chÊn ®éng cña bóa gâ lªn t−êng hÇm. Sù
ph©n bè vËn tèc sãng ®µn håi trong ®¸ cã thÓ dÔ
dµng ®o ®−îc däc theo lç khoan ®−îc khoan s½n ®Ó
l¾p bul«ng neo.
progress control of working form /'prougres
k”n'troul ”v 'w”:kiô f˜:m/ n kiÓm so¸t tiÕn ®é cña
v¸n khu«n c«ng t¸c.
 247
progress of works /'prougres ”v 'w”:ks/ n tiÕn ®é
c«ng viÖc.
progressive failure /pr”'gresiv 'feilj”/ n sù ph¸ ho¹i
lòy tiÕn: Failure in which the ultimate shearing
resistance is progressively mobilized along the
failure surface: Lµ sù ph¸ ho¹i trong ®ã c−êng ®é
kh¸ng c¾t cùc h¹n dÇn dÇn ®−îc huy ®éng däc theo
bÒ mÆt ph¸ ho¹i o Formation and development of
localized fractures which, after additional stress
increase, eventually form a continuous rupture
surface and thus lead to failure after steady
deterioration of the rock: Lµ sù h×nh thµnh vµ ph¸t
triÓn cña c¸c ®øt vì côc bé, mµ sau khi t¨ng øng suÊt
bæ sung, cuèi cïng chóng t¹o thµnh mét bÒ mÆt ®øt
vì liªn tôc, vµ do ®ã dÉn ®Õn sù ph¸ ho¹i sau sù suy
tho¸i dÇn dÇn cña ®¸.
project management /'prədʒekt 'mænidʒmənt/
n qu¶n lý dù ¸n: Power plants or subway systems
are large structures with numerous activities that
are overlapping each other and where coordination
of human resources, equipment and materials are of
crucial importance. Project management on large
projects is requiring experienced personnel able to
answer to all challenges that the complex power
plant/subway projects may ask for: C¸c nhµ m¸y
thñy ®iÖn hoÆc hÖ thèng xe ®iÖn ngÇm lµ nh÷ng c«ng
tr×nh lín víi v« sè ho¹t ®éng thi c«ng ®an xen nhau
vµ lµ n¬i mµ sù phèi hîp tèt gi÷a c¸c nguån nh©n
lùc, thiÕt bÞ vµ vËt liÖu lµ v« cïng quan träng. Qu¶n
lý dù ¸n trong c¸c c«ng tr×nh lín nh− vËy ®ang ®ßi
hái cã mét ®éi ngò chuyªn gia nhiÒu kinh nghiÖm ®Ó
cã thÓ gi¶i quyÕt mäi th¸ch thøc mµ dù ¸n nhµ m¸y
®iÖn/xe ®iÖn ngÇm phøc t¹p ®Æt ra.
project manager /'prədʒekt 'mænidʒə/ n gi¸m
®èc dù ¸n: The employer’s or executing agency’s
designated representative (usually a permanent staff
member) responsible for supervising the project and
for dealing with the consultant’s team leader and the
funding source: Lµ ®¹i diÖn ®−îc chØ ®Þnh cña chñ
®Çu t− hay c¬ quan ®iÒu hµnh (th−êng lµ mét nh©n
viªn biªn chÕ) chÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm gi¸m s¸t dù ¸n vµ
phèi hîp víi l·nh ®¹o cña ®éi ngò t− vÊn vµ nhµ tµi
trî vèn.
project site /'prədʒekt sait/ n ®Þa ®iÓm dù ¸n,
c«ng tr−êng: The location where the project is to
take place: Lµ ®Þa ®iÓm t¹i ®ã dù ¸n sÏ ®−îc tiÕn
hµnh.
prop /pr˜p/ n cét chèng: Coal mining term for any
single post used as roof support. Props may be
timber or steel: Mét thuËt ng÷ trong khai th¸c than
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
chØ c¸c cét chèng ®¬n lÎ dïng ®Ó chèng nãc hÇm.
Chóng cã thÓ lµm b»ng gç hay s¾t.
propel jack (= thrust jack = cylinder) /pr”'pel
dʒæk/ n kÝch ®Èy (cña m¸y TBM): A segment ring
usually consists of five to seven segments. The ring
division is partly influenced by number of thrust
jacks and their distribution over the range of the
ring: Mét vßng vá hÇm l¾p ghÐp th−êng cÊu t¹o tõ
n¨m ®Õn b¶y m¶nh vá hÇm. Sù ph©n chia vßng vá
hÇm chÞu ¶nh h−ëng mét phÇn bëi sè l−îng kÝch ®Èy
cña m¸y TBM vµ sù ph©n bè cña chóng trªn chu vi
vßng vá.
property /'pr˜p”ti/ n tÝnh chÊt, ®Æc tÝnh: The
real advantage of adding fibers to a cementitious
matrix is after matrix cracking, when fibers bridge
these cracks and undergo pull-out processes, such
that deformation can continue only with a further
input of energy from the loading source. This
property of fiber reinforced concrete or shotcrete is
often referred to as toughness or energy absorption
capability. Thus, fiber reinforced concrete or
shotcrete exhibits better performance not only under
static and quasi-statically applied loads but also
under fatigue, impact, and impulsive loading: ¦u
®iÓm thËt sù cña viÖc trén thªm sîi thÐp vµo khèi
bªt«ng xim¨ng lµ vµo lóc x¶y ra nøt bªt«ng, khi ®ã
c¸c sîi thÐp sÏ nèi kÕt c¸c khe nøt nµy vµ tr¶i qua
c¸c qu¸ tr×nh kÐo d·n, sao cho biÕn d¹ng chØ cã thÓ
tiÕp tôc diÔn ra nÕu n¨ng l−îng cña nguån t¶i träng
t¨ng lªn. TÝnh chÊt nµy cña bªt«ng phun cèt sîi thÐp
th−êng ®−îc gäi lµ tÝnh bÒn dai hay kh¶ n¨ng hÊp
thô n¨ng l−îng. Do ®ã, bªt«ng phun cèt sîi thÐp thÓ
hiÖn tÝnh n¨ng tèt h¬n kh«ng chØ d−íi t¶i träng t¸c
dông tÜnh vµ gi¶ tÜnh mµ cßn víi t¶i träng mái, chÊn
®éng, vµ cã nhÞp xung.
proportion /pr”'p˜:‘n/ n tû lÖ; phÇn: proportion
of steel fibre in concrete: tû lÖ sîi thÐp trong bªt«ng
o The greater proportion of the Channel tunnels
are lined with precast reinforced concrete lining
rings, 1.5 m wide. The thickness of the rings varies
with loading conditions between 400 and 800 mm:
Mét phÇn lín cña hÇm qua biÓn M¨ng-s¬ lµ ®−îc l¸t
b»ng c¸c vßng vá hÇm bªt«ng cèt thÐp ®óc s½n réng
1,5m. ChiÒu dµy cña c¸c vßng vá hÇm nµy thay ®æi
theo c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn t¶i träng tõ 400 ®Õn 800mm.
proportioning /pr”'p˜:‘niô/ n sù ®Þnh tû lÖ, sù
chia tû lÖ; sù ®Þnh liÒu l−îng: Product proportioning
can be on either a weight or volume basis. Or:
selection of proportions of ingredients to make the
most economical use of available materials to
produce cementitious materials with the required
 248
properties: C©n ®ong s¶n phÈm (cèt liÖu) cã thÓ trªn
c¬ së khèi l−îng hay thÓ tÝch. HoÆc: lµ sù lùa chän
c¸c tû lÖ thµnh phÇn ®Ó tËn dông mét c¸ch kinh tÕ
nhÊt c¸c vËt liÖu cã s½n nh»m t¹o ra hçn hîp
bªt«ng/v÷a cã c¸c tÝnh chÊt yªu cÇu.
propping (roof jacking) /'pr˜piô/ n kÝch chèng
phÇn ®Ønh hÇm (TBM).
prospecting /'pr˜spektiô/ n sù th¨m dß, sù ®iÒu
tra: Geophysical prospecting includes surveys that
introduce external forces into the earth to derive
data images. Using these images archaeologists can
recognize cultural deposits without testing
unnecessary areas on a site, and therefore not
disturbing important resources or waste time and
money on unnecessary excavations: Th¨m dß ®Þa vËt
lý lµ nh÷ng kü thuËt kh¶o s¸t mµ trong ®ã ng−êi ta
truyÒn nh÷ng ngo¹i lùc vµo lßng ®Êt ®Ó lÊy ®−îc c¸c
h×nh ¶nh sè liÖu. C¸c nhµ kh¶o cæ häc cã thÓ sö
dông nh÷ng h×nh ¶nh nµy ®Ó nhËn biÕt c¸c tÇng v¨n
hãa mµ kh«ng ph¶i thö nghiÖm c¸c khu vùc kh«ng
cÇn thiÕt kh¸c trªn mét khai tr−êng, vµ do ®ã kh«ng
lµm x¸o trén c¸c tµi nguyªn quan träng hoÆc kh«ng
bÞ phÝ thêi gian vµ tiÒn b¹c vµo nh÷ng hè ®µo v« Ých.
protection of environment /pr”'tek‘n ”v
in'vai”r”nm”nt/ n b¶o vÖ m«i tr−êng: The
Contractor shall, throughout the execution and
completion of the Works and the remedying of any
defects therein, take all reasonable steps to protect
the environment on and off the Site and to avoid
damage or nuisance to persons or to property of the
public or others resulting from pollution, noise or
other causes as a consequence of his methods of
operation: Nhµ thÇu, trong suèt qu¸ tr×nh thi c«ng
vµ hoµn thµnh C«ng tr×nh vµ söa ch÷a c¸c h− háng
trong ®ã, sÏ ph¶i ¸p dông mäi biÖn ph¸p thÝch hîp
®Ó b¶o vÖ m«i tr−êng bªn trong vµ bªn ngoµi C«ng
tr−êng vµ tr¸nh h− h¹i hay phiÒn to¸i cho con ng−êi
hay cho tµi s¶n cña d©n chóng hoÆc c¸c bªn kh¸c
sinh ra tõ sù « nhiÔm, tiÕng ån hay do c¸c nguyªn
nh©n kh¸c nh− mét hËu qu¶ cña ph−¬ng ph¸p thi
c«ng cña Nhµ thÇu.
protective clothing /pr”'tektiv 'klou›i–/ n [sù
mang] quÇn ¸o (®å lÒ) b¶o hé lao ®éng: Protective
clothing is an important factor in worker safety. The
protecting items include reflective coats, hard hats,
goggles, gloves, safety shoes and earplugs: Mang ®å
b¶o hé lao ®éng lµ mét nh©n tè quan träng ®èi víi
sù an toµn cña c«ng nh©n. Nh÷ng trang bÞ b¶o hé
bao gåm ¸o ph¶n quang, mò cøng, kÝnh b¶o vÖ m¾t,
g¨ng tay, ñng an toµn vµ nót bÞt tai.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
protruding type portal /pr”'tru:di– taip
'p˜:tl/ n cæng hÇm kiÓu nh« ra.
provision /pr”'vi∫n/ n sù cung cÊp; ®å cung
cÊp; sù chuÈn bÞ, sù dù phßng; sù tr÷ s½n: provision
against possible disaster: sù tr÷ s½n phßng c¸c tai
n¹n cã thÓ x¶y ra o Historically, greater concern
has been given to tunnel fire provisions in the United
States than in other countries: VÒ mÆt lÞch sö, ng−êi
ta ®· quan t©m nhiÒu vÒ dù trï chèng ch¸y hÇm ë
Mü h¬n lµ ë c¸c n−íc kh¸c.
PS logging /'l˜gi–/ n phÐp ghi sãng ®Þa chÊn: PS
logging is the in-situ test that measures the velocity
of a Primary and Secondary wave in the ground
using the boreholes. It is classified into down-hole
and cross-hole methods. Secondary wave is
especially significant in evaluating the ground's
dynamic characteristics in the event of an
earthquake: PhÐp ghi sãng lµ mét thÝ nghiÖm hiÖn
tr−êng dïng ®Ó ®o vËn tèc cña sãng s¬ cÊp (P) vµ
sãng thø cÊp (S) trong nÒn ®Êt b»ng c¸ch sö dông
c¸c lç khoan. Nã ®−îc ph©n thµnh ph−¬ng ph¸p ®o
däc lç vµ ngang lç. Sãng s¬ cÊp ®Æc biÖt cã ý nghÜa
trong viÖc ®¸nh gi¸ c¸c ®Æc tr−ng ®éng häc cña nÒn
®Êt trong tr−êng hîp cã ®éng ®Êt.
psi = (pounds per square inch, lb/in2) /paund p”
skwe” int‘/ abbr sè pao (¸p suÊt) trªn mét ins¬
vu«ng: 1 psi = 0.070 kg/cm2 (kilograms per square
centimeter) = 0.007 MPa; 1 kg/cm2 = 14.22 psi.
psychological issues /,saikə'lɔdʒikl 'isju:z/ n c¸c
vÊn ®Ò vÒ t©m lý: Issues pertaining to a person's
mental state or response: C¸c vÊn ®Ò thuéc vÒ tr¹ng
th¸i hay ph¶n øng tinh thÇn cña mét ng−êi (tham gia
x©y dùng hÇm).
public domain /'pʌblik dou'mein/ n ph¹m vi c«ng
céng: An area of information, knowledge or physical
space that is considered owned by the public and
accessible by all: Mét lÜnh vùc th«ng tin, kiÕn thøc
hay kh«ng gian vËt lý mµ nã ®−îc coi lµ së h÷u bëi
c«ng chóng vµ tÊt c¶ mäi ng−êi ®Òu ®−îc tiÕp cËn/cã
quyÒn sö dông.
public right-of-way /'pʌblik rait-”v-wei/ n d¶i ®Êt
dµnh cho giao th«ng c«ng céng: Land area owned,
held or secured by a public agency for
transportation purposes: Lµ diÖn tÝch ®Êt së h÷u,
gi÷/qu¶n lý hay b¶o vÖ bëi mét c¬ quan c«ng quyÒn
dµnh cho c¸c môc ®Ých giao th«ng.
pull /pul/ n b−íc ®µo: The length of rock broken
when a round is fired at the face: Lµ chiÒu dµi khèi
®¸ bÞ ph¸ vì khi mét b−íc ®µo ®−îc kÝch næ m×n t¹i
g−¬ng hÇm.
 249
pull-back /'pul'bæk/ n khoan kÐo lïi: That part of a
guided boring or directional drilling operation in
which the drill string is pulled back through the bore
to the entry pit or surface rig, usually in stalling the
product pipe at the same time: Lµ phÇn c«ng t¸c cña
mét t¸c vô khoan ®Þnh h−íng hay khoan dÉn h−íng
trong ®ã d©y cÇn khoan ®−îc kÐo ng−îc qua lßng
hang khoan trë vÒ hè khëi ph¸t hoÆc gi¸ khoan trªn
mÆt ®Êt, th−êng lµ l¾p ®Æt èng s¶n phÈm mét c¸ch
®ång thêi.
pull-back force /'pul'bæk fɔ:s/ n lùc khoan kÐo lïi:
Tensile load applied to a drill string during pull-
back. Guided boring and directional drilling rigs are
generally rated by their maximum pull-back force:
Lµ lùc kÐo t¸c dông vµo sîi cÇn khoan trong khi
khoan kÐo ng−îc. C¸c gi¸ khoan ®Þnh h−íng hay
khoan dÉn h−íng nãi chung ®Òu ®−îc thiÕt kÕ bëi lùc
kÐo khoan ng−îc lín nhÊt cña chóng.
pull-out /'pulaut/ n sù kÐo ra: Rock bolt
evaluation shall be by pullout testing to verify the
breaking or ultimate load of bolts. Tested bolts shall
be deemed acceptable if they withstand 80 percent of
the breaking or ultimate load of the bolt: Sù ®¸nh gi¸
bul«ng neo sÏ nhê vµo thÝ nghiÖm kÐo ®Ó kiÓm tra t¶i
träng tíi h¹n hoÆc t¶i träng ph¸ hñy cña bul«ng.
C¸c bul«ng ®−îc thö sÏ ®−îc coi lµ chÊp nhËn ®−îc
nÕu chóng chÞu ®−îc 80% t¶i träng tíi h¹n hoÆc t¶i
träng ph¸ hñy cña bul«ng.
pullout failure /'pulaut 'feiljə/ n ph¸ ho¹i trong thÝ
nghiÖm kÐo c¸p neo: Pullout failure occurs when the
ground-grout (or nail-grout) adhesion is overcome
and the test nail pulls out of the ground (or grout).
Attempts to increase the test load simply result in
continued pullout movement of the nail: Ph¸ ho¹i do
kÐo sÏ x¶y ra khi lùc dÝnh ®Êt-v÷a (hoÆc neo-v÷a) bÞ
v−ît qu¸, vµ neo thÝ nghiÖm bÞ nhæ khái ®Êt (hay
v÷a). ViÖc gia t¨ng lùc kÐo chØ lµm t¨ng thªm chuyÓn
®éng nhæ ra cña neo mµ th«i.
pullout test /'pulaut test/ n thÝ nghiÖm kÐo (thÐp,
bul«ng neo): The pull-out tests essentially involve
determining the force required to pull out a steel rod
fixed into the surface of the concrete: ThÝ nghiÖm kÐo
c¬ b¶n lµ viÖc x¸c ®Þnh lùc cÇn thiÕt ®Ó kÐo ra (nhæ)
mét thanh thÐp ®−îc g¾n vµo bÒ mÆt bªt«ng o The
Engineer shall have the authority to require rock
bolt pullout testing for any and all rock bolt types at
any times: T− vÊn cã quyÒn yªu cÇu Nhµ thÇu tiÕn
hµnh thÝ nghiÖm kÐo bul«ng neo ®èi víi bÊt kú thanh
neo nµo, vµ ®èi víi tÊt c¶ c¸c lo¹i neo vµo bÊt cø lóc
nµo.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
pumpability /pʌmp”'biliti/ n tÝnh chÊt b¬m ®−îc: A
measure of the properties of a particular grout mix
to be pumped as controlled by the equipment being
used, the formation being injected, and the
engineering objective limitations: Lµ sè ®o vÒ c¸c
tÝnh chÊt cña mét hçn hîp v÷a ®Æc thï cÇn ®−îc
b¬m, phô thuéc vµo thiÕt bÞ sö dông, vµo nÒn ®Êt ®¸
cÇn b¬m, vµ vµo c¸c giíi h¹n kh¸ch quan vÒ mÆt kü
thuËt.
pump sump /pʌmp sʌmp/ n hè thu n−íc ®Ó ®Æt
m¸y b¬m.
pumped concrete /pʌmpd 'k˜nkri:t/ n bªt«ng
b¬m: concrete which is transported through a hose
or pipe by means of a pump: Lµ bªt«ng ®−îc vËn
chuyÓn qua mét èng cøng hay èng mÒm ph©n phèi
nhê dïng mét m¸y b¬m.
pumped sand foundation /pʌmpd s“nd
faun'dei‘n/ n mãng c¸t t¹o b»ng c¸ch b¬m: Xem
"Sand Bedding".
pumping /'pʌmpi–/ n sù b¬m n−íc: Some
dewatering engineers consider that, once they know
the rate of pumping that will be required to maintain
a tunnel excavation in satisfactory dewatered
condition, the development of a dewatering system is
largely a matter of designing an appropriate
"plumbing system" to handle the anticipated volumes
of water: Mét sè kü s− tho¸t n−íc cho r»ng, mét khi
hä ®· biÕt ®−îc tèc ®é b¬m th¸o cÇn ®Ó gi÷ cho mét
hè ®µo hÇm trong t×nh tr¹ng tho¸t n−íc tèt, th× viÖc
x©y dùng mét hÖ thèng tho¸t n−íc hÇu nh− chØ cßn lµ
viÖc thiÕt kÕ mét "hÖ thèng èng n−íc" thÝch hîp mµ
th«i nh»m gi¶i quyÕt l−u l−îng n−íc ®· dù b¸o.
pumping test /'pʌmpi– test/ n thÝ nghiÖm b¬m: A
field procedure used to determine in situ
permeability, the ability of a formation to produce or
accept water, or the ability of a formation to accept
grout at a given pressure: Lµ mét thñ tôc thÝ nghiÖm
hiÖn tr−êng dïng ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh ®é thÊm t¹i chç, kh¶
n¨ng cña mét thµnh hÖ trong viÖc t¹o sinh hoÆc hÊp
thô n−íc, hoÆc kh¶ n¨ng cña mét thµnh hÖ trong viÖc
hÊp thô v÷a b¬m t¹i mét ¸p suÊt cho tr−íc.
pure shear /'pju” ‘i”/ n c¾t thuÇn tóy: A state of
strain resulting from that stress condition most
easily described by a Mohr circle centered at the
origin: Lµ mét tr¹ng th¸i cña biÕn d¹ng sinh ra tõ
®iÒu kiÖn øng suÊt mµ nã ®−îc m« t¶ dÔ nhÊt b»ng
mét vßng trßn Mohr cã t©m t¹i gèc täa ®é.
push ring = thrust ring /pu:‘ ri– - θrʌst ri–/ n
vßng vá hÇm chÞu lùc ®Èy cña khiªn/cña m¸y TBM.
 250

punch list /pʌnt‘ list/ n danh s¸ch c¸c h¹ng môc of material ejected explosively from a volcanic vent:
c«ng viÖc cßn ph¶i thùc hiÖn; phiÕu ®ôc lç: Punch Lµ thuËt ng÷ chung chØ bÊt kú lo¹i ®¸ nµo cÊu t¹o tõ
list is an another type of report which is used during c¸c vËt liÖu phun lªn cã kÌm tiÕng næ tõ mét miÖng
the period when jobs are nearing completion. This is nói löa.
a list of unfinished items of work that are needed for
the project to be called acceptably complete. The list
usually is prepared by the inspector or the
inspection staff working with the contractor's
personnel. It is amended daily as new items turn up
and as items of work on the list are satisfactorily
completed. Eventually the list is reduced to zero,
tantamout to project completion: Danh s¸ch nµy lµ
mét d¹ng kh¸c cña b¸o c¸o ®−îc dïng trong giai
®o¹n c¸c c«ng viÖc ®ang dÇn kÕt thóc. §©y lµ mét
danh s¸ch c¸c h¹ng môc c«ng viÖc ch−a hoµn thµnh
mµ dù ¸n cÇn cã chóng ®Ó cã thÓ ®−îc chÊp nhËn gäi
lµ ®· hoµn thµnh. Nã th−êng ®−îc chuÈn bÞ bëi kü s−
gi¸m s¸t hoÆc ®éi gi¸m s¸t lµm viÖc cïng víi nh©n
viªn nhµ thÇu. Nã ®−îc cËp nhËt hµng ngµy khi c¸c
h¹ng môc míi xuÊt hiÖn vµ khi c¸c h¹ng môc c«ng
viÖc trong danh s¸ch ®· ®−îc lµm xong. Cuèi cïng
danh s¸ch sÏ kh«ng cßn g× n÷a, ®ång nghÜa víi sù
hoµn tÊt dù ¸n.
PVC pipe /pi:vi:si: paip/ n èng nhùa PVC: Poly
vinyl chloride (PVC) is the main thermoplastics
material, the second most common pipe type,
composing approximately 25 percent of the system
piping: Polyvinyl clorua PVC lµ mét vËt liÖu nhiÖt
dÎo chñ yÕu, lµ lo¹i èng th«ng dông ®øng vµo hµng
thø hai, t¹o nªn kho¶ng 25 phÇn tr¨m c¸c hÖ thèng
®−êng èng.
pyramid cut /'pirəmid k—t/ n c¾t ®ét ph¸ d¹ng
h×nh chãp: A method of blasting in tunnelling or
shaft sinking in which the holes of the central ring
(cut holes) outline a pyramid, their toes being closer
together than their collars: Mét ph−¬ng ph¸p næ m×n
trong ®µo hÇm hoÆc h¹ giÕng, trong ®ã c¸c lç khoan
cña vßng trung t©m (c¸c lç ®ét ph¸) t¹o thµnh h×nh
chãp, tøc lµ c¸c ch©n lç khoan n»m s¸t nhau h¬n so
víi miÖng cña chóng.
pyroclast /,pairou'kl“st/ n vôn cao nhiÖt, ®¸ vôn
nói löa: Individual rock fragment or particle ejected
explosvely from a volcanic vent. Classified by size
into fine ash, coarse ash, lapilli, blocks and bombs:
Lµ c¸c m¶nh hay h¹t ®¸ riªng biÖt phun ra cã kÌm
tiÕng næ tõ mét miÖng nói löa. §−îc ph©n lo¹i theo
cì h¹t thµnh: tro mÞn, tro th«, lapili (cuéi nói löa),
c¸c khèi t¶ng vµ bom nói löa.
pyroclastic /,pairou'kl“stik/ n do nham tÇng nói
löa t¹o thµnh; thuéc m¶nh vôn h×nh thµnh do qu¸
tr×nh cao nhiÖt: General term for any rock composed

Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan

Qq
Q-factor /kju: 'f“kt”/ n hÖ sè Q, hÖ sè chÊt
l−îng ®¸: The so-called Q-factor is calculated using
RQD J r J nµo o The European literature suggests more
equation Q= x x w . The exact
Jn J a SRF
description of the parameters is referred to the
literature by Barton (Barton, 1976): C¸i gäi lµ hÖ sè
RQD J r J cña ch©u Mü.
Q ®−îc tÝnh bëi c«ng thøc Q = x x w .
Jn J a SRF
M« t¶ chÝnh x¸c vÒ c¸c th«ng sè trong c«ng thøc xin
xem trong tµi liÖu cña Barton n¨m 1976
Abundant fracturing and extensive lamprophyre
dykes brought the average Q-factor of this rock to
values as low as 10: Sù nøt nÎ m¹nh vµ sù cã mÆt
nhiÒu thÓ m¹ch lamprophia ®· khiÕn cho gi¸ trÞ Q
trung b×nh cña lo¹i ®¸ nµy xuèng c¸c gi¸ trÞ thÊp xÊp
xØ 10.
quake /kweik/ n sù chÊn ®éng, ®éng ®Êt (=
earthquake) /'ə:θkweik/ v lµm chÊn ®éng: shaking
and vibration at the surface of the earth resulting
from underground movement along a fault plane or
from volcanic activity: Lµ sù l¾c vµ rung ®éng t¹i bÒ
mÆt tr¸i ®Êt g©y ra bëi chuyÓn ®éng d−íi ngÇm däc
theo mét mÆt ®øt g·y hoÆc bëi ho¹t ®éng nói löa.
qualifications /,kwɔlifi'kei∫nz/ n phÈm chÊt, tr×nh
®é chuyªn m«n: The experience and expertise of
consultants relevant for a particular assignment: Lµ
kinh nghiÖm vµ sù tinh th«ng cña c¸c nhµ t− vÊn
thÝch hîp cho mét nhiÖm vô nhÊt ®Þnh.
qualification test /,kwɔlifi'kei∫nz test/ n thÝ nghiÖm
phÈm chÊt.
qualitative /'kw˜lit”tiv/ adj (thuéc) chÊt l−îng,
®Þnh tÝnh: Based on judgement rather than numerical
analysis: Dùa trªn sù ®¸nh gi¸/ph¸n xÐt h¬n lµ ph©n
tÝch b»ng con sè.
quality /'kw˜liti/ n chÊt l−îng: The totality of
features and characteristics of a product or service
that bear upon its ability to satisfy stated or implied
needs: Là toàn bộ các đặc điểm và tính chất của một
sản phẩm hay dịch vụ mà chúng tạo cho sản phẩm
hay dịch vụ ấy khả năng thỏa mãn các nhu cầu đã
đặt ra hoặc mong muốn o All materials, Plant and
workmanship shall be subjected to such tests as the
Engineer may require to ensure their quality. The
Contractor shall provide such assistance, labour,
electricity, fuels, stores, apparatus and instruments
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
251
as are normally required for examining, measuring
and testing any materials or Plant: TÊt c¶ c¸c lo¹i
vËt liÖu, ThiÕt bÞ vµ tr×nh ®é tay nghÒ sÏ ph¶i tr¶i
qua c¸c thö nghiÖm theo nh− T− vÊn yªu cÇu nh»m
®¶m b¶o chÊt l−îng cña chóng. Nhµ thÇu cÇn cung
cÊp sù hç trî, nh©n viªn, ®iÖn, nhiªn liÖu, kho b·i,
m¸y mãc vµ thiÕt bÞ mµ th−êng cÇn ®Õn ®Ó kiÓm tra,
®o l−êng vµ thÝ nghiÖm bÊt kú vËt liÖu hay ThiÕt bÞ
rigid quality control on shotcrete than that of
America continent: C¸c tµi liÖu cña ch©u ¢u ®Ò nghÞ
chÕ ®é kiÓm so¸t chÊt l−îng bªt«ng phun g¾t gao h¬n
quality assurance /'kw˜liti ”'‘u”r”ns/ n sù ®¶m
b¶o chÊt l−îng: Steps taken by or for the owner to
assure the quality of the work. It is the government's,
o or Owner's responsibility to assure that it is
obtaining the quality purchased; therefore, quality
assurance is a responsibility of the government on a
public job like a tunnel: Lµ c¸c b−íc ®−îc thùc thi
bëi chñ ®Çu t− hoÆc cho chñ ®Çu t− ®Ó ®¶m b¶o chÊt
l−îng c«ng viÖc. Tr¸ch nhiÖm cña chÝnh phñ hoÆc
Chñ ®Çu t− lµ ®¶m b¶o r»ng m×nh ®ang nhËn ®−îc
chÊt l−îng nh− ®· ®Æt hµng; do ®ã, ®¶m b¶o chÊt
l−îng lµ mét tr¸ch nhiÖm cña chÝnh phñ ®èi víi mét
c«ng tr×nh c«ng céng nh− ®−êng hÇm o Assurance,
or "to make sure", implies verification, which could
be accomplished after the fact. The government's
quality assurance system must assure that the work
is done correctly for acceptance purposes: Sù b¶o
®¶m, hay "lµm cho ch¾c ch¾n", ngô ý sù thÈm tra
(kiÓm tra), mµ nã ®−îc thùc hiÖn sau mét sù kiÖn. HÖ
thèng b¶o ®¶m chÊt l−îng cña chÝnh phñ ph¶i ®¶m
b¶o r»ng c«ng tr×nh ®−îc thùc thi mét c¸ch ®óng ®¾n
nh»m môc ®Ých ®−îc chÊp thuËn (nghiÖm thu).
quality control /'kw˜liti k”n'troul/ n kiÓm so¸t
chÊt l−îng, sù kiÓm tra chÊt l−îng: Steps taken by the
contractor to control quality of the work. In tunnel
contracts, there are formal provisions for Contractor
inspection system or Contractor quality control.
Accomplishment of the tunnel work necessiates
management to produce the quality of work required
by the Contract. Management is control; therefore,
the Contractor is legally responsible and liable for
quality control whether or not it is separately stated
in the contract: Lµ c¸c b−íc ®−îc tiÕn hµnh bëi nhµ
thÇu ®Ó kiÓm so¸t chÊt l−îng c«ng viÖc. Trong c¸c
hîp ®ång lµm hÇm, cã c¸c ®iÒu kho¶n chÝnh thøc vÒ
hÖ thèng kiÓm tra cña Nhµ thÇu hay sù kiÓm so¸t
chÊt l−îng cña Nhµ thÇu. Sù hoµn thµnh c«ng tr×nh
hÇm ®ßi hái mét sù qu¶n lý nh»m t¹o ®−îc chÊt
l−îng c«ng viÖc ®Æt ra trong Hîp ®ång. Qu¶n lý tøc
 252
lµ kiÓm tra, kiÓm so¸t; do ®ã, vÒ ph−¬ng diÖn ph¸p
lý Nhµ thÇu cã nhiÖm vô vµ ph¶i chÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm
ph¸p lý vÒ sù kiÓm so¸t chÊt l−îng, dï nã cã ®−îc
quy ®Þnh mét c¸ch riªng rÏ trong hîp ®ång hay
kh«ng.
quality management /'kw˜liti 'mænidʒmənt/ n
quản lý chÊt l−îng: “Quality Management’’ means
“all those systematic actions that are necessary to
provide adequate confidence that a product or
service will satisfy given quality requirements”:
Quản lý chất lượng hàm nghĩa là tất cả các hoạt
động một cách có hệ thống cần thiết để tạo ra sự đủ
tin cậy rằng một sản phẩm hoặc dịch vụ sẽ thỏa mãn
được các yêu cầu chất lượng đã đặt ra.
quality test of rock bolt materials /'kw˜liti test
”v r˜k boult m”'ti”ri”lz/ n kiÓm tra chÊt l−îng cña
c¸c vËt liÖu neo ®¸.
quantitative /'kw˜ntit”tiv/ adj (thuéc) sè l−îng,
®Þnh l−îng: Based on numerical analysis: NghÜa lµ
dùa trªn ph©n tÝch b»ng sè o Rock bolting design
in tunnelling is still empirical, and its reinforcing
mechanism has not been clarified yet. In order to
achieve a safe and economic solution, a quantitative
assessment method is desirable. The interaction
mechanism of rock bolt and rock mass is very
important to the quantitative assessment: ThiÕt kÕ
bul«ng neo trong kü thuËt lµm hÇm vÉn cßn mang
tÝnh kinh nghiÖm, vµ c¸c c¬ chÕ gia cè cña nã vÉn
cßn ch−a ®−îc lµm râ. §Ó cã ®−îc mét gi¶I ph¸p an
toµn vµ kinh tÕ, cÇn ph¶i cã mét ph−¬ng ph¸p ®¸nh
gi¸ ®Þnh l−îng. C¬ chÕ t−¬ng t¸c gi÷a bul«ng neo vµ
khèi ®¸ lµ yÕu tè rÊt quan träng trong phÐp ph©n tÝch
®Þnh l−îng ®ã.
quantitative measuring instrument /'kw˜ntit”tiv
'meʒəriη 'instrumənt/ n thiÕt bÞ ®o l−êng ®Þnh
l−îng.
quantity of percolation /'kw˜ntəti əv ,pə:kə'lei∫n/
n l−îng n−íc thÊm.
quarry /'kw˜ri/ n má ®¸, c«ng tr−êng ®¸, n¬i lÊy
®¸: A large proportion of raw materials are
produced in various types of surface operations.
Where the product is rock, the operations are known
as quarries: Mét tû lÖ lín nguyªn liÖu ®−îc s¶n xuÊt
tõ v« sè c¸c d¹ng ho¹t ®éng trªn bÒ mÆt ®Êt. NÕu
s¶n phÈm lµ ®¸, th× nh÷ng ho¹t ®éng s¶n xuÊt nµy
®−îc biÕt ®Õn nh− lµ c¸c má ®¸.
quarry material /'kw˜ri mə'tiəriəl/ n vËt liÖu má
®¸: Aggregate (sand, gravel, limestone and crushed
rock) is used for roads, civil construction and
building projects and as a raw material in the
production of concrete, masonry and asphalt.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
Aggregate production involves extracting quarry
material which is then crushed and sized: Cèt liÖu
(c¸t, sái, ®¸ v«i vµ ®¸ nghiÒn) ®−îc dïng cho c¸c dù
¸n lµm ®−êng, x©y dùng d©n dông vµ nhµ cöa, còng
nh− lµm nguyªn liÖu s¶n xuÊt bªt«ng. S¶n xuÊt cèt
liÖu bao gåm c«ng viÖc khai th¸c vËt liÖu má, sau ®ã
tiÕn hµnh nghiÒn vµ ph©n lo¹i theo kÝch cì.
quarry rock /'kw˜ri r˜k/ n ®¸ cña má khai th¸c.
quarry waste /'kw˜ri weist/ n phô phÈm cña má
®¸: In open pit mining surrounding rock must be
removed for mining on the actual orebody to
continue. Only the minerals of economic value are
usually utilized and the rest can be considered as
waste: Trong khai th¸c má lé thiªn, ®¸ bao phñ cÇn
®−îc ph¸ ®i ®Ó viÖc khai th¸c th©n quÆng ®−îc tiÕp
tôc. ChØ nh÷ng kho¸ng vËt cã gi¸ trÞ kinh tÕ míi ®−îc
sö dông, nh÷ng thø cßn l¹i cã thÓ xem lµ phô phÈm.
quarrying /'kw˜riiô/ n sù khai th¸c ®¸:
Quarrying consists of the development of at least
one vertical face or if the formation is deep enough,
several levels or benches may be opened up
resembling steps: Sù khai th¸c ®¸ bao gåm sù khai
më Ýt nhÊt lµ mét mÆt (g−¬ng lß) ®øng, hoÆc nÕu
thµnh hÖ ®¸ ®ñ s©u th× cã thÓ më thªm mét vµi møc
hay vØa thÒm tr«ng gièng nh− c¸c bËc cÊp.
quarrystone /'kw˜ristoun/ n ®¸ héc, ®¸ t¶ng:
Very old tunnels can have a lining in the nature of
limestone quarrystones, dressing coursed, rough
case with lime mortar. The lining is generally 0.45-
0.60 m thicks: C¸c hÇm rÊt cò cã thÓ cã vá hÇm ®−îc
x©y tõ ®¸ héc ®¸ v«i, x©y thµnh hµng, m¹ch x©y b»ng
v÷a v«i. Nãi chung vá hÇm cã chiÒu dµy tõ 0,45 -
0,60 m.
quarter arch points /'kw˜:t”/ n c¸c ®iÓm cung
phÇn t−: Those areas between the tunnel crown and
springline covering approximately the spread from
the 1:00 to 2:00 o'clock and the 10:00 to 11:00
o'clock positions: Lµ c¸c vïng n»m gi÷a vßm hÇm vµ
®−êng ph©n chia vßm-t−êng, bao trïm gÇn hÕt d¶i
diÖn tÝch tõ c¸c vÞ trÝ kim ®ång hå 1~2 giê vµ 10h
®Õn 11h.
quartz /'kw˜:ts/ n th¹ch anh: Colourless
(often coloured by impurities), glassy, hard mineral
composed of crystalline silica (SiO2). Commonly
appears either as six-sided transparent crystals or as
a dense crystalline mass lacking distinctive shape.
Very common in all types of rocks and mineral
veins: Lµ kho¸ng vËt cøng cã tÝnh chÊt thñy tinh,
kh«ng mµu (th−êng ®æi mµu lµ do t¹p chÊt), bao gåm
«xyt silic tinh thÓ (SiO2). Th−êng xuÊt hiÖn nh− lµ
c¸c tinh thÓ trong suèt s¸u c¹nh hoÆc nh− mét khèi
 253
tinh thÓ ®Æc sÝt kh«ng cã h×nh d¹ng nhÊt ®Þnh. RÊt
th«ng th−êng trong mäi lo¹i ®¸ vµ m¹ch kho¸ng vËt.
quartzite /'kw˜:tsit/ n ®¸ quaczit: A non-
foliated metamorphic rock consisting mainly of
quartz. Formed by recrystallization of sandstone due
to contact or regional metamorphism: Lµ mét ®¸
biÕn chÊt kh«ng ph©n phiÕn, cÊu t¹o chñ yÕu tõ
th¹ch anh. §−îc thµnh t¹o do sù t¸i kÕt tinh cña c¸t
kÕt do qu¸ tr×nh biÕn chÊt tiÕp xóc hoÆc biÕn chÊt
khu vùc.
quartzporphyry /'kw˜:ts'p˜:firi/ n poãc-fia th¹ch
anh.
quartzous /'kw˜:ts”s/ adj (thuéc) th¹ch anh, cã
th¹ch anh.
quaternary soil /kwɔ:'tə:nəri sɔil/ n ®Êt kû ®Ö tø.
quick clay /'kwik klei/ n sÐt ch¶y: The
designation “quick clay” refers to a clay whose
structure collapses completely at remoulding and
whose shear strength is thereby reduced almost to
zero. Quick clay is defined as a clay with a
sensitivity of 50 or more and a fully remoulded shear
strength of less than 0.4 kPa. The latter value
corresponds to a penetration of 20 mm by the 60g
cone with 600 tip angle in the fall-cone test. The
sensitivity is the relation between the undisturbed
and the fully remoulded undrained shear strength:
C¸i tªn “sÐt ch¶y” nãi ®Õn mét lo¹i sÐt mµ cÊu tróc
cña nã bÞ ph¸ ho¹i hoµn toµn khi thµnh h×nh l¹i sau
biÕn d¹ng, vµ c−êng ®é kh¸ng c¾t cña nã hÇu nh− bÞ
gi¶m xuèng ®Õn kh«ng. SÐt ch¶y ®−îc ®Þnh nghÜa lµ
mét sÐt cã ®é nh¹y b»ng 50 hoÆc lín h¬n, vµ cã
c−êng ®é sau biÕn d¹ng hoµn toµn lµ bÐ h¬n 0,4 kPa.
Gi¸ trÞ c−êng ®é 0,4 kPa nµy t−¬ng øng víi mét ®é
xuyªn 20 mm cña mét chïy c«n nÆng 60g cã gãc v¸t
600 trong thÝ nghiÖm th¶ r¬i c«n. §é nh¹y lµ tû sè
gi÷a c¸c c−êng ®é chèng c¾t kh«ng tho¸t n−íc
nguyªn tr¹ng vµ biÕn d¹ng hoµn toµn o Quick
clays involve considerable risks, for example in
connection with stability problems, where small
initial slips may evolve into large landslides
involving the entire quick clay formation. The
formation of quick clay may also cause part of the
structure to break down: C¸c lo¹i sÐt ch¶y g©y ra
nh÷ng rñi ro lín, nh− liªn quan ®Õn c¸c vÊn ®Ò vÒ æn
®Þnh, trong ®ã chØ víi nh÷ng sù tr−ît dÞch ban ®Çu
nhá còng sinh ra nh÷ng vô tr−ît lë ®Êt lín kÐo theo
toµn bé thµnh hÖ sÐt ch¶y ®ã.
quick condition = quicksand /'kwik kən'di∫n/ n
®iÒu kiÖn ®Êt ch¶y: Condition in which water is
flowing upwards with sufficient velocity to reduce
significantly the bearing capacity of the soil through
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
a decrease in intergranular pressure: Lµ ®iÒu kiÖn
trong ®ã n−íc ngÇm ch¶y ng−îc lªn phÝa trªn víi
vËn tèc ®ñ ®Ó lµm gi¶m kh¸ nhiÒu kh¶ n¨ng chÞu t¶i
cña ®Êt do cã sù gi¶m ®i vÒ ¸p lùc gi÷a c¸c h¹t ®Êt.
quick-firing /'kwik-'fai”/ adj ch¸y nhanh.
quicklime /'kwiklaim/ n v«i sèng, v«i ch−a t«i
(chñ yÕu ®−îc sö dông ®Ó gia cè ®Êt dÝnh cã ®é Èm
cao): Calcium oxide; unslacked lime; so called
because when wet it develops great heat: Oxyt Canxi
CaO; v«i ch−a t«i; gäi nh− vËy v× khi bÞ −ít nã sinh
ra l−îng nhiÖt lín.
quicksand = driftsand /'kwiks“nd/ n c¸t ch¶y;
c¸t lón : Sand and water mixed in such a way that
the upward seepage of water equals the weight of the
sand: C¸t vµ n−íc trén lÉn víi nhau theo mét c¸ch
nµo ®ã mµ lùc thÊm lªn phÝa trªn cña n−íc c©n b»ng
víi träng l−îng cña c¸t o Often the overburden
and the uppermost, weathered rock will yield water
that must be controlled to prevent instability,
excessive inflow, or quicksand conditions: Th−êng
th× líp ®Êt phñ vµ ®¸ phong hãa phÝa trªn hÇm sÏ cã
n−íc ngÇm ch¶y vµ ph¶i ®−îc kiÓm so¸t nh»m duy
tr× æn ®Þnh, chèng dßng n−íc ch¶y vµo qu¸ lín, hay
ng¨n chÆn t×nh tr¹ng c¸t ch¶y.
quick shear test (undrained) /'kwik ∫iə test/ n
thÝ nghiÖm c¾t nhanh: For a quick shear test, virtual
no drainage takes place from a clay during the short
period (usually up to a maximum of 20 min) due to
the low permeability of clay: §èi víi mét thÝ nghiÖm
c¾t nhanh, hÇu nh− kh«ng x¶y ra sù tho¸t n−íc ra
khái ®Êt sÐt trong kho¶ng thêi gian ng¾n (th−êng tèi
®a lµ 20 phót) do tÝnh thÊm n−íc kÐm cña ®Êt sÐt.
 254
Rr
rackers /'r“k”z/ n cét chèng xiªn: Support
timbers placed at an angle: Lµ c¸c thanh/cét gç
chèng hÇm ®−îc ®Æt nghiªng mét gãc.
racking effect /r“kiô i'fekt/ n t¸c ®éng/hiÖu øng
vÆn ngang hÇm.
radius /'reidi”s/ n b¸n kÝnh: Radii of curvature
and superelevation of track are governed by
maximum train speeds of the particular railroad:
B¸n kÝnh cong vµ siªu cao ®−êng ray bÞ chi phèi (quy
®Þnh) bëi tèc ®é tµu lín nhÊt cña ®−êng s¾t ®ang xÐt.
rail haulage /reil 'hɔ:lidʒ/ n vËn chuyÓn b»ng
®−êng ray: A 6% grade is considered the practical
maximum for conventional tunnel rail haulage, while
grades of up to 12% are acceptable from an
operations and maintenance viewpoint: Mét ®é dèc
6% trong thùc tÕ ®−îc xem lµ tèi ®a ®èi víi vËn
chuyÓn ®¸ th¶i b»ng ray trong hÇm th«ng th−êng,
trong khi ®ã c¸c ®é dèc lín tíi 12% lµ chÊp nhËn
®−îc xÐt tõ quan ®iÓm vËn hµnh vµ b¶o d−ìng o
Recent improvements in TBM performance can be
attributed to the use of continuously advancing
conveyor systems in place of the traditional rail
haulage for muck removal: Nh÷ng tiÕn bé gÇn ®©y
vÒ n¨ng suÊt lµm viÖc cña m¸y TBM lµ nhê sö dông
c¸c hÖ thèng b¨ng t¶i ch¹y liªn tôc thay cho kiÓu vËn
chuyÓn b»ng ray truyÒn thèng ®Ó chuyÓn th¶i ®Êt ®¸
th¶i.
railway embankment /'reilwei em'bæηkmənt/ n
nÒn ®−êng s¾t: A man-made ridge to carry a railway
across a declivity or area subject to flooding: Lµ mét
d¶i ®Êt cao nh©n t¹o ®Ó mang ®−êng s¾t v−ît qua
mét dèc hay mét vïng chÞu ngËp óng.
railway tunnel /'reilwei 'tʌnl/ n hÇm ®−êng s¾t: A
tunnel running under a river or a hillside through
which a railway line runs: Lµ mét hÇm ch¹y bªn
d−íi mét con s«ng hay mét s−ên ®åi/nói ®Ó cho tuyÕn
®−êng s¾t ®i qua o Underground railway tunnel
(Tube Tunnel) is a tunnel carrying a railway beneath
the surface of the ground: HÇm ®−êng s¾t ngÇm
(HÇm tµu ®iÖn ngÇm) lµ mét hÇm mang mét ®−êng
s¾t bªn d−íi bÒ mÆt ®Êt.
raise /reiz/ v ®µo hÇm ng−îc lªn trªn: To excavate a
shaft upwards, in distinction from sinking: §µo mét
giÕng tõ d−íi lªn trªn, kh¸c biÖt víi [®µo] h¹ hÇm.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
raise /reiz/ n hÇm ®µo ng−îc lªn trªn: A vertical or
inclined shaft driven upward from an underground
opening, most frequently to connect with another
underground opening or the surface: Mét giÕng
nghiªng hay ®øng ®−îc ®µo tõ d−íi lªn xuÊt ph¸t tõ
mét hang ngÇm, th−êng ®Ó nèi víi hang ngÇm kh¸c
hoÆc nèi víi mÆt ®Êt.
raise bore and ream /reiz b˜: “nd ri:m/ n khoan
vµ doa réng hÇm ®µo h−íng thiªn: To raise bore a
shaft of moderate size, then enlarge to a greater
diameter by pushing or pulling a mechanical
"reaming" device through the initial opening: Khoan
mét giÕng h−íng lªn trªn cã kÝch th−íc võa ph¶i, sau
®ã më réng tíi ®−êng kÝnh lín h¬n b»ng c¸ch ®Èy
hay keo mét thiÕt bÞ “doa” c¬ khÝ qua hang më ban
®Çu.
raise bore and slash /reiz b˜: “nd 'sl“‘iô/ n
khoan vµ ph¸ réng: To raise bore a shaft of moderate
size, then enlarge to a greater diameter by means of
blasting, or "slashing": Khoan mét giÕng h−íng lªn
trªn cã kÝch th−íc võa ph¶i, sau ®ã më réng tíi
®−êng kÝnh lín h¬n b»ng c¸ch næ m×n, hay “c¾t
r¹ch”.
raise boring /reiz 'b˜:riô/ n khoan giÕng h−íng
thiªn: To raise a shaft by means of a rotating
mechanical devise generally powered and/or guided
upward by a drill stem fed through a small down-
drilled pilot hole: Khoan mét giÕng b»ng mét thiÕt bÞ
c¬ khÝ quay, nãi chung ch¹y vµ/hoÆc ®−îc dÉn h−íng
®i lªn b»ng mét cÇn khoan l¾p luån qua mét lç
khoan hoa tiªu nhá ®· khoan tr−íc tõ trªn xuèng.
ramp /r“mp/ n hang xiªn: A secondary or tertiary
inclined opening, driven to connect levels, usually
driven in a downward direction, and used for
haulage: Mét hang xiªn tÇng thø hai hoÆc thø ba
trong hÇm má, ®−îc ®µo ®Ó nèi c¸c lß ngang víi
nhau, th−êng ®µo theo h−íng dèc xuèng, dïng ®Ó
vËn chuyÓn.
rapid transit tunnel /'r“pid tr“nsit t∧nl/ n hÇm
dµnh cho tµu ®iÖn vËn chuyÓn (qu¸ c¶nh) nhanh:
These tunnels serve urban and metropolitan rapid
transit trains, to meet standards of particular
systems: C¸c hÇm nµy phôc vô c¸c tµu qu¸ c¶nh
nhanh trong thµnh phè vµ thñ ®«, nh»m ®¸p øng c¸c
tiªu chuÈn cña nh÷ng hÖ thèng ®Æc biÖt o Each
rapid transit system establishes its own rolling stock,
power supply system and signal space: Mçi hÖ thèng
qu¸ c¶nh nhanh sÏ ®ßi hái cho nã lo¹i ®Çu m¸y, hÖ
thèng cÊp n¨ng l−îng vµ kh«ng gian tÝn hiÖu riªng
biÖt.
 255
railroad tunnel /'reilroud 't∧nl/ n hÇm ®−êng s¾t:
Electrically-operated railroad tunnels do not usually
need ventilation, except for the case to dissipate
smoke and heat generated by a fire on the train or in
the line section in front of or behind a train: C¸c
hÇm ®−êng s¾t ch¹y ®iÖn th−êng kh«ng cÇn viÖc
th«ng giã, ngo¹i trõ tr−êng hîp ®Ó lµm tiªu tan khãi
vµ nhiÖt sinh bëi ho¶ ho¹n trªn tµu hay ch¸y trªn
l−íi ®iÖn ë ngay phÝa tr−íc hoÆc phÝa sau ®oµn tµu.
ravel /'r“v”l/ n sù buét ra, bong lë: The purpose
of woven mesh ("chain link") when combined with
shotcrete is to catch ravel and small falls of the
rock: Môc ®Ých cña l−íi thÐp ®an ("l−íi mãc xÝch"
khi kÕt hîp víi bªt«ng phun) lµ ng¨n chÆn chç lë vµ
gi÷ c¸c m¶nh r¬i nhá cña ®Êt ®¸.
raveling /'r“v”liô/ n sù buét ra, sù bong lë ®Êt ®¸:
Shotcrete prevents raveling as soon as it sets and
prevents block falls as it gains strength by creating a
limited arch that acts compositely with the rock:
Bªt«ng phun chèng l¹i sù bong lë ®Êt ®¸ ngay khi nã
ninh kÕt vµ chèng l¹i sù r¬i tõng khèi khi nã ®· h×nh
thµnh c−êng ®é nhê t¹o thµnh mét vßm kÝch th−íc
nhÊt ®Þnh ®Ó lµm viÖc chÆt chÏ cïng víi ®¸.
raveling ground /'r“v”liô graund/ n ®Êt bong lë:
Poorly consolidated or cemented materials that can
stand up for several minutes to several hours at a
fresh cut, but then start to slough, slake, or scale off:
Lµ c¸c vËt liÖu ®· xim¨ng hãa hoÆc cè kÕt kÐm mµ
chóng cã thÓ tù gi÷ æn ®Þnh trong vµi phót cho ®Õn
vµi giê t¹i mét mÆt míi ®µo, nh−ng sau ®ã th× b¾t
®Çu chïng xuèng, hoÆc trãc m¶ng.
reactive aggregate /ri:'æktiv 'ægrigeit/ n cèt liÖu
cã tÝnh ph¶n øng: An aggregate containing siliceous
material (usually in amorphous or crypto-crystalline
state) which can react chemically with free alkali in
the cement. The reaction can result in expansion of
the hardened material, frequently to a damaging
extent: Lµ lo¹i cèt liÖu cã chøa vËt liÖu silýc (th−êng
ë tr¹ng th¸i v« ®Þnh h×nh hoÆc cã tinh thÓ kÝn) mµ nã
cã thÓ ph¶n øng hãa häc víi c¸c chÊt kiÒm tù do
trong xim¨ng. Ph¶n øng cã thÓ g©y ra sù tr−¬ng në
vËt liÖu ®· ®«ng cøng, th−êng tíi møc ®é g©y ra h−
h¹i.
ready-mix concrete or shotcrete /’redi miks
'k˜nkri:t ˜: ∫˜tkri:t/ n bªt«ng trén s½n: Concrete or
shotcrete ingredients mixed by a concrete batch
plant and delivered to the site in ready-mix trucks
ready for placing or shooting: C¸c thµnh phÇn cña
bªt«ng hay bªt«ng phun ®−îc trén b»ng mét tr¹m
trén vµ chuyÓn ®Õn c«ng tr−êng trong c¸c xe t¶i trén
s½n ®Ó s½n sµng cho viÖc ®æ hoÆc phun.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
ready-mix concrete plant /'redi'miks 'k˜nkri:t
plɑ:nt/ n tr¹m bªt«ng trén s½n: Plant in accordance
with the requirements of the norms, in which the
constituents required for concrete production are
batched, as a rule, by weight or in case of liquids by
weight or volume and mixed into concrete ready for
use: Lµ tr¹m trén ®¸p øng c¸c yªu cÇu cña mét sè
tiªu chuÈn nhÊt ®Þnh, trong ®ã c¸c thµnh phÇn cÇn
thiÕt ®Ó s¶n xuÊt bªt«ng ®−îc c©n ®ong, vÒ mÆt
nguyªn t¾c lµ theo khèi l−îng, hoÆc víi chÊt láng th×
lµ theo khèi l−îng hay thÓ tÝch, vµ ®−îc hßa trén víi
nhau thµnh bªt«ng ®Ó s½n dïng.
realignment /ri”'lainm”nt/ n sù c¶i tuyÕn: After the
tunnel is driven, the lining cannot be reset to meet
the specified tolerance requirements. So if some
additional vehicle clearance is not provided,
realignment of the track or roadway centerline may
be necessary to fit the as-built conditions: Sau khi
hÇm ®· thi c«ng xong, vá hÇm bªt«ng kh«ng thÓ ®iÒu
chØnh ®−îc ®Ó ®¸p øng yªu cÇu vÒ sai sè. Do vËy,
nÕu mét l−îng kh«ng gian phô thªm nµo ®Êy cho xe
cé ch−a ®−îc quy ®Þnh, th× viÖc ®Þnh l¹i tuyÕn cho
®−êng ray hay lµn xe cã thÓ lµ cÇn thiÕt, nh»m phï
hîp víi t×nh tr¹ng ®· hoµn thµnh.
reaming /'ri:miô/ n doa lç khoan: Enlarging the
diameter of a hole: Lµ sù më réng ®−êng kÝnh mét
hè/hang khoan.
reaming boring machine = tunnel reaming
machine = reamer /'ri:miô 'b˜:ri– m”'‘i:n
'ri:m”/ n m¸y khoan hÇm kiÓu doa réng, mòi/m¸y
doa: A tunnel reaming machine has the same basic
functions as a main-beam TBM. It bores the final
section from an axial tunnel (pilot bore) from which
it pulls itself forward by means of a gripper unit:
Mét m¸y khoan hÇm kiÓu doa réng cã c¸c tÝnh n¨ng
c¬ b¶n nh− mét m¸y TBM kiÓu cã dÇm däc chÝnh.
Nã khoan ®−îc tiÕt diÖn cuèi cïng tõ mét hÇm nhá
däc theo t©m (hÇm hoa tiªu) mµ tõ ®ã m¸y khoan sÏ
tù kÐo nã lªn phÝa tr−íc nhê mét cÆp bµn Ðp vµo
t−êng hÇm.
rebar = concrete reinforcing bar = reinforcing
steel /ri:'ba:/ n thÐp lµm cèt cho bªt«ng, cèt thÐp;
thanh thÐp lµm bul«ng neo: With TBM excavastion,
short sections of crushed shear zones with clay and
gouge material may cause serious time delays.
Spiling rock bolting is very efficient under such
circumstances, provided the fully grouted rebar bolts
can be placed efficiently, which requires proper
drilling equipment: Khi ®µo hÇm b»ng TBM, c¸c
®o¹n ®Þa chÊt ng¾n gåm c¸c vïng chÞu c¾t vß nhµu
chøa vËt liÖu sÐt vµ vôn lÊp nhÐt cã thÓ g©y ra chËm
 256
tiÕn ®é nghiªm träng. ViÖc l¾p bul«ng neo kiÓu thanh
thÐp lµ rÊt hiÖu qu¶ trong nh÷ng tr−êng hîp ®ã, víi
®iÒu kiÖn lµ c¸c thanh thÐp lµm bul«ng ®−îc tr¸m
v÷a toµn chiÒu dµi ph¶i ®−îc thi c«ng mét c¸ch cã
hiÖu qu¶, vµ ®iÒu nµy ®ßi hái ph¶i cã thiÕt bÞ khoan
thÝch hîp.
rebound /'ri:'baund/ n sù bËt l¹i, sù n¶y; l−îng
r¬i v·i; ®é chèi: Shotcrete material which ricochets
off the receiving surface. Loose material from the
shotcreting process which has not adhered to the
excavated surface nor the panel of shotcrete being
formed. It can provide planes or zones of weakness
in the shotcrete lining if it sets, is not cleared away
and is subsequently incorporated into later panels:
Lµ vËt liÖu bªt«ng phun bÞ bËt nÈy ra khái bÒ mÆt
tiÕp nhËn. Lµ vËt liÖu rêi r¹c tõ qu¸ tr×nh phun
bªt«ng mµ nã ch−a dÝnh vµo bÒ mÆt ®µo hoÆc vµo
t−êng (panen) bªt«ng ®ang ®−îc h×nh thµnh. Nã cã
thÓ t¹o ra c¸c mÆt ph¼ng hay khu vùc gi¶m yÕu trong
vá hÇm bªt«ng phun nÕu nã ®«ng cøng l¹i mµ kh«ng
®−îc dän bá vµ sau ®ã ®−a vµo c¸c panen kh¸c. o
As a result of inadequate mixing of solids and water,
as well as nonexistence of remote control in
shotcreting, both rebound and atmospheric dust
were excessive: Do kh«ng trén kü n−íc víi c¸c chÊt
r¾n, còng nh− ch−a cã ®iÒu khiÓn tõ xa khi phun
bªt«ng, cho nªn c¶ ®é bËt n¶y r¬i v·i vµ g©y bôi
kh«ng khÝ ®Òu qu¸ møc o Rebound material must
be collected and wasted: VËt liÖu r¬i v·i (®¸, xim¨ng
khi phun bªt«ng) do bËt n¶y cÇn ph¶i ®−îc thu dän
vµ th¶i ®i.
rebound hammer /'ri:'baund 'h“m”/ (còng:
Schmidt rebound hammer) n bóa (sóng) b¾n
bªt«ng trªn nguyªn t¾c ®é bËt n¶y (®é chèi): A
nondestructive testing apparatus that provides a
rapid indication of the near-surface mechanical
properties of hardened cementitious materials based
on the distance of rebound of a spring-driven
plunger: Lµ mét thiÕt bÞ thÝ nghiÖm kh«ng ph¸ hñy
mÉu mµ nã cung cÊp mét chØ b¸o nhanh vÒ c¸c tÝnh
chÊt c¬ häc gÇn bÒ mÆt cña c¸c vËt liÖu cã chÊt dÝnh
kÕt ®· ®«ng cøng, dùa trªn kho¶ng c¸ch bËt n¶y cña
mét pitt«ng ho¹t ®éng nhê lß xo o Mechanical
rebound hammers shall not be used to obtain
indirect compressive strength of sprayed concrete:
Kh«ng ®−îc dïng sóng b¾n bªt«ng trªn nguyªn t¾c
®é bËt n¶y c¬ khÝ ®Ó cã ®−îc c−êng ®é nÐn gi¸n tiÕp
cña bªt«ng phun.
rebreasting /ri:'brestiô/ n sù chèng l¹i g−¬ng ®µo
b»ng v¸n.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
recalibration /ri:k“li'brei‘n/ n sù hiÖu chØnh l¹i;
sù lÊy chuÈn l¹i, sù ®Þnh chuÈn l¹i: Recalibration of
rock bolt stressing equipment must be accomplished
every 6 (six) months. Recalibration should be
certified by a testing firm that is acceptable to the
Engineer and in accordance with procedures that
have the Engineer's concurrence. The Engineer may
at any time require the Contractor to recalibrate his
stressing equipment: Sù hiÖu chuÈn l¹i c¸c thiÕt bÞ
t¹o øng lùc cho bul«ng neo ph¶i thùc hiÖn 6 (s¸u)
th¸ng mét lÇn. ViÖc t¸i hiÖu chØnh ph¶i ®−îc chøng
nhËn bëi mét h·ng thö nghiÖm ®−îc T− vÊn chÊp
nhËn vµ ph¶i theo c¸c thñ tôc ®−îc T− vÊn ®ång ý.
T− vÊn cã thÓ vµo bÊt cø lóc nµo yªu cÇu Nhµ thÇu
®Þnh chuÈn l¹i c¸c thiÕt bÞ t¹o øng lùc cña hä.
reception/exit shaft/pit /ri'sep∫n ∫ɑ:ft/ n giÕng kÕt
thóc: Excavation into which trenchless technology
equipment is driven and may be recovered during
the installation or renovation of a product pipe,
conduit or cable: Lµ hè ®µo mµ thiÕt bÞ cña c«ng
nghÖ kh«ng ®µo r·nh sÏ ®i vµo ®ã vµ cã thÓ ®−îc thu
håi trong qu¸ tr×nh l¾p ®Æt hay c¶i t¹o mét ®−êng
èng, cèng hay c¸p.
reception shaft /ri'sep∫n ∫ɑ:ft/ n giÕng kÕt thóc:
Structure in the form of a shaft or a pit where the
tunnelling ends, designated for the recovery of the
tunnelling machine: Lµ kÕt cÊu cã d¹ng mét giÕng
®øng hoÆc hè ®µo t¹i ®ã c«ng viÖc ®µo hÇm kÕt thóc,
cã nhiÖm vô lµm n¬i thu håi l¹i m¸y khoan hÇm.
reclamation /,reklə'mei∫n/ n sù c¶i t¹o, phôc håi
®Êt: The process by which lands disturbed as a result
of mining activity are reclaimed back to a beneficial
land use. Reclamation activity includes the removal
of buildings, equipment, machinery and other
physical remnants of mining, closure of tailings
impoundments, leach pads and other mine features,
and contouring, covering and re-vegetation of waste
rock piles and other disturbed areas: Lµ qu¸ tr×nh
qua ®ã c¸c khu ®Êt ®· bÞ x¸o trén do kÕt qu¶ cña
ho¹t ®éng khai má sÏ ®−îc phôc håi l¹i t×nh tr¹ng cã
thÓ sö dông ®Ó sinh lîi ®−îc. Ho¹t ®éng c¶i t¹o nµy
bao gåm viÖc dêi chuyÓn nhµ cöa, thiÕt bÞ, m¸y mãc
vµ c¸c phÕ liÖu kh¸c cña c«ng t¸c khai má, lÊp c¸c
hè phÕ phÈm quÆng, b·i läc vµ c¸c c«ng tr×nh phô
kh¸c cña má, còng nh− san ph¼ng, lÊp phñ, trång l¹i
c©y xanh cho c¸c ®èng ®¸ th¶i vµ c¸c khu vùc bÞ x¸o
trén kh¸c.
record /'rek˜:d/ n hå s¬, b¶n ghi chÐp, biªn b¶n:
While field observation of methods, materials,
workmanship, and inspection of the finished work
may be said to be the inspector's primary function,
 257
the record keeping and reporting needed to
communicate the results to the Owner or the
Engineer form a secondary duty both demanding
and time-consuming: Trong khi sù theo dâi hiÖn
tr−êng vÒ c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p, vËt liÖu, tr×nh ®é tay
nghÒ, vµ nghiÖm thu h¹ng môc hoµn thµnh cã thÓ nãi
lµ chøc n¨ng c¬ b¶n cña kü s− gi¸m s¸t, th× sù l−u
gi÷ vµ b¸o c¸o c¸c hå s¬ cÇn ®Ó th«ng tin c¸c kÕt
qu¶ cho Chñ ®Çu t− hay T− vÊn l¹i t¹o thµnh mét
nhiÖm vô thø hai, ®ßi hái nhiÒu cè g¾ng vµ tèn thêi
gian.
recrystallization /ri:krist”lai'zei‘n/ n sù t¸i kÕt
tinh: Formation of new crystalline mineral grains in
a rock due to metamorphism or processes involving
percolating groundwater. New crystals may have the
same or a different composition from the original
crystals: Lµ sù h×nh thµnh c¸c h¹t kho¸ng vËt kÕt
tinh míi trong mét lo¹i ®¸ do hiÖn t−îng biÕn chÊt
hoÆc c¸c qu¸ tr×nh liªn quan tíi n−íc ngÇm thÊm
qua. C¸c tinh thÓ míi cã thÓ cã cÊu t¹o (thµnh phÇn)
gièng hoÆc kh¸c víi c¸c tinh thÓ ban ®Çu.
redistribution of stress /,ri:,distri'bju:‘n ”v stres/
n sù ph©n bè l¹i øng suÊt: An integral part of the
NATM is control over the redistribution of stress in
the ground as the excavation advances, by adjusting
the construction sequence, the primary support and
the timing of its installation: Mét thñ tôc kh«ng thÓ
thiÕu cña NATM lµ kiÓm so¸t sù t¸i ph©n bè øng
suÊt trong ®Êt khi viÖc khai ®µo tiÕn triÓn, b»ng c¸ch
®iÒu chØnh tr×nh tù thi c«ng, hÖ chèng ®ì ban ®Çu vµ
sù ®Þnh thêi gian cho viÖc l¾p dùng nã.
reduced height tunnel /ri'dju:st hait t∧nl/ n hÇm
con, hÇm thÊp.
reek /ri:k/ n,v h¬i, khãi; sù bèc h¬i, bèc khãi (trong
®µo hÇm): give off smoke, fumes, warm vapour,
steam, etc.; "Marshes reeking in the sun": táa khãi,
mï, h¬i n−íc Êm, h¬i nãng v.v…
refusal /ri'fju:zl/ n sù chèi v÷a: In grouting, when
the rate of grout take is low, or zero, at a given
pressure: Trong b¬m v÷a, ®ã lµ khi tèc ®é cña viÖc
hót v÷a lµ rÊt chËm hoÆc b»ng kh«ng ë mét ¸p lùc
b¬m nhÊt ®Þnh.
regional rail /'ri:dʒənl reil/ n ray néi vïng/ray khu
vùc: A rail system designed to serve a region rather
than a city: Mét hÖ thèng ray ®−îc thiÕt kÕ ®Ó phôc
vô mét khu vùc h¬n lµ mét thµnh phè.
rehabilitation /,ri:”,bili'tei‘n/ n sù kh«i phôc, sù c¶i
t¹o, sù x©y dùng l¹i: The process of repairing or
modifying a structure to a desired useful condition.
Tunnel rehabilitation is a developing art that bears
witness to the enduring nature of the work of tunnel
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
engineers: Lµ qu¸ tr×nh söa ch÷a hoÆc chØnh söa
mét kÕt cÊu ®−a vÒ mét t×nh tr¹ng sö dông cã Ých nh−
mong muèn. C¶i t¹o hÇm lµ mét kü thuËt ®ang ph¸t
triÓn, lµm b»ng chøng cho b¶n chÊt kiªn tr×, l©u dµi
cña c«ng viÖc cña c¸c kü s− hÇm o All methods for
restoring or upgrading the performance of an
existing pipeline system: Lµ mäi ph−¬ng ph¸p ®Ó
kh«i phôc hoÆc n©ng cÊp tÝnh n¨ng lµm viÖc cña mét
hÖ thèng ®−êng èng hiÖn t¹i.
rehabilitation of existing tunnels /,ri:”,bili'tei‘n/ n
sù kh«i phôc/sù c¶i t¹o hÇm cò: In many cases,
sprayed concrete linings are increasingly used in the
rehabilitation or upgrading of existing tunnel and
underground structures. In such projects, water
based polymer sprayable membranes can offer
increased protection against water ingress, and
thereby enhance the durability of the new lining:
Trong nhiÒu tr−êng hîp, vá hÇm bªt«ng phun ngµy
cµng ®−îc sö dông nhiÒu trong viÖc kh«i phôc hoÆc
n©ng cÊp hÇm vµ c«ng tr×nh ngÇm cò. Trong c«ng
t¸c söa ch÷a ®ã, nÕu sö dông c¸c mµng phun b»ng
chÊt dÎo dùa trªn n−íc sÏ b¶o vÖ chèng thÊm tèt
h¬n, vµ do ®ã n©ng cao ®é bÒn cña vá hÇm míi.
reinforced concrete /,ri:in'f˜:st 'k˜nkri:t/ n bªt«ng
cèt thÐp.
reinforcement /,ri:in'f˜:sm”nt/ n cèt thÐp: Steel
embedded in concrete in such a manner that the two
materials act together to resist forces: Lµ thÐp ch«n
vµo bªt«ng sao cho hai vËt liÖu lµm viÖc cïng nhau
®Ó chÞu t¶i träng o Steel reinforcement overcomes
the deficiencies in the tensile and bending strengths
of concrete. The reinforcing steel must have
adequate tensile properties and form a strong bond
with the concrete since the concrete transmits load
to the steel by shearing stresses. The bond is purely
mechanical and arises from surface roughness and
friction: Cèt thÐp kh¾c phôc nh÷ng nh−îc ®iÓm vÒ
c−êng ®é kÐo vµ uèn cña bªt«ng. Cèt thÐp ph¶i cã
c¸c tÝnh chÊt kÐo tèt vµ t¹o nªn mét liªn kÕt ch¾c víi
bªt«ng, v× bªt«ng truyÒn t¶i träng cho cèt thÐp b»ng
øng suÊt c¾t. Liªn kÕt nµy ®¬n thuÇn lµ c¬ häc vµ cã
®−îc nhê tÝnh nh¸m bÒ mÆt vµ lùc ma s¸t.
reinforcement /,ri:in'f˜:sm”nt/ n gia cố, gia
cường (đất đá): All the technical actions aimed to
ameliorate the geotechnical conditions of the
formations, both before and during the excavation:
drainage, grouting, nailing etc.: Là mọi hoạt động
kỹ thuật nhằm cải thiện các điều kiện địa kỹ thuật
của các thành hệ đất đá, cả trước và trong khi thi
công - gồm có thoát nước, bơm vữa, cắm neo, v.v…
 258
reinforcement for shotcrete /,ri:in'f˜:sm”nt f˜:
∫˜tkri:t/ n cèt thÐp cho bªt«ng phun.
reinforcing steel /,ri:in'f˜:siô sti:l/ n thÐp lµm
cèt bªt«ng, cèt thÐp: Grade 60 (GR60) deformed
reinforcing bars conforming to AASHTO M31/ASTM
A615, welded smooth wire fabric conforming to
AASHTO M5YASTM A185, and welded deformed
wire fabric conforming to AASHTO M221/ASTM
A497: Lµ c¸c lo¹i cèt thÐp cã gê CÊp 60 (GR60)
tu©n thñ tiªu chuÈn AASHTO M31/ASTM A615, lo¹i
l−íi thÐp hµn tr¬n tu©n theo tiªu chuÈn AASHTO
M5YASTM A185, vµ lo¹i l−íi thÐp hµn cã gê tu©n
theo tiªu chuÈn AASHTO M221/ASTM A497.
reinforcing steel rusting /,ri:in'f˜:siô sti:l
rʌstiη/ n sù gØ cèt thÐp: In a seacoast or saltwater
environment or one exposed to various corrosive
chemicals, the cracks in the structure may allow
harmful salts and water to penetrate through the
reinforcing steel. This will eventually cause rusting
of the steel, which in turn causes the reinforcing
bars to expand and the surface of the concrete
subsequently to spall. After that the acceleration of
steel rusting occurs leading to collapse of the
structure: Trong mét m«i tr−êng bê biÓn hay n−íc
mÆn hoÆc m«i tr−êng cã nhiÒu hãa chÊt ¨n mßn, c¸c
khe nøt trong bªt«ng cã thÓ cho phÐp n−íc vµ muèi
cã h¹i x©m nhËp vµo cèt thÐp. T×nh tr¹ng nµy cuèi
cïng sÏ g©y ra gØ cèt thÐp, ®Õn l−ît nã gØ s¾t l¹i lµm
thanh thÐp tr−¬ng në vµ cuèi cïng lµm bÒ mÆt bªt«ng
bong lë. Sau ®ã sù gØ cèt thÐp sÏ gia tèc dÉn tíi sôp
®æ c«ng tr×nh.
reinstatement /'ri:in'steitmənt/ n phôc håi:
Method of backfilling, compaction and re-surfacing
of any excavation order to restore the surface and
underlying structure to enable it to perform its
original function: Lµ ph−¬ng ph¸p ®¾p lÊp, ®Çm nÐn
vµ san söa bÒ mÆt víi bÊt kú møc ®é nµo cña c«ng
t¸c ®µo ®Ó kh«i phôc l¹i mÆt ®Êt vµ kÕt cÊu n»m bªn
d−íi nh»m cho phÐp nã thùc hiÖn ®−îc chøc n¨ng
ban ®Çu cña nã.
reject /'ri:d™ekt/ v b¸c bá, kh«ng chÊp thuËn:
Materials not satisfying the stated quality standards
should be rejected, unless a program of repairs is
agreed with the Engineer: Nh÷ng vËt liÖu kh«ng
tháa m·n tiªu chuÈn kü thuËt ®Ò ra sÏ kh«ng ®−îc
chÊp nhËn, trõ phi cã mét ch−¬ng tr×nh söa ch÷a
®−îc T− vÊn ®ång ý.
rejection /ri'd™ek‘n/ n sù b¸c bá, sù kh«ng chÊp
thuËn: If the materials or Plant are not ready for
inspection or testing or if, as a result of the
inspection or testing, the Engineer determines that
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
the materials or Plant are defective or otherwise not
in accordance with the Contract, he may reject the
materials or Plant and shall notify the Contractor
thereof immediately: NÕu vËt liÖu vµ m¸y mãc ch−a
s½n sµng cho kiÓm tra vµ thö nghiÖm, hoÆc nÕu do
kÕt qu¶ kiÓm tra vµ thö nghiÖm, mµ T− vÊn cho r»ng
vËt liÖu hay m¸y mãc cã khuyÕt tËt hoÆc kh«ng phï
hîp víi Hîp ®ång, th× T− vÊn cã thÓ kh«ng chÊp
thuËn vËt liÖu vµ m¸y mãc Êy vµ sÏ th«ng b¸o cho
Nhµ thÇu vÒ viÖc ®ã ngay lËp tøc.
rejection limit /ri'd™ek‘n 'limit/ n giíi h¹n lo¹i bá.
relative humidity /'rel”tiv hju:'miditi/ n ®é Èm
t−¬ng ®èi: The ratio of the quantity of water vapor in
the air to the maximum amount the air would hold at
the same temperature, expressed as a percentage:
Lµ tû sè gi÷a l−îng h¬i n−íc trong kh«ng khÝ víi
l−îng h¬i n−íc lín nhÊt mµ kh«ng khÝ cã thÓ chøa
®−îc t¹i cïng mét nhiÖt ®é, biÓu diÔn b»ng tû lÖ phÇn
tr¨m.
release agent /ri'li:s 'eidʒ”nt/ n vËt liÖu chèng
dÝnh: material used to prevent bonding of concrete
to a surface: lµ vËt liÖu dïng ®Ó chèng l¹i sù dÝnh
b¸m cña bªt«ng vµo mét bÒ mÆt nµo ®ã.
relief holes /ri:'li:f 'houlz/ n c¸c lç khoan khÊu, lç
m×n khÊu: The holes outside of the cut holes and
inside the perimeter are called relief holes: C¸c lç
m×n n»m bªn ngoµi c¸c lç khoan r¹ch (®ét ph¸) vµ
bªn trong biªn ®µo ®−îc gäi lµ c¸c lç m×n khÊu o
The cut holes are fired first, followed by the inner set
of relief holes and progressively toward the outer
relief holes: C¸c lç m×n ®ét ph¸ ®−îc kÝch næ ®Çu
tiªn, tiÕp theo lµ nhãm c¸c lç m×n khÊu bªn trong,
råi ra ®Õn c¸c lç m×n khÊu bªn ngoµi.
relining /ri'laini–/ n lµm l¹i vá hÇm: Steel fiber
reinforced shotcrete can be used for strengthening
tunnels (relining) and brick arches under bridges. It
is applied up to 150-mm thick. A 13-mm flash coat is
used to cover exposed fibers. One advantage found
in the use of fiber reinforced shotcrete in rail tunnel
work is that the scaffolding required for mesh
installation can be eliminated and traffic
interruption is minimized. Relining of old tunnel
brick arch with bolted segmental, cast-iron lining
can also be feasible: Bªt«ng phun cèt sîi thÐp cã thÓ
dïng ®Ó gia c−êng cho vá hÇm vµ c¸c cÇu vßm g¹ch
cò. Nã ®−îc phun víi chiÒu dµy tíi 150 mm. Mét líp
lµm nh½n bÒ mÆt dµy 13 mm ®−îc dïng ®Ó phñ kÝn
c¸c sîi thÐp lé ra. Mét −u ®iÓm cña viÖc dïng bªt«ng
phun cèt sîi thÐp trong c«ng t¸c söa ch÷a hÇm
®−êng s¾t lµ kh«ng cÇn ph¶i dïng ®µ gi¸o ®Ó l¾p l−íi
thÐp do ®ã gi¶m thiÓu ®−îc sù gi¸n ®o¹n giao th«ng.
 259
Còng cã thÓ dïng c¸c tÊm vá hÇm b»ng gang ®óc
liªn kÕt b»ng bul«ng ®Ó söa ch÷a vßm g¹ch cña hÇm
cò.
remedial action /ri'mi:di”l '“k‘n/ n biÖn
ph¸p söa ch÷a, hµnh ®éng cøu v·n [cøu ch÷a]: If the
damage of the tunnel support systems is serious,
temporary remedial action shall be taken with
temporary propping, including evacuating the area
and posting warning signs accordingly: NÕu ph¸t
hiÖn thÊy h− háng nghiªm träng cña hÖ thèng chèng
®ì hÇm, cÇn tiÕn hµnh c¸c biÖn ph¸p kh¾c phôc t¹m
thêi b»ng hÖ chèng t¹m, còng nh− s¬ t¸n vµ treo biÓn
b¸o nguy hiÓm mét c¸ch thÝch hîp.
remoulded soil /'ri:'mouldid s˜il/ n ®Êt ®· ®−îc t¸i
cÊu tróc: Soil that has had its natural structure
modified by manipulation: Lµ ®Êt mµ cÊu tróc tù
nhiªn cña nã ®· bÞ thay ®æi bëi c¸c t¸c ®éng/thao
t¸c.
remoulding /'ri:'mouldi–/ n sù ®óc l¹i; sù h×nh
thµnh l¹i h×nh khèi sau khi biÕn d¹ng: EPBMs were
first used in soft, sensitive clays, silts and fine sands,
which on remoulding in the machine head readily
produced a mass of soil of soft and ‘pulpy’
consistency of low permeability, with at most the
addition of a small quantity of water: C¸c m¸y TBM
c©n b»ng ¸p lùc ®Êt tr−íc ®©y ®−îc sö dông trong
c¸c lo¹i ®Êt sÐt nh¹y c¶m, bïn vµ c¸t mÞn, mµ sau
khi bÞ x¸o trén cÊu tróc trong khoang ®µo cña TBM
th× chóng biÕn thµnh mét khèi ®Êt cã ®é sÖt mÒm vµ
“nhuyÔn” cã tÝnh thÊm thÊp, víi viÖc cho thªm mét
l−îng n−íc nhá.
remoulding index /'ri:'mouldi– 'indeks/ n chØ
sè t¸i cÊu tróc cña ®Êt: The ratio of the modulus of
deformation of a soil in the undisturbed state to the
modulus of deformation of the soil in the remolded
state: Lµ tû sè gi÷a m«®un biÕn d¹ng cña mét lo¹i
®Êt ë tr¹ng th¸i nguyªn tr¹ng vµ m«®un biÕn d¹ng
cña ®Êt ë tr¹ng th¸i ®· ®−îc t¸i tæ chøc.
removal /ri'mu:vl/ n sù di dêi, viÖc di chuyÓn;
sù th¸o dì: The Engineer shall have authority to
issue instructions for the removal from the Site of
any materials or Plant which are not in accordance
with the Contract: T− vÊn cã quyÒn chØ thÞ lo¹i bá
khái C«ng tr−êng bÊt kú vËt liÖu hay ThiÕt bÞ nµo
kh«ng phï hîp víi Hîp ®ång o An efficient system
of removal of excavated material (mucking) and
bringing in liners and supplies is of great important:
§iÒu rÊt quan träng lµ ph¶i cã mét hÖ thèng hiÖu
n¨ng dïng cho viÖc dêi chuyÓn ®Êt ®¸ ®µo ra khái
hÇm (bèc xóc), còng nh− chuyÓn c¸c vßng vá hÇm vµ
®å tiÕp tÕ kh¸c vµo trong hÇm.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
removal of Contractor's employee /ri'mu:vl/ n
sù lo¹i bá nh©n viªn Nhµ thÇu: As in the case of the
Contractor's authorised representative the Engineer
has the power to order the removal from the Site of
any member of the Contractor's labour forces who
misconducts himself, or is incompetent or negligent
in the proper performance of his duties, or whose
presence on Site is undesirable: VÒ vÊn ®Ò ®¹i diÖn
®−îc ñy quyÒn cña Nhµ thÇu, T− vÊn cã quyÒn yªu
cÇu lo¹i khái C«ng tr−êng bÊt kú thµnh viªn nµo
trong lùc l−îng lao ®éng cña Nhµ thÇu, mµ anh ta c−
xö xÊu, hay kh«ng ®ñ tr×nh ®é hoÆc cÈu th¶ trong
viÖc thùc thi tèt c¸c nhiÖm vô cña anh ta, hay sù hiÖn
diÖn cña anh ta t¹i C«ng tr−êng lµ kh«ng mong
muèn.
renewal /ri'nju:”l/ n sù kh«i phôc, sù thay míi
(trong b¶o d−ìng): After over 30 years of use, the
6.6km long San Bernardino tunnel requires a
comprehensive renovation. The electro-mechanical
installations also require to be renewed in order to
fulfil present day technical standards. The renewal
works will be carried out at the same time as
maintaining traffic flows in the tunnel: Sau h¬n 30
n¨m sö dông, hÇm ®−êng s¾t San Bernardino dµi
6,6km ë Thôy SÜ cÇn ph¶i ®−îc c¶i t¹o toµn diÖn.
C¸c hÖ thèng ®iÖn vµ c¬ khÝ còng ph¶i ®−îc thay míi
nh»m ®¸p øng c¸c tiªu chuÈn kü thuËt hiÖn nay. C¸c
c«ng t¸c kh«i phôc/thay míi sÏ ®−îc tiÕn hµnh ®ång
thêi víi viÖc duy tr× luång giao th«ng trong hÇm o
Dividing the tunnel into several ventilation sections
with the aid of shafts or side adits assists in the
renewal of air in a longitudinal system: ViÖc chia
hÇm thµnh mét sè ®o¹n th«ng giã víi sù hç trî cña
c¸c giÕng ®øng hoÆc hÇm xiªn sÏ t¹o dÔ dµng cho
viÖc thay thÕ kh«ng khÝ bÈn b»ng khÝ s¹ch trong hÖ
thèng th«ng giã däc.
renovation /,renə'vei∫n/ n sù [thiÕt kÕ l¹i, c¶i t¹o];
sù làm míi: Methods of rehabilitation in which all or
part of the original fabric of a pipeline is
incorporated and its current performance improved:
Lµ c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p c¶i t¹o trong ®ã tÊt c¶ hoÆc mét
phÇn cña kÕt cÊu ban ®Çu cña mét ®−êng èng ®−îc
t¸i sö dông, vµ t×nh tr¹ng ho¹t ®éng hiÖn t¹i cña nã
®−îc n©ng lªn o Planned renovation or change in
the use of an existing structure may require
determination of the inplace concrete strength for an
accurate assessment of structural capacity: ViÖc
thiÕt kÕ c¶i t¹o hoÆc thay ®æi chøc n¨ng sö dông cña
mét c«ng tr×nh cò cã thÓ ®ßi hái ph¶i x¸c ®Þnh c−êng
®é bªt«ng t¹i chç nh»m ®¸nh gi¸ chÝnh x¸c kh¶ n¨ng
chÞu lùc cña kÕt cÊu o The structural renovation
and upgrading of tunnels concerning their safety
 260
related outfit may be the largest part of the expected
costs for a post-fire remedial scheme: ViÖc lµm míi
vµ n©ng cÊp vÒ mÆt kÕt cÊu cña hÇm liªn quan ®Õn
hÖ thèng trang thiÕt bÞ an toµn cña chóng cã thÓ
chiÕm mét phÇn chi phÝ lín nhÊt cho mét kÕ ho¹ch
phôc håi sau háa ho¹n trong hÇm.
repair /ri'pe”/ n sù söa ch÷a: To replace or correct
deteriorated, damaged, or faulty materials,
components, or elements of a structure: Thay thÕ
hoÆc söa ch÷a c¸c vËt liÖu, bé phËn hay cÊu kiÖn ®·
bÞ suy tho¸i, h− háng hoÆc khuyÕt tËt cña mét kÕt
cÊu.
repaving /ri'peivi–/ n l¸t l¹i mÆt ®−êng, tr¶i
th¶m cao thªm: The minimum clear height in tunnels
should not be less than the maximum height of load
that is legal in a particular State, and it is desirable
to provide an allowance for future repaving of the
roadways: Trong hÇm, chiÒu cao th«ng xe nhá nhÊt
kh«ng ®−îc bÐ h¬n chiÒu cao lín nhÊt cña t¶i träng
®−îc cho phÐp l−u th«ng trong tõng bang, vµ nªn ®Ó
chõa l¹i mét l−îng dù tr÷ cho viÖc l¸t cao thªm mÆt
®−êng trong t−¬ng lai.
replacement /ri'pleism”nt/ n sù ®Æt l¹i; thay thÕ:
Methods of rehabilitation of an existing pipeline
system by the installation of a new system, either on
or off the existing line, without incorporating the
original fabric: Lµ c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p c¶i t¹o mét hÖ
thèng ®−êng èng cò b»ng c¸ch l¾p ®Æt mét hÖ thèng
míi, theo tuyÕn cò hoÆc c¸ch xa tuyÕn cò mét
kho¶ng, mµ kh«ng dïng l¹i kÕt cÊu ban ®Çu o
Parts of the existing transportation corridor in Y.
are nearing the end of their design life, and need
replacement: Mét sè phÇn cña hµnh lang vËn t¶i
hiÖn t¹i ë Y. ®· gÇn hÕt tuæi thä thiÕt kÕ cña chóng,
vµ cÇn ®−îc thay thÕ.
replacement value /ri'pleism”nt/ n gi¸ trÞ thay
thÕ: The current cost of replacing an object or
system with one of at least similar functionality or
desired attributes: Lµ chi phÝ hiÖn t¹i cho viÖc thay
thÕ mét ®èi t−îng hay hÖ thèng b»ng mét hÖ thèng
kh¸c Ýt nhÊt lµ cã chøc n¨ng t−¬ng tù hoÆc cã c¸c
thuéc tÝnh mong muèn.
repoint /ri'p˜int/ v lÊp ®Çy l¹i m¹ch v÷a: In repairs
of masonry liners, repoint mortar by removing
existing mortar to depth of twice the joint thickness
or 18 mm (¾ in) minimum and replacing with new
mortar of equal strength and color but increased
water impermeability: Khi söa ch÷a vá hÇm b»ng
khèi x©y, th× ph¶i lÊp ®Çy l¹i m¹ch v÷a cña khèi x©y
vá hÇm b»ng c¸ch lo¹i bá v÷a cò tíi chiÒu s©u gÊp
®«i chiÒu dµy m¹ch v÷a hoÆc Ýt nhÊt lµ 18 mm råi
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
thay thÕ b»ng v÷a x©y míi cã c−êng ®é vµ mµu s¾c
t−¬ng ®−¬ng nh−ng cã ®é chèng thÊm n−íc cao h¬n.
report /ri'p˜:t/ n b¶n b¸o c¸o, biªn b¶n: A report
becomes a vital part of the tunnel-inspection
process. It is essential that the report be prepared in
large part by the inspector, who, after all, is the
actual observer of the conditions being reported:
B¶n b¸o c¸o trë nªn mét phÇn cùc kú quan träng
trong qu¸ tr×nh gi¸m s¸t hÇm. §iÒu quan träng lµ
b¸o c¸o ph¶i ®−îc viÕt chñ yÕu bëi kü s− gi¸m s¸t,
mµ hä, xÐt cho cïng, lµ ng−êi theo dâi thùc sù nh÷ng
diÕn biÕn ®−îc b¸o c¸o.
reproducible form /,ri:pr”'dju:s”bl f˜:m/ n d¹ng
thøc sao chÐp ®−îc: It is customary for all Drawings
and information to be supplied in reproducible form:
Theo lÖ th−êng tÊt c¶ c¸c b¶n vÏ vµ th«ng tin ph¶i
®−îc cung cÊp d−íi d¹ng cã thÓ sao chÐp ®−îc.
rerounding /'ri:'raundi–/ n n¾n trßn èng: A
preparatory process that involves the insertion of an
expansion device into a distorted pipe to return it to
a circular cross-section. This is usually carried out
before inserting the permanent liner or supporting
band: Lµ mét qu¸ tr×nh chuÈn bÞ mµ nã bao gåm
viÖc ®−a mét thiÕt bÞ bung réng vµo mét èng bÞ mÐo
nh»m ®−a nã trë l¹i mÆt c¾t h×nh trßn. ViÖc nµy
th−êng ®−îc tiÕn hµnh tr−íc khi thi c«ng líp vá èng
vÜnh cöu hoÆc d¶i chèng ®ì.
resaturation /ri,sæt∫ə'rei∫n/ n t¸i b·o hßa.
rescue equipment /'reskju: i'kwipm”nt/ n dông cô
cÊp cøu, thiÕt bÞ cøu nguy: After fires or explosions,
the presence of poisonous or asphyxiating gases or
lack of oxygen necessitates use by individuals or
rescue crews of rescue equipment providing
protection against carbon monoxide and other
poison gases, or to supply oxygen: Sau khi bÞ háa
ho¹n hoÆc sau næ m×n, sù hiÖn diÖn cña c¸c khÝ ®éc
hoÆc g©y ng¹t thë ®ßi hái c¸c c¸ nh©n hay c¸c ®éi
øng cøu ph¶i sö dông c¸c thiÕt bÞ gióp b¶o vÖ khái
khÝ «xit cacbon CO vµ c¸c khÝ ®éc kh¸c, hay ®Ó gióp
cung cÊp «xy.
reservoir /'rez”vw:/ n hå chøa, bÓ chøa; kho;
nguån.
Resident Engineer (RE) /'rezid”nt ,end™i'ni”/
n kü s− th−êng tró, t− vÊn tr−ëng th−êng tró: The
resident engineer and inspectors must use all
practical means to anticipate, identify, and mitigate
those conditions that could lead to disputes (claims
by contractor): T− vÊn tr−ëng th−êng tró vµ c¸c kü
s− gi¸m s¸t ph¶i dïng mäi biÖn ph¸p cã thÓ ®Ó tiªn
®o¸n, x¸c ®Þnh, vµ lµm gi¶m nhÑ c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn (c¸c
 261
t×nh thÕ) mµ chóng cã thÓ dÉn tíi nh÷ng tranh chÊp
(yªu s¸ch tõ nhµ thÇu).
residual risk /ri'zidju”l risk/ n rñi ro cßn l¹i, rñi ro
vÒ l©u dµi: As fixed by codes this signifies an
admissible known and therefore acceptable risk
according to clear evaluation criteria. In the
descriptive sense, by it one understands a residual
risk after the application of planned safety measures.
It comprises accepted, possibly falsely estimated and
possibly unforeseen risk. According to this definition
it is not meaningful to speak of the ‘minimisation’ of
a risk, because such an action is completely non-
binding. In the mathematical sense a risk does not
usually possess a minimum, so that consequently a
successful minimisation would always have to result
in its disappearance: Theo c¸c tiªu chuÈn th× rñi ro
cßn l¹i lµ mét rñi ro ®· biÕt ë møc cho phÐp vµ do ®ã
lµ chÊp nhËn ®−îc theo c¸c tiªu chuÈn ®¸nh gi¸ râ
rµng. Cã thÓ nãi r»ng, qua kh¸i niÖm nµy chóng ta
biÕt ®−îc vÒ mét rñi ro cßn l¹i sau khi ®· ¸p dông
c¸c biÖn ph¸p an toµn theo kÕ ho¹ch. Nã chÝnh lµ
mét rñi ro ®−îc chÊp nhËn, cã thÓ ®· ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh
sai vµ cã thÓ lµ ch−a ®−îc dù kiÕn tr−íc. Theo ®Þnh
nghÜa nµy th× sÏ lµ v« nghÜa nÕu nãi vÒ sù “tèi thiÓu
hãa” mét rñi ro, bëi v× mét hµnh ®éng nh− thÕ lµ
hoµn toµn kh«ng cã c¬ së. Theo nghÜa to¸n häc th×
mét rñi ro th−êng kh«ng chøa ®ùng l−îng nhá nhÊt,
v× vËy mét sù tèi thiÓu hãa thµnh c«ng cã lÏ lu«n
ph¶i hµm nghÜa r»ng nã ®· lµm rñi ro biÕn mÊt.
residual soil /ri'zidju”l s˜il/ n ®Êt cßn l¹i, ®Êt thø
sinh: Soil polluted or altered after a procedure. If
the soil debris of today is derived from weathering of
the rocks in place, it is described as a residual soil:
Lµ ®Êt ®· bÞ « nhiÔm hay biÕn ®æi sau mét qu¸ tr×nh.
NÕu m¶nh vôn ®Êt thÊy ®−îc ngµy nay h×nh thµnh tõ
sù phong hãa cña ®¸ gèc t¹i chç, nã ®−îc gäi lµ mét
®Êt cßn sãt l¹i.
residual strain /ri'zidju”l strein/ n biÕn d¹ng d−:
The strain in a solid associated with a state of
residual stress: Lµ biÕn d¹ng trong mét vËt r¾n ®i
kÌm víi mét tr¹ng th¸i øng suÊt d−.
residual stress /ri'zidju”l stres/ n øng suÊt d−:
Stress remaining in a solid under zero external
stress after some process that causes the dimensions
of the various parts of the solid to be incompatible
under zero stress, for example, (1) deformation
under the action of external stress when some parts
of the body suffer permanent strain; or (2) heating
or cooling of a body in which the thermal expansion
coefficient is not uniform throughout the body: Lµ
øng suÊt cßn l¹i trong mét vËt r¾n d−íi øng suÊt bªn
ngoµi b»ng kh«ng sau mét qu¸ tr×nh nµo ®ã mµ nã
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
khiÕn cho c¸c kÝch th−íc cña c¸c phÇn kh¸c nhau
cña vËt r¾n kh«ng cßn t−¬ng thÝch n÷a d−íi øng suÊt
b»ng kh«ng, vÝ dô, (1) biÕn d¹ng d−íi t¸c dông cña
øng suÊt ngoµi khi mét sè phÇn cña vËt r¾n ph¶i chÞu
biÕn d¹ng vÜnh viÔn; hoÆc (2) sù nãng lªn hay l¹nh
®i cña mét vËt trong ®ã hÖ sè gi·n në nhiÖt lµ kh«ng
®ång nhÊt trong kh¾p vËt ®ã.
resin /'rezin/ n keo: A natural or synthetic, solid or
semisolid, organic material of indefinite and often
high molecular weight having a tendency to flow
under stress; usually has a softening or melting
range, and usually fractures conchoidally: Lµ mét
vËt liÖu h÷u c¬, tù nhiªn hoÆc tæng hîp, r¾n hoÆc
nöa r¾n, cã träng l−îng ph©n tö kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh vµ
th−êng lµ lín, cã xu h−íng bÞ ch¶y d−íi ¸p lùc;
th−êng cã mét ph¹m vi hãa mÒm hoÆc ch¶y láng, vµ
th−êng bÞ ph¸ ho¹i/vì víi bÒ mÆt kiÓu vá sß.
resin bolting /'rezin boultiô/ n neo bul«ng b»ng
keo: A method of permanent roof support in which
steel rods are grouted with resin: Lµ mét ph−¬ng
ph¸p chèng ®ì nãc hÇm vÜnh cöu trong ®ã c¸c thanh
thÐp ®−îc l¾p ®Æt vµ g¾n kÕt b»ng keo resin.
resin concrete /'rezin 'k˜nkri:t/ n bªt«ng keo,
bªt«ng polime (xem polymer concrete).
resin grout /'rezin graut/ n v÷a keo: A grout
system composed of essentially resinous materials
such as epoxies, polyester, and urethanes. (In
Europe, refers to any chemical grout system
regardless of chemical origin): Lµ mét hÖ v÷a cÊu
t¹o tõ vËt liÖu cã tÝnh keo chñ yÕu nh− epoxy,
polieste, vµ urethan. (ë ch©u ¢u, th−êng ®Ó chØ bÊt
kú hÖ thèng v÷a hãa häc nµo bÊt kÓ nguån gèc hãa
häc).
resin injection /'rezin in'dʒek∫n/ n b¬m keo:
Method used in the localised repair of pipes, usually
sewers, by injection into cracks, defects or cavities
of a resin formulation which subsequently cures to
prevent leakage and further deterioration: Lµ
ph−¬ng ph¸p dïng trong söa ch÷a côc bé c¸c ®−êng
èng, th−êng lµ cèng n−íc th¶i, b»ng c¸ch b¬m vµo
c¸c vÕt nøt, h− háng hay c¸c hang hèc mét lo¹i v÷a
keo, keo nµy sau ®ã ®«ng cøng l¹i ®Ó chèng rß thÊm
n−íc vµ ng¨n chÆn sù xuèng cÊp tiÕp theo.
resolution (of a deformation-measuring
instrument) /,rezə'lu:∫n/ n ®é ph©n gi¶i (cña mét
thiÕt bÞ ®o biÕn d¹ng): The ratio of the smallest
divisional increment of the indicating scale to the
sensitivity of the instrument. Interpolation within the
increment may be possible, but is not recommended
in specifying resolution: Lµ tû sè gi÷a kho¶ng thang
chia nhá nhÊt cña mét thang chØ b¸o víi ®é nh¹y cña

dông cô ®o. Néi suy bªn trong kho¶ng thang chia lµ
cã thÓ ®−îc, nh−ng ®iÒu ®ã kh«ng ®−îc khuyÕn nghÞ
trong khi quy ®Þnh ®é ph©n gi¶i.
restitution /,resti'tju:∫n/ n sù phôc håi: Singh
notes that the earliest motivation for the study of
subsidence was severe damage to structures and
other surface facilities and impacts to agricultural
lands, which prompted landowners to demand
compensation and restitution from mine operators
(SME, 1986): Singh (1986) cho r»ng, ®éng c¬ ®Çu
tiªn cña viÖc nghiªn cøu vÒ hiÖn t−îng lón mÆt ®Êt lµ
do sù h− h¹i nghiªm träng [mµ viÖc lµm hÇm/khai
má d−íi ngÇm] g©y ra ®èi víi kÕt cÊu vµ c¸c c«ng
tr×nh kh¸c trªn bÒ mÆt còng nh− c¸c t¸c ®éng lªn ®Êt
n«ng nghiÖp, khiÕn cho nh÷ng ng−êi së h÷u ®Êt/tµi
s¶n kiÖn c¸o c¸c chñ má ®Ó ®ßi båi th−êng vµ phôc
håi o The acquisition and restitution of TBM
operating parameters is undoubtedly the biggest
factor in the technical progress of mechanized
tunnelling in the last ten years: ViÖc thu thËp vµ
ph¶n håi c¸c th«ng sè vËn hµnh cña m¸y khoan hÇm
TBM ch¾n ch¾n lµ mét yÕu tè tiÕn bé kü thuËt quan
träng nhÊt cña c«ng nghÖ lµm hÇm c¬ giíi trong
m−êi n¨m võa qua.
restitution coefficient /,resti'tju:∫n ,koui'fi∫nt/ n
hÖ sè bËt n¶y: The important properties of capblock
materials (e.g. hardwood) are their elastic and
energy-transmission properties (modulus
elasticity, coefficient of restitution, and dimensions),
and the stability of those properties under the high
stresses and heat build up that occur with repeated
blows of the hammer: C¸c tÝnh chÊt quan träng cña
c¸c vËt liÖu bÞt ®Çu cäc (vÝ dô, lµm b»ng gç cøng) lµ
tÝnh chÊt ®µn håi vµ truyÒn n¨ng l−îng cña chóng
(nh− m«®un ®µn håi, hÖ sè bËt n¶y, vµ kÝch th−íc),
còng nh− ®é æn ®Þnh cña c¸c tÝnh chÊt ®ã d−íi c¸c
øng suÊt lín vµ nhiÖt ®é cao x¶y ra d−íi t¸c ®éng
liªn tôc cña bóa ®ãng cäc.
restoration /,restə'rei∫n/ n kh«i phôc: the process
of re-establishing the materials, form, and
appearance of a structure to those of a particular
era of the structure: qu¸ tr×nh t¸i thiÕt lËp c¸c vËt
liÖu, h×nh d¸ng, vµ vÎ ngoµi cho mét kÕt cÊu ®Õn t×nh
tr¹ng ë mét thêi kú nhÊt ®Þnh cña kÕt cÊu.
restraint /ri'streint/ adj bÞ kiÒm chÕ, h¹n chÕ:
internal or external restriction of free movement of
fresh or hardened concrete, mortar, or grout: lµ sù
h¹n chÕ ë bªn trong hay tõ bªn ngoµi ®èi víi chuyÓn
®éng tù do cña bªt«ng, v÷a x©y hay v÷a b¬m cßn t−¬i
hoÆc ®· ®«ng cøng.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
262
resuscitation equipment /ri,s—si'tei‘n i'kwipm”nt/
n dông cô håi søc, thiÕt bÞ lµm tØnh l¹i: In addition to
the usual first aid kits, stretchers, etc., it is necessary
to provide resuscitation equipment where oxygen
deficient air or carbon monoxide causes
asphyxiation or poisoning: Ngoµi c¸c bé ®å nghÒ
cÊp cøu, b¨ng ca (c¸ng cøu th−¬ng), v.v… cßn cÇn
ph¶i dù tr÷ s½n c¸c dông cô håi søc t¹i n¬i mµ kh«ng
khÝ thiÕu «xy hoÆc khÝ «xit c¸cbon CO cã thÓ g©y ra
ng¹t thë hay nhiÔm ®éc.
retaining wall /ri'teini– 'w˜:l/ n t−êng ch¾n:
Rigid Gravity and Semigravity Retaining Wall is a
structure that provides lateral support for a mass of
soil and that owes its stability primarily to its own
weight and to the weight of any soil located directly
above its base: T−êng ch¾n cøng kiÓu träng lùc vµ
b¸n träng lùc lµ mét kÕt cÊu t¹o ra søc chèng ®ì
ngang cho mét khèi ®Êt vµ nã cã tÝnh æn ®Þnh chñ
yÕu lµ nhê träng l−îng b¶n th©n vµ nhê träng l−îng
cña ®Êt n»m trùc tiÕp trªn mãng cña nã.
retarder /ri't:d”/ n chÊt lµm chËm ninh kÕt: an
admixture that delays the setting of cement paste,
and hence of mixtures such as grout, mortar, or
concrete containing cement: mét phô gia mµ nã lµm
chËm l¹i sù ninh kÕt cña hå xim¨ng, vµ do vËy còng
lµ cña c¸c hçn hîp nh− v÷a b¬m, v÷a x©y, hoÆc
bªt«ng cã chøa xim¨ng.
of retempering /ri:'temp”riô/ n sù trén l¹i bªt«ng:
addition of water and remixing of concrete or
mortar that has lost enough workability to become
unplaceable or unusable: cho thªm n−íc vµ trén l¹i
mét khèi bªt«ng hoÆc v÷a mµ nã ®· mÊt tÝnh c«ng
t¸c cÇn thiÕt vµ ®· trë nªn kh«ng thÓ ®æ ®−îc hoÆc
kh«ng thÓ dïng ®−îc o The addition of water to
the concrete mix to compensate for slump loss
resulting from delays in delivery or placing is
permissible, provided the design water-cement ratio
is not exceeded and the concrete has not attained its
initial set: Sù cho thªm n−íc vµo hçn hîp bªt«ng ®Ó
bï l¹i l−îng mÊt m¸t ®é sôt g©y bëi sù chËm trÔ
trong vËn chuyÓn hay ®æ bªt«ng lµ ®−îc phÐp, miÔn
lµ tû lÖ n−íc/xim¨ng kh«ng bÞ v−ît qu¸ vµ bªt«ng
vÉn ch−a ®¹t ®Õn giai ®o¹n ninh kÕt ban ®Çu.
retro-reflector /'retrou- ri'flekt”/ n g−¬ng ph¶n x¹.
return /ri't”:n/ n sù ph¶n håi; b¶n kÕt to¸n, b¶n
thèng kª: Concept which expresses the comparison
of the benefits and the costs of a project. This
concept is not limited necessarily to financial
benefits: Lµ kh¸i niÖm mµ nã biÓu hiÖn sù so s¸nh
gi÷a lîi nhuËn vµ chi phÝ cña mét dù ¸n. Kh¸i niÒm
 263
nµy kh«ng nhÊt thiÕt chØ giíi h¹n lµ c¸c lîi nhuËn vÒ
tµi chÝnh.
reverse circulation /ri'v”:s ,sə:kju'lei∫n/ n tuÇn
hoµn nghÞch: A drilling system in which the
circulating medium flows down through the annulus
and up through the drill rod: Lµ mét hÖ thèng khoan
trong ®ã chÊt láng tuÇn hoµn ch¶y tõ trªn xuèng ®¸y
hè khoan theo kho¶ng trèng gi÷a cÇn khoan vµ v¸ch
hè khoan, sau ®ã ®i lªn theo ruét cÇn khoan.
reverse fault /ri'v”:s f˜:lts/ n ®øt g·y nghÞch:
Reverse faults may result in shortening of the region
but they are less common than normal faults
(resulting in throw and heave): C¸c ®øt g·y nghÞch
cã thÓ g©y ra sù co ng¾n cña khu vùc, nh−ng chóng Ýt
gÆp h¬n lµ ®øt g·y thuËn (sinh ra sù xª dÞch ®øng vµ
d·n dµi ngang cho khu vùc).
reversible blower /ri'v”:s”bl 'blou”/ n qu¹t
th«ng giã thuËn nghÞch: Now reversible blowers that
can exhaust the contaminated air through the
ventilation line, as well as blow fresh air through the
line to the heading, are available. Exhausting rather
than blowing eliminates the health hazard of
blowing the smoke past the miners: HiÖn nay ®· cã
c¸c lo¹i qu¹t th«ng giã thuËn nghÞch, cã thÓ hót x¶
khÝ bÈn qua èng th«ng giã, còng nh− thæi khÝ s¹ch
qua èng vµo g−¬ng hÇm. ViÖc hót chø kh«ng ph¶i lµ
thæi gióp lo¹i trõ ®−îc t¸c h¹i vÒ søc kháe do khÝ bôi
thæi qua thî lµm hÇm.
revolution per minute (rpm) /,revə'lu:∫n pə
'minit/ n sè vßng trªn phót.
re-work /,ri:'w”:k/ n söa ch÷a, lµm l¹i.
reworking /,ri:'w”:kiô/ n sù gia c«ng l¹i; sù phôc
håi, sù söa ch÷a.
rheology /ri'˜l”dʒi/ n l−u biÕn häc; tÝnh l−u
biÕn: The branch of physics that studies the
deformation and flow of matter. In practice,
rheology is principally concerned with extending the
"classical" disciplines of elasticity and Newtonian
fluid mechanics to more complicated materials: Lµ
mét ngµnh cña vËt lý nghiªn cøu biÕn d¹ng vµ dßng
ch¶y cña vËt chÊt. Trong thùc tÕ, l−u biÕn häc cßn
më réng c¸c nguyªn lý “cæ ®iÓn” cña lý thuyÕt ®µn
håi vµ c¬ häc chÊt láng Niut¬n cho c¸c vËt liÖu cã
tÝnh phøc t¹p h¬n o The science dealing with flow
of materials, including studies of deformation of
hardened concrete, the handling and placing of
freshly mixed concrete, and the behavior of slurries,
pastes, and the like: Lµ khoa häc nghiªn cøu dßng
(ch¶y) cña c¸c vËt liÖu, bao gåm c¸c nghiªn cøu vÒ
biÕn d¹ng cña bªt«ng ®«ng cøng, sù thao t¸c vËn
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
chuyÓn vµ ®æ bªt«ng t−¬i, vµ øng xö cña c¸c lo¹i
v÷a, hå, vµ c¸c chÊt t−¬ng tù kh¸c.
rheology of concrete /ri'˜l”dʒi ”v 'k˜nkri:t/ n tÝnh
l−u biÕn cña bªt«ng: The rheology of concrete is a
difficult problem, as fluid cement paste is non-
Newtonian by itself, and concrete has the added
complication of many sand and rock inclusions.
However, the processing of concrete is controlled by
its rheological properties, which must be evaluated
scientifically in order for real predictability to be
achieved: L−u biÕn cña bªt«ng lµ mét vÊn ®Ò khã, v×
b¶n th©n hå v÷a xim¨ng láng kh«ng thuéc vÒ lý
thuyÕt cña Niut¬n, vµ bªt«ng l¹i cã thªm tÝnh phøc
t¹p cña c¸c thµnh phÇn c¸t vµ ®¸. Tuy nhiªn, viÖc
chÕ t¹o bªt«ng l¹i ®−îc kiÓm so¸t bëi c¸c tÝnh chÊt
l−u biÕn cña nã, mµ chóng ph¶i ®−îc ®¸nh gi¸ mét
c¸ch khoa häc nh»m ®¹t ®−îc mét kh¶ n¨ng dù b¸o
x¸c thùc.
rheology of shotcrete /ri'˜l”dʒi ”v ∫˜tkri:t/ n tÝnh
l−u biÕn cña bªt«ng phun: The rheology of shotcrete
mixtures is affected by the pumping process, which
typically involves repetitively compressing a
shotcrete mixture and forcing the mixture to the
point of final placement under pressure: TÝnh l−u
biÕn cña hçn hîp bªt«ng phun bÞ ¶nh h−ëng bëi qu¸
tr×nh b¬m bªt«ng, mµ nã th−êng liªn quan ®Õn sù nÐn
Ðp lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i mét hçn hîp bªt«ng phun vµ ®Èy
c−ìng bøc hçn hîp tíi ®Þa ®iÓm ®æ bªt«ng cuèi cïng
d−íi ¸p lùc cao.
rib /rib/ n s−ên cét, t−êng bªn: The side of a
pillar or the wall of an entry. The solid coal on the
side of any underground passage: Lµ mÆt bªn cña
mét cét trô chèng hÇm hay lµ t−êng bªn cña lß tiÕp
cËn. Còng lµ khèi than cøng trªn thµnh bªn cña lèi
®i ngÇm bÊt kú trong má.
ribs /ribz/ n s−ên/v× chèng thÐp: Curved steel
supports, usually cold-rolled or pressed structural
beams made to conform to the required shape. H-
beams or wide flange beams are preferable to I-
Beams, as wider flanges provide more surface for
blocking and lagging, and the section has greater
resistance to twisting. (H = heavy ribs, M = medium
ribs): Lµ c¸c thanh/cét chèng thÐp uèn cong, th−êng
b»ng thÐp c¸n nguéi hoÆc dÇm thÐp kÕt cÊu, ®−îc
chÕ t¹o ®Ó phï hîp víi h×nh d¹ng yªu cÇu. C¸c dÇm
ch÷ H hoÆc dÇm c¸nh réng th−êng hay ®−îc dïng
h¬n lo¹i dÇm ch÷ I, v× c¸c b¶n c¸nh réng sÏ t¹o ra
bÒ mÆt tùa lín h¬n cho hÖ khèi chÆn hoÆc v¸n ch¾n,
vµ tiÕt diÖn cã søc chèng xo¾n tèt h¬n.
ribs and lagging /ribz “nd 'l“giô/ n s−ên chèng
thÐp vµ v¸n ®ì/chÆn: Elements that make up a
 264
primary lining consisting of steel ribs and wood or
steel lagging: C¸c thµnh phÇn t¹o nªn hÖ chèng ®ì
ban ®Çu gåm cã c¸c s−ên chèng thÐp vµ hÖ v¸n gç
hay thÐp.
riding surface /'raidiô 'sə:fis/ n mÆt ®−êng xe
ch¹y trong hÇm.
rift, grain and hardway /ribz “nd 'l“giô/ n thí
chÎ, ph©n líp/thí vµ h−íng cøng: Terms common in
quarrying, indicating the three orthogonal directions
of preferred splitting within massive, quartz-bearing,
igneous rock. The rift is the direction of easiest
splitting and is usually horizontal or nearly so. The
grain, usually perpendicular to the rift, is the
direction of next easiest splitting. The hardway (or
headgrain) is the plane of most difficult splitting
among the three directions. In hard rock tunnelling,
if the hardway direction is normal to tunnel advance,
considerable powder is required for removal: Lµ c¸c
tõ th−êng gÆp trong khai th¸c má, chØ ra ba h−íng
trùc giao víi nhau cña sù ph©n t¸ch trong mét nÒn
®¸ macma, chøa th¹ch anh, liÒn khèi. Thí chÎ lµ
h−íng dÔ ph©n t¸ch nhÊt vµ th−êng n»m ngang hoÆc
gÇn nh− vËy. Ph©n líp th−êng vu«ng gãc víi thí chÎ,
lµ h−íng dÔ ph©n t¸ch thø hai. H−íng cøng lµ mÆt
ph¼ng khã ph©n t¸ch nhÊt trong ba h−íng. Trong
®µo hÇm qua ®¸, nÕu h−íng cøng vu«ng gãc víi
g−¬ng ®µo, th× ph¶i cÇn l−îng thuèc næ kh¸ lín ®Ó
ph¸ ®¸.
rigging /rigiô/ n sù [hÖ] l¾p r¸p, l¾p ®Æt (hÇm d×m):
A system of lines, winches and hoists used to control
the position of an element, both horizontally and
vertically, especially during immersion. Lines may
be attached indirectly to the shore, anchors,
pontoons, derrick barges or other lowering
equipment: Mét hÖ thèng c¸c d©y, têi kÐo vµ têi n©ng
dïng ®Ó ®iÒu khiÓn vÞ trÝ mét ®èt hÇm, c¶ theo
ph−¬ng ngang vµ däc, ®Æc biÖt lµ lóc h¹ hÇm. C¸c
d©y nÐo cã thÓ nèi trùc tiÕp vµo bê, trô neo, phao, xµ
lan hoÆc thiÕt bÞ h¹ kh¸c.
right-of-way /rait-”v-wei/ n d¶i ®Êt dµnh cho
®−êng, cho tuyÕn hÇm, lé giíi: A legal right for
movement of people or goods. Also, the land area
that provides this. The magnitude and position of the
soil movement outside the excavation is important
since it directly affects structures along the right-of-
way: Lµ quyÒn hîp ph¸p ®−îc vËn chuyÓn ng−êi vµ
hµng hãa. Cßn cã nghÜa lµ diÖn tÝch ®Êt ®Ó thùc hiÖn
viÖc vËn chuyÓn nµy. Møc ®é vµ vÞ trÝ tr−ît ®Êt bªn
ngoµi hè ®µo rÊt quan träng, v× nã trùc tiÕp ¶nh
h−ëng ®Õn c¸c c«ng tr×nh däc theo d¶i ®Êt dµnh cho
tuyÕn hÇm o In an urban area, assumption of
excavation plans with sloped sides without walls is
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
usually not practical since even a steep slope would
greatly increase the right-of-way for the project and
impact whatever's nearby: Trong vïng ®« thÞ, viÖc
gi¶ thiÕt thi c«ng c¸c hè ®µo trÇn cã m¸i dèc kh«ng
dïng t−êng ch¾n th−êng lµ kh«ng thùc tÕ, bëi v×
ngay c¶ víi mét m¸i dèc rÊt ®øng còng cã thÓ lµm
t¨ng ®¸ng kÓ chiÒu réng d¶i ®Êt dµnh cho hÇm vµ t¸c
®éng ®Õn mäi thø xung quanh.
ring /riô/ n vßng vá hÇm, khoanh èng chèng hÇm.
ring beam /riô bi:m/ n dÇm vá hÇm.
risk /risk/ n nguy c¬, rñi ro: A combination of the
probability and the degree of the possible injury or
damage to health in a hazardous situation: Mét tæ
hîp cña kh¶ n¨ng x¶y ra vµ møc ®é th−¬ng tËt hay
tµn tËt cã thÓ ®èi víi søc kháe trong mét t×nh huèng
nguy hiÓm o An uncertain event or condition that,
if it occurs, has a positive or negative impact on a
project: Lµ mét sù kiÖn hay ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng ch¾c
ch¾n mµ nÕu nã x¶y ra th× sÏ cã mét t¸c ®éng tÝch
cùc hoÆc tiªu cùc ®èi víi mét dù ¸n.
risk analysis /risk ”'n“l”sis/ n [ph©n tÝch, ®¸nh
gi¸] rñi ro: Risk analysis methodology is recently
applied on numerous projects to investigate projects
through its phases of development: design,
construction and operation. Underground structures
are asking for special care during design phase
because the shape and the type of underground
structure as well as construction methodology will
influence seriously safety of people, equipment and
environment: Ph−¬ng ph¸p luËn ph©n tÝch rñi ro gÇn
®©y ®−îc ¸p dông trªn rÊt nhiÒu c«ng tr×nh ®Ó ®iÒu
tra dù ¸n qua c¸c giai ®o¹n cña nã, tõ thiÕt kÕ, thi
c«ng ®Õn vËn hµnh. C«ng tr×nh ngÇm ®ßi hái sù quan
t©m ®Æc biÖt trong giai ®o¹n thiÕt kÕ bëi v× h×nh d¹ng
vµ kiÓu lo¹i c«ng tr×nh ngÇm còng nh− biÖn ph¸p thi
c«ng sÏ ¶nh h−ëng lín ®Õn an toµn cña con ng−êi,
m¸y mãc vµ m«i tr−êng o Recent experience in
application of risk methodology covers risk
management and analysis during design,
construction and operational project development
phase applied on entire subway lines or their parts,
as stations, underground mass transit projects as
highway or railway tunnels: Kinh nghiÖm gÇn ®©y vÒ
¸p dông ph−¬ng ph¸p luËn rñi ro bao gåm c¸c lÜnh
vùc vÒ ph©n tÝch vµ qu¶n lý rñi ro trong c¸c giai
®o¹n thiÕt kÕ, thi c«ng vµ vËn hµnh dù ¸n, ®· ®−îc
thùc hiÖn trªn c¸c toµn bé tuyÕn tµu ®iÖn ngÇm hoÆc
mét phÇn cña nã nh− nhµ ga, c¸c dù ¸n vËn chuyÓn
lín d−íi ngÇm nh− hÇm ®−êng s¾t vµ ®−êng bé.
risk assessment /risk ”'sesm”nt/ n ®¸nh gi¸ rñi ro:
(1) A comprehensive estimation of the probability
 265
and the degree of the possible injury or damage to
health in a hazardous situation in order to select
appropriate safety measures: Lµ sù ®¸nh gi¸ toµn
diÖn vÒ kh¶ n¨ng x¶y ra vµ møc ®é th−¬ng tËt hay
tµn tËt cã thÓ ®èi víi søc kháe trong mét t×nh huèng
nguy hiÓm ®Ó lùa chän ®−îc c¸c biÖn ph¸p an toµn
thÝch hîp o (2) A systematic evaluation of possible
Risk Events in order to quantify project uncertainty:
Lµ mét sù ®¸nh gi¸ cã hÖ thèng vÒ c¸c sù kiÖn rñi ro
cã thÓ cã nh»m l−îng hãa sù kh«ng ch¾c ch¾n cña
dù ¸n.
risk control /risk k”n'troul/ n kiÓm so¸t rñi ro: A
process by which specific measures are devised and
implemented to eliminate or reduce the level of risk:
Lµ qu¸ tr×nh nhê ®ã c¸c biÖn ph¸p ®Æc biÖt ®−îc ®Ò
ra vµ thi hµnh nh»m lo¹i trõ hay lµm gi¶m møc ®é
rñi ro/nguy hiÓm.
risk management /risk 'mænidʒmənt/ n qu¶n lý
rñi ro: The process of identifying, analyzing,
developing responses to risk and monitoring and
controlling the project: Lµ qu¸ tr×nh x¸c ®Þnh, ph©n
tÝch, ®−a ra c¸c øng phã ®èi víi rñi ro vµ theo dâi vµ
kiÓm so¸t dù ¸n.
risk management plan (RMP) /risk 'mænidʒmənt
plæn/ n kÕ ho¹ch qu¶n lý rñi ro: Most risks can be
managed through the use of a Risk Management
Plan, RMP, which aims to identify and quantify the
risk or potential problem, select and implement the
measures for mitigating or controlling the risk, and
indicate if there is a residual risk which would need
to be shared among the Parties involved in the
project: HÇu hÕt c¸c rñi ro cã thÓ ®−îc xö lý nhê ¸p
dông mét KÕ ho¹ch qu¶n lý rñi ro - RMP - kÕ ho¹ch
nµy nh»m x¸c ®Þnh vµ l−îng hãa rñi ro hoÆc vÊn ®Ò
tiÒm tµng, lùa chän vµ thùc thi c¸c biÖn ph¸p ®Ó lµm
gi¶m bít hoÆc kiÓm so¸t rñi ro, vµ chØ ra liÖu cã mét
rñi ro vÒ l©u dµi kh«ng, v× nã cÇn ®−îc chia sÎ tr¸ch
nhiÖm gi÷a c¸c bªn tham gia vµo dù ¸n.
river diversion /'riv” dai'v”:‘n/ n ®æi/chuyÓn
h−íng dßng s«ng.
RMR (Rock Mass Rating) /a:ema: r˜k m“s
'reiti–/ n Sù ph©n h¹ng Khèi ®¸, HÖ thèng [Tiªu
chuÈn] Ph©n lo¹i Khèi ®¸: RMR (Bieniawski 1974)
and the Q-system (Barton et. al., 1974) are the most
commonly used rock mass classification systems.
Both were developed for designing tunnels and rock
caverns, but their area of application has expanded
to both mining and slopes. Other systems are GSI
(Hoek et al., 1995) and RMS (Stille et al., 1982):
RMR (Bieniawski 1974) vµ hÖ thèng-Q (Barton vµ
nnk, 1974) lµ hai hÖ thèng ph©n lo¹i khèi ®¸ ®−îc
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
dïng phæ biÕn nhÊt. C¶ hai ®Òu ®−îc ph¸t triÓn ®Ó
thiÕt kÕ hÇm vµ c¸c hang trong ®¸, nh−ng ph¹m vi ¸p
dông cña chóng ®· më réng sang c¶ lÜnh vùc má vµ
m¸i dèc. C¸c hÖ thèng kh¸c gåm cã GSI (Hoek vµ
nnk, 1995) vµ RMS (Stille vµ nnk, 1982) o
Bieniawski (1974) introduced the Geomechanical
Classification System that provides a general rock
mass rating (RMR) increasing with rock quality from
0 to 100: Bieniawski (1974) ®−a ra hÖ thèng ph©n
lo¹i ®Þa c¬ häc ®Ó cho ®iÓm ®¸nh gi¸ chung vÒ khèi
®¸ (RMR), víi gi¸ trÞ t¨ng lªn theo chÊt l−îng ®¸ tõ 0
®Õn 100.
road header /roud 'hed”/ n m¸y ®µo hÇm kiÓu c¾t
gät: In loose ground excavation is done by
excavators or road headers: Trong ®Êt rêi viÖc khai
®µo ®−îc thùc hiÖn nhê m¸y xóc hay m¸y ®µo hÇm
cã ®Çu c¾t gät o Conventional mining equipment
has been used successfully in permafrost and
roadheaders appear to be effective in the conditions
created by freezing: C¸c thiÕt bÞ khai má truyÒn
thèng ®· ®−îc sö dông thµnh c«ng trong nÒn ®Êt
®ãng b¨ng vÜnh cöu, vµ c¸c m¸y ®µo hÇm cã ®Çu c¾t
gät tá ra rÊt hiÖu qu¶ trong nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn t¹o ra
bëi kü thuËt ®ãng b¨ng ®Êt.
road tunnel = highway tunnel /roud 'tʌnl/ n hÇm
®−êng bé.
roadway /'roudwei/ n ®−êng «t«, lßng ®−êng
xe ch¹y: The minimum roadway width for two-lane
tunnels, between curbs, should be at least 0.6 m
greater than the approach traveled way, but not less
than 7.32 m: ChiÒu réng phÇn ®−êng xe ch¹y tèi
thiÓu trong hÇm hai lµn xe - n»m gi÷a c¸c bê lÒ - Ýt
nhÊt ph¶i lín h¬n 0.6 m so víi ®−êng xe ch¹y dÉn
vµo hÇm, nh−ng kh«ng ®−îc nhá h¬n 7.32 m.
robot /'roubɔt/ n robot dïng trong söa ch÷a
cèng/hÇm nhá: Remote control device with closed
circuit television (CCTV) monitoring, used mainly in
localised repair work, such as cutting away
obstructions, re-opening lateral connections,
grinding and re-filling defective areas and injecting
resin into cracks and cavities: Lµ thiÕt bÞ ®iÒu khiÓn
tõ xa cã theo dâi b»ng camera truyÒn h×nh c¸p
(CCTV), chñ yÕu dïng trong c«ng t¸c söa ch÷a côc
bé, nh− c¾t bá c¸c ch−íng ng¹i, më l¹i c¸c ®−êng
èng nèi ngang, mµi vµ tr¸m l¹i c¸c khu vùc h− h¹i,
vµ b¬m keo resin vµo c¸c vÕt nøt vµ hang hèc.
rock /r˜k/ n ®¸: In tunneling parlance, rock is
considered to be any of the materials of the earth's
outer crust that can be excavated only by drilling
and blasting, or by boring with large boring
machines (TBM) without blasting, as contrasted to
 266
softer materials that can be excavated readily by
spade or pick and shovel: Theo thuËt ng÷ cña kü
nghÖ hÇm, ®¸ ®−îc xem lµ bÊt kú vËt liÖu nµo cña
líp vá cøng bªn ngoµi cña qu¶ ®Êt, mµ chóng chØ cã
thÓ ®µo ®−îc b»ng c¸ch khoan vµ næ m×n, hoÆc
khoan b»ng m¸y khoan hÇm lín kh«ng cÇn næ m×n,
t−¬ng ph¶n víi c¸c vËt liÖu mÒm h¬n cã thÓ dÔ dµng
®µo ®−îc b»ng mai, cuèc chim vµ xÎng o One of
the most important characteristics of rock is its
variability. Unlike ordinary engineering materials,
most rock is neither homogeneous nor isotropic: Mét
trong nh÷ng tÝnh chÊt quan träng nhÊt cña ®¸ lµ tÝnh
hay thay ®æi cña nã. Kh«ng gièng c¸c vËt liÖu kü
thuËt th«ng th−êng, hÇu hÕt c¸c ®¸ ®Òu kh«ng ®ång
nhÊt hoÆc kh«ng ®¼ng h−íng.
rock anchor /r˜k 'æηkə/ n neo ®¸: A steel rod or
cable installed in a hole in rock; in principle the
same as rock bolt, but generally used for rods longer
than about four metres: Lµ mét thanh hoÆc c¸p thÐp
l¾p ®Æt trong mét lç khoan trong ®¸; vÒ nguyªn t¾c
lµ gièng nh− bul«ng ®¸, nh−ng nãi chung tõ nµy ®−îc
dïng cho c¸c thanh dµi h¬n kho¶ng bèn mÐt.
rock bolt /r˜k boult/ n bul«ng neo ®¸: A round
steel bar, sometimes very long but usually less than
25 ft long, equipped with an expandable anchor at
the far end, inserted in drilled holes around the
periphery of a tunnel to tie rock-blocks or strata
together and prevent their loosening or falling out. It
may be locked into the hole mechanically or with
some type of grout. It may be tensioned or
untensioned: Lµ thanh thÐp trßn, ®«i khi rÊt dµi
nh−ng th−êng lµ ng¾n h¬n 7,6m; ®−îc t¹o mét côm
neo gi·n në ®−îc t¹i ®Çu phÝa xa, l¾p ®Æt vµo lç
khoan s½n quanh chu vi hÇm ®Ó liªn kÕt c¸c khèi ®¸
hoÆc líp ®Þa tÇng víi nhau vµ chèng l¹i sù r·o ra
cña chóng hay r¬i sËp xuèng. Nã cã thÓ ®−îc khãa
vµo lç khoan mét c¸ch c¬ häc hay nhê mét vµi lo¹i
v÷a. Nã cã thÓ ®−îc c¨ng dù øng lùc hoÆc kh«ng t¹o
D¦L.
rock bolt /r˜k boult/ n bul«ng neo ®¸: Rock bolts
are steel bolts inserted and anchored in bore holes
around the periphery of a tunnel excavation to hold
rock in place: Lµ c¸c bul«ng b»ng thÐp ®−îc Ên vµo
vµ neo l¹i trong c¸c lç khoan xung quanh chu vi
hang hÇm ®Ó gi÷ ®Êt ®¸ æn ®Þnh t¹i chç o In rock
tunnels, shotcrete and rock bolt normally are used
together to provide the rock reinforcement: Trong
hÇm xuyªn ®¸, th−êng sö dông kÕt hîp bªt«ng phun
vµ bul«ng neo ®¸ ®Ó gia c−êng cho ®¸ o To
completely anchor bolts into rock or soil, the full
length of rock bolts shall be grouted with cement
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
mortar: §Ó neo bul«ng mét c¸ch ch¾c ch¾n vµo v¸ch
®¸ hoÆc ®Êt, toµn bé chiÒu dµi thanh neo cÇn ph¶i
®−îc phun lÊp ®Çy b»ng v÷a xim¨ng.
rock bolt capacity /r˜k boult k”'p“siti/ n kh¶
n¨ng (søc) chÞu t¶i cña bul«ng neo ®¸: Daily and as
a minimum for every 50 rock bolts installed, rock
bolts shall be tested to confirm rock bolt capacity.
The Engineer will designate bolts for testing and
witness all tests: Hµng ngµy vµ tèi thiÓu cø sau khi
l¾p ®Æt 50 bul«ng neo th× cÇn ph¶i thö bul«ng ®Ó x¸c
®Þnh n¨ng lùc chÞu t¶i cña chóng. T− vÊn sÏ chØ ®Þnh
bul«ng nµo sÏ ®−îc thö nghiÖm vµ sÏ chøng kiÕn mäi
cuéc thö.
rock bolt evaluation /r˜k boult i,v“lju'ei‘n/ n sù
®¸nh gi¸ bul«ng neo: Rock bolt evaluation shall be
by pullout testing to verify the breaking or ultimate
load of the bolts. Tested bolts shall be deemed
acceptable if they withstand 80 percent of the
breaking or ultimate load of the bolt: Sù ®¸nh gi¸
chÊt l−îng bul«ng neo ph¶i dùa vµo thÝ nghiÖm kÐo
nh»m kiÓm tra t¶i träng giíi h¹n hoÆc t¶i träng ph¸
hñy cña bul«ng. Bul«ng ®−îc thö sÏ ®−îc coi lµ chÊp
nhËn ®−îc nÕu chóng chÞu ®−îc 80 phÇn tr¨m t¶i
träng giíi h¹n hoÆc t¶i träng ph¸ hñy cña bul«ng.
rock bolt hole drilling accuracy /r˜k boult 'houl
'drili– '“kjur”si/ n ®é chÝnh x¸c khi khoan lç
bul«ng neo.
rock bolt installation /r˜k boult ,inst”'lei‘n/ n sù
l¾p ®Æt bul«ng neo ®¸.
rock bolting /r˜k boultiô/ n sù l¾p ®Æt bul«ng neo:
Rockbolting blocks the rock into a continuously-
acting member or beam and thereby mobilizes some
of the strength of the rock itself: ViÖc l¾p bul«ng neo
sÏ liªn kÕt khèi ®¸ thµnh mét cÊu kiÖn hay mét dÇm
lµm viÖc mét c¸ch liªn tôc, nhê ®ã huy ®éng ®−îc
mét phÇn c−êng ®é cña chÝnh khèi ®¸.
rock burst /r˜k b”:st/ n sù næ vì ®¸ trong hÇm
d−íi ¸p lùc nÐn cao: A spontaneous and violent
detachment of a slab or slabs from over-stressed
rock. See also popping rock. The following measures
are usually taken in tunneling through ground that
ptesents the danger of rock bursts: (i) cover a face
with steel supports or nets; (ii) use friction type of
rock bolts, which can bring about fastening and
suspending effects immediately after they have been
driven into the ground; (iii) use highly ductile steel
fiber reinforcement shotcrete; (iv) build a careful
plan to carry out a complete evacuation and put
workmen in a place safe from the dangers of rock
bursts during scaling operations: Lµ sù t¸ch ra ngÉu
nhiªn/tøc thêi vµ m·nh liÖt cña mét hay nhiÒu
 267
miÕng/phiÕn ®¸ khái khèi ®¸ chÞu øng suÊt qu¸ lín
(xem thªm "popping rock"). Nh÷ng biÖn ph¸p sau
®©y th−êng ®−îc ¸p dông khi ®µo hÇm qua ®Þa chÊt
cã nguy c¬ næ ®¸:⒜ dïng tÊm chèng hoÆc l−íi thÐp
phñ lªn g−¬ng ®µo; ⒝ dïng lo¹i bul«ng neo kiÓu ma
s¸t ®Ó chóng cã thÓ t¹o ra hiÖu qu¶ treo vµ nÐo chÆt
ngay sau khi ®ãng chóng vµo ®¸; ⒞ dïng bªt«ng
phun cèt sîi thÐp cã tÝnh mÒm dÎo lín; ⒟ lËp kÕ
ho¹ch cÈn thËn ®Ó s¬ t¸n hoµn toµn vµ chuyÓn nh©n
lùc ®Õn vÞ trÝ an toµn xa khái tÇm nguy hiÓm ®¸ r¬i
trong khi ®ôc tÈy ®¸ trªn g−¬ng.
rock classification /r˜k ,kl“sifi'kei‘n/ n sù ph©n
lo¹i ®¸: Rock classification will be used for
determining support systems, as well as for
considerations on such items as span of excavation,
length of advance per round, portal, intersection and
constrction methods: Sù ph©n lo¹i ®¸ sÏ ®−îc dïng
®Ó quyÕt ®Þnh hÖ chèng ®ì, còng nh− xem xÐt c¸c yÕu
tè nh− nhÞp hang ®µo, chiÒu dµi ®µo tiÕn trong mét
chu tr×nh, cæng hÇm, giao c¾t vµ c¸c biÖn ph¸p thi
c«ng o For payment purpose, the identical rock
classification for the upper-haft section shall be
applied for the bench and the invert: Nh»m môc ®Ých
thanh to¸n, sù ph©n lo¹i ®¸ ®èi víi phÇn tiÕt diÖn
g−¬ng ®µo phÝa trªn còng sÏ ®−îc ¸p dông cho phÇn
thÒm gi÷a vµ phÇn vßm ngöa (phÇn ®¸y) cña hÇm.
rock constant /r˜k 'k˜nst”nt/ n h»ng sè cña ®¸.
rock dowel /r˜k 'dau”l/ n chèt neo ®¸, bul«ng neo
®¸ = rock bolt: A 5- to 40-ft long steel reinforcing
bar inserted in drilled holes around the periphery of
a tunnel and anchored or sealed with mortar or
polyester resin to tie rock-blocks or strata together
and prevent their loosening or falling out: Mét
thanh thÐp gia c−êng dµi 1,5 ®Õn 12 mÐt c¾m vµo
trong lç khoan s½n xung quanh chu vi hÇm vµ ®−îc
neo t¹i 1 ®Çu hay bäc kÝn b»ng v÷a hoÆc keo
polyester ®Ó liªn kÕt c¸c khèi ®¸ hoÆc líp ®Þa tÇng
víi nhau vµ chèng l¹i sù r·o ra cña chóng hay r¬i
sËp xuèng.
rock drill /r˜k dril/ n m¸y khoan, bóa khoan
®¸: The operation of a hydraulic rock drill consist of
two independent functions - percussion and rotation:
Ho¹t ®éng cña mét bóa khoan ®¸ thñy lùc bao gåm
hai chøc n¨ng ®éc lËp - ®Ëp vµ xoay o Rock drills
will penetrate up to 1.22m/minute, depending on the
hardness and quality of the rock: C¸c bóa khoan ®¸
cã thÓ xuyªn víi tèc ®é tíi 1.22/phót, phô thuéc vµo
®é cøng vµ chÊt l−îng cña ®¸.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
rock engineering /r˜k ,end™i'ni”ri–/ n c¬ häc
®¸ c«ng tr×nh.
rock fall /r˜k f˜:l/ n ®¸ r¬i; lë ®¸: Rockfalls are
a major hazard in rock cuts for highways and
railways in mountainous terrain. While rockfalls do
not pose the same level of economic risk as large
scale failures which can and do close major
transportation routes for days at a time, the number
of people killed by rockfalls tends to be of the same
order as people killed by all other forms of rock
slope instability (Hoek): C¸c vô ®¸ lë lµ mét nguy c¬
chÝnh t¹i c¸c m¸i c¾t ®¸ khi lµm ®−êng «t« vµ ®−êng
s¾t ë ®Þa h×nh miÒn nói. MÆc dï c¸c vô lë ®¸ kh«ng
cã cïng møc ®é vÒ thiÖt h¹i kinh tÕ nh− c¸c vô ph¸
ho¹i quy m« lín, nh−ng chóng cã thÓ lµm t¾c nghÏn
c¸c con ®−êng vËn t¶i chÝnh nhiÒu ngµy liÒn cho mçi
lÇn x¶y ra, sè ng−êi bÞ chÕt do ®¸ lë cã xu h−íng
ngang b»ng víi sè ng−êi chÕt bëi tÊt c¶ c¸c d¹ng mÊt
æn ®Þnh dèc ®¸ kh¸c céng l¹i (theo Hoek).
rock formation /r˜k f˜:'mei‘n/ n thµnh hÖ
®¸.
rock jointing /r˜k d™˜inti–/ n sù h×nh thµnh thí
nøt t¸ch trong ®¸; sù dÝnh kÕt c¸c m¶nh ®¸.
rock load /r˜k loud/ n t¶i träng ®¸: Because of
the complex nature of fractures, joints and faulting,
it has been necessary for tunnel support designers to
rely on empirical formulas in order to analyse the
rock loads: Do tÝnh chÊt phøc t¹p cña c¸c g·y r¹n,
c¸c khe nøt vµ sù t¹o phay (sù h×nh thµnh ®o¹n ®øt
g·y), nªn c¸c nhµ thiÕt kÕ hÖ chèng hÇm ®· ph¶i dùa
vµo c¸c c«ng thøc kinh nghiÖm ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh c¸c t¶i
träng ®¸.
rock mass (in situ rock) /r˜k m“s/ n khèi ®¸:
rock as it occurs in situ, including both the rock
material and its structural discontinuities: lµ ®¸ nh−
nã xuÊt hiÖn t¹i chç, bao gåm c¶ vËt liÖu ®¸ vµ c¸c
khe nøt cÊu tróc cña nã.
rock mass classification /r˜k m“s ,kl“sifi'kei‘n/
n ph©n lo¹i khèi ®¸.
rock material (intact rock, rock substance, rock
element) /r˜k mə'tiəriəl/ n vËt liÖu ®¸: rock without
structural discontinuities; rock on which
standardized laboratory property tests are run: lµ ®¸
kh«ng cã c¸c khe nøt cÊu tróc; lµ ®¸ mµ dùa vµo ®ã
®ã ng−êi ta tiÕn hµnh c¸c thÝ nghiÖm trong phßng vÒ
tÝnh chÊt ®· ®−îc tiªu chuÈn hãa.
rock mechanics /r˜k mi'k“niks/ n c¬ häc ®¸: The
study of the mechanical properties of rocks, which
includes stress conditions around mine openings and
the ability of rocks and underground structures to
withstand these stresses: Khoa nghiªn cøu vÒ c¸c
 268
tÝnh chÊt c¬ häc cña ®¸, bao gåm c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn øng
suÊt quanh hang ngÇm, còng nh− kh¶ n¨ng cña ®¸ vµ
kÕt cÊu ngÇm nh»m chÞu ®−îc c¸c øng suÊt nµy.
rock protection / armour /r˜k prə'tek∫n 'ɑ:mə/ n
líp b¶o vÖ/líp ¸o bäc b»ng ®¸: The provision of
larger stone or rock to prevent erosion or dredging:
Lµ sù cung cÊp ®¸ d¨m kh¸ lín hay ®¸ t¶ng ®Ó chèng
l¹i sù xãi mßn hay n¹o vÐt (trªn nãc hÇm d×m).
rock quality designation (RQD) /r˜k 'kw˜liti
,dezig'nei∫n/ n chØ sè chÊt l−îng ®¸: A modified
core recovery percentage in which only sound pieces
of rock core 4 in. or more in length are counted as
recovery. RQD is considered a more accurate gauge
of a rock's engineering "quality" or competence than
is the gross recovery percentage. It is stated as the
cumulative percent of the core run occuring in
pieces greater than 4 in. long: Lµ phÇn tr¨m thu håi
lâi khoan ®· hiÖu chØnh trong ®ã chØ cã c¸c ®o¹n lâi
®¸ tèt dµi h¬n 10cm lµ ®−îc tÝnh lµ lâi thu håi. RQD
®−îc xem lµ mét th−íc ®o chÝnh x¸c h¬n vÒ "chÊt
l−îng" kü thuËt hay tÝnh ®ñ n¨ng lùc cña mét lo¹i ®¸
so víi phÇn tr¨m thu håi th«. Nã ®−îc ®Þnh nghÜa lµ
sè phÇn tr¨m tÝch lòy cña thái lâi khoan thu ®−îc
thµnh c¸c ®o¹n dµi h¬n 10cm.
rock slopes /r˜k sloups/ n m¸i dèc ®¸: A risk-
based approach for the design of rock slopes subject
to multiple failure modes necessarily requires some
estimation of parameter values and approximations
in risk allocation. A major category of boulders on
the slope is determined by analysis of the slope
contours and with representative rockfall
simulations. Ranges in factor of safety are then
determined for sliding and rotational (toppling)
failure modes with different levels of support. The
values estimated for the consequences of failure are
largely based on judgment of relative factors (large
or small blocks, effective or ineffective fences, driver
reaction, etc.). To some extent this is supported by
rockfall and loose boulder trajectory modelling. The
balance of the judgment comes from the experience
of the designers and analysts: Ph−¬ng ph¸p thiÕt kÕ
dùa trªn ®¸nh gi¸ rñi ro ®èi víi c¸c m¸i dèc ®¸ chÞu
nhiÒu chÕ ®é ph¸ ho¹i ®ßi hái ph¶i ®¸nh gi¸ mét sè
gi¸ trÞ th«ng sè vµ gi¶ thiÕt gÇn ®óng vÒ ph©n bè rñi
ro. ViÖc ph©n lo¹i c¸c t¶ng ®¸ trªn m¸i dèc dùa vµo
viÖc ph©n tÝch c¸c ®−êng ®ång møc trªn m¸i dèc vµ
víi c¸c m« pháng ®¸ r¬i ®¹i diÖn. Sau ®ã x¸c ®Þnh ra
mét d¶i hÖ sè an toµn cho c¸c chÕ ®é ph¸ ho¹i tr−ît
vµ quay (lén vßng) víi c¸c møc ®é rµo ch¾n chèng
gi÷ kh¸c nhau. C¸c gi¸ trÞ ®Ó ®¸nh gi¸ hËu qu¶ cña
ph¸ ho¹i phÇn lín ®−îc dùa trªn xem xÐt c¸c yÕu tè
t−¬ng ®èi (khèi ®¸ to hay nhá, rµo ch¾n cã hiÖu qu¶
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
hay kh«ng hiÖu qu¶, øng phã cña l¸i xe d−íi ®−êng,
v.v…). ë mét møc ®é nhÊt ®Þnh, ®iÒu nµy ®−îc hç
trî bëi viÖc m« h×nh hãa ®¸ lë vµ quü ®¹o l¨n cña
t¶ng rêi. TÝnh hîp lý cña viÖc xem xÐt ra quyÕt ®Þnh
xuÊt ph¸t tõ kinh nghiÖm cña nh÷ng ng−êi thiÕt kÕ vµ
ph©n tÝch.
rock strength /r˜k 'stre–•/ n c−êng ®é ®¸: Rock
strengths are time-dependent and are controlled
more by a limiting strain than by a limiting stress:
C¸c lo¹i c−êng ®é cña ®¸ lµ biÕn ®æi theo thêi gian
vµ chóng ®−îc kiÓm so¸t bëi mét l−îng biÕn d¹ng
®−îc khèng chÕ h¬n lµ bëi mét øng suÊt ®−îc khèng
chÕ.
rock structure rating (RSR) /r˜k 'stre–•/ n ®¸nh
gi¸ cÊu tróc ®¸: Wickham et al (1972) described a
quantitative method for describing the quality of a
rock mass and for selecting appropriate support on
the basis of their Rock Structure Rating (RSR)
classification. Most of the case histories were for
relatively small tunnels supported by means of steel
sets, although historically this system was the first to
make reference to shotcrete support. It is worth
examining the RSR system since it demonstrates the
logic involved in developing a quasi-quantitative
rock mass classification system: Wickham vµ nnk
(1972) ®· ®−a ra mét ph−¬ng ph¸p ®Þnh l−îng ®Ó m«
t¶ chÊt l−îng mét khèi ®¸ vµ ®Ó lùa chän hÖ chèng
®ì thÝch hîp trªn c¬ së ph©n lo¹i theo §¸nh gi¸ CÊu
tróc §¸ (RSR) cña hä. HÇu hÕt tr−êng hîp lµ ¸p
dông cho c¸c hÇm nhá chèng ®ì b»ng v× chèng thÐp,
mÆc dï tr−íc ®©y hÖ thèng ®¸nh gi¸ nµy ®−îc sö
dông cho vá chèng bªt«ng phun. §¸ng ®Ó t×m hiÓu hÖ
thèng RSR nµy v× nã thÓ hiÖn ®−îc tÝnh l«gic trong
viÖc ®−a ra mét hÖ thèng ph©n lo¹i khèi ®¸ gÇn nh−
lµ ®Þnh l−îng.
rock support design /rɔk sə'pɔ:t di'zain/ n thiÕt
kÕ hÖ chèng ®ì ®Êt ®¸: Rock support design is a
specialised field, and it is fundamentally different
from the design of other civil structures. The design
procedure for rock support for underground
openings therefore has to be adapted to this
situation. Some sort of “design as you go” system is
the only reasonable basic method: ThiÕt kÕ chèng ®ì
®¸ lµ mét lÜnh vùc ®Æc biÖt, vÒ c¬ b¶n nã kh¸c víi
thiÕt kÕ c¸c c«ng tr×nh d©n dông kh¸c. Do ®ã, thñ tôc
thiÕt kÕ hÖ thèng chèng ®ì ®¸ cho c¸c hang ngÇm
ph¶i tÝnh ®Õn ®Æc ®iÓm nµy. §−êng lèi “võa ®µo
hÇm võa thiÕt kÕ” chÝnh lµ ph−¬ng ph¸p c¬ b¶n hîp
lý duy nhÊt o In real life, many tunnelling projects
are still designed in a different way. The designers
sometimes produce a support design based on pre-
investigations of the rock mass and the traditional
 269
load/capacity/safety-factor approach. This
unavoidably leads to a “worst case” design, which
may be necessary in only a small part of the tunnel:
Trong thùc tÕ, nhiÒu dù ¸n hÇm vÉn ®−îc thiÕt kÕ
theo mét ®−êng lèi kh¸c. §«i khi ng−êi thiÕt kÕ ®−a
ra mét b¶n thiÕt kÕ chèng ®ì dùa trªn th«ng tin tiÒn-
kh¶o s¸t ®Þa chÊt vµ ph−¬ng ph¸p t¶i träng/søc chÞu
t¶i/hÖ sè an toµn truyÒn thèng. §iÒu nµy kh«ng tr¸nh
khái dÉn ®Õn mét thiÕt kÕ “dùa trªn t×nh huèng bÊt
lîi nhÊt”, mµ nã cã thÓ chØ cÇn thiÕt t¹i mét phÇn
nhá cña ®−êng hÇm mµ th«i.
rock TBMs /r˜k •rou/ n m¸y khoan hÇm dïng
trong ®¸: Rock TBMs are available in many
configurations ranging from main-beam open-
gripper to fully shielded pressurized face machines.
Two types of rock TBM are considered to be more
viable and cost-effective for the anticipated
conditions: (1) Open-face, main-beam, TBM with
grippers to thrust directly against the rock; (2)
Open-face, single shield, TBM with tail jacks that
thrust against the initial lining (ribs and lagging or
precast concrete segments): C¸c m¸y TBM trong ®¸
cã nhiÒu d¹ng cÊu t¹o kh¸c nhau, tõ lo¹i m¸y cã
dÇm chñ vµ ch©n ®¹p kh«ng dïng khiªn cho ®Õn lo¹i
khiªn kÝn t¸c dông ¸p lùc vµo g−¬ng. Cã hai lo¹i
TBM trong ®¸ ®−îc xem lµ ho¹t ®éng tèt vµ kinh tÕ
®èi víi nhiÒu ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt: (1) TBM hë g−¬ng,
cã dÇm chñ, cã ch©n ®¹p ®Ó tú trùc tiÕp vµo ®¸; (2)
TBM hë g−¬ng, cã khiªn ®¬n, cã c¸c kÝch phÝa ®u«I
®Ó ®¹p vµo vá hÇm ban ®Çu (nh− v× chèng thÐp vµ
v¸n chèng ngang hoÆc vá hÇm bªt«ng ®óc s½n).
rock throw /r˜k •rou/ n kho¶ng v¨ng xa cña ®¸:
The distance broken rock will be thrown down the
tunnel when the round is exploded: Lµ kho¶ng c¸ch
mµ khèi ®¸ bÞ ph¸ næ sÏ bÞ nÐm ®i trong lßng hÇm khi
kÝch næ cho mét b−íc ®µo.
rock tunnels /r˜k tʌnlz/ n c¸c hÇm ®µo trong ®¸:
Rock tunnels are excavated in a firm, cohesive
medium which may vary from relatively soft marl
and sandstone to the very hard igneous rocks such
as granite. Bedding and fissuring of rock layers, and
the presence of water, control construction methods
and difficulties: C¸c hÇm xuyªn ®¸ ®−îc ®µo trong
mét m«i tr−êng dÝnh kÕt, ch¾c ch¾n mµ nã cã thÓ
thay ®æi tõ nÒn ®¸ macn¬ vµ c¸t kÕt t−¬ng ®èi mÒm
tíi c¸c ®¸ macma rÊt cøng nh− granit. Sù ph©n líp
vµ nøt nÎ cña c¸c líp ®¸, vµ sù cã mÆt cña n−íc
ngÇm, sÏ quy ®Þnh ph−¬ng ph¸p thi c«ng vµ møc ®é
khã kh¨n.
rock vibration /r˜k vai'brei∫n/ n chÊn ®éng ®¸: In
rock excavation, we produce both rock vibrations
and noise (air vibration). We must preliminary
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
clarify the difference between vibrations and noise,
because: 1) The two phenomena are often
considered inter-related, but a strong noise is not a
good indicator of the intensity of vibrations, nor the
opposite is true; 2) Some kinds of excavation work
can produce moderate noise but strong rock
vibrations, others strong noise but lower vibration
levels: Trong c«ng t¸c ®µo ®¸, chóng ta t¹o ra c¶
chÊn ®éng ®¸ lÉn tiÕng ån (chÊn ®éng kh«ng khÝ).
Chóng ta cÇn ph©n biÖt sù kh¸c nhau gi÷a chÊn ®éng
vµ ån, bëi v×: 1) Hai hiÖn t−îng tuy th−êng ®−îc xem
lµ cã mèi quan hÖ lÉn nhau, nh−ng mét tiÕng ån lín
kh«ng ph¶i lµ dÊu hiÖu cña mét chÊn ®éng m¹nh, vµ
ng−îc l¹i; 2) Mét sè d¹ng c«ng t¸c ®µo ®¸ cã thÓ t¹o
ra tiÕng ån võa ph¶i nh−ng chÊn ®éng ®¸ m¹nh,
d¹ng kh¸c cã tiÕng ån lín nh−ng møc ®é chÊn ®éng
nhá.
rockbolting /r˜kboulti–/ n sù thi c«ng bul«ng neo:
The act of supporting openings in rock with steel
bolts anchored in holes drilled especially for this
purpose: Lµ c«ng t¸c gia c−êng hang ngÇm trong ®¸
b»ng c¸c bul«ng thÐp ®−îc neo ch¾c vµo c¸c lç
khoan ®· ®−îc khoan s½n cho môc ®Ých nµy.
rockfall shelter = rockshed /r˜k f˜:l '∫eltə/ n m¸i
che b¶o vÖ chèng ®¸ r¬i: Rocksheds or avalanche
shelters are widely used on steep slopes above
narrow railways or roadways. An effective shelter
requires a steeply sloping roof covering a relatively
narrow span. In the case of a wide multi-lane
highway, it may not be possible to design a rockshed
structure with sufficient strength to withstand large
rockfalls: C¸c m¸i che b¶o vÖ chèng ®¸ lë ®−îc sö
dông réng r·i trªn c¸c s−ên nói/m¸i dèc ®øng phÝa
trªn c¸c ®−êng s¾t hoÆc ®−êng bé hÑp. Mét kÕt cÊu
che ch¾n hiÖu qu¶ cÇn cã mét tÊm m¸i víi ®é dèc
lín bao phñ mét nhÞp t−¬ng ®èi hÑp. Trong tr−êng
hîp mét ®−êng «t« réng cã nhiÒu lµn, cã thÓ sÏ
kh«ng thÓ thiÕt kÕ ®−îc mét kÕt cÊu m¸i che cã ®ñ
c−êng ®é ®Ó chÞu ®−îc c¸c vô ®¸ lë lín.
rod = level rod /r˜d/ n mia, cäc tiªu.
rod = steel rod = extension rod /r˜d/ n cÇn
khoan: When using intergral rods sets, the insert
diameter has to be reduced for each stage to prevent
the rod from jamming in the hole (the hole diameter
decreases with increasing steel length): Khi sö dông
mét bé nhiÒu cÇn khoan lo¹i liÒn chiÕc, ®−êng kÝnh
mòi khoan ph¶i gi¶m ®i trong mçi giai ®o¹n ®Ó
chèng cÇn khoan bÞ t¾c trong lç (®−êng kÝnh lç gi¶m
®i theo chiÒu t¨ng cña cÇn khoan) o The main
advantages of MF (male-female) extension rod type
are easy coupling and uncoupling, safe operation,
 270
good energy transmission, and straighter holes:
Nh÷ng −u ®iÓm chÝnh cña lo¹i cÇn khoan tæ hîp MF
(låi lâm) lµ dÔ nèi ghÐp vµ th¸o nèi, lµm viÖc an
toµn, truyÒn n¨ng l−îng tèt, vµ t¹o lç khoan th¼ng
h¬n.
rod man /r˜d m“n/ n ng−êi ®i mia (kh¶o s¸t).
rod pushing /r˜d 'pu∫iη/ n khoan ®Èy èng cøng:
Method of forming a pilot bore by driving a closed
pipe head with rigid attachment from a launch pit
into the soil which is displaced. Limited steering and
monitoring capability may be provided, usually in
conjunction with a locator: Lµ ph−¬ng ph¸p t¹o ra
mét hang hoa tiªu b»ng c¸ch khoan mét ®Çu èng kÝn
cã g¾n bé phËn cøng, ®i tõ mét giÕng xuÊt ph¸t vµo
nÒn ®Êt råi lµm dÞch chuyÓn vµ chiÕm chç cña ®Êt.
Cã thÓ trang bÞ kh¶ n¨ng l¸i vµ theo dâi h¹n chÕ,
th−êng kÕt hîp víi mét bé ®Þnh vÞ.
roll /'roul/ n sù l¨n, sù xoay: Roll or rotation is
defined as the rotation of a circular shield about its
longitudinal axis in shield-driven tunnels. Rolling
should be corrected before it gets more than 5
degrees: Sù xoay hay quay ®−îc ®Þnh nghÜa lµ sù
quay cña khiªn ®µo d¹ng h×nh trßn quanh trôc däc
cña nã trong nh÷ng hÇm ®µo b»ng khiªn. Sù xoay
ph¶i ®−îc ®iÒu chØnh tr−íc khi nã v−ît qu¸ 5 ®é.
roller cutter /'roul” 'kʌt”/ n l−ìi c¾t quay-l¨n
(TBM): A cutter consisting of a circular metal disk
with hardened rim or teeth, mounted on bearings set
in the rotating face of a TBM and rolled in an arc
across the rock face under force; the resulting
concentration of force or of stress spalls the rock.
See also disc cutter: Mét ®Çu c¾t cÊu t¹o tõ mét ®Üa
kim lo¹i trßn víi c¸c bê mÐp hoÆc r¨ng t«i cøng, l¾p
trªn khèi ®ì trªn mÆt quay cña mét m¸y TBM vµ l¨n
®i mét cung qua g−¬ng ®¸ d−íi lùc ®Èy Ðp; sù tËp
trung lùc hay øng suÊt t¹o ra sÏ lµm cho ®¸ bÞ bong
vì. Xem thªm "disc cutter".
roof /ru:f/ n m¸i hÇm: The configuration of the
upper portion of a tunnel section above the
springline. The crown or back of a tunnel: Lµ phÇn
phÝa trªn cña mÆt c¾t hÇm n»m phÝa trªn ®−êng
ph©n chia vßm-t−êng. Cßn gäi lµ ®Ønh hay l−ng hÇm
o Top of excavation or underground opening,
particularly applicable in bedded rocks where the
top surface of the opening is flat rather than arched:
Lµ phÇn ®Ønh cña hè ®µo hoÆc hang ngÇm, ®Æc biÖt
dïng cho c¸c ®¸ ph©n líp trong ®ã bÒ mÆt ®Ønh cña
hang ngÇm lµ b»ng ph¼ng chø kh«ng ph¶i lµ cã h×nh
vßm.
roof bolts /ru:f boult/ n bul«ng neo m¸i hÇm: Bolts
equipped with an expanded anchor at one end and a
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
nut and washer at the other. Installed in drilled
holes to tie rock together. Also known as rock bolts:
Lµ c¸c bul«ng ®−îc trang bÞ mét neo gi·n në ë mét
®Çu vµ ®ai èc vµ b¶n ®Öm ë ®Çu kia. L¾p vµo trong
c¸c lç khoan s½n ®Ó liªn kÕt ch¾c ch¾n khèi ®¸.
§ång nghÜa víi neo ®¸.
roof fall /ru:f f˜:l/ n sËp m¸i hÇm: A tunnel cave-in
especially in permanent areas such as entries: Mét
sù sËp lë hÇm tõ trªn nãc ®Æc biÖt lµ t¹i c¸c khu vùc
nh− lèi vµo.
roof protection /ru:f prə'tek∫n/ n b¶o vÖ ®Ønh hÇm
d×m: Protection provided to the waterproofing
membrane on the roof against accidental damage:
Lµ líp b¶o vÖ t¹o ra cho mµng chèng thÊm trªn m¸i
hÇm ®Ó chèng l¹i c¸c h− h¹i ngÉu nhiªn.
rot away /r˜t ”'wei/ v chÕt dÇn chÕt mßn, môc n¸t
(gç): In many railroad tunnels, the timber sets that
have been used for permanent support are still in
place. Where concrete lining must be used, as in
aqueduct tunnels, it must be designed to take the full
rock load, because in time the timber will rot away:
Trong nhiÒu hÇm ®−êng s¾t, nh÷ng thanh chèng
b»ng gç mµ chóng ®· tõng ®−îc dïng lµm hÖ chèng
vÜnh cöu hiÖn vÉn tån t¹i. Khi b¾t buéc ph¶i lµm vá
hÇm bªt«ng, vÝ dô trong hÇm dÉn n−íc, nã ph¶i ®−îc
thiÕt kÕ ®Ó chÞu toµn bé t¶i träng ®Êt nÒn, bëi v× theo
thêi gian gç sÏ bÞ môc ®i.
rotary drill /rout”ri dril/ n m¸y khoan xoay: A
machine that drills holes by rotating a rigid, tubular
string of drill rods to which is attached a bit.
Commonly used for drilling large-diameter
blastholes in open pit mines: Mét m¸y khoan c¸c lç
b»ng c¸ch quay mét cÇn khoan h×nh èng, cøng cã
g¾n mòi khoan. Th−êng dïng ®Ó khoan c¸c lç m×n
®−êng kÝnh lín trong khai th¸c má lé thiªn.
rotary drilling /rout”ri driliô/ n khoan xoay: a
process for drilling a hole with a rotating drill bit
under constant pressure. (See also percussion
drilling): Lµ mét qu¸ tr×nh t¹o ra mét lç khoan b»ng
mét mòi khoan xoay chÞu ¸p lùc kh«ng ®æi (xem
thªm percussion drilling).
rough /'rʌf/ adj gå ghÒ; xï x×; lëm chëm;
nhÊp nh«, nh¸m, r¸p: Shape term for a rock particle
with a surface texture that feels uneven, corrugated
or lumpy, i.e. lacks smoothness: ThuËt ng÷ chØ h×nh
d¹ng chØ mét h¹t ®¸ cã kiÕn tróc bÒ mÆt t¹o c¶m gi¸c
kh«ng nh½n, gÊp nÕp (nh¨n) hay næi côc, tøc lµ thiÕu
®é b»ng ph¼ng.
roughness /'rʌfnis/ n tÝnh chÊt [tr¹ng th¸i, ®é] gå
ghÒ; sù xï x×; sù lëm chëm; ®é nh¸m, ®é r¸p:
irregular roughness in the excavated perimeter: ®é
 271
nh¸m kh«ng ®ång ®Òu ®¸ng kÓ theo chu vi ®µo o
surface roughness: ®é nh¸m bÒ mÆt o The
"roughness" of a discontinuity is made up of two
components: large-scale "waviness" and small-scale
"unevenness". Roughness may be measured
quantitatively by using linear profiling, a compass
and disc-clinometer or a photogrammetric method:
§é nh¸m cña mét khe nøt cã hai thµnh phÇn - '®é
gîn sãng' trªn quy m« lín vµ '®é gå ghÒ' ë quy m«
nhá. §é nh¸m cã thÓ ®o ®¹c mét c¸ch ®Þnh l−îng
nhê dïng ®o biªn d¹ng tuyÕn, mét la bµn vµ khÝ cô
®o nghiªng d¹ng ®Üa, hay mét ph−¬ng ph¸p quang
tr¾c.
round /raund/ n chu tr×nh ®µo: A round is
defined as a complete sequence of drilling, blasting,
mucking and construction of a tunnel support
system(s) for a distance along the tunnel length. A
round distance may vary from 70 cm to 4 meter in
length, based on the rock condition: Mét chu tr×nh
®µo ®−îc ®Þnh nghÜa lµ mét d·y hoµn thiÖn c¸c c«ng
viÖc tõ khoan, næ m×n, bèc xóc vµ l¾p xong hÖ thèng
v× chèng cho mét kho¶ng c¸ch däc theo hÇm. Mét
chiÒu dµi b−íc ®µo cã thÓ thay ®æi tõ 70 cm tíi 4m,
tïy thuéc vµo ®iÒu kiÖn ®Êt ®¸.
route foot /ru:t fu:t/ n mÐt ®o tuyÕn: A
measurement of alignment that distinguishes
between single tube and multiple tube configurations
for the purpose of equating the utility of borehole
surveys. For example, one borehole may be used to
survey (theoretically) twice as many linear ft of
tunnel for a double tube system as for a single tube
system. Thus, one route ft in a double tube system
comprises two linear ft of tunnel alignment; in a
single tube system, route ft and linear are the same:
Lµ mét sè ®o vÒ tuyÕn mµ nã kh¸c biÖt gi÷a mÆt c¾t
hÇm èng ®¬n vµ hÇm nhiÒu èng trßn nh»m môc ®Ých
chuyÓn ®æi sö dông c¸c kÕt qu¶ kh¶o s¸t lç khoan. VÝ
dô, mét lç khoan cã thÓ dïng ®Ó kh¶o s¸t (vÒ mÆt lý
thuyÕt) sè mÐt dµi hÇm cho mét hÖ thèng hÇm ®«i
nhiÒu gÊp hai lÇn so víi cña mét hÖ thèng hÇm ®¬n.
Tøc lµ, mét mÐt ®o tuyÕn trong mét hÖ thèng hÇm ®«i
sÏ b»ng hai mÐt ®o dµi tuyÕn hÇm; trong hÖ thèng
hÇm ®¬n, mÐt ®o tuyÕn vµ ®o dµi lµ gièng nhau.
routing /ru:ti–/ n sù (c¸ch) m¾c m¹ch ®iÖn: In
railroad tunnels, to forestall the probability of an
extended outage of the electric service occurring at
a time when a train may be passing through the
tunnel, a reliable second source of power must be
provided and it must originate from another power
plant, and the routing of the circuit is over a
different geographical area: Trong nh÷ng hÇm
®−êng s¾t, ®Ó ®Ò phßng kh¶ n¨ng mÊt ®iÖn toµn diÖn
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
cña m¹ng ®iÖn chÝnh x¶y ra khi ®oµn tµu ®ang v−ît
qua hÇm, cÇn ph¶i trang bÞ mét nguån ®iÖn thø hai
tin cËy, nã cÇn xuÊt ph¸t tõ mét nhµ m¸y ®iÖn kh¸c,
vµ ®−êng ®i cña m¹ch ®iÖn nµy sÏ ®i qua mét vïng
®Þa lý kh¸c.
RQD (Rock Quality Designation) /a:kju:di: r˜k
'kwɔliti ,dezig'nei‘n/ n Ph©n cÊp ChÊt l−îng §¸,
ChØ tiªu ChÊt l−îng §¸: In the mid-1960s, Dr. Don
U. Deere, of the University of Illinois (USA),
developed an improved method of logging rock core
to calculate a modified core recovery percentage,
called the Rock Quality Designation (RQD). RQD
(%) is the total length of solid core pieces, each
greater than 100 mm between natural fractures,
expressed as a percentage of the total length of core
run: Gi÷a nh÷ng n¨m 1960, GS Don U. Deere cña
§¹i häc Illinois (Mü) ®· s¸ng t¹o mét ph−¬ng ph¸p
c¶i tiÕn trong viÖc ®¸nh gi¸ mÉu ®¸ ®Ó tÝnh to¸n sè
phÇn tr¨m thu håi mÉu cã ®iÒu chØnh, gäi lµ ChØ tiªu
ChÊt l−îng §¸ (RQD). RQD (%) lµ tæng chiÒu dµi
cña c¸c ®o¹n mÉu r¾n liÒn, mçi ®o¹n dµi h¬n 100
mm gi÷a c¸c khe nøt tù nhiªn, biÓu thÞ b»ng sè phÇn
tr¨m so víi tæng ®é dµi cña toµn bé c¸c ®o¹n mÉu.
RRS (Reinforced Ribs of Shotcrete) /,ri:in'f˜:st
ribz ”v ∫˜tkri:t/ n s−ên b»ng bªt«ng phun ®−îc gia
c−êng: The simplicity of NMT allows drill and blast
driving rates of 0.6 m/hr. Use of S(fr) and bolting in
fault zones and clay bearing rock is eliminating the
need for use of cast concrete, and leads to costs
being 50% lower. Use of S(fr) and RRS used as
permanent support in soft-jointed rocks and over-
consolidated fissured clays (such as London Clay),
will probably result in similar savings: TÝnh ®¬n
gi¶n cña Ph¬ng ph¸p lµm hÇm cña Na Uy (NMT)
cho phÐp tèc ®é ®µo hÇm b»ng khoan næ lªn tíi
0,6m/h. ViÖc dïng bªt«ng phun cèt sîi thÐp S(fr) vµ
dïng c¸c s−ên bªt«ng phun ®−îc gia c−êng (RRS)
lµm hÖ chèng ®ì vÜnh cöu trong ®¸ mÒm nøt nÎ vµ
®Êt sÐt nøt nÎ qu¸ cè kÕt (nh− ®Êt sÐt London), còng
sÏ ®em l¹i nh÷ng kho¶n tiÕt kiÖm t−¬ng tù.
rubber-tyred metro car /'rʌb” 'tai”d 'metrou ka:/ n
Toa xe điện ngầm dùng bánh xe cao su.
run to spoil /'rʌn tu: sp˜il/ n ®æ ®Êt th¶i: An
operation of transporting and discharging
unsuitable materials arising from the excavation,
into a site previously selected for unsuitable
materials: Mét ho¹t ®éng vËn chuyÓn vµ ®æ bá c¸c
vËt liÖu kh«ng phï hîp sinh ra tõ qu¸ tr×nh ®µo, vµo
mét ®Þa ®iÓm ®−îc lùa chän tõ tr−íc ®Ó chøa vËt liÖu
th¶i.
 272

run-in /'rʌn-in/ n ®Êt ch¶y sôt: Relatively sudden,

uncontrolled flow of material into a tunnel from the
face or the tunnel circumference: Lµ sù ch¶y ®Êt
kh«ng kiÓm so¸t ®−îc, t−¬ng ®èi bÊt ngê tõ g−¬ng
®µo hay tõ chu vi hÇm vµo trong lßng hÇm.
running ground /'rʌni– graund/ n ®Êt ch¶y; ®Êt
kh«ng æn ®Þnh: Perfectly cohesionless materials
(such as dry sand or clean, loose gravel) above the
water table which flow into the excavated area while
the tunnel is being excavated. When exposed at
slopes steeper than ¡300 - 350 this type of ground
runs like granulated sugar or dune sand until the
slope flattens to the angle of repose: Lµ c¸c vËt liÖu
hoµn toµn kh«ng dÝnh (nh− c¸t kh« hay sái rêi, s¹ch)
n»m phÝa trªn mùc n−íc ngÇm mµ chóng ch¶y vµo
khu vùc ®µo trong khi hÇm ®ang ®−îc ®µo. HoÆc khi
n»m trªn c¸c m¸i dèc h¬n ¡300 - 350 lo¹i ®Êt nµy sÏ
tù ch¶y xuèng gièng nh− ®−êng ¨n d¹ng h¹t hoÆc
®ôn c¸t vËy, cho tíi khi m¸i dèc trë nªn b»ng ph¼ng
®¹t tíi gãc nghØ.
running sand /'rʌni– graund/ n c¸t ch¶y: As
the tunnel excavation proceeds, horizontal timber
lagging is placed against the face of the excavation.
In very wet soil or in running sand, hay is forced
into the small spaces that have been reserved
between the lagging to allow for drainage to prevent
the ground from flowing into the excavated area:
Khi viÖc ®µo hÇm tiÕn triÓn, thanh chèng ngang b»ng
gç ®−îc ®Æt ¸p vµo mÆt hè ®µo ®Ó t¹o nªn t−êng
ch¾n. Trong ®Êt rÊt −ít hay trong nÒn c¸t ch¶y, cá
kh« ®−îc nhÐt vµo gi÷a c¸c kho¶ng trèng nhá (®·
®−îc chõa l¹i gi÷a c¸c thanh chèng cho môc ®Ých
tho¸t n−íc) ®Ó ng¨n kh«ng cho ®Êt ch¶y vµo khu vùc
®· ®µo.
rupture /'rʌpt∫ə/ n sù ph¸ ho¹i, ®øt: That stage in
the development of a fracture where instability
occurs. It is not recommended that the term rupture
be used in rock mechanics as a synonym for
fracture: Lµ giai ®o¹n trong qu¸ tr×nh ph¸t triÓn cña
ph¸ hñy t¹i ®ã x¶y ra mÊt æn ®Þnh. Trong c¬ häc ®¸,
ng−êi ta khuyªn r»ng kh«ng nªn dïng thuËt ng÷
“rupture” nh− mét tõ ®ång nghÜa víi “fracture”.

Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
 273
Ss
S wave /es weiv/ n sãng thø cÊp, sãng ngang: A
seismic body wave that shakes the ground back and
forth perpendicular to the direction the wave is
moving, also called a shear wave: Lµ mét sãng ®Þa
chÊn g©y chÊn ®éng qua l¹i theo h−íng vu«ng gãc
víi h−íng truyÒn sãng, còng ®−îc gäi lµ sãng c¾t.
saccharoidal dolomite /'sækərɔid 'dɔləmait/ n ®¸
®olomit cã h¹t gièng nh− ®−êng: Comprehensive
investigations revealed that at the level of the
exploratory adit of the Gotthard Base Tunnel, the
syncline is approximately 250 m wide and consists of
fine grained saccharoidal dolomite with water
pressures up to 1,000 m: C¸c ®iÒu tra ®Þa chÊt tæng
hîp cho thÊy r»ng, t¹i cao ®é cña hÇm kh¶o s¸t phôc
vô hÇm Gotthard ch©n nói, cã mét nÕp lâm réng
kho¶ng 250m ®−îc cÊu t¹o tõ ®¸ ®olomit cã h¹t
gièng nh− ®−êng h¹t nhá víi ¸p lùc n−íc lªn tíi
1000m.
safety /'seifti/ n sù an toµn; tÝnh an toµn: A
condition without physical danger. An area of
analysis for alternate designs that can have
significant public or private cost implications. No
treatment of tunneling would be complete without
special emphasis on safety, both during construction
and in operation and public use: Lµ mét t×nh tr¹ng
kh«ng cã nguy hiÓm mang tÝnh vËt lý. Cßn lµ mét
lÜnh vùc ph©n tÝch cho c¸c thiÕt kÕ thay thÕ mµ nã cã
thÓ cã c¸c t¸c ®éng ®¸ng kÓ vÒ chi phÝ c¸ nh©n hay
céng ®ång. SÏ kh«ng cã c«ng viÖc kiÕn thiÕt hÇm nµo
lµ hoµn thiÖn nÕu kh«ng nhÊn m¹nh ®Æc biÖt vÒ an
toµn, c¶ trong khi x©y dùng, vËn hµnh vµ sö dông
c«ng céng o Safety and industrial health need to
be given highest priority in all respects of the Works:
An toµn vµ søc kháe c«ng nghiÖp cÇn ®−îc −u tiªn
cao nhÊt trong mäi lÜnh vùc cña C«ng tr×nh o All
safety and emergency procedure training for all
persons working on the site shall be reinforced by
regular practice drills: Mäi ch−¬ng tr×nh huÊn luyÖn
vÒ an toµn vµ biÖn ph¸p cÊp cøu cho toµn bé nh©n
viªn lµm viÖc trªn c«ng tr−êng ph¶i ®−îc cñng cè
b»ng sù tËp luyÖn thùc hµnh th−êng xuyªn.
safety and health /'seifti “nd helθ/ n an toµn vµ
søc kháe.
safety apparatus /'seifti ,“p”'reit”s/ n ®å trang bÞ
an toµn.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
safety factor /'seifti 'f“kt”/ n hÖ sè an toµn: All
tunnels should be built so as to possess an adequate
safety against bearing capacity failure. The choice
of safety factors should depend on the character and
expected life of the structure as well as on the
consequences of failure: Mäi ®−êng hÇm ®Òu ph¶i
®−îc x©y dùng sao cho cã mét ®é an toµn ®ñ ®Ó
chèng l¹i sù ph¸ ho¹i vÒ kh¶ n¨ng chÞu t¶i. ViÖc lùa
chän hÖ sè an toµn phô thuéc vµo ®Æc ®iÓm c«ng
tr×nh vµ tuæi thä dù kiÕn cña nã, còng nh− vµo c¸c
hËu qu¶ ph¸ ho¹i.
safety harnesses /'seifti 'h:nisiz/ n ®å trang
bÞ/dông cô an toµn lao ®éng.
safety helmet /'seifti 'helmit/ n mò an toµn lao
®éng: For adequate protection the Shockmasterå
helmit must fit or be adjusted to the size of the user's
head. This helmet is made to absorb the energy of a
blow by partial destruction or damage to the shell
and the harness, and even though such damage may
not be readily apparent, any helmit subjected to
severe impact should be replaced: §Ó cã ®−îc sù
b¶o vÖ tèt, mò cøng Shockmasterå ph¶i «m khÝt hoÆc
®−îc ®iÒu chØnh cho võa víi kÝch cì ®Çu ng−êi sö
dông. Lo¹i mò nµy ®−îc chÕ t¹o ®Ó hÊp thô n¨ng
l−îng cña mét có ®Ëp nhê sù ph¸ ho¹i hay lµm h−
mét phÇn cña vá mò vµ bé d©y «m quanh ®Çu; ngay
c¶ khi sù h− h¹i Êy kh«ng thÊy râ ngay, th× bÊt cø
chiÕc mò nµo nÕu ph¶i chÞu mét va ®Ëp nghiªm träng
®Òu ph¶i ®−îc bá ®i.
safety inspection /'seifti in'spek∫n/ n kiÓm
tra/thanh tra an toµn.
safety officer /'seifti '˜fis”/ n c¸n bé an toµn: The
Contractor's safety officer shall supervise and
monitor compliance with the site safety plan and
shall carry out auditing of the operation of the site
safety plan in accordance with a rolling program to
be submitted to the Engineer for his consent: C¸n bé
an toµn cña Nhµ thÇu sÏ gi¸m s¸t vµ kiÓm tra sù thi
hµnh ®óng cña kÕ ho¹ch an toµn c«ng tr−êng vµ sÏ
thùc hiÖn viÖc kiÓm tra chÝnh thøc sù thùc thi cña kÕ
ho¹ch an toµn c«ng tr−êng theo ®óng mét ch−¬ng
tr×nh quay vßng ®−îc ®Þnh kú tr×nh lªn T− vÊn ®Ó
®−îc chÊp thuËn.
safety plan /'seifti pl“n/ n kÕ ho¹ch an toµn:
Protection of authorized and unauthorized visitors to
the site will be included in a safety plan: ViÖc kiÓm
so¸t ng−êi ®−îc phÐp vµ kh«ng ®−îc phÐp ra vµo
c«ng tr−êng sÏ lµ mét phÇn cña kÕ ho¹ch an toµn.
safety staff /'seifti st:f/ n [®éi ngò] nh©n viªn an
toµn: The Contractor shall empower the safety
officer and safety staff to instruct employees of the
 274
Contractor or of its subcontractors of any tiers to
cease operations and take urgen and appropriate
action to make safe the Site and prevent unsafe
working practices or other infringements of the Site
Safety Plan or the statutory regulations: Nhµ thÇu sÏ
trao quyÒn cho c¸n bé vµ nh©n viªn an toµn ®−îc
phÐp ra lÖnh cho nh©n viªn cña Nhµ thÇu hay cña
c¸c nhµ thÇu phô cña nã thuéc mäi cÊp bËc ph¶i
dõng c«ng viÖc vµ thùc hiÖn c¸c biÖn ph¸p thÝch hîp
vµ khÈn cÊp ®Ó khiÕn cho C«ng tr−êng ®−îc an toµn
vµ ng¨n ngõa c¸c thãi quen lao ®éng mÊt an toµn
hoÆc c¸c vi ph¹m kh¸c ®èi víi KÕ ho¹ch An toµn
C«ng tr−êng hay c¸c ®iÒu kho¶n do luËt ph¸p quy
®Þnh.
safety shoe /'seifti ‘u:/ n giµy an toµn, ñng: Safety
shoes which protect the workers' feet from
lacerations or punctures or against crushing or
pinching from rolling or falling heavy objects are
available and should be worn by workers exposed to
those hazards: C¸c lo¹i ñng an toµn b¶o vÖ ch©n
c«ng nh©n khái bÞ xÐ r¸ch hay bÞ ®©m thñng, hoÆc
chèng l¹i sù ®Ì n¸t hay bÞ kÑp bëi c¸c vËt thÓ nÆng
®ang l¨n hay r¬i, lµ rÊt cã s½n vµ ph¶i ®−îc mang
bëi nh÷ng c«ng nh©n lµm viÖc trong t×nh thÕ dÔ bÞ
nh÷ng nguy c¬ ®ã.
safety training /'seifti 'treini–/ n huÊn luyÖn an
toµn.
safety warning /'seifti 'w˜:ni–/ n c¶nh b¸o an
toµn:
sag /s“g/ n sù sôt lón; sù l¬i láng; sù chïng; sù
tr«i gi¹t: An initial sag of shotcrete has no protection
against progressive delaminating or secondary
bending unless anchored by the bolts: Mét sù sôt
vâng ban ®Çu cña bªt«ng sÏ kh«ng cã t¸c dông b¶o
vÖ khái sù bong trãc liªn tiÕp hay sù uèn thø cÊp trõ
phi ®−îc neo gi÷ bëi c¸c bul«ng.
sagging /'s“giô/ n sù lón; sù sôt xuèng, sù vâng
xuèng: nonuniform downward flow of a material
that occurs between the time of application and
setting: lµ sù ch¶y xuèng phÝa d−íi kh«ng ®ång ®Òu
cña mét vËt liÖu diÔn ra gi÷a thêi gian thi c«ng vµ
ninh kÕt o Usually occurs in sedimentary rock
formations as a separation and downward bending
of sedimentary beds in the roof of an underground
opening: Th−êng x¶y ra trong c¸c thµnh hÖ ®¸ trÇm
tÝch nh− mét sù ph©n t¸ch vµ uèn xuèng phÝa d−íi
cña c¸c líp trÇm tÝch phÝa trªn m¸i cña mét hang
ngÇm.
saline /'seilain/ adj mÆn, chøa muèi.
salinity /s”'lin”ti/ n tÝnh mÆn, ®é mÆn.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
sample /'sa:mpl/ n mÉu thö: A portion of material
taken from a larger quantity of material which
serves to provide information that can be used as a
basis for action on the larger quantity: Lµ mét phÇn
cña vËt liÖu ®−îc lÊy tõ mét khèi l−îng vËt liÖu lín
h¬n ®Ó phôc vô môc ®Ých cung cÊp th«ng tin ®Ó dïng
lµm c¨n cø cho hµnh ®éng cÇn thùc hiÖn ®èi víi khèi
vËt liÖu lín h¬n ®ã o The Contractor should make
provision in his tender for the cost of supplying
samples which are required under the Contract:
Nhµ thÇu ph¶i ®−a ra trong hå s¬ thÇu cña m×nh
kho¶n chi phÝ vÒ cung cÊp mÉu thö mµ chóng cÇn
®Õn trong Hîp ®ång.
sampling /'s“mpli–/ n sù lÊy mÉu thö: Knowing
the rock conditions along an intended tunnel
requires sampling the rock above the tunnel for the
proper preparation of geologic cross-sections: HiÓu
biÕt vÒ ®Êt ®¸ däc mét ®−êng hÇm dù kiÕn ®ßi hái
ph¶i lÊy mÉu ®¸ n»m phÝa trªn hÇm nh»m cã ®−îc
mÆt c¾t ®Þa chÊt chÝnh x¸c.
sand /s“nd/ n c¸t: Specifically, soil particles
with a grain size ranging from 0.053 to 2.0 mm.
Loosely, the aggregate component of grout; in
aggregate industry usage may include particles finer
than 0.053 mm and particles as large as 9.5 mm:
Nãi mét c¸ch chÆt chÐ, ®ã lµ c¸c h¹t ®Êt cã kÝch cì
h¹t tõ 0,053 ®Õn 2 mm. Nãi mét c¸ch gÇn ®óng, ®ã
lµ thµnh phÇn cèt liÖu cña v÷a; khi sö dông trong
ngµnh s¶n xuÊt cèt liÖu th× c¸t cã thÓ bao gåm c¶ c¸c
h¹t nhá h¬n 0,053 mm vµ c¸c h¹t lín tíi 9,5 mm o
Sand used with cement mortar mixes shall be natural
or manufactured sand conforming to the
requirements of ASTM C144, and having a specified
gradation: C¸t dïng ®Ó trén c¸c hçn hîp v÷a xim¨ng
cã thÓ lµ c¸t thiªn nhiªn hay c¸t nghiÒn (c¸t bét ®¸),
phï hîp víi yªu cÇu cña ASTM C144 vµ cã cÊp phèi
nh− ®· quy ®Þnh.
sand bedding /s“nd bediô/ n nÒn/mãng c¸t: A
foundation formed by filling the space between the
underside of an element and the pre-excavated
trench bottom with sand. The sand is placed
hydraulically with the sand-flow or sand-jetting
method. Until this operation is complete, elements
require temporary support. A small gap may exist at
the underside of the element after this operation, so
that the temporary supports must be released or
deactivated to lower the element onto the
foundation: Lµ mét nÒn mãng t¹o thµnh b»ng c¸ch
lÊp ®Çy c¸t vµo kho¶ng trèng gi÷a mÆt d−íi ®èt hÇm
d×m vµ ®¸y hµo ®µo s½n d−íi s«ng. C¸t ®−îc lÊp nhê
søc n−íc víi ph−¬ng ph¸p dßng c¸t ch¶y hoÆc phôt
c¸t. Cho ®Õn khi kÕt thóc c«ng viÖc nµy, cÇn ph¶i
 275
chèng ®ì t¹m cho ®èt hÇm. Sau khi lµm xong, mét
khe nhá cã thÓ cßn tån t¹i bªn d−íi ®¸y hÇm, do ®ã
c¸c gèi t¹m ph¶i ®−îc th¸o bá hay lµm mÊt t¸c dông
®Ó h¹ hÇm lªn mãng.
sand-coarse aggregate ratio /s“nd-k˜:s '“grigit
'rei∫iou/ n tû lÖ gi÷a cèt liÖu th« vµ c¸t.
sand equivalent /s“nd i'kwivələnt/ n ®−¬ng l−îng
c¸t: A measure of the amount of silt or clay
contamination in fine aggregate as determined by
test (Test Method D 2419): Lµ mét sè ®o l−îng
nhiÔm bïn hoÆc sÐt trong cèt liÖu nhá, ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh
theo thÝ nghiÖm ASTM D 2419.
sand flow /s“nd flou/ n dßng c¸t ch¶y, rãt
c¸t: A method of sand bedding whereby the sand-
water mix is transported through a pipe system with
fixed outlets in the soffit of the element. The mix is
usually discharged through one outlet at a time. As
the velocity of the mix decreases after leaving the
outlet, sand is deposited by gravity to form a firm
pancake-shaped mound almost touching the
underside of the tunnel, with a small depression
beneath the outlet. While pancake dimensions vary,
an area of 100 square metres would not be unusual.
The sand-water mix may be supplied either
externally though inlets in the roof or walls, or from
inside through non-return valves: Lµ mét ph−¬ng
ph¸p t¹o mãng c¸t trong ®ã hçn hîp c¸t-n−íc ®−îc
vËn chuyÓn qua mét hÖ thèng èng cã c¸c cöa ra cè
®Þnh ë mÆt d−íi ®èt hÇm d×m. Hçn hîp nµy th−êng
chØ ®−îc x¶ ra qua mét cöa t¹i mét thêi ®iÓm. V× vËn
tèc cña hçn hîp c¸t gi¶m ®i sau khi ra khái èng x¶,
c¸t ®−îc ®æ/l¾ng nhê träng lùc®Ó t¹o thµnh mét ®èng
chÆt h×nh b¸nh kÕp gÇn nh− ch¹m tíi mÆt d−íi cña
®èt hÇm, víi mét hè lâm nhá bªn d−íi èng x¶. MÆc
dï kÝch cì c¸c ®èng c¸t h×nh b¸nh dÑt lµ kh«ng cè
®Þnh, nh−ng th−êng ®¹t ®−îc mét diÖn tÝch kho¶ng
100 m2. Hçn hîp c¸t-n−íc cã thÓ ®−îc cung cÊp tõ
bªn ngoµi qua c¸c cöa vµo trªn nãc hÇm hay t−êng
hÇm, hoÆc lµ cung cÊp tõ bªn trong qua c¸c van
kh«ng håi l−u.
sand gradation /s“nd gr”'dei‘n/ n cÊp phèi c¸t.
sand hog /s“nd h˜g / n thî lµm hÇm: Miner who
works in a tunnel driven under air pressure: Lµ thî
má lµm viÖc trong mét hÇm ®−îc ®µo d−íi khÝ nÐn.
sand jetting /s“nd dʒetiô/ n phôt c¸t: A method
of sand bedding whereby the sand-water mix is
transported through a jet pipe which can be moved
anywhere in the void between the underside of the
tunnel and the trench bottom. As the velocity of the
mix decreases after leaving the jet, sand is deposited
by gravity. The resulting density of the sand is less
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
than by the sand flow method. The work can only be
done from the outside: Mét ph−¬ng ph¸p t¹o mãng
c¸t trong ®ã hçn hîp c¸t-n−íc ®−îc vËn chuyÓn qua
mét èng phôt mµ nã cã thÓ di chuyÓn ®i bÊt cø ®©u
trong kho¶ng trèng gi÷a mÆt bªn d−íi cña ®èt hÇm
d×m vµ ®¸y hµo d−íi s«ng. V× tèc ®é cña hçn hîp
gi¶m ®i sau khi ra khái miÖng phun, c¸t ®−îc tÝch l¹i
b»ng träng lùc. §é chÆt cã ®−îc cña c¸t sÏ bÐ h¬n so
víi ph−¬ng ph¸p rãt c¸t. C«ng t¸c nµy chØ cã thÓ lµm
®−îc tõ bªn ngoµi ®èt hÇm.
sand lenses /s“nd lenzis/ n thÊu kÝnh c¸t: A general
term for areas in the shotcrete that are either voids
or pockets of aggregate that have segregated from
the cement, sand lenses are oriented in planes
parallel to the layering of the shotcrete, analogous
to rock pockets or honeycomb in conventional
concrete: Mét thuËt ng÷ chung chØ c¸c vïng trong
khèi bªt«ng phun mµ chóng lµ c¸c lç rçng hoÆc lµ
c¸c tói cèt liÖu ®· bÞ ph©n tÇng khái v÷a xim¨ng, c¸c
thÊu kÝnh c¸t nµy s¾p xÕp theo c¸c mÆt ph¼ng song
song víi sù ph©n líp cña bªt«ng phun, t−¬ng tù nh−
c¸c tói rçng trong ®¸ hay rç tæ ong trong bªt«ng
th«ng th−êng.
sandstone /s“ndstoun/ n c¸t kÕt: Sedimentary
rock composed predominantly of sand-size particles
(0.06 to 2 mm); consisting of quartz sand united by
some cementing material, such as iron oxide or
calcium carbonate: Lµ lo¹i ®¸ trÇm tÝch chñ yÕu bao
gåm c¸c h¹t cã kÝch th−íc cì h¹t c¸t (0.06 ®Õn 2
mm); cÊu t¹o tõ c¸t th¹ch anh liªn kÕt thµnh khèi bëi
mét sè vËt liÖu g¾n kÕt nh− «xit s¾t hoÆc cacbonat
canxi.
scabbing /'sk“biô/ n sù tÈy (®ôc tinh chØnh) ®¸
quanh chu vi ®µo.
scabbling /'sk“bliô/ n sù ®Ïo ®¸.
SCADA (Main Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition System) n hÖ thèng Thu thËp D÷ liÖu vµ
KiÓm tra Gi¸m s¸t chÝnh trong hÇm: Supervisory
Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) refers to
interconnected computer systems located in plants,
refineries, utility substations, and other harsh or
remote environments. These systems monitor and
control machines or processes such as electricity
distribution and the flow of gas or liquids through
pipes. They typically connect to central computers
through phone lines or radio links: SCADA nãi tíi
nh÷ng hÖ thèng m¸y tÝnh nèi liªn th«ng ®Æt trong c¸c
c«ng x−ëng, nhµ m¸y läc dÇu, c¸c tr¹m thiÕt bÞ, vµ
c¸c m«i tr−êng xa x«i hay khã kh¨n kh¸c. Nh÷ng hÖ
thèng m¸y tÝnh nµy gi¸m s¸t vµ ®iÒu khiÓn c¸c m¸y
mãc hay c¸c qu¸ tr×nh nh− ph©n phèi ®iÖn vµ l−u
 276
l−îng dßng khÝ gas hay chÊt láng qua c¸c ®−êng èng.
Chóng th−êng nèi víi c¸c m¸y tÝnh trung t©m qua
®−êng d©y ®iÖn tho¹i hoÆc kÕt nèi radio o The
main task of the SCADA system is supervising the
tunnel operational and life safety support systems
(Sub SCADA systems) Fire Suppression Control
System, Fire Alarm and Detection System, Radio
Rebroadcast System, CCTV System, Power
Distribution Monitoring and Control System,
Lighting Control System, and Ventilation and
Environmental Monitoring and Control System:
NhiÖm vô chñ yÕu cña SCADA lµ gi¸m s¸t c¸c (8) hÖ
thèng con (Sub SCADA) liªn quan ®Õn vËn hµnh hÇm
vµ hç trî an toµn trong hÇm nh−: HÖ thèng ®iÒu
khiÓn cøu háa, HÖ thèng ph¸t hiÖn vµ b¸o ®éng ch¸y,
HÖ thèng tiÕp ph¸t radio, HÖ thèng truyÒn h×nh c¸p
(ca-mª-ra quan s¸t) CCTV, HÖ thèng ®iÒu khiÓn vµ
kiÓm so¸t ph©n phèi n¨ng l−îng, HÖ thèng ®iÒu
khiÓn giao th«ng, HÖ thèng ®iÒu khiÓn chiÕu s¸ng,
HÖ thèng ®iÒu khiÓn vµ kiÓm so¸t m«i tr−êng vµ
th«ng giã.
scaffold /'sk“fould/ n giµn gi¸o: Erection and
demolition of scaffold is a very dangerous work: L¾p
dùng vµ th¸o dì v¸n khu«n lµ mét c«ng viÖc rÊt nguy
hiÓm.
scaffolding /'sk“fouldiô/ n giµn gi¸o, ®µ gi¸o:
scale down /'skeil daun/ v n¹o, lµm bong ra tõng
m¶nh: After a round has been blasted, the first
operation is to scale down any loose rock in the
tunnel roof or sides that might cause injury to
personnel: Sau khi mét b−íc ®µo ®· ®−îc næ m×n,
viÖc lµm ®Çu tiªn lµ gät tØa bÊt cø chç ®¸ láng nµo
trªn trÇn hÇm hoÆc v¸ch hÇm mµ chóng cã thÓ g©y
th−¬ng tÝch cho ng−êi.
scaling /'skeili–/ n sù lµm trãc v¶y, sù gät tØa ®Êt
®¸, sù tÈy ®¸ trªn chu vi hang ®µo: Removing loose
pieces of rock from the tunnel surface after blasting:
Lµ sù ph¸ bá c¸c m¶nh ®¸ rêi khái bÒ mÆt hÇm sau
khi næ m×n ph¸ ®¸.
scanline measurement /'sk“nlain 'meʒəmənt/ n
®o tÇn suÊt khe nøt däc theo lâi mÉu cña lç khoan.
schedule /'‘edju:l/ /'sked™ul/ n kÕ ho¹ch, thêi
biÓu, ch−¬ng tr×nh, lÞch tr×nh: A realistic, achievable
construction sequence plan, more commonly called a
schedule, should be done in several phases: prebid
phase, construction phase, and as-built phase: Mét
®Ò ¸n c¸c b−íc thi c«ng mang tÝnh thùc tÕ, kh¶ thi,
th−êng ®−îc gäi lµ mét kÕ ho¹ch (lÞch tr×nh), ph¶i
®−îc lËp theo mét sè giai ®o¹n - giai ®o¹n tr−íc ®Êu
thÇu, giai ®o¹n thi c«ng, vµ giai ®o¹n hoµn c«ng.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
schedule management /'∫edju:l 'm“nidʒm”nt/ n
kiÓm so¸t/qu¶n lý tiÕn ®é.
scheduled progress /'‘edju:ld 'prougres/ n tiÕn
®é c«ng viÖc dù kiÕn (theo kÕ ho¹ch).
scheduling /'‘edju:li–/ n sù lËp kÕ ho¹ch,
ch−¬ng tr×nh, sù lËp lÞch tr×nh: The purpose of
scheduling is to establish reasonable, orderly, and
achievable objectives of constructing a tunnel
project on time and then to provide adequate tools
for measuring the attainment of those objectives:
Môc ®Ých cña viÖc lËp lÞch tr×nh c«ng viÖc lµ nh»m
thiÕt lËp nh÷ng môc tiªu hîp lý, tuÇn tù vµ kh¶ thi
cho viÖc x©y dùng mét c«ng tr×nh hÇm ®óng thêi h¹n,
vµ sau ®ã nh»m cung cÊp c¸c c«ng cô thÝch hîp ®Ó
®¸nh gi¸ møc ®é hoµn thµnh nh÷ng môc tiªu Êy.
schist /'‘ist/ n ®¸ phiÕn, diÖp th¹ch: fine-grained
rock with components arranged in layers (A foliated
metamorphic rock the grains of which have a
roughly parallel arrangement; generally developed
by shearing): Lµ ®¸ h¹t mÞn cã c¸c thµnh phÇn s¾p
xÕp theo tõng líp (mét lo¹i ®¸ biÕn chÊt d¹ng phiÕn
mµ c¸c h¹t cña nã cã sù s¾p xÕp kh¸ song song, nãi
chung g©y ra bëi sù c¾t).
schistocity /'‘istousiti/ n tÝnh ph©n líp: Foliation
in schist or other coarse-grained crystalline
metamorphic rocks due to the parallel, planar
arrangement of platy and prismatic mineral grains
(e.g. mica): Lµ sù ph©n phiÕn trong ®¸ ®¸ phiÕn hay
c¸c ®¸ biÕn chÊt tinh thÓ h¹t th« do sù ph©n bè hai
chiÒu, song song cña c¸c h¹t kho¸ng vËt h×nh l¨ng
trô vµ dÑt (v.d mica) o Bedding planes and
schistosity reduce rock strength properties both
locally and on a large scale: C¸c mÆt ph¼ng ph©n
líp vµ tÝnh ph©n líp lµm gi¶m c¸c tÝnh chÊt c−êng
®é cña ®¸ mét c¸ch côc bé vµ trªn c¶ quy m« lín.
Schmidt rebound hammer /‘midt 'ri:'baund
'h“m”/ n sóng b¾n bªt«ng, bóa thö ®é chèi (®é
cøng) Schmidt: The Schmidt rebound hammer is the
most widely accepted instrument for measuring the
surface hardness of concrete. Hardness (rebound
number) is a relative property and there can be no
physical relationship between it and other properties
of concrete. Empirical relationshisp between
rebound number and strength have been established
and in general the higher the rebound number, the
greater the strength: Sóng b¾n bªt«ng Schmidt lµ
dông cô ®−îc chÊp nhËn réng r·i nhÊt ®Ó ®o ®é cøng
bÒ mÆt cña bªt«ng. §é cøng (sè ®é chèi) lµ mét tÝnh
chÊt t−¬ng ®èi vµ cã thÓ kh«ng cã mèi quan hÖ vËt lý
gi÷a nã vµ c¸c tÝnh chÊt kh¸c cña bªt«ng. Ng−êi ta
®· lËp ra c¸c quan hÖ kinh nghiÖm gi÷a ®é chèi vµ
 277
c−êng ®é, nãi chung sè chØ ®é chèi cµng lín, c−êng
®é bªt«ng cµng cao o Control over the
preparation of the test surface is important for
proper use of the hammer. Provided the limitations
of the method are borne in mind and the hammer is
used intelligently, it can be a useful tool for
assessing the strength of concrete in structures: ViÖc
kiÓm tra sù chuÈn bÞ bÒ mÆt b¾n thö lµ rÊt quan
träng cho viÖc sö dông ®óng lo¹i sóng nµy. MiÔn lµ
ta lu«n nhí c¸c h¹n chÕ cña ph−¬ng ph¸p trong ®Çu
vµ sö dông sóng thö mét c¸ch th«ng minh, th× nã cã
thÓ lµ mét dông cô cã Ých trong viÖc ®¸nh gi¸ c−êng
®é bªt«ng cña c¸c kÕt cÊu.
scraper arm /'skreip” a:m/ n c¸nh tay c¹o ®Êt
(m¸y TBM).
scraper chain conveyor /'skreip” t∫ein k”n'vei”/
n b¨ng chuyÒn t¶i ®Êt (m¸y TBM).
scraping /'skreipi–/ n sù n¹o , sù c¹o.
screed /skri:d/ v l¸ng mÆt, g¹t mÆt v÷a; n thanh
g¹t v÷a, th−íc g¹t v÷a: A slip form on an invert pour;
anything used to strike off a concrete pour . The
tunnel inverts usually have removable panels of form
that are placed after the concrete has been screeded
to approximate line and grade: Lµ mét v¸n khu«n
tr−ît trong mét c«ng ®o¹n ®æ bªt«ng vßm ngöa; còng
lµ bÊt kú vËt g× dïng ®Ó g¹t ph¼ng mét khèi bªt«ng
t−¬i. PhÇn vßm ngöa cña hÇm th−êng cã c¸c tÊm v¸n
khu«n th¸o ®−îc, chóng ®−îc l¾p r¸p sau khi bªt«ng
®· ®−îc g¹t (l¸ng mÆt) xÊp xØ tíi kÝch th−íc vµ cao
®é thiÕt kÕ.
screeded foundation /skri:did faun'dei‘n/ n mãng
[hÇm d×m] ®−îc g¹t ph¼ng: Following trench
excavation and before immersing an element, a
gravel foundation is prepared by screeding to close
tolerances and onto which elements are placed
directly without further adjustment. Temporary
supports at bed level are not required: Sau khi ®µo
xong hµo vµ tr−íc khi h¹ mét ®èt hÇm d×m, ng−êi ta
lµm mét mãng sái b»ng c¸ch san g¹t tíi dung sai bÐ
nhÊt vµ ®Æt trùc tiÕp hÇm lªn ®ã mµ kh«ng chØnh söa
g× thªm. ë ®©y kh«ng cÇn cã c¸c trô ®ì t¹m t¹i cao
®é ®¸y.
screeding /skri:diô/ n g¹t ph¼ng mÆt v÷a: The
operation of forming a surface by the use of screed
guides and a strikeoff: Lµ ho¹t ®éng t¹o thµnh mét
bÒ mÆt b»ng c¸ch sö dông c¸c thanh g¹t v÷a vµ
khu«n g¹t.
screeding barge /skri:diô b:d™/ n xµ lan san g¹t:
A 0.6-meter gravel foundation course is placed in
the bottom of the trench to serve as the foundation of
the tube sections. The screeding barge which places
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
and screeds the foundation course is guided by laser
beams: Mét líp sái dµy 0.6 mÐt ®−îc ®æ xuèng ®¸y
hµo ®Ó lµm mãng cho c¸c ®o¹n èng hÇm d−íi biÓn.
Xµ lan dïng ®Ó r¶i vµ san g¹t líp mãng nµy sÏ ®−îc
dÉn ®−êng b»ng c¸c tia laze.
screw conveyor /skru: k”n'vei”/ n b¨ng t¶i kiÓu
guång xo¾n, vÝt t¶i (m¸y TBM): A spiral auger, with
or without a centre shaft, rotating within an outer
casing, used to convey excavated material at a
controlled rate from the pressure chamber of an
EPBM: Lµ mét vÝt xo¾n, cã hoÆc kh«ng cã mét trôc
trung t©m, quay trong lßng mét èng bäc, dïng ®Ó vËn
t¶i vËt liÖu ®µo víi mét tèc ®é cã kiÓm so¸t ra khái
khoang ®µo ¸p lùc cña mét m¸y EPBM.
scrubber /’skr∧b”/ n bé läc khÝ: The equipment
required to be installed on diesel engines, whose
purpose is to dissolve or neutralize exhaust gases:
Lµ thiÕt bÞ yªu cÇu ph¶i l¾p ®Æt trong mét ®éng c¬
®iªzen, môc ®Ých cña nã lµ ®Ó hoµ lo·ng hoÆc lµm
trung hßa c¸c khÝ th¶i.
sea level /si: 'levl/ n mùc n−íc biÓn: Sea level
can be determined only after averaging the tides in a
given area over a definite period: Mùc n−íc biÓn chØ
cã thÓ x¸c ®Þnh sau khi lÊy trung b×nh cao ®é cña
nhiÒu con n−íc thñy triÒu trong mét vïng ®· cho
trong mét thêi kú nhÊt ®Þnh.
seal /si:l/ n mèi bÝt tr¸m: A barrier against the
passage of liquids, solids, or gases: Lµ mét bé phËn
ng¨n/chÆn chèng l¹i sù ®i qua cña c¸c chÊt láng,
r¾n, hay khÝ.
sealant /'si:l”nt/ n chÊt bÝt tr¸m: A material that
has adhesive and cohesive properties to form a seal:
Lµ mét vËt liÖu cã c¸c tÝnh chÊt kÕt dÝnh ®Ó t¹o
thµnh mét mèi tr¸m bÝt.
sealing /si:li–/ n sù bÝt kÝn, sù nót kÝn.
sealing compound /si:li– 'k˜mpaund/ n hîp
chÊt bÝt tr¸m: A liquid that is applied as a coating to
the surface of hardened concrete to minimize ingress
of liquid or gaseous media during service exposure:
Lµ mét chÊt láng ®−îc sö dông nh− mét líp bao phñ
cho bÒ mÆt cña bªt«ng ®· ®«ng cøng nh»m gi¶m
thiÓu sù x©m nhËp cña m«i tr−êng chÊt láng hay khÝ
trong qu¸ tr×nh lµm viÖc tiÕp xóc víi chóng.
seam /si:m/ n mèi nèi, chç tiÕp gi¸p, ®−êng ranh
giíi; vØa, m¹ch kho¸ng: A seam of decompopsed
rock could be seen in mixed face conditions: Cã thÓ
thÊy mét vØa ®¸ ph©n hñy xuÊt hiÖn trong nh÷ng
g−¬ng hÇm cã ®Þa chÊt hçn hîp.
seating /'si:ti–/ n sù tùa; mÆt tùa.
 278
secant modulus /'si:k”nt 'mɔdjuləs/ n m«®un
c¸t tuyÕn: Slope of the line connecting the origin and
a given point on the stress-strain curve: Lµ ®é dèc
cña ®−êng th¼ng nèi gèc täa ®é vµ mét ®iÓm nhÊt
®Þnh trªn ®−êng cong øng suÊt-biÕn d¹ng.
secant piles /'si:k”nt pailz/ n t−êng b»ng cäc
nhåi: A method of constructing a concrete wall in
poor ground by means of a continuous row of
concrete-filled boreholes. Alternate holes are bored
in two successive series such that adjacent piles
overlap: Lµ mét ph−¬ng ph¸p x©y dùng mét t−êng
bªt«ng trong ®Êt yÕu b»ng mét d·y liªn tôc c¸c lç
khoan nhåi-bªt«ng. C¸c cäc c¸ch mét sÏ ®−îc khoan
thµnh hai lo¹t kÕ tiÕp nhau sao cho c¸c cäc kÒ nhau
sÏ nèi chång lªn nhau. o To remedy the problems
of water-leaking and nonstiffness of cofferdam walls,
construction of tangent or secant piles is involved,
which can be drilled or excavated by slurry trench:
§Ó kh¾c phôc nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò dÔ thÊm n−íc vµ thiÕu
®é cøng cña t−êng ch¾n trong thi c«ng hÇm, ng−êi ta
x©y dùng c¸c lo¹i t−êng b»ng cäc nhåi, chóng cã thÓ
®−îc khoan hay ®µo b»ng ph−¬ng ph¸p hµo v÷a.
secondary lining /'sek”ndri 'laini–/ n vá hÇm thø
hai: A permanent tunnel lining of concrete that is
usually placed after mining operations have been
completed: Lµ mét vá hÇm vÜnh cöu b»ng bªt«ng mµ
nã th−êng ®−îc thi c«ng sau khi c¸c ho¹t ®éng ®µo
hÇm ®· kÕt thóc.
secondary creep /'sek”ndri kri:p/ n sù r·o (tõ biÕn)
giai ®o¹n hai: Elastic strain occurs immediately after
an opening is made in a rock; then primary creep
occurs at a relatively rapid rate. Next, secondary
creep occurs at a lower essentially linear rate,
which, depending on the stress level, is an
approximate constant for a material. Finally,
tertiary creep follows where the strain rate increases
and leads to fracture. Secondary creep is evaluated
from the extensometer tests: BiÕn d¹ng ®µn håi x¶y
ra ngay sau khi më mét hang ®µo trong ®¸; sau ®ã lµ
qu¸ tr×nh tõ biÕn (r·o) ban ®Çu víi tèc ®é kh¸
nhanh. TiÕp theo, sù r·o giai ®o¹n hai cña ®¸ x¶y ra
víi mét tèc ®é nhá h¬n, gÇn nh− tuyÕn tÝnh, mµ tuú
thuéc vµo tr¹ng th¸i øng suÊt nã gÇn nh− lµ mét
h»ng sè ®èi víi mét vËt liÖu. Cuèi cïng lµ sù r·o giai
®o¹n ba trong ®ã tèc ®é biÕn d¹ng t¨ng lªn råi dÉn
tíi ph¸ huû. Tõ biÕn giai ®o¹n hai ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh
b»ng phÐp ®o dïng gi·n kÕ.
secondary duct, supply duct /'sek”ndri 'd∧kt/ n
èng dÉn phô.
secondary (inner) lining /'sek”ndri lainiô/ n líp vá
hÇm thø hai (bªn trong): A secondary lining is
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
required if the highway tunnel interior needs a
finish: SÏ ph¶i lµm líp vá hÇm bªn trong khi phÇn
bªn ngoµi (néi thÊt) cña hÇm «t« ®ßi hái cã mét líp
trang trÝ (hoµn thiÖn bÒ mÆt) o Secondary lining
(inner) is usually applied after primary lining (outer)
has been in place for a period during which it has
adjusted to the soil pressure and deformation, so
that it has to absorb only long-time secondary
settlements: Líp vá hÇm bªn trong th−êng ®−îc thi
c«ng sau khi líp vá bªn ngoµi ®· hoµn thµnh mét
thêi gian, mµ trong kho¶ng thêi gian ®ã líp vá ngoµi
®· ®iÒu chØnh (thÝch nghi) xong víi ¸p lùc ®Êt vµ
biÕn d¹ng, do ®ã vá trong chØ ph¶i tiÕp nhËn c¸c
l−îng lón thø cÊp vÒ l©u dµi mµ th«i.
secondary state of stress /'sek”ndri 'd∧kt/ n tr¹ng
th¸i øng suÊt thø sinh: The resulting state of stress in
the rock around man-made excavations or
structures: Lµ tr¹ng th¸i øng suÊt sinh ra trong ®¸
xung quanh c¸c hang ®µo hoÆc c«ng tr×nh nh©n t¹o.
section of heading /'sek∫n ”v 'hediô/ n ®o¹n khai
®µo, mÆt c¾t g−¬ng ®µo.
sediment basin /'sedimənt 'beisn/ n bån trÇm tÝch:
A structure created by construction of a barrier or
small dam-like structure across a waterway or by
excavating a basin or a combination of both to trap
or restrain sediment: Lµ mét cÊu tróc t¹o ra bëi sù
x©y dùng mét c«ng tr×nh ch¾n gi÷ hoÆc cã d¹ng ®Ëp
nhá ngang qua mét dßng n−íc, hoÆc do bëi sù ®µo
mét bån tròng, hoÆc kÕt hîp c¶ hai nh»m chÆn gi÷
vËt chÊt trÇm tÝch.
sedimentary /,sedi'mentri/ adj trÇm tÝch: General
term for any rock formed by the deposition of
sediment, i.e. solid, fragmented material transported
by gravity, wind, water or ice, or material
accumulated by chemical precipitation or secretion
by organisms: Lµ thuËt ng÷ chung chØ bÊt cø lo¹i ®¸
nµo h×nh thµnh tõ sù l¾ng ®äng cña cÆn l¾ng, nghÜa
lµ c¸c vËt liÖu ph©n m¶nh, r¾n, ®−îc vËn chuyÓn ®i
nhê träng lùc, giã, n−íc hay b¨ng, hoÆc vËt liÖu ®−îc
tÝch lòy do kÕt tña hãa häc hay sù bµi tiÕt cña c¸c
sinh vËt.
sedimentary rock /,sedi'mentri r˜k/ n ®¸ trÇm
tÝch: Rocks formed from material derived generally
by erosion of other rocks and laid down by a
chemical or mechanical process i.e., limestone,
shale and sandstone: Lµ c¸c ®¸ ®−îc t¹o thµnh tõ
vËt liÖu mµ nãi chung ®−îc ph¸t sinh do sù xãi mßn
cña c¸c ®¸ kh¸c vµ tÝch tô l¹i nhê mét qu¸ tr×nh hãa
häc hay vËt lý, vÝ dô nh− ®¸ v«i, ®¸ phiÕn vµ c¸t kÕt
o Sedimentary rocks are formed through the
accumulation and successive layering of broken and
 279
decomposed rock material: §¸ trÇm tÝch ®−îc t¹o
thµnh th«ng qua sù tÝch tô vµ xÕp líp liªn tôc cña
c¸c vËt liÖu ®¸ vì vôn vµ ph©n hñy.
sedimentation /,sedimen'tei‘n/ n sù l¾ng ®äng, sù
trÇm tÝch: A purification process in which wastes are
allowed to settle until they become solid enough to
be removed: Lµ mét qu¸ tr×nh lµm s¹ch trong ®ã c¸c
chÊt th¶i ®−îc lµm l¾ng cho tíi khi chóng trë nªn ®ñ
®Æc ®Ó cã thÓ xóc bá ®i.
sedimentation ponds /,sedimen'tei‘n p˜nd/ n bÓ
l¾ng, hè l¾ng bïn.
seepage /'si:pid™/ n sù (tÝnh) thÊm n−íc: The
infiltration or percolation of water through a
material to or from the surface: Lµ sù thÊm vµo hay
chiÕt läc cña n−íc qua mét vËt liÖu tíi hoÆc ra khái
bÒ mÆt o Seepage along discontinuities is often of
great engineering importance and deserves very
careful assessment in a comprehensive rock mass
description. Seepage aspects of unfilled
discontinuities should be described using one of
three basic terms, viz 'dry', 'damp/wet' (but with no
free water) and 'seepage present': Sù thÊm n−íc däc
c¸c khe nøt th−êng cã tÇm quan träng lín vÒ mÆt kü
thuËt vµ xøng ®¸ng nhËn ®−îc sù ®¸nh gi¸ rÊt cÈn
thËn trong mét b¶n m« t¶ khèi ®¸ ®Çy ®ñ. C¸c tÝnh
chÊt thÊm cña c¸c khe nøt kh«ng bÞ nhÐt lÊp ph¶i
®−îc m« t¶ b»ng ba thuËt ng÷ c¬ b¶n, tøc lµ "kh«",
"Èm/−ít" (nh−ng kh«ng cã n−íc tù do), vµ "thÊm rØ
n−íc".
seepage face /'si:pid™ feis/ n mÆt thÊm: A
boundary between the saturated flow field and the
atmosphere along which a subsurface liquid
discharges, either by evaporation or movement
“downhill” along the land surface or in a well as a
thin film in response to the force of gravity: Lµ mét
biªn giíi gi÷a tr−êng dßng ch¶y b·o hßa vµ khÝ
quyÓn däc theo ®ã mét chÊt láng d−íi mÆt ®Êt tho¸t
qua, b»ng c¸ch bay h¬i hoÆc di chuyÓn “xuèng phÝa
d−íi” däc theo bÒ mÆt ®Êt hoÆc trong mét giÕng nh−
mét mµng máng ®Ó t−¬ng øng víi lùc träng tr−êng.
seepage force /'si:pid™ fɔ:s/ n lùc thÊm: The
frictional drag of water flowing through voids or
interstices in rock, causing an increase in the
intergranular pressure, that is, the hydraulic force
per unit volume of rock or soil which results from
the flow of water and which acts in the direction of
flow: Lµ lùc kÐo cã tÝnh ma s¸t cña n−íc ch¶y qua
c¸c lç rçng hay kÏ hë trong ®¸, lµm t¨ng ¸p lùc gi÷a
c¸c h¹t, nghÜa lµ, lùc thñy lùc trªn ®¬n vÞ thÓ tÝch
cña ®Êt ®¸ sinh ra tõ dßng n−íc ch¶y vµ t¸c dông
theo h−íng dßng ch¶y.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
seepage of underground water /'si:pid™ ”v
'ʌndəgraund 'w˜:t”/ n sù thÊm, sù rß rØ n−íc ngÇm:
For the case of 'seepage present', the quantirty of
water flowing at the point of observation should be
noted in litres/second or litres/minutes, either by
estimation or approximate measurement: Khi cã
n−íc thÊm thËt sù, l−îng n−íc ch¶y ra t¹i ®iÓm quan
s¸t ph¶i ®−îc ghi chó b»ng sè lýt/gi©y hay lýt/phót,
nhê −íc l−îng hoÆc ®o l−êng gÇn ®óng.
seepage pressure /'si:pid™ 'pre‘”(r)/ n ¸p lùc
thÊm: In saturated soils where the coefficient of
permeability is as low as 10-5 cm/sec, it may be
troublesome because the clay binder may be
removed by slow flows, thus the angle of repose will
be reduced and seepage pressures will cause steady
local to serious failure of the working face: Trong
c¸c ®Êt b·o hoµ víi hÖ sè thÊm thÊp kho¶ng 10-5
cm/s, vÉn cã thÓ gÆp khã kh¨n bëi v× chÊt sÐt liªn kÕt
cã thÓ bÞ röa tr«i bëi dßng thÊm chËm, do vËy gãc
nghØ sÏ gi¶m ®i, ¸p lùc thÊm sÏ tõ tõ g©y ra ph¸ ho¹i
côc bé tíi nghiªm träng cho g−¬ng hÇm.
seepage velocity /'si:pid™ vi'lɔsəti/ n vËn tèc thÊm:
The rate of discharge of seepage water through a
porous medium per unit area of void space
perpendicular to the direction of flow: Lµ tèc ®é
tho¸t cña n−íc thÊm qua mét m«i tr−êng xèp rêi
trong mét ®¬n vÞ diÖn tÝch cña kh«ng gian lç rçng
vu«ng gãc víi h−íng dßng ch¶y.
seeping /'si:piô/ n sù thÊm, sù rß rØ.
segment /'segm”nt/ n ®o¹n vá hÇm: The precast
concrete lining segments shall be designed to be
capable of sustaining without damage permanent
loads and forces occasioned by handling, erection
and other operations: C¸c ®o¹n vá hÇm bªt«ng ®óc
s½n ph¶i ®−îc thiÕt kÕ sao cho cã thÓ chèng chÞu mµ
kh«ng bÞ h− h¹i c¸c t¶i träng vµ c¸c lùc th−êng
xuyªn sinh ra do vËn chuyÓn, l¾p r¸p vµ c¸c thao t¸c
kh¸c o Steel lining segments which are damaged
or defective should be indelibly marked and should
be removed from the site. No damaged or defective
segments should be delivered to the Works: C¸c
®o¹n vá hÇm b»ng thÐp bÞ h− h¹i hoÆc khuyÕt tËt
ph¶i ®−îc ®¸nh dÊu sao cho kh«ng thÓ tÈy xo¸ ®−îc
vµ ph¶i chuyÓn khái c«ng tr−êng. Kh«ng ®−îc phÐp
®−a tíi C«ng tr×nh nh÷ng bé phËn vá hÇm ®· háng
hoÆc bÞ khuyÕt tËt.
segment /'segm”nt/ n ®o¹n vá hÇm d×m: A
monolithic section of a tunnel element only
separated from other segments by vertical joints.
For concrete tunnels, a segment is typically the
length of a single concrete placing operation. Some
 280
tunnel elements, particularly in the Netherlands,
consist of a number of discrete segments held rigidly
together during installation by temporary prestress
and joined by expansion joints: Lµ mét ®o¹n liÒn
khèi cña mét ®èt hÇm chØ ®−îc ph©n c¸ch víi c¸c
®o¹n hÇm kh¸c b»ng mèi nèi th¼ng ®øng. §èi víi
hÇm bªt«ng, mét ®o¹n hÇm th−êng lµ chiÒu dµi cña
mét ho¹t ®éng ®æ bªt«ng duy nhÊt. Mét sè ®o¹n
hÇm, ®Æc biÖt lµ ë Hµ Lan, l¹i bao gåm mét sè c¸c
®o¹n riªng biÖt ®−îc nèi cøng víi nhau trong qu¸
tr×nh l¾p ®Æt b»ng c¸ch t¹o dù øng lùc vµ liªn kÕt
b»ng c¸ch khe co gi·n.
segmental lining /seg'mentl 'lainiô/ n vá hÇm ph©n
®o¹n.
segments /'segments/ n c¸c m¶nh vá hÇm: Sections
of iron, steel, or precast concrete which can be
bolted or keyed together to make up a ring of
support or lining. Iron or steel segments are
generally referred to as "liner plates"; concrete
segments may be referred to as "panels": Lµ c¸c tÊm
gang, thÐp, hay bªt«ng ®óc s½n mµ chóng cã thÓ ®−îc
nèi bul«ng víi nhau hay khãa mãc vµo nhau ®Ó t¹o
thµnh mét vµnh chèng ®ì hay mét vßng vá hÇm. C¸c
miÕng vá gang vµ thÐp nµy th−êng ®−îc gäi lµ “tÊm
b¶n thÐp”; c¸c miÕng vá bªt«ng cã thÓ ®−îc gäi lµ
c¸c “panel”.
segregation /,segri'gei‘n/ n sù ph©n tÇng bªt«ng:
When there is a significant tendency for the large
and fine particles in a mix to become separated
segregation is said to have occurred. As far as
possible, conditions conducive to segregation such
as jolting of concrete during transportation,
dropping from excessive heights during placing and
over-vibration during compaction should be
avoided: Khi c¸c h¹t nhá vµ c¸c h¹t lín trong mét
hçn hîp cã mét chiÒu h−íng ph©n t¸ch ®¸ng kÓ,
ng−êi ta nãi sù ph©n tÇng ®· x¶y ra. C¸c ®iÒu kiÖn
dÉn ®Õn ph©n tÇng nh− sù l¾c (xãc) bªt«ng trong khi
vËn chuyÓn, rãt bªt«ng tõ chiÒu cao qu¸ lín trong
khi ®æ, vµ rung ®éng qu¸ nhiÒu trong khi ®Çm, lµ b¾t
buéc ph¶i tr¸nh, cµng nhiÒu cµng tèt.
seismic activity /'saizmik “k'tiviti/ n ho¹t ®éng
®Þa chÊn: Even seismic activities do not pose a
serious risk to completed tunnels. But sometimes the
possibility of seismic activity should be considered
and appropriate forces included in the design: Nãi
chung c¸c ho¹t ®éng ®Þa chÊn kh«ng ph¶i lµ mét
nguy c¬ lín ®èi víi c¸c hÇm ®· x©y dùng. Nh−ng cã
nh÷ng tr−êng hîp cÇn ph¶i xem xÐt kh¶ n¨ng x¶y ra
ho¹t ®éng ®Þa chÊn, råi ¸p dông nh÷ng ngo¹i lùc
thÝch hîp trong khi thiÕt kÕ.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
seismic design with base isolation /'saizmik di'zain
wið beis ,aisə'lei∫n/ n thiÕt kÕ c¸ch chÊn ®¸y.
seismic environment /'saizmik in'vaiərənmənt/ n
m«i tr−êng ®Þa chÊn: Seismologists typically classify
earthquakes according to four modes of generation -
tectonic, volcanic, collapse, or explosion. Regardless
of the type of earthquake, an engineer concerned
with design of underground structures requires that
the seismic environment be defined in a quantitative
manner. Specifically, the characteristics of
earthquakes and ground motion pertinent to the
development of seismic input criteria are the size of
the earthquake, the intensity and the frequency
content of the ground motion, and the duration of
strong shaking: Nhµ ®Þa chÊn häc th−êng ph©n lo¹i
®éng ®Êt theo bèn chÕ ®é ph¸t sinh - kiÕn t¹o, nói
löa, sôt lón, hoÆc næ. BÊt kÓ lµ lo¹i ®éng ®Êt nµo,
ng−êi kü s− thiÕt kÕ c«ng tr×nh ngÇm cÇn ph¶i x¸c
®Þnh ®−îc m«i tr−êng ®Þa chÊn mét c¸ch ®Þnh l−îng.
§Æc biÖt, c¸c ®Æc tr−ng cña ®éng ®Êt vµ chuyÓn ®éng
®Êt thÝch hîp cho viÖc ®−a ra c¸c tiªu chuÈn ®Çu vµo
vÒ ®Þa chÊn gåm cã: cì ®éng ®Êt, c−êng ®é vµ tÇn sè
cña chuyÓn ®éng ®Êt nÒn, vµ thêi l−îng chÊn ®éng
m¹nh nhÊt.
seismic isolation /'saizmik ,aisə'lei∫n/ n c¸ch chÊn.
seismic probing /'saizmik 'proubiô/ n th¨m dß
b»ng ®Þa chÊn.
seismic prospecting /'saizmik 'pr˜spektiô/ n sù
th¨m dß ®Þa chÊn: A geophysical method of
prospecting, utilizing knowledge of the speed of
reflected sound waves in rock: Lµ mét ph−¬ng ph¸p
th¨m dß ®Þa vËt lý, sö dông kiÕn thøc vÒ vËn tèc sãng
©m thanh ph¶n x¹ trong ®¸.
seismic support /'saizmik sə'pɔ:t/ n gèi chèng
®éng ®Êt: Mass (heavy) supported on springs (weak)
so that mass remains almost at rest when free end of
spring is subjected to sinusoidal motion at operating
frequency: Lµ khèi l−îng (nÆng) ®−îc ®Æt trªn c¸c lß
xo (yÕu) sao cho khèi l−îng hÇu nh− ®øng yªn khi
®Çu tù do cña lß xo ph¶i chÞu chuyÓn ®éng h×nh sin ë
tÇn sè vËn hµnh.
seismic velocity /'saizmik vi'lɔsəti/ n vËn tèc ®Þa
chÊn: The velocity of seismic waves in geological
formations: Lµ vËn tèc cña c¸c sãng ®Þa chÊn trong
c¸c thµnh hÖ ®Þa chÊt.
seismic zoning map /'saizmik zouniô m“p/ n
b¶n ®å ph©n vïng ®Þa chÊn: A map used to portray
seismic hazard or seismic design variables. For
example, maps used in building codes to identify
areas of uniform seismic design requirements: Lµ
mét b¶n ®å dïng ®Ó dù b¸o rñi ro vÒ ®éng ®Êt hoÆc
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®−a ra c¸c th«ng sè thiÕt kÕ chèng ®éng ®Êt. VÝ dô,
c¸c b¶n ®å dïng trong c¸c quy chuÈn x©y dùng ®Ó
x¸c ®Þnh c¸c vïng cã yªu cÇu vÒ thiÕt kÕ chèng ®éng
®Êt gièng nhau.
seismic wave /'saizmik weiv/ n sãng ®Þa chÊn: An
elastic wave generated by an impulse such as an
earthquake or an explosion. Seismic waves may
travel either along or near the earth's surface
(Rayleigh and Love waves) or through the earth's
interior (P and S waves): Lµ mét ®µn håi t¹o ra bëi
mét xung nh− ®éng ®Êt hoÆc vô næ. C¸c sãng ®Þa
chÊn cã thÓ truyÒn ®i trªn mÆt ®Êt hoÆc gÇn mÆt ®Êt
(sãng Reyleigh vµ Love) hoÆc truyÒn qua lßng qu¶
®Êt (sãng P - chÝnh vµ sãng S - thø cÊp).
seismology /saiz'm˜l”dʒi/ n ®Þa chÊn häc: A
branch of earth science dealing with mechanical
vibrations of the Earth caused by natural sources
like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, and
controlled sources like underground explosions: Mét
ngµnh cña khoa häc vÒ tr¸i ®Êt nghiªn cøu c¸c dao
®éng c¬ häc cña Tr¸i ®Êt g©y bëi c¸c nguån tù nhiªn
nh− ®éng ®Êt vµ phun trµo nói löa, vµ c¸c nguån
®−îc kiÓm so¸t nh− c¸c vô næ d−íi ngÇm.
seismometer /saiz'mɔmitə/ n ®Þa chÊn kÕ:
Instrument to pick up linear (vertical, horizontal) or
rotational displacement, velocity, or acceleration:
Lµ mét thiÕt bÞ dïng ®Ó ghi l¹i c¸c chuyÓn vÞ, vËn tèc
hay gia tèc tuyÕn tÝnh (®øng, ngang) hoÆc quay.
self-drilling type of rock bolt /,self'drili– taip ”v
r˜k boult/ n d¹ng neo ®¸ tù khoan vµo vÞ trÝ.
self-inspection /,self in'spek‘n/ n kiÓm tra néi bé:
Continuous inspection of a building material by the
manufacturer: Lµ sù kiÓm tra liªn tôc mét lo¹i vËt
liÖu x©y dùng bëi chÝnh nhµ s¶n xuÊt vËt liÖu Êy.
self-standing time of rock /,self'st“ndi– taim/
n thêi gian tù gi÷ æn ®Þnh cña vßm ®¸ sau khi ®µo (cã
thÓ tõ vµi gi©y cho ®Õn vµi tr¨m n¨m).
self-stressng grout /,self'stre‘i– graut/ n v÷a tù
nÐn: Expansive-cement grout in which the expansion
induces compressive stress in grout if the expansion
movement is restrained: Lµ lo¹i v÷a xim¨ng-në
trong ®ã sù gi·n në sÏ t¹o ra øng suÊt nÐn trong v÷a
nÕu nh− biÕn d¹ng do në bÞ k×m h·m.
semitransverse ventilation /,semi'tr“nzv”:s
,venti'lei‘n/ n th«ng giã nöa ngang: In transverse
ventilation system or semitransverse ventilation
system which is designed to extract smoke, duct
cooling equipment should be installed to prevent
thermal damage to the ventilator: Trong hÖ thèng
th«ng giã ngang hay b¸n ngang mµ chóng ®−îc thiÕt
kÕ ®Ó hót bá khãi trong hÇm, cÇn ph¶i l¾p ®Æt thiÕt bÞ
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
lµm l¹nh d¹ng hÖ èng ®Ó chèng h− h¹i g©y bëi nhiÖt
®é cao cho qu¹t th«ng giã.
sensitive clay (= quick clay) /'sens”tiv klei/ n ®Êt
sÐt nh¹y, sÐt ch¶y: The process of tunneling in
sensitive clays always causes sufficient remoulding
to result in loss of strength of the material close to
the boundary of the excavation, and the clay will
flow quickly to fill the tail void behind a shield: Qu¸
tr×nh ®µo hÇm qua ®Êt sÐt nh¹y lu«n lu«n g©y ra sù
t¸i ®Þnh d¹ng ®Êt ®ñ ®Ó lµm mÊt c−êng ®é cña nÒn
®Êt gÇn biªn ®µo, vµ khèi sÐt sÏ nhanh chãng ch¶y ra
lÊp ®Çy kho¶ng trèng phÝa ®u«i cña khiªn ®µo hÇm.
sensitivity /,sens”'tiv”ti/ n ®é nh¹y, tÝnh nh¹y:
The ratio of the undisturbed (peak) undrained
strength of a soil to its fully disturbed and remoulded
strength at the same water content is known as its
sensitivity St (see table below): Tû sè gi÷a c−êng ®é
mÉu kh«ng tho¸t n−íc vµ nguyªn d¹ng (tèt nhÊt) cña
mét lo¹i ®Êt víi c−êng ®é mÉu t¸i ®Þnh d¹ng vµ hoµn
toµn kh«ng nguyªn d¹ng cña nã khi hµm l−îng n−íc
nh− nhau ®−îc gäi lµ ®é nh¹y St. (xem b¶ng d−íi).
§é nh¹y St Classification (ph©n lo¹i)
1 Insensitive Kh«ng nh¹y
1-2 Slightly sensitive Nh¹y Ýt
2-4 Medium sensitive Nh¹y trung b×nh
4-8 Very sensitive RÊt nh¹y
8 - 16 Slightly quick Ch¶y (nhanh) nhÑ
16 - 32 Medium quick Nhanh võa
32 - 64 Very quick RÊt nhanh
over 64 Extra quick Qu¸ nhanh (ch¶y)
o The low sensitivities would be associated with the
more highly consolidated clays. Recent marine clays
deposited with flocculated structures would be
expected to be quite highly sensitive. The extremely
sensitive clays (over 100) commonly pose very
difficult geotechnical problems in dealing with
landslides and also during site investigation and the
construction of works: §é nh¹y thÊp lµ tÝnh chÊt cña
c¸c ®Êt sÐt cè kÕt m¹nh. C¸c sÐt ë biÓn gÇn ®©y trÇm
tÝch víi cÊu tróc kÕt côm (kÕt b«ng) cã thÓ dù b¸o lµ
cã tÝnh nh¹y rÊt cao. C¸c sÐt cùc nh¹y (St >100)
th−êng g©y ra c¸c vÊn ®Ò ®Þa kü thuËt rÊt khã kh¨n
khi gi¶i quyÕt tr−ît ®Êt, còng nh− trong khi kh¶o s¸t
hiÖn tr−êng vµ thi c«ng c«ng tr×nh.
sensitivity analysis /,sens”'tiv”ti ə'næləsis/ n
ph©n tÝch ®é nh¹y: Sensitivity analysis is a
methodology that permits to evaluate which causal
factors are more influent for prediction in
favourability models: Ph©n tÝch ®é nh¹y lµ mét
ph−¬ng ph¸p luËn mµ nã cho phÐp ®¸nh gi¸ nh÷ng
yÕu tè mang tÝnh nguyªn nh©n nµo lµ cã ®é ¶nh
 282
h−ëng lín h¬n cho viÖc dù b¸o trong c¸c m« h×nh
hµm thuËn lîi.
separation /,sep”'rei‘n/ n sù chia t¸ch, sù t¸ch
biÖt, sù t¸ch ly, t¸ch rêi.
separation plant /,sep”'rei‘n plɑ:nt/ n tr¹m t¸ch
bïn: The separation plant is used for the separation
of solids and liquids in order to prepare a transport
medium which is fed back into the slurry circuit and
in order to prepare the extracted solids for disposal.
The separation of the solid particles of excavated
material from the transport medium takes place in a
separation plant in stages which correspond to the
grain size of the excavated material being handled.
It is based on artificially created centrifugal forces:
Tr¹m t¸ch bïn ®−îc dïng ®Ó ph©n t¸ch c¸c h¹t r¾n
khái chÊt láng nh»m t¹o ra mét m«i chÊt vËn
chuyÓn, sau ®ã ®−îc ®−a trë l¹i m¹ch quay vßng bïn
cã ¸p (tøc lµ t¹i g−¬ng ®µo b»ng m¸y TBM), ®ång
thêi thu gom c¸c chÊt r¾n ®Ó chuyÓn th¶i khái c«ng
tr−êng. ViÖc ph©n t¸ch c¸c h¹t r¾n cña vËt liÖu ®µo
khái m«i chÊt vËn chuyÓn ®−îc thùc hiÖn t¹i mét
tr¹m t¸ch läc theo nhiÒu c«ng ®o¹n t−¬ng ÷ng víi
kÝch cì h¹t cña lo¹i vËt liÖu ®µo cÇn xö lý. Nã ®−îc
dùa trªn lùc ly t©m ®−îc t¹o ra mét c¸ch nh©n t¹o.
series grouting /'si”ri:z 'grautiô/ n b¬m v÷a tuÇn
tù: Similar to stage grouting, except each
successively deeper zone is grouted by means of a
newly drilled hole, eliminating the need for washing
grout out before drilling the hole deeper: T−¬ng tù
nh− b¬m v÷a theo giai ®o¹n, ngoµi trõ r»ng mçi
vïng s©u h¬n kÕ tiÕp sÏ ®−îc b¬m v÷a b»ng mét lç
khoan míi, lo¹i trõ ®−îc nhu cÇu ph¶i röa s¹ch v÷a
khái lç khoan tr−íc khi khoan cho lç s©u thªm.
service basket /'s”:vis 'b:skit/ n thïng c«ng t¸c
(cña m¸y khoan hÇm): Service baskets are mounted
on the two separate booms of the Boomer H195
tunnel boring machine in order for tunnellers to do
the utility works: C¸c thïng c«ng t¸c ®−îc l¾p trªn
hai tay víi riªng biÖt cña m¸y khoan hÇm Boomer
H195 ®Ó thî lµm hÇm thùc hiÖn c¸c c«ng viÖc l¾p
r¸p cÇn thiÕt o The vehicle (jumbo) may only be
driven when the boom and the manned working
platform are within the side lines of the vehicle.
Furthermore, the telescope arm of the platform must
be in the retracted position: M¸y khoan chØ ®−îc
phÐp di chuyÓn khi tay víi (dÇm khoan) vµ sµn c«ng
t¸c ®· n»m trong ph¹m vi c¸c c¹nh biªn cña xe
khoan. H¬n n÷a, cÇn co duçi cña sµn c«ng t¸c ph¶i
ë vÞ trÝ rót vµo.
service life /set/ n tuæi thä phôc vô: An estimate
of the remaining useful life of a structure based on
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
the current rate of deterioration or distress,
assuming continued exposure to given service
conditions without repairs: Lµ mét sù ®¸nh gi¸ vÒ
thêi gian sö dông cßn l¹i cña mét kÕt cÊu dùa trªn
tèc ®é suy tho¸i hay h− háng hiÖn t¹i, b»ng c¸ch gi¶
thiÕt r»ng nã tiÕp tôc lµm viÖc d−íi nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn
®· cho mµ kh«ng cÇn söa ch÷a o The information
on economic service life of tunnels is very limited
and not documented adequately; however, there are
efforts underway to address this very issue. Anyone
interested in evaluating the service life of tunnels to
be familiar with the Life Cycle Cost initiatives that
FHWA is promoting and the training offered: Th«ng
tin vÒ tuæi thä phôc vô cã tÝnh kinh tÕ cña hÇm lµ rÊt
h¹n chÕ vµ ch−a ®−îc thèng kª ®Çy ®ñ; tuy nhiªn,
®ang cã nh÷ng cè g¾ng nh»m gi¶i quyÕt vÊn ®Ò nµy.
Nh÷ng ai quan t©m ®Õn viÖc ®¸nh gi¸ tuæi thä phôc
vô cña hÇm ®Òu cÇn ph¶i quen thuéc víi s¸ng kiÕn
®¸nh gi¸ Chi phÝ Tuæi thä Phôc vô mµ Côc ®−êng bé
Liªn bang Mü ®ang phæ biÕn vµ huÊn luyÖn.
set /set/ n sù ninh kÕt, sù ®«ng cøng: The
condition reached by a cement paste, mortar, or
concrete when it has lost plasticity to an arbitrary
degree, usually measured in terms of resistance to
penetration or deformation: Lµ tr¹ng th¸i ®¹t ®−îc
bëi mét lo¹i hå, v÷a hay bªt«ng xim¨ng khi nã ®·
mÊt tÝnh dÎo ®Õn mét møc ®é nµo ®ã, th−êng ®−îc ®o
b»ng søc kh¸ng xuyªn hay kh¸ng biÕn d¹ng o
Initial set time and final set time of cement or
concrete: thêi gian b¾t ®Çu ninh kÕt vµ thêi gian kÕt
thóc ninh kÕt cña xim¨ng hoÆc bªt«ng o The
thicker the shotcrete layer, the shorter must be the
time to initial set: Líp bªt«ng phun cµng dµy, thêi
gian b¾t ®Çu ninh kÕt cµng ph¶i ng¾n h¬n.
set-accelerating /set-”k'sel”reiti–/ adj thóc
®Èy ninh kÕt, t¨ng nhanh ®«ng cøng: Set-
accelerating and hardening admixtures also were
developed, making it possible to place shotcrete in
thick layers, on wet surfaces, and against significant
water flows: Lo¹i phô gia c¶i thiÖn ®«ng cøng vµ
thóc ®Èy ninh kÕt còng ra ®êi, cho phÐp phun bªt«ng
thµnh tõng líp dµy, trªn nh÷ng bÒ mÆt −ít, vµ khèng
chÕ dßng n−íc thÊm kh¸ lín o Accelerating
admixtures shall have a chloride content not
exceeding 1% by weight and meet the requirements
of ASTM C 494, Type C or E: C¸c phô gia t¨ng ®«ng
cøng ph¶i cã hµm l−îng clorua kh«ng qu¸ 1% theo
khèi l−îng vµ ®¸p øng ®−îc c¸c yªu cÇu cña ASTM
C494, Lo¹i C hoÆc E.
sets /sets/ n bé, nhãm v× chèng; cét gç chèng
hÇm: Steel ribs or timber framing to support the
tunnel excavation temporarily: Lµ c¸c vßm chèng
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thÐp hay hÖ khung gç víi môc ®Ých chèng ®ì hang ch×m cña c¸c h¹t r¾n trong v÷a b¬m, v÷a x©y, hoÆc
hÇm mét c¸ch t¹m thêi. bªt«ng t−¬i, sau khi ®æ bªt«ng vµ tr−íc khi b¾t ®Çu
setting /'seti–/ n sù ninh kÕt: Setting and ninh kÕt.
hardening of the cement paste are the main settlement due to compression /'setlm”nt dju:
characteristics associated with hydration of cement: tu: k”m'pre∫n/ n sù lón do nÐn: In designing tunnel
Sù ninh kÕt vµ ®«ng cøng cña v÷a xim¨ng lµ nh÷ng ground properties such as earth pressure, ground
®Æc tr−ng chÝnh liªn quan ®Õn sù thñy hãa cña deformation and water inflow should be considered.
xim¨ng. Groundwater lowering in soils causes problems such
setting-out /'seti– aut/ n sù c¾m tuyÕn, ®Þnh tuyÕn, as sandy soil settlement due to compression and
triÓn tuyÕn; r¶i cäc. consolidation settlement of cohesive soil: Khi thiÕt
setting shrinkage /'seti– '∫riηkidʒ/ n co ngãt do kÕ hÇm cÇn xem xÐt c¸c tÝnh chÊt cña ®Êt nh− ¸p lùc
ninh kÕt: In grouting, a reduction in volume of grout ®Êt, biÕn d¹ng ®Êt vµ n−íc ngÇm. Sù h¹ thÊp mùc
prior to the final set of cement caused by bleeding, n−íc ngÇm trong lßng ®Êt sÏ g©y ra c¸c vÊn ®Ò nh−
by the decrease in volume due to the chemical lón do nÐn cña ®Êt c¸t vµ lón cè kÕt cña ®Êt sÐt.
combination of water with cement, and by syneresis: settlement point /'setlm”nt p˜int/ n ®iÓm ®o lón:
Trong b¬m v÷a, ®ã lµ sù gi¶m ®i vÒ thÓ tÝch cña v÷a Measurement of surface movements is performed by
tr−íc khi kÕt thóc ninh kÕt cña xim¨ng g©y bëi sù level readings on settlement points installed over the
t¸ch n−íc, bëi sù gi¶m thÓ tÝch do kÕt hîp hãa häc tunnel and on adjacent buildings: Sù ®o ®¹c c¸c
gi÷a n−íc vµ xim¨ng, vµ bëi sù phèi hîp c¶ hai. chuyÓn dÞch bÒ mÆt ®−îc thùc hiÖn nhê kiÓm tra cao
setting times /'seti– taim/ n thêi gian ninh kÕt: The ®é trªn c¸c ®iÓm ®o lón ®Æt däc theo hÇm vµ trªn
time from the addition of the water to the initial and c¸c c«ng tr×nh l©n cËn.
final set are known as the setting times: Thêi gian settlement pond /'setlm”nt p˜nd/ n bÓ l¾ng, hè
tÝnh tõ khi cho n−íc trén vµo xim¨ng tíi lóc b¾t ®Çu l¾ng bïn: Immediately adjacent to all tunnel portals,
ninh kÕt vµ tíi lóc kÕt thóc ninh kÕt ®−îc gäi lµ c¸c the Contractor needs to construct, operate and
thêi gian ninh kÕt (t−¬ng øng lµ: thêi gian b¾t ®Çu maintain settlement ponds with suitable oil traps and
ninh kÕt, thêi gian kÕt thóc ninh kÕt, xem b¶ng d−íi). seperators in order to remove oil, sand, silt and
* Typical initial and final setting times for the main Portland other suspended matters at all points where water is
cements
(Thêi gian b¾t ®Çu vµ kÕt thóc ninh kÕt ®iÓn h×nh cho c¸c xim¨ng discharged from the underground works: Ngay s¸t
Poocl¨ng chñ yÕu) c¸c cöa hÇm, Nhµ thÇu cÇn x©y dùng, vËn hµnh vµ
Typical results BS Standard requirements duy tr× ho¹t ®éng c¸c bÓ l¾ng cã trang bÞ c¸c bé
(KÕt qu¶ ®iÓn h×nh) (Yªu cÇu cña Tiªu chuÈn
Anh) gom dÇu vµ c¸c thiÕt bÞ t¸ch dÇu, nh»m lo¹i bá dÇu
Cements Initial Final Initial Final mì, c¸t, bïn vµ c¸c chÊt huyÒn phï kh¸c t¹i mäi vÞ
(Xim¨ng) setting setting setting time, setting trÝ mµ t¹i ®ã cã n−íc x¶ ra tõ c«ng viÖc thi c«ng
time time not less time, not
(Thêi (Thêi than (Thêi more than ngÇm.
gian b¾t gian kÕt gian b¾t ®Çu (Thêi gian
®Çu ninh thóc ninh kÕt, kÕt thóc
settlement shrinkage /'setlm”nt '∫ri–kidʒ/ n co
kÕt, phót) ninh kÕt, kh«ng nhá ninh kÕt, ngãt do l¾ng: A reduction in volume of concrete
phót) h¬n, phót) kh«ng lín
h¬n, giê)
prior to the final set of cementitious mixtures, caused
Ordinary (Lo¹i 162 214 45 10 by settling of the solids: Lµ mét sù gi¶m ®i vÒ thÓ
th−êng) tÝch cña bªt«ng tr−íc giai ®o¹n ninh kÕt cuèi cïng
Rapid hardening 97 149 45 10
(§«ng cøng nhanh) cña c¸c hçn hîp cã trén xim¨ng, g©y bëi sù trÇm
Sulphate resisting 154 202 45 10 l¾ng cña c¸c h¹t r¾n.
(BÒn sunph¸t)
Low heat (Táa 157 253 60 10 sewer /'su:”/ n cèng r·nh: A pipe or conduit
nhiÖt thÊp) for transporting liquid waste for treatment or
disposal: Mét èng hay cèng ®Ó vËn chuyÓn chÊt th¶i
settlement /'setlm”nt/ n sù lón; sù l¾ng: (1) láng ®i xö lý hay x¶ bá.
downward movement of a structure, part of a sewerage /'su:əridʒ/ n hÖ thèng cèng r·nh: The
structure, or underpinning. (2) sinking of solid network of sewers for a community: HÖ thèng c¸c
particles in grout, mortar, or fresh concrete, after cèng r·nh tho¸t n−íc cho mét céng ®ång.
placement and before initial set: (1) Lµ sù lón xuèng shadow /'‘“dou/ n bãng; phÇn bÞ che ch¾n:
phÝa d−íi cña mét kÕt cÊu, mét phÇn cña kÕt cÊu, shadow effect: hiÖu øng mµn ch¾n o The shotcrete
hay cña hÖ cäc chèng bªn d−íi mãng; (2) Lµ sù l¾ng quality may deteriorate because of shadow effect due
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
 284
to both the solid wire and to the fabric's vibrating in
the shot stream: ChÊt l−îng bªt«ng cã thÓ suy gi¶m
do hiÖu øng mµn ch¾n g©y bëi d©y thÐp cøng vµ bëi
sù rung ®éng cña l−íi thÐp n»m d−íi luång phun.
shadowing /'‘“douiô/ n sù che ch¾n; hiÖu øng mµn
ch¾n: The smaller openings and lager wires
exacerbate the shadowing problem: Kho¶ng hë
(b−íc cèt thÐp) cµng bÐ vµ kÝch th−íc l−íi thÐp cµng
réng th× cµng lµm t¨ng thªm hiÖu øng mµn ch¾n.
shaft /‘:ft/ n ®−êng th«ng; giÕng má: A vertical
or near-vertical excavation or opening to gain
access to an underground facility or construction
operation, tunnels or mines from the surface: Lµ mét
hang ®µo th¼ng ®øng hoÆc gÇn th¼ng ®øng nh»m t¹o
lèi vµo mét c«ng tr×nh ngÇm, c¸c hÇm hoÆc c¸c má
tõ trªn bÒ mÆt ®Êt o Since urban land is valuable,
and interference with existing services must be
minimized, most tunnels built through urban areas
require shafts to reach the working area, and to
provide egress for tunnel muck: V× ®Êt ®« thÞ rÊt ®¾t
®á, vµ sù ®éng ch¹m ®Õn c¸c c«ng tr×nh hiÖn t¹i ph¶i
lµ nhá nhÊt, nªn hÇu hÕt c¸c hÇm xuyªn qua thµnh
phè ®Òu ®ßi hái cã c¸c giÕng má ®Ó ®i xuèng khu vùc
thi c«ng, vµ ®Ó t¹o mét lèi tho¸t cho ®Êt ®¸ th¶i ra tõ
viÖc ®µo hÇm.
shaft sinking /‘:ft 'si–ki–/ n sù ®µo h¹ giÕng má:
Soft ground shaft sinking may disturb or damage
neighbouring buildings, utilities, pipe-lines or
streets: ViÖc ®µo giÕng ®øng xuèng hÇm qua ®Êt
mÒm yÕu cã thÓ g©y x¸o trén hoÆc ph¸ ho¹i nhµ cöa,
c¸c c«ng tr×nh c«ng céng, ®−êng èng l©n cËn hay
®−êng phè.
shafting /‘:ft i–/ n ®−êng th«ng; giÕng th«ng
h¬i: An air and watertight shaft built in the roof of
the caisson and extended upward until above the
normal water level: Lµ mét giÕng më th«ng vµ kÝn
n−íc ®−îc l¾p trªn m¸i cña mét giÕng ch×m vµ kÐo
dµi lªn phÝa trªn cho ®Õn khi v−ît khái mÆt n−íc
b×nh th−êng.
shale /‘eil/ n ®¸ ph©n líp, diÖp th¹ch: Mudstone
with a finely-laminated depositional structure that
gives the rock fissility, or the tendency to break into
thin layers parallel to the lamination planes: Lµ lo¹i
bïn kÕt cã cÊu t¹o trÇm tÝch ph©n phiÕn râ rµng, nã
t¹o cho ®¸ tÝnh dÔ t¸ch, hay xu h−íng vì ra thµnh
c¸c líp máng song song víi c¸c mÆt ph¼ng ph©n líp.
shank adaptor /‘“–k ”'d“pt”/ n thanh (®Çu,
èng) chu«i cÇn khoan: Shank adaptor is inserted into
the rock drill (drifter) chuck and connected by a
coupling to the first rod in the drill string. Shank
adaptors have to transmit impact energy, rotation
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
torque and feed force from the drill chuck to the
rods, and they must have a highly wear resistant
rear surface, threads and splines: Chu«i cÇn khoan
®−îc lång vµo trong bóa khoan vµ nèi b»ng mét èng
nèi víi ®o¹n cÇn khoan ®Çu tiªn cña cét cÇn khoan.
Chu«i cÇn khoan ph¶i truyÒn n¨ng l−îng va ®Ëp,
m«men xo¾n vµ lùc Ðp tõ m©m cÆp cña bóa khoan tíi
cÇn khoan, vµ chóng ph¶i cã c¸c r·nh then tr−ît, ren
vµ bÒ mÆt phÝa sau cã tÝnh chèng mµi mßn cao.
shape function /‘eip 'fʌηk∫n/ n hµm d¹ng: In the
finite element method (FEM), the model of the area
to be analysed is subdivided into a number of
sufficiently small parts - finite elements. Within each
of these elements, the unknowns - mostly
displacements - are approximated by interpolation
functions called "shape functions". Shape function
parameters are values at nodes at which it is
presumed that the elements are interconnected.
Shape functions have to be chosen in such a way that
the compatibility conditions along the element
boundaries are satisfied, i.e. that the boundaries of
neighbouring elements remain connected at all
times: Trong ph−¬ng ph¸p phÇn tö h÷u h¹n (FEM),
m« h×nh cña mét diÖn tÝch cÇn ph©n tÝch ®−îc chia
nhá thµnh mét sè phÇn ®ñ nhá - gäi lµ c¸c phÇn tö
h÷u h¹n. Trong ph¹m vi mçi phÇn tö nµy, c¸c Èn sè -
th−êng lµ chuyÓn vÞ - ®−îc tÝnh gÇn ®óng b»ng c¸c
hµm néi suy gäi lµ c¸c “hµm d¹ng”. C¸c th«ng sè
cña hµm d¹ng lµ nh÷ng gi¸ trÞ t¹i c¸c nót mµ t¹i ®ã
ng−êi ta gi¶ thiÕt r»ng c¸c phÇn tö ®−îc liªn kÕt víi
nhau. C¸c hµm d¹ng cÇn ph¶i ®−îc lùa chän sao cho
®iÒu kiÖn t−¬ng thÝch däc theo c¸c biªn phÇn tö ®−îc
tháa m·n, tøc lµ biªn cña c¸c phÇn tö kÕ bªn vÉn
®−îc liªn kÕt t¹i mäi thêi ®iÓm.
shaping of excavation /‘eipiô ”v ,eksk”'vei‘n/ n sù
gät tØa, [t¹o h×nh, chØnh söa] hè ®µo.
shatter /'‘“t”/ v ®Ëp vì, ph¸ hñy: Material beyond
the required lines which is shattered or loosened by
the Contractor's operations shall be removed by and
at the expense of the Contractor: VËt liÖu n»m bªn
ngoµi biªn ®µo thiÕt kÕ mµ bÞ ®Ëp vì hay lµm r·o rêi
do thao t¸c cña Nhµ thÇu sÏ ph¶i ®−îc dän dÑp bëi
vµ víi chi phÝ cña Nhµ thÇu.
shatter cut = burn cut /'‘“t” kʌt/ n c¾t ®ét ph¸, c¾t
khÊu: A drill hole pattern used to develop a free face
by drilling holes close together and blasting one or
more holes. Some of the uncharged holes may be
reamed larger in diameter: Lµ mét d¹ng thøc lç
khoan dïng ®Ó t¹o ra mét mÆt tho¸ng b»ng c¸ch
khoan nhiÒu lç gÇn nhau vµ chØ næ mét hay vµi lç.
Mét vµi lç kh«ng n¹p thuèc cã thÓ doa thªm cho
®−êng kÝnh lín h¬n.
 285
shattering /'‘“t”riô/ n sù ®Ëp vì.
shear or shearing /‘i”/ n sù c¾t, sù xÐn; sù
tr−ît: The deformation of rocks by lateral movement
along innumerable parallel planes, generally
resulting from pressure and producing such
metamorphic structures as cleavage and schistosity:
BiÕn d¹ng cña c¸c ®¸ do chuyÓn ®éng ngang däc
theo v« sè mÆt ph¼ng song song, nãi chung sinh ra tõ
¸p lùc vµ t¹o nªn nh÷ng kiÕn tróc biÕn chÊt nh− thí
chÎ vµ ph©n líp o Adhesion and shear strength of
shotcrete are of greater importance than its
compressive strength: §é dÝnh b¸m vµ c−êng ®é
chèng c¾t cña bªt«ng phun cßn quan träng h¬n c¶
c−êng ®é nÐn cña nã.
shear-deformation /‘i”-,di:f˜:'mei‘n/ n biÕn
d¹ng c¾t, biÕn d¹ng tr−ît.
shear dowel /‘i” 'dauəl/ n chèt chÞu c¾t: A device
to transfer shear across a joint. Shear dowels are
sometimes used in concrete tunnel elements across
immersion, closure or expansion joints to provide
continuity of alignment. Such shear dowels must
permit relative longitudinal movement. For
immersion and closure joints, the dowels would be
embedded in cast-in-place concrete at the joint face
after immersion: Mét thiÕt bÞ ®Ó truyÒn lùc c¾t qua
mét mèi nèi hÇm d×m. Chèt chÞu c¾t ®«i khi ®−îc
dïng trong c¸c ®èt hÇm d×m t¹i c¸c mèi nèi h¹ hÇm,
nèi khÐp kÝn hay khe co gi·n ®Ó t¹o ra tÝnh liªn tôc
cho tuyÕn hÇm. C¸c chèt c¾t ®ã ph¶i cho phÐp cã
chuyÓn ®éng däc t−¬ng ®èi. §èi víi c¸c mèi nèi h¹
hÇm vµ nèi khÐp kÝn, c¸c chèt c¾t cã thÓ ®−îc ch«n
trong bªt«ng ®æ t¹i chç trªn mÆt mèi nèi sau khi ®·
h¹ xong hÇm.
shear failure (failure by rupture) /‘i” 'feilj”/ n ph¸
ho¹i do c¾t/tr−ît: Failure in which movement caused
by shearing stresses in a soil or rock mass is of
sufficient magnitude to destroy or seriously
endanger a structure: Lµ ph¸ ho¹i trong ®ã sù dÞch
chuyÓn g©y bëi c¸c øng suÊt c¾t trong mét khèi ®Êt
hay ®¸ lµ cã ®ñ ®é lín ®Ó ph¸ hñy hoÆc g©y nguy
hiÓm nghiªm träng cho mét kÕt cÊu.
shear force /‘i” f˜:s/ n lùc c¾t, lùc tr−ît: A force
directed parallel to the surface element across which
it acts: Lµ mét lùc h−íng song song víi ph©n tè bÒ
mÆt mµ nã t¸c dông trªn ®ã o Shear force is the
algebraic sum of all forces normal to the beam axis
acting either to the left or to the right of the section:
Lùc c¾t lµ tæng ®¹i sè cña tÊt c¶ c¸c lùc vu«ng gãc
víi trôc dÇm, t¸c dông ë bªn tr¸i hoÆc vÒ bªn ph¶i
mÆt c¾t.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
shear key /‘i” ki:/ n khãa c¾t: A device to transfer
shear across a joint, usually a moveable immersion
joint. In concrete tunnels, the shear key components
may form integral parts of the structure of each
element. The keys are usually placed in the space
between the end bulkheads adjacent to the
immersion gaskets so that they can be inspected and
repaired if necessary: Mét thiÕt bÞ ®Ó truyÒn lùc c¾t
qua mét mèi nèi, th−êng lµ mét mèi nèi h¹ hÇm d×m
di ®éng. Trong hÇm bªt«ng, c¸c bé phËn cña khãa
c¾t cã thÓ t¹o thµnh mét phÇn kh«ng thÓ thiÕu cña
kÕt cÊu mçi ®èt hÇm. C¸c khãa nµy th−êng ®Æt trong
kho¶ng trèng gi÷a t−êng ng¨n cuèi kÒ víi gio¨ng h¹
hÇm sao cho cã thÓ kiÓm tra vµ söa ch÷a chóng nÕu
cÇn thiÕt.
shear train /‘i” strein/ n biÕn d¹ng c¾t: The change
in shape, expressed by the relative change of the
right angles at the corner of what was in the
undeformed state an infinitesimally small rectangle
or cube: Lµ thay ®æi vÒ h×nh d¹ng, biÓu thÞ b»ng sù
thay ®æi t−¬ng ®èi cña c¸c gãc vu«ng t¹i gãc cña
mét h×nh ch÷ nhËt hay khèi lËp ph−¬ng v« cïng bÐ ë
tr¹ng th¸i ch−a biÕn d¹ng.
shear strength of soil /‘i” 'stre–•/ n c−êng ®é
chèng c¾t cña ®Êt: Failure of a soil is usually meant
the failure in shear, that is, the state of stress in the
soil is such that the shearing resistance of the soil is
overcome and a relative and significant
displacement occurs between two parts of the soil
mass. If this shearing resistance, or shear strength,
of the soil is measured or predicted the geotechnical
engineer is then able to analyse problems of stability
of soil masses: Sù ph¸ ho¹i cña ®Êt th−êng hµm ý lµ
sù ph¸ ho¹i vÒ c¾t, nghÜa lµ, tr¹ng th¸i øng suÊt
trong ®Êt ®· ë møc ®é khiÕn cho søc kh¸ng c¾t bÞ
v−ît qu¸, lµm x¶y ra chuyÓn vÞ ®¸ng kÓ vµ t−¬ng ®èi
gi÷a hai phÇn cña khèi ®Êt. NÕu ®o hay dù b¸o ®−îc
søc kh¸ng c¾t nµy cña ®Êt, hay c−êng ®é chèng c¾t,
th× ng−êi kü s− ®Þa kü thuËt sÏ cã kh¶ n¨ng ph©n tÝch
c¸c vÊn ®Ò vÒ sù æn ®Þnh cña khèi ®Êt.
shear test /‘i” strein/ n thÝ nghiÖm c¾t: An
experiment to determine the flow properties of a bulk
solid by applying different states of stress and strain
to it: Lµ mét thÝ nghiÖm ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh c¸c tÝnh chÊt
ch¶y/tr−ît cña mét vËt r¾n b»ng c¸ch t¸c dông c¸c
tr¹ng th¸i øng suÊt vµ biÕn d¹ng kh¸c nhau lªn nã.
shear zone /‘i” zoun/ n vïng biÕn d¹ng c¾t: A
local geologic structure resulting from the relief of
earth stresses by the formation of a multitude of
minute, closely spaced fractures with slight slipping
or faulting along each: Mét kÕt cÊu ®Þa chÊt côc bé
 286
sinh ra tõ sù gi¶i phãng øng suÊt tr¸i ®Êt bëi thµnh
hÖ ®Êt ®¸ cã v« sè c¸c vïng n¸t vì nhá, c¸ch gÇn
nhau, víi sù tr−ît hay ®øt g·y nhÑ däc theo mçi bªn.
sheet pile /'‘i:t pail/ n cäc v¸n thÐp.
sheet piling /'‘i:t paili–/ n sù ®ãng v¸n chèng; sù
®ãng cäc cõ: Interlocking steel sheet piles are
usually used to brace soft, water-bearing ground if
the excavation of shatfs exceeds about 6 meters: C¸c
cäc v¸n thÐp cµi mãc vµo nhau th−êng ®−îc sö dông
®Ó gi»ng chèng ®Êt ngËm n−íc, mÒm nÕu hè ®µo
giÕng ®øng s©u qu¸ 6 mÐt.
sheeting /'‘i:ti–/ n sù èp v¸n; tÊm èp: A
properly designed sheeting system can prevent
plastic yielding of soft ground at the surface in shaft
sinking. Soil characteristics, shaft depth and
economic factors will dictate the choice among the
many available sheeting and bracing systems: Mét
hÖ thèng v¸n chèng thiÕt kÕ tèt cã thÓ tr¸nh ®−îc sù
ch¶y dÎo (ph×nh trµn) cña ®Êt yÕu t¹i bÒ mÆt trong
khi ®µo giÕng ®øng. C¸c tÝnh chÊt cña ®Êt, chiÒu s©u
giÕng vµ c¸c yÕu tè kinh tÕ sÏ quyÕt ®Þnh gi¶i ph¸p
lùa chän gi÷a rÊt nhiÒu hÖ thèng chèng ®ì vµ gi»ng
nèi cã s½n.
sheeting method /'‘i:ti– 'me•”d/ n ph−¬ng
ph¸p èp v¸n [chèng v¸n]: The design and
construction of the sheeting will depend upon the
ground conditions and the importance of preventing
surface settlement: ViÖc thiÕt kÕ vµ thi c«ng hÖ cäc
v¸n sÏ phô thuéc vµo c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ®Êt vµ tÇm quan
träng cña vÊn ®Ò chèng lón bÒ mÆt.
shelf life /'∫elf'laif/ n thêi h¹n sö dông: Maximum
time interval during which a material may be stored
and remain in a usable condition. Usually related to
storage condition: Lµ kho¶ng thêi gian trong ®ã mét
vËt liÖu cã thÓ ®−îc cÊt gi÷ vµ vÉn ë trong t×nh tr¹ng
sö dông ®−îc.
shield /‘i:ld/ n khiªn ®µo: A movable steel tube,
framework, or canopy shaped to fit the excavation
line of a tunnel and used to provide immediate
support for the tunnel and protect the men
excavating and providing the long-term support.
May be fitted with a cutting device for excavating the
tunnel lining. See also soft-ground shield and
gripper shield: Lµ mét èng, khung hay vßm di ®éng
b»ng thÐp ®−îc t¹o h×nh ®Ó l¾p võa víi biªn ®µo cña
mét hÇm vµ dïng ®Ó t¹o ra sù chèng ®ì lËp tøc cho
hÇm, b¶o vÖ con ng−êi ®ang ®µo ®Êt vµ ®ang l¾p hÖ
vá chèng ®ì l©u dµi. Nã cã thÓ l¾p víi mét thiÕt bÞ
c¾t. Xem thªm “soft-ground shield" vµ "gripper
shield”.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
shield /‘i:ld/ n tÊm ch¾n, vµnh ch¾n, vá che, tÊm
ch¾n di ®éng, khiªn ®µo: A steel cylinder with open
or closed face equal to the tunnel diameter for tunnel
excavation in soft ground: Lµ mét h×nh trô b»ng thÐp
cã mÆt hë hay kÝn t−¬ng ®−¬ng víi ®−êng kÝnh cña
hÇm dïng ®Ó ®µo hÇm trong ®Êt yÕu o In each
move, the shield is advanced by the shoving jacks a
distance equal to the width of a primary lining ring:
Trong mçi b−íc tiÕn, khiªn ®µo ®−îc ®Èy vÒ phÝa
tr−íc b»ng c¸c kÝch ®Èy mét ®o¹n b»ng víi chiÒu
réng cña khoanh vá hÇm c¬ së.
shield articulation/ cutter head support
articulation /‘i:ld ɑ:,tikju'lei∫n/ n khíp khiªn
®µo, khíp chèng ®Çu c¾t.
shield method /∫i:ld 'me•”d/ n ph−¬ng ph¸p
khiªn ®µo: The shield is thrust in the ground to make
the tunnel. The outer layer of the shield and the
segment support the walls of the tunnel. It is applied
to extra soft ground such as alluvium layer, diluvium
layer, and Neogene layer, to grounds that have
unconfined compressive strength of thousand kN/m2.
It is usually used for unconsolidated ground: Khiªn
®−îc Ên vµo ®Êt ®Ó t¹o nªn ®−êng hÇm. Vá ngoµi
cña khiªn vµ ®o¹n vá hÇm sÏ chèng ®ì c¸c t−êng
hÇm. Ph−¬ng ph¸p nµy ®−îc ¸p dông cho ®Êt rÊt
mÒm nh− båi tÝch, trÇm tÝch s«ng b¨ng, vµ tÇng ®Êt
thuéc kû Neogen, còng nh− cho c¸c ®Êt cã c−êng ®é
nÐn në h«ng vµo kho¶ng ngµn kN/m2. Nã th−êng
®−îc dïng cho ®Êt ch−a cè kÕt.
shield skin /∫i:ld skin/ n vá khiªn ®µo.
shield tail (or skirt) /∫i:ld teil/ n ®u«i khiªn ®µo:
An extension to the rear of the shield skin which
supports soft ground enabling the tunnel primary
lining to be rected within its protection: Mét phÇn
kÐo dµi vÒ phÝa sau cña vá khiªn ®µo ®Ó chèng ®ì
®Êt yÕu, cho phÐp l¾p dùng líp vá hÇm ®Çu tiªn
trong vßng b¶o vÖ cña nã.
shield tunnel boring machine /‘i:ld 'tʌnl 'b˜:ri–
m”'‘i:n/ n m¸y khoan hÇm b»ng khiªn.
shield tunneling /‘i:ld 'tʌnli–/ n kü thuËt lµm
hÇm b»ng khiªn ®µo: Shield tunnelling technology
started under soft ground conditions. The shield
itself contains a cutter wheel at the face, and a
segment erector in the rear. Soils typically moved
onto the shield skin, thus giving close contact
through its deformation behaviour between the
underground and the temporary support, of the steel
shield. The segments are erected in the shield tail
area while the shield is pushed forward by hydraulic
jacks resting on the segmented lining: C«ng nghÖ
®µo hÇm b»ng khiªn khëi ®Çu trong nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn
 287
®Êt yÕu. Trªn khiªn cã l¾p mét vµnh c¾t t¹i g−¬ng
®µo, vµ mét m¸y l¾p vá hÇm ë phÝa sau. Th«ng
th−êng, ®Êt sÏ dÞch chuyÓn vµ t¸c dông lªn vá khiªn,
do ®ã t¹o ra sù tiÕp xóc chÆt gi÷a nÒn ®Êt vµ vá
khiªn chèng ®ì t¹m. C¸c m¶nh vá hÇm ®−îc l¾p r¸p
t¹i khu vùc ®u«i khiªn, vµ khiªn ®−îc ®Èy tiÕn lªn
bëi c¸c kÝch thñy lùc tú vµo vá hÇm võa ®−îc l¾p
ghÐp o Shield tunneling with compressed air may
have to be resorted to in fine running soil under
water pressure for longer stretches of mixed face if
consolidation of the ground is not practical or is too
costly at greater depth: Cã thÓ ph¶i dùa vµo ph−¬ng
s¸ch cuèi cïng lµ ®µo hÇm b»ng khiªn dïng khÝ nÐn
khi gÆp ph¶i nÒn ®Êt ch¶y h¹t mÞn d−íi ¸p lùc n−íc,
®Ó cã thÓ ®µo s©u h¬n vµo nÒn ®Êt hçn hîp, nÕu nh−
viÖc gia cè ®Êt lµ kh«ng thùc hiÖn ®−îc hoÆc lµ qu¸
tèn kÐm ë ®é s©u lín.
shift capacity /∫ift k”'p“siti/ n n¨ng suÊt ca lµm
viÖc: A drilling shift includes e.g. lunch and coffee
breaks, short pauses, maintenance check-ups of the
unit, waiting periods, and start-up and finishing
tasks at the excavation site. Therefore, when
calculating the long- term production capacities
over drilling shifts, there are two factors to be
considered: work utilization and drill availability:
Mét ca khoan hÇm bao gåm c¶ nghØ ¨n ca vµ uèng
n−íc, nh÷ng qu·ng dõng ng¾n, nh÷ng lÇn kiÓm tra
b¶o d−ìng m¸y, thêi gian ®îi, vµ c¸c viÖc khëi ®éng
vµ kÕt thóc t¹i c«ng tr−êng ®µo. Do ®ã, khi tÝnh to¸n
n¨ng suÊt dµi h¹n cho c¸c ca khoan hÇm, cã hai yÕu
tè ph¶i tÝnh ®Õn lµ: sù tËn dông c«ng viÖc, tÝnh s½n
sµng khoan ®−îc.
shifter /’∫ift”/ n ®èc c«ng: Foreman of heading
crew: §éi tr−ëng cña ®éi ®µo hÇm.
shooting lines /'‘u:ti– lainz/ n d©y dÉn (m¹ng ®iÖn)
næ m×n: Separate circuits, preferably at 220 volts,
should be used for detonating explosives. These
shooting lines should be well seperated from other
power lines: C¸c m¹ch riªng biÖt, tèt nhÊt lµ 220
v«n, ph¶i ®−îc dïng ®Ó kÝch næ m×n. C¸c m¹ch ®iÖn
nµy cÇn ®−îc c¸ch ly tèt víi c¸c ®−êng ®iÖn kh¸c.
shooting pipe /'‘u:ti– paip/ n èng ®æ bªt«ng.
shortage of water /'∫˜:tidʒ ”v 'w˜:t”/ n sù
thiÕu n−íc: If reduction and shortage of water
caused by tunnel excavation may have an adverse
effect on the tunnel surroundings, necessary steps
shall be taken for the preservation of the
environment: NÕu sù gi¶m l−îng n−íc hoÆc thiÕu
n−íc g©y bëi viÖc ®µo hÇm cã thÓ t¸c ®éng xÊu ®Õn
m«i tr−êng xung quanh hÇm, th× ph¶i thùc hiÖn c¸c
biÖn ph¸p cÇn thiÕt ®Ó b¶o vÖ m«i tr−êng.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
shot /‘˜t/ n ph¸t sóng, qu¶ ®¹n; khèi thuèc næ; sù
næ m×n: It is better to avoid early morning or late
afternoon shots to reduce the risk of blasting during
temperature inversions: Nªn tr¸nh c¸c vô næ m×n
vµo s¸ng sím hoÆc chiÒu muén nh»m gi¶m rñi ro vÒ
næ ph¸ trong qu¸ tr×nh ®¶o nhiÖt ®é o When
blasting a multihole shot with a short delay firing
system - with many holes initiating at the same cap
delay - a combined vibration effect will be produced:
Khi næ mét ph¸t næ nhiÒu lç b»ng hÖ thèng kÝch næ
cã ®é trÔ ng¾n - víi nhiÒu lç khëi næ t¹i cïng mét gi¸
trÞ trÔ cña kÝp - th× sÏ sinh ra mét hiÖu øng chÊn
®éng kÕt hîp.
shot plan /‘˜t pl“n/ n hé chiÕu næ.
shotcrete /∫˜tkri:t/ n bªt«ng phun : A mixture
of cement, aggregate, and water projected
pneumatically at high velocity from a nozzle onto a
surface to produce a layer or layers of concrete.
Shotcrete normally incorporates admixtures,
especially accelerators, and may also include fibers.
(also called Sprayed Concrete). (see dry-mix
shotcrete, gunite, and wet-mix shotcrete) : Lµ mét
hçn hîp cña xim¨ng, cèt liÖu, vµ n−íc phôt b»ng khÝ
nÐn víi vËn tèc cao tõ mét vßi phun vµo mét bÒ mÆt
®Ó t¹o thµnh mét hay nhiÒu líp bªt«ng. Bªt«ng phun
th−êng cã phô gia, ®Æc biÖt lµ phô gia t¨ng ninh kÕt,
vµ cã thÓ c¶ sîi thÐp nhá.
shotcrete /‘˜tkri:t/ n bªt«ng phun: Shotcrete
can be used for tunnels with confidence in many soft
ground conditions: Bªt«ng phun cã thÓ ®−îc dïng
cho hÇm víi ®é tin cËy cao trong nhiÒu ®iÒu kiÖn ®Êt
yÕu o Shotcrete is made immediately after
exacavtion, bonded to the ground surface and is
made any dimensions or shapes of tunnel. It has
many effects such as support effect by bonding with
rock and shear resistance, internal pressure &
closed ring effect, distribution of external pressure,
reinforcement effect of weak zone, and shield effect:
Bªt«ng phun ®−îc phun ngay sau khi ®µo mét g−¬ng,
nã dÝnh kÕt vµo mÆt ®Êt ®¸ vµ cã thÓ phun víi mäi
kÝch th−íc vµ h×nh d¹ng cña hÇm. Nã cã nhiÒu t¸c
dông nh−: 1. t¸c dông chèng ®ì nhê liªn kÕt chÆt víi
nÒn ®¸ vµ t¨ng søc chèng c¾t cho ®Êt ®¸ 2. t¸c dông
t¹o vßng chèng kÝn vµ sinh ra néi øng suÊt (gi¶m
biÕn d¹ng ®Êt & h¹n chÕ gi¶i phãng øng suÊt) 3.
ph©n bè ¸p lùc ngoµi 4. t¸c dông gia cè khu vùc ®Êt
yÕu vµ 5. t¸c dông tÊm ch¾n b¶o vÖ.
shotcrete flashcoat /‘˜tkri:t fl“‘kout/ n líp
bªt«ng phun l¸ng mÆt: A thin (typically 25 to 50 mm
or 1 to 2 inch) layer of shotcrete placed to protect
soil from erosion, or to stabilize soil sloughing from
 288
the finish wall excavation line. Typically, it will be
unreinforced or only lightly reinforced and may
contain reinforcing fibers and/or strength
accelerators: Lµ mét líp bªt«ng phun máng (th−êng
lµ 25 ®Õn 50 mm) phun ®Ó b¶o vÖ ®Êt khái xãi mßn,
hoÆc ®Ó æn ®Þnh hãa ®Êt ®ang bÞ bong trãc khái
thµnh hè ®µo. Th«ng th−êng, nã sÏ kh«ng ®−îc gia
c−êng cèt thÐp hoÆc chØ ®−îc gia c−êng nhÑ, vµ cã
thÓ cã cèt sîi vµ/hoÆc phô gia thóc ®Èy ninh kÕt.
shotcrete machine /‘˜tkri:t m”'‘i:n/ n m¸y phun
bªt«ng: The invention of an efficient shotcrete
machine allowed the extensive application of
sprayed concrete. The method of shooting concrete
on any surface and admixing a certain acceleration
chemical to develop early strength enabled a new
quick driving circle: Sù ph¸t minh (ra ®êi) lo¹i m¸y
phun bªt«ng hiÖu qu¶ ®· cho phÐp øng dông réng r·i
bªt«ng phun. Ph−¬ng ph¸p phôt bªt«ng lªn bÊt kú bÒ
mÆt nµo vµ trén thªm mét hãa chÊt t¨ng ®«ng cøng
nhÊt ®Þnh nh»m ph¸t triÓn sím c−êng ®é ®· khiÕn
cho cã thÓ hiÖn thùc hãa mét ph−¬ng thøc ®µo hÇm
theo chu tr×nh míi mÎ vµ nhanh chãng.
shotcrete thickness /∫˜tkri:t '•iknis/ n chiÒu dµy
bªt«ng phun: The shotcrete thickness should be
inspected to ensure that it complies with the design
and specification. In addition, adhesion condition,
rebound etc. shall be observed to confirm the
satisfactory execution of the work: ChiÒu dµy bªt«ng
phun cÇn ®−îc kiÓm tra ®Ó ®¶m b¶o r»ng nã tu©n thñ
thiÕt kÕ vµ quy ®Þnh kü thuËt. Ngoµi ra, t×nh tr¹ng
liªn kÕt, ®é bËt n¶y v.v… còng cÇn ®−îc kiÓm tra ®Ó
x¸c nhËn c«ng viÖc ®· ®−îc thùc hiÖn tèt.
shotcrete with steel fiber reinforcement /∫˜tkri:t
wi› sti:l 'faib” ,ri:in'f˜:sm”nt/ n bªt«ng phun cã cèt
sîi thÐp: Shotcrete with steel fiber reinforcement is
effective for the portion where complicated stress or
large deformations are predicted to occur in the
tunnel entrance or intersections. Steel fiber shotcrete
has the following characteristics: i) high tensile,
bending and shear strength; ii) high residual
strength beyond maximum tensile strength; iii)
extreme toughness, and to transmit tensile stress
after crack has occurred; iv) extreme ductility; v)
durability against impact and freezing and thawing:
Bªt«ng phun cã cèt sîi thÐp rÊt cã hiÖu qu¶ ®èi víi
khu vùc n¬i mµ øng suÊt phøc t¹p hoÆc biÕn d¹ng
lín ®−îc dù b¸o sÏ x¶y ra t¹i cæng hÇm hay c¸c giao
c¾t. Lo¹i bªt«ng nµy cã c¸c ®Æc tÝnh sau: i) c−êng ®é
kÐo, uèn vµ c¾t lín; ii) c−êng ®é l©u dµi v−ît qu¸
c−êng ®é kÐo lín nhÊt; iii) rÊt bÒn dai, vµ chÞu øng
suÊt kÐo sau khi vÕt nøt ®· x¶y ra; iv) tÝnh mÒm dÎo
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
lín; v) bÒn v÷ng ®èi víi va ch¹m còng nh− sù ®ãng
b¨ng vµ tan b¨ng.
shotcreting /‘˜tkri:tiô/ n sù phun bªt«ng: In
general, the construction sequence of the tunnel
supports shall be conducted as follows 1) primary
shotcreting 2) steel supports 3) secondary
shotcreting 4) rockbolting. In particular, to minimize
face collapse and loosening of the surrounding zone
in poor ground conditions, shotcreting should be
conducted promptly after the excavation: Nãi chung,
tr×nh tù thi c«ng c¸c bé phËn chèng ®ì hÇm lµ nh−
sau ⑴ phun bªt«ng s¬ bé ⑵ l¾p v× chèng thÐp ⑶
phun bªt«ng vÜnh cöu ⑷ l¾p bul«ng neo. §Æc biÖt,
®Ó gi¶m thiÓu sù sËp g−¬ng ®µo vµ sù r·o rêi cña
vïng xung quanh khi ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt kÐm, viÖc
phun bªt«ng ph¶i ®−îc thùc hiÖn ngay sau khi ®µo.
shotcreting machine /∫˜tkri:tiô m”'∫i:n/ n m¸y
phun bªt«ng: There are many types of shotcreting
machines, such as chamber type, rotor type, and
pump type. It is common for any of these machines to
be installed on a self-propelled gantry. Because the
pressure can temporarily increase due to a blockage
of shooting material within the pipe, the shotcreting
machine shall be one which is sufficiently safe with
regard to pressure: Cã nhiÒu lo¹i m¸y phun bªt«ng,
nh− lo¹i buång, lo¹i khèi quay, vµ lo¹i b¬m. Th−êng
th× c¸c lo¹i m¸y phun nµy ph¶i ®−îc l¾p trªn mét
khung tù hµnh. Bëi v× ¸p lùc cã thÓ nhÊt thêi t¨ng lªn
do t¾c nghÏn vËt liÖu phun trong èng, nªn m¸y phun
ph¶i lµ lo¹i ®ñ an toµn ®èi víi ¸p lùc cao.
shotcreting robot /∫˜tkri:tiô 'roub˜t/ n R«bèt
phun bªt«ng: The merits of shotcreting robots are as
follows: i) effective to improve the health and safety
of the nozzle operator, ii) no need to use scaffolding
when shotcreting a large face, iii) large volume
shotcreting, and shotcreting prior to mucking is
possible, iv) good mobility: R«bèt phun bªt«ng cã
nh÷ng gi¸ trÞ nh− sau: cã hiÖu qu¶ trong viÖc n©ng
cao søc kháe vµ an toµn cña thî phun, kh«ng cÇn
dïng ®µ gi¸o khi phun g−¬ng hÇm lín, phun ®−îc
khèi l−îng lín, vµ cã thÓ phun tr−íc khi xóc bèc ®¸
th¶i, tÝnh c¬ ®éng tèt.
shotfirer = blaster /'∫˜t'fai”r”/ n ng−êi giËt m×n
(ph¸ ®¸...), thî næ m×n: The shot-firer must keep a
record of the number of shots fired, their time of
firing, type and weight of explosives used and the
type and number of detonators used, together with a
record of the post blast situation for each and every
location: Thî næ m×n ph¶i l−u gi÷ mét hå s¬ vÒ sè
lÇn næ, thêi gian næ, lo¹i vµ träng l−îng thuèc næ sö
 289
dông, lo¹i vµ sè l−îng kÝp næ, cïng víi mét b¶n ghi
vÒ t×nh tr¹ng sau næ cho mçi mét vµ tÊt c¶ c¸c vÞ trÝ.
shothole /‘˜thoul/ n lç khoan næ m×n: A
representative of the Engineer will observe the
drilling and loading of shotholes for test blasting
and any excavation blasting to ensure that they are
in accordance with approved plans: Mét ®¹i diÖn
cña T− vÊn sÏ kiÓm tra viÖc khoan lç vµ n¹p thuèc
næ khi næ ph¸ thö, còng nh− bÊt kú vô næ phôc vô
®µo ®¸ nµo kh¸c, ®Ó ®¶m b¶o r»ng chóng ®−îc thùc
hiÖn theo ®óng ®Ò ¸n ®· ®−îc chÊp thuËn.
shoulder /'‘ould”/ n vai ®−êng, lÒ ®−êng: Full left-
and right-shoulder widths of the approach freeway
desirably should be carried through the tunnel.
Actually, the need for added lateral space is greater
in tunnels than under grade seperation structures
because of the greater likehood of vehicles becoming
disabled in the longer lengths. If shoulders are not
provided, intolerable delays may result when
vehicles become disabled during periods of heavy
traffic. Where it is not feasible to provide shoulders
in a tunnel, arrangements should be made for
around-the-clock emergency service vehicles that
can promptly remove any stalled vehicles: C¸c
kho¶ng réng vai ®−êng ®Çy ®ñ bªn tr¸i vµ bªn ph¶i
cña ®−êng cao tèc dÉn vµo hÇm tèt nhÊt ph¶i ®−îc
kÐo dµi qua ®−êng hÇm. Trong thùc tÕ, nhu cÇu vÒ
kh«ng gian ngang phô thªm trong hÇm lµ lín h¬n so
víi d−íi c¸c kÕt cÊu ph©n luång giao th«ng kh¸c
møc, do kh¶ n¨ng xe cé bÞ háng hãc trong hÇm dµi lµ
rÊt cao. NÕu kh«ng lµm vai ®−êng, cã thÓ sinh ra sù
t¾c xe kh«ng thÓ chÊp nhËn ®−îc khi xe cé bÞ háng
vµo giê cao ®iÓm. Khi viÖc lµm vai ®−êng trong hÇm
lµ kh«ng kh¶ thi, cÇn ph¶i s¾p ®Æt c¸c xe kÐo söa
khÈn cÊp trùc suèt ngµy ®ªm, sao cho cã thÓ ngay
lËp tøc kÐo ®i bÊt kú xe bÞ chÕt m¸y nµo.
shove /‘ʌv/ n sù ®Èy, có ®Èy; chuyÓn ®éng däc;
b−íc ®µo, b−íc tiÕn khi ®µo hÇm: A shield or
tunneling machine progresses in a sequence of
shoves. After each shove, the shield or machine is
stopped and its location and attitude are determined:
Mét khiªn ®µo hoÆc mét m¸y khoan hÇm tiÕn lªn
theo mét tr×nh tù cña c¸c có ®Èy. Sau mçi b−íc tiÕn,
khiªn ®µo hoÆc m¸y khoan ®−îc dõng l¹i ®Ó kiÓm tra
vÞ trÝ vµ t− thÕ cña nã.
shove jack system /‘ʌv d™“k 'sistəm/ n hÖ
thèng kÝch ®Èy cña m¸y TBM: The shove jack system
provides the forward propulsion for the machine.
These jacks are located around the perimeter of the
shield and are housed within the body. They usually
obtain reaction for their thrust from the tunnel
support system to the rear: HÖ thèng kÝch ®Èy t¹o ra
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
lùc ®Èy vÒ phÝa tr−íc cho m¸y TBM. C¸c kÝch nµy
n»m trªn chu vi cña khiªn ®µo vµ ®−îc bè trÝ bªn
trong khiªn. Chóng th−êng t¹o ra lùc ®Èy nhê vµo
ph¶n lùc tõ hÖ thèng chèng ®ì hÇm vÒ phÝa sau.
shoving blind /‘ʌviô blaind/ n ®µo kÝn b»ng
khiªn: The process of advancing a subaqueous
tunnel shield while its face is closed: Qu¸ tr×nh ®Èy
mét khiªn ®µo hÇm d−íi n−íc tiÕn lªn trong khi
g−¬ng cña nã ®ãng kÝn.
shoving jack /‘ʌviô d™“k/ n kÝch ®Èy cña khiªn
®µo hÇm: A series of shoving jacks mouted around
the shield periphery will push the shield to advance:
Mét lo¹t c¸c kÝch ®Èy l¾p quanh chu vi khiªn ®µo sÏ
®Èy nã tiÕn vÒ phÝa tr−íc.
shrinkage /'∫ri–kidʒ/ n sù co ngãt: A decrease
in one or more dimensions of an object or material.
It is always tempting to add cement for greater
workability and to reduce maximum aggregate size,
but this is counterproductive to minimum shrinkage:
Lµ sù gi¶m ®i cña mét hay nhiÒu kÝch th−íc cña mét
vËt thÓ hay vËt liÖu. Lu«n lu«n cã sù c¸m dç cho
thªm xim¨ng ®Ó cã tÝnh c«ng t¸c lín h¬n vµ gi¶m cì
cèt liÖu lín nhÊt, nh−ng ®iÒu nµy l¹i ph¶n t¸c dông
®èi víi yªu cÇu co ngãt nhá nhÊt.
shrinkage-compensating /'‘ri–kidʒ
,k˜mpen'seitiô/ n bï co ngãt: A characteristic of
grout, mortar, or concrete made using an expansive
cement in which volume increases after setting, if
properly elastically restrained, induces compressive
stresses which are intended to approximately offset
the tendency of drying shrinkage to induce tensile
stresses: Lµ mét tÝnh chÊt cña v÷a b¬m, v÷a x©y, hay
bªt«ng ®−îc chÕ t¹o b»ng c¸ch sö dông mét lo¹i
xim¨ng tr−¬ng në trong ®ã thÓ tÝch t¨ng lªn sau khi
ninh kÕt, nÕu ®−îc khèng chÕ vÒ mÆt ®µn håi mét
c¸ch ®óng ®¾n, sÏ lµm g©y ra c¸c øng suÊt nÐn ®Ó
gÇn nh− bï l¹i xu h−íng co ngãt do kh« nh»m t¹o ra
øng suÊt kÐo.
shrinkage cracking /'‘ri–kidʒ kr“kiô/ n sù nøt
do co ngãt: Cracking that occurs in a repair when
the restrained contraction induced by moisture loss
or carbonation exceeds the tensile strain capacity of
the material: Lµ sù nøt x¶y ra trong c«ng t¸c söa
ch÷a khi sù co rót trong ®iÒu kiÖn bÞ h¹n chÕ g©y bëi
viÖc mÊt ®é Èm hay sù cacbonat hãa bÞ v−ît qu¸ kh¶
n¨ng chÞu biÕn d¹ng kÐo cña mét vËt liÖu.
shrinkage of concrete /'‘ri–kidʒ/ n sù co ngãt
bªt«ng: Shrinkage of concrete is caused by the
settlement of solids and the loss of free water from
the plastic concrete (plastic shrinkage), by the
chemical combination of cement with water
 290
(autogenous shrinkage) and by the drying of
concrete (drying shrinkage). Where movement of the
concrete is restrained, shrinkage will produce tensile
stresses within the concrete which may cause
cracking. Most concrete structures experience a
gradual drying out and the effects of drying
shrinkage should be minimised by the provision of
movement joints and careful attention to detail at the
design stage: Sù co ngãt bªt«ng g©y bëi sù l¾ng c¸c
h¹t r¾n vµ sù mÊt n−íc tù do cña bªt«ng míi ®æ (co
ngãt dÎo), bëi sù kÕt hîp hãa häc gi÷a xim¨ng víi
n−íc (co ngãt tù sinh) vµ bëi sù kh« ®i cña bªt«ng
(co ngãt do kh«). Khi sù dÞch chuyÓn cña bªt«ng bÞ
giíi h¹n, co ngãt cã thÓ sinh ra c¸c øng suÊt kÐo
trong khèi bªt«ng g©y nøt. HÇu hÕt c¸c kÕt cÊu
bªt«ng ®Òu tr¶i qua sù kh« dÇn dÇn, vµ t¸c ®éng cña
co ngãt cÇn ®−îc gi¶m thiÓu b»ng c¸ch t¹o c¸c khe
biÕn d¹ng còng nh− chó ý cÈn thËn c¸c chi tiÕt t¹i
giai ®o¹n thiÕt kÕ.
shrinkage limit of soil /'‘ri–kid™ 'limit/ n giíi h¹n
co cña ®Êt: The water contents at the boundaries of
solid, semi-solid, plastic and viscous liquid states of
clay soil are called the Atterberg limits - they are the
shrinkage limit ws, the plastic limit wp and the liquid
limit wl: Hµm l−îng n−íc t¹i ranh giíi cña c¸c tr¹ng
th¸i r¾n, nöa-r¾n, dÎo vµ ch¶y cña ®Êt sÐt ®−îc gäi
lµ c¸c giíi h¹n Atterberg - ®ã lµ giíi h¹n co ws, giíi
h¹n dÎo wp vµ giíi h¹n ch¶y wl.
shuttering /'‘ʌt”ri–/ n v¸n khu«n, cèppha:
Measurements should be taken net, thus the quantity
of shuttering is the net area in contact with the
finished face of the concrete: ViÖc ®o ®¹c thanh to¸n
ph¶i ®−îc ®o theo khèi l−îng thùc, do ®ã khèi l−îng
v¸n khu«n chØ lµ diÖn tÝch thùc tiÕp xóc víi bÒ mÆt
hoµn thiÖn cña bªt«ng.
side drift method /said drift 'meӨ”d/ n ph−¬ng
ph¸p hÇm däc v¸ch, ®µo hÇm biªn:
side wall /said w˜:l/ n t−êng ch©n vßm, t−êng
bªn, t−êng v¸ch.
sidewalk /'saidw˜:k/ n vØa hÌ: The pedestrian
walkway at the side of a street (U.S. usage).
Equivalent to pavement in U.K. usage. According to
the ASSHTO Geometric Design requirement, the
curb or sidewalk on either side should be a minimum
of 46 cm: Lµ lèi ®i cho ng−êi bé hµnh ë r×a ®−êng.
Theo quy ®Þnh cña Tiªu chuÈn ThiÕt kÕ H×nh häc cña
AASHTO, lÒ ®−êng hoÆc vØa hÌ trong hÇm ph¶i cã bÒ
réng nhá nhÊt lµ 46 cm.
sieve analysis /si:v ”'n“l”sis/ n ph©n tÝch thµnh
phÇn h¹t b»ng sµng: Determination of the
proportions of particles lying within certain size
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
ranges in a granular material by separation on
sieves of different size openings: Lµ viÖc x¸c ®Þnh
c¸c tû lÖ thµnh phÇn cña c¸c h¹t thuéc mét d¶i kÝch
th−íc nhÊt ®Þnh cña vËt liÖu d¹ng h¹t, b»ng c¸ch
ph©n t¸ch trªn c¸c l−íi sµng cã cì lç kh¸c nhau o
A sieve analysis is used for determining the grading
of an aggregate. Sieving may be performed by hand
or machine: Mét thao t¸c ph©n tÝch b»ng sµng ®−îc
dïng ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh cÊp phèi cña mét lo¹i cèt liÖu. ViÖc
sµng cã thÓ thùc hiÖn b»ng tay hay b»ng m¸y.
sight /sait/ n sù nh×n, tÇm nh×n, søc nh×n: Sight
distance on sag vertical curves may be controlled by
the tunnel ceiling: TÇm nh×n ch¹y xe trong ®−êng
cong ®øng lâm cã thÓ ®−îc kiÓm so¸t b»ng c¸ch ®iÒu
chØnh m¸i trÇn cña hÇm o Although normal sight
conditions usually permit sights around 180 metres,
it is advisable to set work points at a distance not
more than 90 metres to allow for bad sight
conditions due to smoke or fog: MÆc dï c¸c ®iÒu
kiÖn vÒ tÇm nh×n th«ng th−êng cho phÐp cã tÇm nh×n
kho¶ng 180m, nh−ng ng−êi ta khuyªn r»ng nªn lËp
c¸c ®iÓm ®o ®¹c víi kho¶ng c¸ch kh«ng qu¸ 90m ®Ó
®Ò phßng c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn tÇm nh×n kÐm do khãi hoÆc
s−¬ng mï.
silica /'silik”/ n silic ®ioxyt SiO2 (hîp chÊt cña silic
d−íi d¹ng (nh−) th¹ch anh hoÆc ®¸ löa vµ trong sa
th¹ch vµ nh÷ng ®¸ kh¸c): Hard mineral occurring as
quartz and as main constituent of sand etc.: Lo¹i
kho¸ng vËt cøng xuÊt hiÖn d−íi d¹ng th¹ch anh vµ lµ
thµnh phÇn chÝnh cña c¸t, v.v…
silica fume /'silik” fju:m/ n muéi (bät, khÝ, h¬i)
silic ®ioxyt SiO2: A microsilica generated as a by-
product of the reduction of high purity quartz with
other ingredients in an electric arc furnace. The
other ingredients, including coal, wood chips, and
selected metal ores may or may not be included in
the reaction mixture depending on operating
conditions: Lµ lo¹i silic ®ioxyt mÞn chÕ t¹o nh− lµ
mét s¶n phÈm phô cña sù nghiÒn nhá th¹ch anh tinh
khiÕt cao víi c¸c thµnh phÇn kh¸c trong mét lß hå
quang ®iÖn. C¸c thµnh phÇn kh¸c, bao gåm than,
vôn gç, vµ quÆng kim lo¹i chän läc cã thÓ ®−îc ®−a
vµo hay kh«ng ®−a vµo trong hçn hîp ph¶n øng tuú
thuéc vµo c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ho¹t ®éng o Discovery of
the benefits of adding silica fume to the shotcrete
mix occurred about 1983: Sù ph¸t hiÖn ra lîi Ých cña
viÖc cho thªm bät silic ®ioxit vµo hçn hîp bªt«ng
phun lµ vµo n¨m 1983.
silica fume concrete /'silik” fju:m 'kɔηkri:t/ n
bªt«ng bät silic ®ioxyt: Concrete manufactured in
the concrete mixer by combining cement complying
 291
with BS EN 197-1 with silica fume. Care should be
taken in the choice of cementitious materials to
ensure that sufficient lime is available for reaction
with the silica fume, particularly when sulphate
resistant cement or pulverised fuel-ash is used: Lµ
bªt«ng chÕ t¹o trong m¸y trén bªt«ng b»ng c¸ch kÕt
hîp xim¨ng theo tiªu chuÈn BS EN 197-1 víi ®i«xit
silic mÞn. Nªn cÈn thËn khi lùa chän vËt liÖu kÕt dÝnh
nh»m ®¶m b¶o r»ng cã ®ñ l−îng v«i ®Ó ph¶n øng víi
bät ®i«xit silic, ®Æc biÖt lµ khi muèn sö dông xim¨ng
bÒn sunph¸t hoÆc tro nhiªn liÖu d¹ng bét.
silicate /'silikeit/ n muèi silicat -SiO3: All the
common rocks are formed from silicate minerals,
with the exception of limestones, which consits of
calcium carbonate (calcite, CaCO3): TÊt c¶ c¸c ®¸
th«ng th−êng ®Òu ®−îc t¹o thµnh tõ c¸c kho¸ng vËt
silicat, víi ngo¹i lÖ lµ ®¸ v«i (cã chøa cacbonat
canxi - canxit CaCO3).
silicate fume /'silikeit fju:m/ n (2) bät (khÝ, h¬i)
silicat: An extremely fine by-product of the
manufacture of silicon metal as the gases escaping
from the electric-arc furnace condense. It is used in
concrete and shotcrete to improve their properties.
In shotcrete its use reduces rebound increases
thickness per pass, and improves properties of the
hardened shotcrete: Mét s¶n phÈm phô rÊt mÞn cña
qu¸ tr×nh s¶n xuÊt kim lo¹i silic khi c¸c khÝ tho¸t ra
tõ lß cao hå quang ®iÖn vµ ®Æc l¹i. Nã d−îc dïng
trong bªt«ng vµ bªt«ng phun ®Ó c¶i thiÖn mét sè tÝnh
chÊt cña chóng. Trong bªt«ng phun viÖc sö dông nã
sÏ lµm gi¶m l−îng bËt n¶y lµm t¨ng chiÒu dµy qua
mét ®ît phun, vµ c¶i thiÖn c¸c tÝnh chÊt cña bªt«ng
phun ®· ®«ng cøng.
silicosis /,sili'kousis/ n bÖnh bôi phæi: A lung
desease caused by breathing dust from rock drills
over a long period of time. Rocks with high silica
content are the most harmful: Lµ mét bÖnh vÒ phæi
m¾c ph¶i do hÝt thë bôi tõ c¸c bóa khoan ®¸ trong
mét thêi gian dµi. C¸c lo¹i ®¸ cã hµm l−îng silic
®i«xyt cao lµ g©y t¸c h¹i nhiÒu nhÊt.
sill /sil/ n ng−ìng ra, bËc thÒm; ®iÓm nh« cao
cña bÖ ®óc hÇm; xµ däc; m¹ch x©m nhËp: Spelling in
United States for Cill. An intrusive sheet of igneous
rock of roughly uniform thickness, generally
extending over considerable lateral extent, that has
been forced between the bedding planes of existing
rock: Lµ c¸ch ph¸t ©m kiÓu Mü cña tõ “cill”. §ã lµ
mét m¶ng x©m nhËp cña ®¸ macma cã chiÒu dµy kh¸
®ång ®Òu, nãi chung cã ph¹m vi ngang kh¸ lín, ®·
tõng bÞ nÐn Ðp vµo gi÷a c¸c mÆt ph¼ng ph©n líp cña
khèi ®¸ hiÖn t¹i.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
siltstone /siltstoun/ n bïn kÕt: Sedimentary rock
composed predominantly of silt-size particles: Lµ
lo¹i ®¸ trÇm tÝch chñ yÕu bao gåm c¸c h¹t cã kÝch
th−íc cña h¹t sÐt (0.002 to 0.06 mm).
single-heading crew /'si–gl-hedi– cru:/ n ®éi ®µo
hÇm mét-g−¬ng: Crew of men located at one
entrance to the tunnel who only excavate one
heading at any one time for this entrance: Lµ ®éi
c«ng nh©n bè trÝ t¹i mét cöa vµo hÇm mµ hä chØ ®µo
mét g−¬ng hÇm t¹i bÊt kú mét thêi ®iÓm nµo cho cöa
vµo nµy.
single borehole permeability /'si–gl 'b˜:,houl
٫p”:mi”'bil”ti/ n tÝnh thÊm cña lç khoan ®¬n ®éc.
single track /'si–gl tr“k/ n ®−êng ray ®¬n.
singk(ing) /'si–ki–/ n ®µo h¹ hÇm: To
excavate a shaft downwards from the surface, in
distinction from raising: ViÖc ®µo mét giÕng tõ mÆt
®Êt h−íng xuèng, ph©n biÖt víi ®µo tõ d−íi lªn.
Site /sait/ n c«ng tr−êng: Site means the places
provided by the Employer where the Works are to be
executed and any other places as may be specifically
designated in the Contract as forming part of the
Site: C«ng tr−êng lµ ®Þa ®iÓm cung cÊp bëi Chñ ®Çu
t− n¬i mµ C«ng viÖc sÏ ®−îc thùc thi vµ bÊt cø ®Þa
®iÓm nµo kh¸c ®−îc ®Þnh râ mét c¸ch cô thÓ trong
Hîp ®ång ®Ó t¹o thµnh mét phÇn cña C«ng tr−êng.
Site Visits /sait 'vizit/ n Th¨m HiÖn tr−êng: It
is customary to expect tenderers to visit the site of
the project during the tender period. Details should
be given of the date and arrangements for visiting
when staff of the Employer and the Engineer will be
on site to answer questions and when any
exploratory work carried out will be available for
inspection, e.g. borehole cores laid out and
exploratory adits lit. A summary of all questions and
answers thereto should be issued to all tenderers.
Tenderers should not be restricted in their site visits
and details of who to contact for further visits should
be given: Theo th«ng lÖ, ng−êi tham gia ®Êu thÇu sÏ
yªu cÇu ®i th¨m hiÖn tr−êng trong thêi gian ®Êu
thÇu. C¸c chi tiÕt ph¶i ®−îc ®−a ra vÒ ngµy th¸ng vµ
bè trÝ ng−êi ®i th¨m, khi nh©n viªn cña Chñ ®Çu t−
vµ cña T− vÊn sÏ cã mÆt ë hiÖn tr−êng ®Ó tr¶ lêi c¸c
c©u hái, vµ khi c«ng viÖc th¨m dß kh¶o s¸t sÏ s½n
sµng cho viÖc kiÓm tra, vÝ dô, lâi khoan ph¶i ®−îc
bµy ra vµ c¸c hang th¨m dß ph¶i ®−îc chiÕu s¸ng.
Mét b¶n tæng hîp c¸c c©u hái vµ tr¶ lêi kÌm theo sÏ
ph¶i ®−îc ph¸t hµnh tíi mäi thµnh viªn ®Êu thÇu.
Kh«ng ®−îc phÐp h¹n chÕ c¸c thµnh viªn tham gia
®Êu thÇu vÒ mÆt th¨m quan hiÖn tr−êng cña hä vµ
 292
ph¶i ®−a ra nh÷ng chi tiÕt vÒ mÆt cã thÓ liªn l¹c víi
ai cho lÇn ®i th¨m sau ®ã.
skip /skip/ n thïng tr−ît: Container used in
hoisting muck from a shaft: Lµ thïng chøa dïng ®Ó
kÐo ®Êt ®¸ th¶i lªn khái mét giÕng.
slabbing /'sl“bi–/ n sù bãc ®¸: Slabbing of the
tunnel wall (thin slabs of rock suddenly detach from
the walls) may occur at great depths over 600m,
particularly if high horizontal in situ stresses occur:
Sù trãc lë ®¸ khái t−êng hÇm (c¸c miÕng ®¸ máng
®ét ngét t¸ch r¬i khái thµnh hÇm) cã thÓ diÔn ra t¹i
c¸c ®é s©u lín h¬n 600m, ®Æc biÖt nÕu cã øng suÊt
nguyªn tr¹ng lín theo ph−¬ng ngang.
slabby rock /'sl“bi r˜k/ n ®¸ dÔ bãc m¶ng: Rock
cut through by finely parallel joints and/or cleavage
planes so that it breaks into tabular plates upon
exposure in an excavation: Lµ khèi ®¸ bÞ c¾t qua bëi
c¸c khe nøt song song ®Òu ®Æn vµ/hoÆc c¸c mÆt
ph¼ng nøt, khiÕn cho ®¸ bÞ ph©n thµnh c¸c tÊm/phiÕn
máng, lé ra trong lóc ®µo.
slaked lime = hydrated lime /'sleikt,lim/ n v«i ®·
t«i Hy®roxytcanxi Ca(OH)2, ®−îc sö dông ®Ó gia cè
®Êt vµ c¸c cèt liÖu.
slaking /'sleiki–/ n sù vì n¸t cña ®Êt ®¸: The
crumbling and disintegration of rock or hard soil
upon exposure to air or water: Sù vì vôn vµ r· ra
cña ®¸ hay ®Êt cøng khi lé ra ngoµi kh«ng khÝ ngay
gÆp n−íc.
slaking property /'sleiki– 'pr˜p”ti/ n tÝnh chÊt vì
n¸t.
slashing /'slæ∫iη/ n nong réng hÇm/giÕng: The
operation of enlarging a pilot shaft to full diameter
by conventional methods: Lµ c«ng viÖc më réng mét
giÕng hoa tiªu tíi ®−êng kÝnh toµn bé b»ng c¸c
ph−¬ng ph¸p th«ng th−êng (truyÒn thèng).
slate /'sleit/ n ®¸ phiÕn: A metamorphic rock; the
metamorphic equivalent of shale. Geologically, it is
a dense, fine-textured, metamorphic rock, which has
excellent parallel cleavage so that it breaks into thin
plates or pencil-like shapes: Lµ mét lo¹i ®¸ biÕn
chÊt, t−¬ng ®−¬ng víi “shale”. VÒ mÆt ®Þa chÊt, nã
lµ mét ®¸ biÕn chÊt chÆt, kiÕn tróc mÞn, cã thí chÎ
rÊt song song do ®ã nã cã thÓ vì ra thµnh c¸c tÊm
máng hay h×nh thï chïm nhän.
sleep-time within blasthole /sli:p taim/ n thêi
gian thuèc næ n»m trong lç khoan ®Ó chê næ: In dry
blastholes, given the explosive packaging is
undamaged, certain explosives may be charged and
fired several months later. If the explosives package
is damaged, the sleep-time in a blasthole is
influenced by the extent of damage to the packaging
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
and by the nature of any water present. Even with
full length slitting of cartridges the product will give
good performance after two weeks immersion: Trong
c¸c lç m×n kh«, gi¶ sö bao gãi thái thuèc næ kh«ng bÞ
h− h¹i, th× mét sè lo¹i thuèc næ nhÊt ®Þnh cã thÓ
®−îc n¹p vµo lç vµ næ sau ®ã vµi th¸ng. NÕu vá bäc
thuèc næ bÞ ph¸ ho¹i, thêi gian l−u l¹i trong lç khoan
phô thuéc vµo møc ®é h− háng vá bäc vµ vµo tÝnh
chÊt cña n−íc ngÇm. Ngay c¶ khi toµn bé chiÒu dµi
thái thuèc bÞ r¸ch ra (xÎ däc), s¶n phÈm vÉn cho tÝnh
n¨ng næ tèt sau hai tuÇn ng©m n−íc.
slick line /slik lain/ n (= shooting pipe) èng ®æ
bªt«ng: Pipe or hose inserted between the rock
surface and forms to place concrete lining: Lµ mét
èng hoÆc vßi mÒm ®Æt vµo gi÷a bÒ mÆt t−êng ®¸ vµ
v¸n khu«n ®Ó ®æ bªt«ng vá hÇm.
slickenside /'slik”nsaid/ n mÆt tr−ît: Smooth
striated surface caused by friction during relative
movement of rock along the surface (e.g. along a
fault plane). Striations are normally low linear
grooves and ridges parallel to the direction of
movement. Surface often appears shiny or polished:
Lµ bÒ mÆt cã khÝa nÕp nh¨n kh¸ nh½n t¹o bëi sù ma
s¸t trong qu¸ tr×nh chuyÓn ®éng t−¬ng ®èi cña khèi
®¸ däc theo bÒ mÆt Êy (v.d däc theo mét mÆt ph¼ng
®øt g·y). C¸c nÕp nh¨n th−êng lµ c¸c xoi r·nh vµ
l»n gîn song song víi h−íng chuyÓn ®éng. BÒ mÆt
tr−ît th−êng xuÊt hiÖn s¸ng bãng vµ l¸ng.
slickensided /'slik”nsaidid/ adj cã tÝnh mÆt tr−ît.
sliding crown bars /'slaidi– craun ba:z/ n thanh
tr−ît ®ì vßm: Crown bars that are slid forward over
sets as mucking advances, in order to protect the
workmen and support the back: Lµ c¸c thanh chèng
vßm hÇm mµ chóng ®−îc ®Èy tr−ît vÒ phÝa tr−íc qua
c¸c s−ên chèng thÐp khi tiÕn hµnh bèc xóc, nh»m
b¶o vÖ c«ng nh©n vµ chèng ®ì l−ng hÇm.
sliding form /'slaidi– f˜:m/ n v¸n khu«n tr−ît.
slime shield /slaim ∫i:ld/ n khiªn ®µo c©n b»ng ¸p
lùc ®Êt: Earth pressure balance shield with soil
conditioning additives to facilitate the excavation of
the ground: Lµ lo¹i khiªn ®µo c©n b»ng ¸p lùc ®Êt
cã dïng c¸c chÊt lµm c¶i thiÖn tÝnh chÊt cña ®Êt ®Ó
t¹o dÔ dµng cho viÖc khoan ®µo ®Êt.
slip /slip/ n sù sôt lë; vÕt tôt/tr−ît: A fault. A smooth
joint or crack where the strata have moved on each
other: Mét ®øt g·y. Mét khe nøt hay vÕt nøt nh½n t¹i
®ã c¸c ®Þa tÇng ®· chuyÓn ®éng t−¬ng ®èi víi nhau.
slipform paver /slipf˜:m 'peiv”/ n m¸y r¶i mÆt
®−êng d¹ng khu«n tr−ît: Slipform paver is a single
new machine which can perform all the different
jobs of a concrete train, that is lay a concrete
 293
wearing surface for a highway: M¸y r¶i mÆt ®−êng
d¹ng khu«n tr−ît lµ mét m¸y míi cã thÓ thùc hiÖn
mäi c«ng viÖc kh¸c nhau gièng nh− mét c¬ cÊu ®æ
bªt«ng, nghÜa lµ tr¶i mét líp mÆt xe ch¹y b»ng
bªt«ng cho mét ®−êng «t«.
sliplining /sliplainiη/ n luån èng: General term
used to describe methods of lining with continuous
pipes and lining with discrete pipes: Lµ thuËt ng÷
chung dïng ®Ó m« t¶ c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p lµm vá èng
cèng/hÇm nhá b»ng c¸c èng liªn tôc hoÆc c¸c èng
gi¸n ®o¹n.
slope /sloup/ n m¸i dèc, s−ên dèc, bê dèc; lß
nghiªng; ®é nghiªng, ®é dèc: At water-impounding
embankments such as dams and dikes, unprotected
earth slopes can be damaged rather rapidly by wave
erosion and other debris in the reservoir. Even
runoff from heavy rains can create significant
gullying in earth slopes. Eventualy, serious erosion
can lead to an unstable slope and failure of the
embankment: T¹i nh÷ng m¸i ®¾p ng¨n n−íc nh− ®ª,
®Ëp, c¸c m¸i dèc b»ng ®Êt kh«ng ®−îc b¶o vÖ cã thÓ
bÞ ph¸ ho¹i kh¸ nhanh bëi xãi mßn do sãng vç vµ
nh÷ng m¶nh vôn kh¸c trong hå chøa. Ngay c¶ dßng
ch¶y do m−a lín còng khiÕn h×nh thµnh nhiÒu r·nh
xãi trªn c¸c m¸i ®Êt. Cuèi cïng, sù xãi mßn nÆng nÒ
sÏ dÉn ®Õn m¸i dèc mÊt æn ®Þnh vµ sôp ®æ nÒn ®Êt.
slope failure /sloup 'feilji”/ n sù sôt lë m¸i dèc.
slope protection /sloup pr”'tek‘n/ n sù b¶o vÖ m¸i
dèc: When excavating the rock slope in vicinity of
the tunnel, the Engineer may, as he deems necessary,
based on the rock texture and actual stability
conditions, change the slope, bench width, and
protection measures, and the length of the cut-and-
cover tunnel and the portal mileage: Khi ®µo m¸i
dèc ®¸ gÇn khu vùc hÇm, nÕu thÊy cÇn thiÕt, T− vÊn
cã thÓ dùa trªn cÊu t¹o vµ c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn æn ®Þnh thùc
tÕ cña ®¸ ®Ó thay ®æi ®é dèc m¸i, bÒ réng thÒm, vµ
c¸c biÖn ph¸p b¶o vÖ m¸i, còng nh− chiÒu dµi ®o¹n
hÇm ®µo lé thiªn vµ kÝch th−íc cæng hÇm.
sloping access tunnel /sloupi– “k'ses 'tʌnl/ n hÇm
tiÕp cËn nghiªng.
slot /sl˜t/ n r·nh dÉn h−íng, khe hë: As
excavation proceeds, slots are cut into the bench and
posts erected to underpin the tunnel arch: Trong khi
viÖc ®µo hÇm tiÕn triÓn, cã thÓ c¾t nh÷ng r·nh dÉn
tr−íc ë phÇn thÒm vµ dùng cét chèng t¹i ®ã ®Ó chèng
®ì cho vßm hÇm.
slough /slau/ n sù trãc m¶ng; v bong, trãc m¶ng:
Incipient sloughing or sagging of shotcrete should
be early detected: Sù trãc m¶ng vµ sôt bªt«ng míi
chím x¶y ra cÇn ph¶i ®−îc ph¸t hiÖn ngay.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
sloughing /slauiô/ n sù trãc m¶ng.
sludge /'slʌdʒ/ n bïn, bïn cÆn: Accumulation of
sand, silt, oil and sludge in settlement ponds must be
removed and disposed of at the approved locations
during the works: L−îng tÝch tô c¸t, sÐt, dÇu vµ bïn
cÆn trong bÓ l¾ng ph¶i thØnh tho¶ng ®−îc n¹o vÐt vµ
th¶i bá t¹i nh÷ng ®Þa ®iÓm ®−îc chÊp nhËn trong
qu¸ tr×nh thi c«ng.
slump /slʌmp/ n sù sôt lón; ®é sôt (bªt«ng): A
measure of the consistency of freshly mixed
concrete, compaction grout, or low mobility grout.
The three types of slumps (of concrete cone) usually
observed are true slump, shear slump and collapse
slump: Lµ mét sè ®o vÒ ®é sÖt cña bªt«ng míi trén,
cña v÷a b¬m ®Çm nÐn, hoÆc v÷a linh ®éng kÐm. Ba
d¹ng sôt lón (cña nãn bªt«ng) th−êng quan s¸t thÊy
lµ sôt thËt sù, sôt kiÓu c¾t vµ sôt sôp ®æ o A true
slump is observed with cohesive and rich mixes for
which the slump is generally sensitive to variations
in workability. A collapse slump is usually
associated with very wet mixes and is generally
indicative of poor quality concrete and most
frequently results from segregation of its constituent
materials. Shear slump occurs more often in leaner
mixes than in rich ones and indicates a lack of
cohesion which is generally associated with harsh
mixes (low mortar content): D¹ng sôt thùc (sôt ®Òu)
quan s¸t ®−îc víi c¸c hçn hîp bªt«ng giµu vµ dÝnh
kÕt, trong ®ã ®é sôt nãi chung lµ nh¹y c¶m víi tÝnh
c«ng t¸c. D¹ng sôt ®æ n¸t th−êng ®i liÒn víi c¸c hçn
hîp rÊt −ít vµ nãi chung nã chØ b¸o vÒ mét bªt«ng
chÊt l−îng kÐm, rÊt th−êng g©y bëi sù ph©n tÇng c¸c
vËt liÖu thµnh phÇn. D¹ng sôt c¾t chÐo x¶y ra th−êng
xuyªn h¬n víi c¸c hçn hîp nghÌo so víi hçn hîp
giµu, nã chØ ra mét ®é dÝnh kÕt kh«ng ®ñ, th−êng ®i
liÒn víi c¸c hçn hîp th« cøng (hµm l−îng v÷a thÊp).
slump test /slʌmp test/ n thÝ nghiÖm ®é sôt
(bªt«ng): This test was developed by Chapman in the
United States in 1913. A 300 mm high concrete cone,
prepared under standard conditions, is allowed to
subside and the slump or reduction in height of the
cone is taken to be a measure of workability: ThÝ
nghiÖm nµy ®−îc Chapman ®−a ra n¨m 1913 ë Mü.
Mét nãn côt bªt«ng t−¬i cao 300 mm, ®−îc chuÈn bÞ
d−íi ®iÒu kiÖn tiªu chuÈn, sÏ tù lón xuèng vµ ®é sôt
hay l−îng gi¶m chiÒu cao cña nãn bªt«ng ®−îc coi
lµ mét th−íc ®o cña tÝnh c«ng t¸c o Although the
test is suitable quality-control purposes it should be
remembered that it is generally considered to be
unsuitable for mix design since concretes requiring
varying amounts of work for compaction can have
 294
similar numerical values of slump: MÆc dï thÝ
nghiÖm nµy phï hîp cho c¸c môc ®Ých kiÓm tra chÊt
l−îng, cÇn ph¶i nhí r»ng nãi chung nã ®−îc xem nh−
kh«ng thÝch hîp cho viÖc thiÕt kÕ hçn hîp, v× c¸c lo¹i
bªt«ng yªu cÇu nh÷ng l−îng c«ng ®Çm nÐn kh¸c
nhau cã thÓ cã c¸c gi¸ trÞ ®é sôt b»ng sè gièng nhau.
slurry /'slʌri/ n thuèc næ xlari: Slurry contains
ammonium nitrate NH4NO3, TNT (trinitrotoluene)
C6H12(NO2)3CH3, water and substances to keep the
explosive homogeneous: Xlari chøa nitrat amoni,
TNT (trintr«t«luen), n−íc vµ c¸c chÊt ®Ó gi÷ cho
lo¹i thuèc næ nµy ®ång nhÊt.
slurry / mud /'slʌri/ n v÷a (bïn) khoan (p.p
khiªn ®µo): A mixture of crushed and finely ground
solids with water: Lµ mét hçn hîp cña c¸c h¹t r¾n bÞ
cµ n¸t vµ nghiÒn mÞn víi n−íc o Oil- or water-
based fluid containing suspended solids used to
provide fluid pressure and spoil transport in slurry
tunnelling machines, and lubrication and soil
conditioning in all forms of mechanised tunnelling
and pipe jacking: Lµ mét chÊt láng dùa trªn dÇu
hoÆc n−íc cã chøa c¸c chÊt r¾n l¬ löng, dïng ®Ó t¹o
ra ¸p lùc thñy lùc vµ vËn chuyÓn bïn th¶i trong c¸c
m¸y khoan hÇm dïng v÷a, còng nh− t¹o ra sù b«i
tr¬n vµ c¶i thiÖn ®iÒu kiÖn ®Êt trong mäi h×nh thøc
thi c«ng hÇm c¬ giíi vµ kü thuËt kÝch ®Èy èng.
slurry chamber /'slʌri 't∫eimbə/ n khoang ®µo
chøa bïn v÷a: Located behind the cutting head of a
slurry microtunneling machine. Excavated material
is mixed with slurry in the chamber for transport to
the surface: N»m t¹i phÝa sau ®Çu c¾t cña mét m¸y
®µo hÇm nhá dïng bïn khoan. VËt liÖu ®µo ra ®−îc
trén víi v÷a khoan trong khoang nµy ®Ó ®−îc vËn
chuyÓn lªn mÆt ®Êt.
slurry circuit /'slʌri 's”:kit/ n m¹ng quay vßng
bïn khoan: In the excavation chamber, the excavated
ground is mixed with bentonite suspension which
serves as transport medium in the hydraulic slurry
system. Slurry pumps (centrifugal pumps) transport
the suspension via the slurry line to the separation
plant. The separated bentonite suspension is fed
back into the circuit via the feed line: Trong buång
®µo cña m¸y TBM, ®Êt võa ®µo ra ®−îc trén víi
dung dÞch sÐt bentonit ®Ó ®ãng vai trß lµ m«i tr−êng
vËn t¶i ®Êt th¶i trong hÖ thèng dïng bïn cã ¸p. C¸c
m¸y b¬m bïn (b¬m ly t©m) sÏ vËn chuyÓn dung dÞch
bïn th«ng qua èng th¶i bïn tíi tr¹m läc t¸ch. Dung
dÞch betonit sau khi ph©n t¸ch l¹i ®−îc ®−a trë l¹i
g−¬ng ®µo qua èng cung cÊp.
slurry discharging pipe /'slʌri dis't∫ɑ:dʒiô paip/
n èng x¶ v÷a (bïn) khoan (p.p khiªn ®µo).
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
slurry feeding pipe /'slʌri 'fi:diô paip/ n èng cÊp
v÷a (bïn) khoan (p.p khiªn ®µo).
slurry grout /'slʌri graut/ n v÷a bïn khoan: A
fluid suspension of cementitious materials,
sometimes together with noncementitious materials,
in water: Lµ mét dung dÞch thÓ vÈn cña c¸c vËt liÖu
cã tÝnh kÕt dÝnh, ®«i khi cã c¶ c¸c vËt liÖu kh«ng cã
tÝnh kÕt dÝnh, víi n−íc.
slurry machine /'slʌri mə'∫i:n/ n m¸y khoan hÇm
dïng v÷a bïn: Type of TBM in which the earth and
groundwater pressures are counterbalanced by
pressurised slurry to prevent heave or settlement: Lµ
lo¹i m¸y TBM trong ®ã ¸p lùc ®Êt vµ n−íc ngÇm
®−îc chèng ®ì c©n b»ng bëi v÷a cã ¸p nh»m chèng
l¹i sù ®Èy tråi ®Êt hoÆc sù lón mÆt ®Êt.
slurry pipeline /'slʌri 'paiplain/ n ®−êng èng vËn
chuyÓn ®¸ th¶i b»ng huyÒn phï: In slurry pipeline
system, solids of suitable size are suspended and
transported in a liquid medium. A critical item for
this method is an adequate water supply to make a
proper slurry: Trong hÖ thèng th¶i ®Êt ®¸ d−íi d¹ng
v÷a láng, c¸c h¹t vËt liÖu r¾n víi kÝch cì thÝch hîp
®−îc treo l¬ löng vµ vËn chuyÓn ®i trong mét m«i
tr−êng chÊt láng. Mét yÕu tè rÊt quan träng ®èi víi
ph−¬ng ph¸p nµy lµ viÖc cung cÊp ®ñ n−íc ®Ó t¹o
®−îc thø v÷a ®¹t yªu cÇu.
slurry shield (or mud shield) /'slʌri ‘i:ld/ n khiªn
®µo dïng bïn v÷a: A closed-face shield designed for
tunnelling in very soft, wet, or running ground by
use of circulating, pressurized clay slurry against
the face to counterbalance earth pressures, prevent
ingress of water, and also to carry away the
cuttings: Lµ mét khiªn cã mÆt kÝn ®−îc thiÕt kÕ ®Ó
®µo hÇm trong ®Êt rÊt yÕu, −ít, hay ch¶y nh·o nhê
dïng v÷a sÐt cã ¸p, tuÇn hoµn Ðp vµo mÆt g−¬ng ®Ó
lµm c©n b»ng ¸p lùc ®Êt, chèng l¹i sù ch¶y vµo cña
n−íc, vµ còng ®Ó vËn chuyÓn th¶i bá c¸c vôn ®Êt ®¸
®µo ra o Automatic tunnelling machine with slurry
material removal. The excavated material is
transferred into a closed slurry circuit in the
excavation chamber. On the surface, the excavated
material is then separated from the slurry water
(separation): Lµ m¸y lµm hÇm tù ®éng víi vËt liÖu
®µo th¶i ra d−íi d¹ng bïn sÖt. VËt liÖu ®µo ®−îc vËn
chuyÓn vµo mét m¹ng bïn v÷a khÐp kÝn trong buång
®µo. Sau khi ®−îc b¬m lªn mÆt ®Êt, vËt liÖu ®µo d¹ng
r¾n sÏ ®−îc ph©n t¸ch khái n−íc bïn (gäi lµ qu¸
tr×nh ph©n t¸ch).
slurry shield machine /'slʌri ‘i:ld mə'∫i:n/ n m¸y
khoan hÇm dïng v÷a bïn: Closed shield TBM with
active face support by the pressurised slurry: Lµ
 295
m¸y khoan hÇm TBM lo¹i khiªn kÝn, sö dông v÷a bïn
®−îc t¹o ¸p ®Ó chñ ®éng chèng ®ì g−¬ng ®µo.
slurry treatment plant /'slʌri 'tri:m”nt pla:nt/ n
tr¹m xö lý v÷a.
slurry trench /'slʌri trent∫/ n hµo v÷a: A trench
that is kept filled with a bentonite slurry or other
stabilizing agent during the excavation process to
stabilize the walls of the trench. Sometimes
constructed in conjunction with a grouted cutoff: Lµ
mét hµo lu«n ®−îc ®æ ®Çy v÷a bent«nit hoÆc mét
chÊt æn ®Þnh hãa kh¸c trong suèt qu¸ tr×nh ®µo hµo
®Ó lµm æn ®Þnh c¸c thµnh v¸ch cña hµo. §«i khi hµo
nµy ®−îc x©y dùng kÕt hîp víi mét t−êng chÆn n−íc
®−îc b¬m v÷a.
slurry wall /'slʌri w˜:l/ n t−êng v÷a.
slush grouting /'slʌ‘ grautiô/ n b¬m v÷a quÐt phñ:
Application of cement slurry to surface rock as a
means of filling cracks and surface irregularities or
by “brooming” to prevent slaking: Lµ sù b¬m phñ
v÷a hå xim¨ng cho líp ®Êt ®¸ ë trªn bÒ mÆt nh− mét
biÖn ph¸p lÊp kÝn c¸c khe nøt vµ ®øt g·y bÒ mÆt hoÆc
b»ng c¸ch “quÐt” v÷a che phñ ®Ó chèng sù vì n¸t
phong hãa cña ®¸.
slusher train /'slʌ‘” trein/ n tµu bèc xóc cã m¸y
c¹p: A muck train composed of a locomotive and
articulated muck cars. During the mucking cycle, the
locomotive furnishes power to operate a scraper
which runs along the top of the train; as the lead car
is loaded by the mucking machine, the scraper drags
the material back from the lead car and loads the
others: Mét ®oµn tµu bèc xóc bao gåm mét ®Çu m¸y
vµ c¸c toa bèc xóc nèi khíp. Trong chu tr×nh xóc
th¶i, ®Çu m¸y cung cÊp n¨ng l−îng ®Ó vËn hµnh mét
m¸y c¹p, m¸y nµy ch¹y däc trªn nãc tµu; khi toa
phÝa tr−íc ®−îc chÊt t¶i bëi m¸y xóc, th× m¸y c¹p sÏ
kÐo vËt liÖu trªn toa nµy vÒ phÝa sau vµ n¹p t¶i cho
c¸c toa kh¸c.
small overburden /sm˜:l ,ouv”'b”:dn/ n líp
®Êt phñ nhá: Ground with small overburden is
usually soft soil or soft rock, therefore arch action
does not easily occur. This makes such a ground
vulnerable t ground surface settlement or land
subsidence due to the loosening of the ground. It is
also known to cause trouble with the stability of the
face and tunnel walls. When there is a structure on
the surface, it is necessary to do an investigation to
estimate the amount of settlement and the area of
settlement: NÒn ®Êt cã líp phñ máng phÝa trªn hÇm
th−êng lµ ®Êt mÒm hoÆc ®¸ yÕu, do ®ã hiÖu øng t¹o
vßm chèng ®ì kh«ng dÔ x¶y ra. §iÒu nµy khiÕn cho
®Êt nh− vËy dÔ bÞ lón bÒ mÆt hoÆc sôt lón c¶ nÒn do
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
sù r·o rêi cña ®Êt. Líp phñ máng còng ¶nh h−ëng
®Õn ®é æn ®Þnh cña g−¬ng hÇm vµ t−êng hÇm. Khi cã
mét c«ng tr×nh trªn mÆt ®Êt, cÇn tiÕn hµnh kh¶o s¸t
nh»m ®¸nh gi¸ l−îng lón vµ diÖn tÝch lón.
small strain stiffness /sm˜:l strain 'stifnis/ n ®é
cøng biÕn d¹ng nhá: One feature of soil behaviour
that was still missing in the Hardening Soil (HS)
model is the high stiffness at small strain levels (<
10-5). Even in applications that are dominated by
‘engineering strain levels’ (> 10-3) small-strain
stiffness can play an important role. It is generally
known that conventional models over-predict heave
in excavation problems. These models also
overpredict the width and underpredict the gradient
of the settlement trough behind excavations and
above tunnels. Small-strain stiffness can improve
this. Moreover, small-strain stiffness can reduce the
influence of the particular choice (position) of the
finite element model boundaries. Last but not least,
small-strain stiffness can be used to model the effect
of hysteresis and hysteretic damping in applications
involving cyclic loading and dynamic behaviour. The
smallstrain stiffness formulation was based on
research by Thomas Benz at the Federal Waterways
Engineering and Research Institute (BAW) in
Karlsruhe: Mét ®Æc tÝnh lµm viÖc cña ®Êt mµ tr−íc
®©y vÉn ch−a ®−îc ®−a vµo m« h×nh §Êt biÕn cøng
(HS) ®ã lµ ®é cøng lín ë nh÷ng cÊp ®é biÕn d¹ng
nhá (< 10-5). Ngay c¶ trong nh÷ng øng dông chiÕm
®a sè bëi “c¸c cÊp biÕn d¹ng kü thuËt” (> 10-3) th×
®é cøng biÕn d¹ng-nhá vÉn cã thÓ ®ãng mét vai trß
quan träng. Nh− ®· biÕt, c¸c m« h×nh th«ng th−êng
th−êng dù b¸o qu¸ møc sù bïng nÒn/®Èy tråi trong
c¸c bµi to¸n hè ®µo. C¸c m« h×nh nµy còng dù b¸o
qu¸ møc bÒ réng vµ dù b¸o d−íi møc ®é dèc cña
m¸ng lón phÝa sau g−¬ng ®µo vµ ë bªn trªn hÇm. §é
cøng biÕn d¹ng nhá cã thÓ c¶i thiÖn ®iÒu nµy. H¬n
n÷a, ®é cøng biÕn d¹ng-nhá cã thÓ gi¶m sù ¶nh
h−ëng cña sù lùa chän (vÞ trÝ) cña c¸c biªn cho m«
h×nh phÇn tö h÷u h¹n. Cuèi cïng nh−ng kh«ng kÐm
phÇn quan träng lµ, ®é cøng biÕn d¹ng-nhá cã thÓ
dïng ®Ó m« h×nh hãa hiÖu øng trÔ vµ t¾t dÇn trÔ
trong c¸c øng dông cã liªn quan ®Õn chÊt t¶i chu kú
vµ øng xö ®éng häc. Ph−¬ng thøc gi¶i quyÕt ®é cøng
biÕn d¹ng-nhá ®−îc dùa trªn nghiªn cøu cña
Thomas Benz t¹i ViÖn nghiªn cøu vµ kü thuËt ®−êng
thñy liªn bang (BAW) t¹i Karlsruhe, §øc.
smoketime /'smouk'taim/ n thêi gian th«ng giã:
Smoketime is the period required to reduce the
smoke from the blast to a level safe for men to work:
Thêi gian th«ng khãi lµ kho¶ng thêi gian cÇn thiÕt ®Ó
 296
lµm gi¶m khãi sinh ra do næ m×n xuèng møc an toµn
cho ng−êi lµm viÖc trong hÇm.
smooth /smu:›/ n nh½n, ph¼ng: Shape term for a
rock particle with a surface texture that feels even,
with no lumps or corrugations, i.e. lacks roughness.
Results from, for example, being water-worn or the
clean fracture of very fine-grained rock: Mét thuËt
ng÷ m« t¶ h×nh d¹ng cho mét h¹t ®¸ cã kiÕn tróc bÒ
mÆt mµ nã cho c¶m gi¸c b»ng ph¼ng, kh«ng cã c¸c
chç låi hay nh¨n nÕp, tøc lµ thiÕu tÝnh gå ghÒ. T¹o
nªn do bÞ n−íc bµo mßn hay tõ sù vì gän cña ®¸ cã
h¹t rÊt mÞn.
smooth blasting /smu:› 'bla:stiô/ n næ m×n mÆt
nh½n: In smooth blating a single row of smaller
holes at closer centers is drilled along the neat
excavation line, loaded with light, well-distributed
charges, and fired either together with the bulk holes
or after them. This technique is employed to achieve
the accurate removal of rock and tunnel stability:
Trong næ m×n t¹o mÆt nh½n, mét hµng lç víi ®−êng
kÝnh nhá h¬n vµ c¸ch nhau gÇn h¬n ®−îc khoan däc
theo biªn ®µo thiÕt kÕ, råi ®−îc n¹p thuèc víi l−îng
thuèc bÐ, ph©n bè ®Òu, vµ ®−îc kÝch næ ®ång thêi víi
hoÆc lµ sau c¸c lç ph¸ chÝnh. Kü thuËt nµy ®−îc
dïng ®Ó ®¹t ®−îc sù c¾t ph¸ ®¸ chÝnh x¸c vµ tÝnh æn
®Þnh cho hÇm.
snorkel /'snɔ:kl/ n èng/giÕng th«ng (trong hÇm
d×m): Xem Access shaft.
snubber holes /'snʌb” 'houlz/ n c¸c lç khoan khÊu,
lç m×n khÊu.
socket weld fittings /'s˜kit weld 'fiti–z/ n [phô
tïng; bé phËn; ®o¹n èng nèi] hµn d¹ng èng chôp:
The Super Swellex rock bolt is a longitudinal folded
steel anchor pipe that is closed agaisnt water
pressure with socket weld fittings on both ends: Neo
®¸ lo¹i Super Swellex lµ mét èng neo b»ng thÐp ®−îc
cuén gÊp nÕp däc theo chiÒu dµi, nã sÏ phång lªn khi
chÞu ¸p lùc n−íc b¬m vµo, vµ nã cã c¸c mÊu chèt
hµn d¹ng èng chôp ë c¶ hai ®Çu.
soffit = intrados /'s˜fit/ n bông vßm; mÆt d−íi
vßm.
soft eye /s˜ft ai/ n ®iÓm nèi gi÷a hÇm ngang vµ
giÕng ®øng; nót th«ng hÇm, “m¾t mÒm”: A discrete
section of shaft lining of lower strength designed to
be excavated at the start of a tunnel drive from that
shaft or the breakthrough of a drive into the shaft:
Lµ mét ®o¹n riªng biÖt cña vá giÕng ®øng cã c−êng
®é thÊp ®−îc thiÕt kÕ ®Ó cã thÓ ®µo qua vµo lóc b¾t
®Çu ®µo hÇm ngang tõ giÕng ®ã, hoÆc vµo lóc ph¸
th«ng tõ mét ®−êng hÇm ngang vµo giÕng ®øng o
One of the most serious challenges to cope in TBM
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
tunnelling, is the passage of the TBM through R/C
diaphragm walls of the launching/extraction shafts
as well as walls of the stations, which have a
consistent thickness and are reinforced with steel
bars and stirrups, which prevent the TBM to be used,
as the machine would not be able to break the wall
without damaging both its cutting tools and shield.
The solution to this problem is called “soft-eye”:
Mét trong nh÷ng ®iÓm khã kh¨n trong ®µo hÇm b»ng
m¸y TBM lµ khi TBM ®i xuyªn qua c¸c t−êng ng¨n
BTCT cña c¸c giÕng ®øng ®Çu tuyÕn/cuèi tuyÕn, còng
nh− xuyªn qua c¸c t−êng cña kÕt cÊu nhµ ga xe ®iÖn
ngÇm, v× c¸c t−êng nµy cã chiÒu dµy lín vµ ®−îc gia
c−êng b»ng cèt thÐp, mµ hÖ cèt thÐp nµy sÏ kh«ng
cho phÐp TBM ®µo qua, v× m¸y kh«ng thÓ ph¸ vì
t−êng mµ kh«ng bÞ háng c¶ vµnh c¾t vµ khiªn ®µo
cña nã. Gi¶i ph¸p cho vÊn ®Ò ®iÓm nèi nµy ®−îc gäi
lµ “nót/m¾t mÒm”.
soft ground /s˜ft graund/ n ®Êt yÕu: (1) In
tunneling, soft ground is material which can be
removed with reasonable facility using hand tools,
even though such tools may not, in fact, be the ones
employed: Trong lµm hÇm, ®Êt yÕu lµ lo¹i vËt liÖu cã
thÓ di dêi b»ng ph−¬ng tiÖn phï hîp dïng dông cô
cÇm tay, dï cho thùc tÕ nh÷ng dông cô Êy kh«ng ph¶i
lµ nh÷ng thø ®−îc øng dông trong lµm hÇm o (2)
Heavy ground or rock about underground openings
that does not stand well and requires heavy
timbering: Lµ ®¸ hay ®Êt mÒm phÝa trªn hang ngÇm
mµ nã kh«ng tù æn ®Þnh tèt l¾m vµ ®ßi hái ph¶i
chèng ®ì nÆng nÒ.
soft-ground shield /s˜ftgraund ‘i:ld/ n khiªn
®µo dïng cho ®Êt yÕu: Any tunnel shield which
moves forward by reacting (i.e., exerting shove
forces) against the tunnel lining and generally
utilizing drag type excavation tools that can be
mounted on a backhoe, rotating wheel or oscillating
arm: Lµ lo¹i khiªn ®µo hÇm mµ nã tiÕn lªn phÝa
tr−íc b»ng c¸ch t¸c dông ph¶n lùc (tøc lµ, t¸c dông
lùc ®Èy kÝch) vµo vá hÇm, vµ nãi chung sö dông c¸c
dông cô ®µo kiÓu kÐo ®Êt, chóng cã thÓ ®−îc l¾p trªn
m¸y xóc, b¸nh xe quay hay c¸nh tay rung l¾c.
soft-ground tunnel /s˜ftgraund 'tʌnl/ n hÇm x©y
dùng trong ®Êt yÕu: Same as earth tunnel. The
ground may be hard or soft in consistency, the word
"soft" differentiating it only from "hard" rock: NghÜa
gièng nh− “hÇm trong ®Êt” (Xem “earth tunnel").
NÒn ®Êt cã thÓ cøng hay mÒm vÒ mÆt ®é
sÖt/®Æc/qu¸nh, tõ “mÒm” chØ tù ph©n biÖt nã víi ®¸
“cøng”.
 297
soft soil creep model /s˜ft s˜il kri:p 'm˜dl/ n m«
h×nh tõ biÕn ®Êt yÕu: This is a second order model
formulated in the framework of viscoplasticity. The
model can be used to simulate the time-dependent
behaviour of soft soils like normally consolidated
clays and peat. The model includes logarithmic
compression: §©y lµ mét m« h×nh ®Êt ph¸i sinh ®−îc
lËp ra trªn c¬ së hiÖn t−îng nhít dÎo. M« h×nh nµy
cã thÓ sö dông ®Ó m« pháng øng xö phô thuéc theo
thêi gian cña c¸c lo¹i ®Êt mÒm nh− c¸c lo¹i sÐt vµ
than bïn cè kÕt mét c¸ch b×nh th−êng. M« h×nh nµy
xÐt c¶ sù nÐn theo quy luËt l«garit.
soil /s˜il/ n ®Êt: In civil engineering usage, the
term 'soil' describes the uncemented or weakly
cemented material overlying the harder rock on the
planet's surface: Khi sö dông trong kü thuËt c«ng
tr×nh, thuËt ng÷ '®Êt' m« t¶ lo¹i vËt liÖu kh«ng g¾n
kÕt hoÆc g¾n kÕt yÕu n»m phÝa trªn líp ®¸ cøng cña
bÒ mÆt hµnh tinh o Soils exist in great variety, and
are the accumulated result of many separate factors
and processes. Their characteristics depend on the
parent rocks from which they are derived; on the
weathering of these rocks and the weathering of the
soil itself at its various stages of formation; on the
means of transport bringing the soil to its present
location; on the manner of deposition of the soil; on
its history of loading, drainage, wetting and drying
and on many other processes: §Êt tån t¹i rÊt ®a
d¹ng, vµ lµ kÕt qu¶ tæng hîp cña nhiÒu nh©n tè vµ
qu¸ tr×nh riªng biÖt. C¸c tÝnh chÊt cña chóng phô
thuéc vµo lo¹i ®¸ gèc mµ tõ ®ã chóng sinh ra; vµo sù
phong hãa cña c¸c ®¸ Êy vµ sù phong hãa tù th©n
cña ®Êt t¹i c¸c giai ®o¹n h×nh thµnh kh¸c nhau cña
nã; vµo ph−¬ng thøc vËn chuyÓn ®em ®Êt ®Õn vÞ trÝ
hiÖn t¹i; vµo c¸ch thøc trÇm tÝch cña ®Êt; vµo lÞch sö
gia t¶i, tho¸t n−íc, hãa Èm vµ biÕn kh« cña nã vµ
vµo nhiÒu qu¸ tr×nh kh¸c.
soil classification /s˜il ,kl“sifi'kei‘n/ n sù ph©n
lo¹i ®Êt: It is useful to allocate soils to groups, each
group having relatively consistent behaviour and
distinguishable from soils in other groups. This
placing in groups is called soil classification: SÏ rÊt
cã Ých khi ph©n ®Þnh ®Êt thµnh c¸c nhãm, mçi nhãm
cã hµnh vi nhÊt qu¸n mét c¸ch t−¬ng ®èi vµ ph©n
biÖt víi ®Êt trong c¸c nhãm kh¸c. ViÖc ®Æt vµo c¸c
nhãm nh− vËy ®−îc gäi lµ sù ph©n lo¹i ®Êt o The
soil classification system of the AASHTO evolved
from the U.S Bureau of Public Roads system of
classifying soils in accordance with their
performance as subgrades underneath highway
pavements. There are seven basic groups, A-1 to A-
7; the members of each group having similar load
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
bearing values and engineering characteristics
under normal service conditions: HÖ thèng ph©n lo¹i
®Êt cña AASHTO xuÊt ph¸t tõ hÖ thèng ph©n lo¹i ®Êt
cña Côc §−êng bé C«ng céng Mü theo tÝnh n¨ng
lµm viÖc cña chóng nh− lµ líp nÒn mãng bªn d−íi
líp mÆt ®−êng cao tèc. Cã b¶y nhãm ®Êt c¬ b¶n, A-1
®Õn A-7; c¸c lo¹i ®Êt cña mçi nhãm cã cïng c¸c gi¸
trÞ chÞu t¶i vµ c¸c tÝnh chÊt kü thuËt d−íi nh÷ng ®iÒu
kiÖn lµm viÖc b×nh th−êng.
soil conditioning /s˜il kən'di∫niη/ n sù c¶i
thiÖn/thay ®æi tÝnh chÊt ®Êt: The addition of special
additives (agents) to the face and excavated spoil to
enhance tunnelling performance. Soil conditioning is
essential for soft ground EPB tunnelling especially
in areas of low overburden and cities. It is also
essential for machine efficiency, safety and cost
savings: Lµ sù cho thªm c¸c chÊt ®én (t¸c nh©n) ®Æc
biÖt vµo g−¬ng hÇm vµ ®Êt ®¸ [®−îc m¸y TBM] ®µo
ra ®Ó n©ng cao n¨ng suÊt thi c«ng hÇm. Kü thuËt c¶i
thiÖn ®iÒu kiÖn ®Êt lµ tèi quan träng ®èi víi thi c«ng
hÇm b»ng m¸y EPB trong ®Êt mÒm ®Æc biÖt lµ trong
nh÷ng khu vùc cã líp ®Êt phñ bÐ vµ trong c¸c thµnh
phè. Nã còng rÊt quan träng ®èi víi hiÖu suÊt cña
m¸y khoan hÇm, sù an toµn vµ gi¶m gi¸ thµnh.
soil exploration /s˜il ,ekspl˜:'rei‘n/ n sù th¨m
dß, kh¶o s¸t ®Êt: The sampling and testing of soils to
provide a quantitative description of their
engineering characteristics is part of an important
activity of the civil or geotechnical engineer, namely,
site investigation or more particularly soil
exploration: ViÖc lÊy mÉu ®Êt vµ thÝ nghiÖm ®Ó thu
®−îc mét sù m« t¶ ®Þnh l−îng vÒ c¸c tÝnh chÊt kü
thuËt cña ®Êt lµ mét phÇn c«ng viÖc quan träng cña
ng−êi kü s− d©n dông hay ®Þa kü thuËt, ®−îc gäi lµ
kh¶o s¸t hiÖn tr−êng, hay cô thÓ h¬n, sù th¨m dß ®Êt.
soil mechanics /s˜il mi'k“niks/ n c¬ häc ®Êt.
soil stabilisation /s˜il ,steib”lai'zei‘n/ n sù æn
®Þnh hãa cho ®Êt, gia cè ®Êt: The purpose of
stabilisation is to make a soil less pervious, less
compressible or stronger, or all of these. This is
often achieved by injecting a fluid into the pore
spaces in soil, the fluid gelling or hardening in the
pores. In suitable soils stabilisation may be achieved
by introducing admixtures and then applying
mechanical work or vibration to densify the
material: Môc ®Ých cña viÖc gia cè ®Êt lµ lµm cho nã
Ýt thÊm h¬n, Ýt cã thÓ bÞ nÐn h¬n hay bÒn v÷ng h¬n,
hoÆc tÊt c¶ c¸c khÝa c¹nh nµy. ViÖc gia cè ®−îc thùc
hiÖn b»ng c¸ch tiªm mét chÊt láng vµo c¸c kh«ng
gian rçng trong ®Êt, lµm keo hãa hay ®«ng cøng chÊt
láng trong c¸c lç rçng. Trong c¸c ®Êt thÝch hîp, viÖc
gia cè ®−îc thùc hiÖn nhê ®−a vµo c¸c phô gia vµ
 298
sau ®ã t¸c dông c«ng c¬ häc hay ®Çm rung ®Ó lµm
chÆt vËt liÖu.
soil stratification /s˜il ,strætifi'kei∫n/ n sù ph©n
tÇng ®Êt: Soil stratification refers to the thickness
and extent of the various classified soil types, and
their physical or spatial relation to each other. In
tunneling, this often includes rock (geological)
stratification: Ph©n tÇng ®Êt nãi ®Õn chiÒu dµy vµ
ph¹m vi cña c¸c lo¹i ®Êt ®−îc ph©n lo¹i kh¸c nhau,
vµ mèi quan hÖ vËt lý hay kh«ng gian cña chóng víi
nhau. Trong x©y dùng hÇm, kh¸i niÖm nµy th−êng
bao gåm c¶ sù ph©n tÇng (vÒ mÆt ®Þa chÊt) cña ®¸.
soil-structure interaction /s˜il 'strʌkt∫ə
,intər'æk∫n/ n t−¬ng t¸c ®Êt nÒn-kÕt cÊu: A term
applied to the consequences of the deformation and
forces induced into the soil by the movement of a
structure. The common fixed-base assumption in the
analysis of structures implies no soil-structure
interaction: Mét thuËt ng÷ ¸p dông cho c¸c hËu qu¶
cña biÕn d¹ng vµ lùc t¸c dông g©y ra trong ®Êt do sù
chuyÓn dÞch cña kÕt cÊu. Gi¶ thiÕt th«ng th−êng vÒ
nÒn cè ®Þnh trong ph©n tÝch c¸c kÕt cÊu lµ kh«ng xÐt
®Õn t−¬ng t¸c ®Êt nÒn-kÕt cÊu.
soldier piles and lagging /'souldʒə pailz ænd
'lægiη/ n cäc chèng ®øng vµ v¸n lãt ngang.
sole plate /soul pleit/ n b¶n ®Öm (d−íi ch©n v×
chèng thÐp).
solid waste /,s˜lid weist/ n chÊt th¶i r¾n: Solid
products useless that have to be eliminated: Lµ c¸c
s¶n phÈm r¾n kh«ng cã Ých cÇn ph¶i lo¹i bá.
solifluction /,s˜li'flʌk‘n/ n sù truåi ®Êt, sù ch¶y
®Êt.
solution cavity /sə'lu:∫n 'kæviti/ n hang ®éng do
hßa tan: Opening in bedrock, commonly developed
along open joint or bedding planes or the juncture of
two such planes, by dissolution and removal of
soluble rocks such as limestone, gypsum, and
phosphate rock by moving water: Lµ hang ngÇm
trong nÒn ®¸, th−êng ph¸t triÓn däc theo khe nøt më
hoÆc c¸c mÆt ph¼ng ph©n líp hoÆc chç giao nhau
cña hai mÆt ph¼ng ph©n líp, do sù hßa tan vµ lµm
cuèn tr«i bëi n−íc cña c¸c ®¸ dÔ hßa tan nh− ®¸ v«i,
th¹ch cao, vµ ®¸ photphat.
sound absorption coefficient /saund ”b's˜:p‘n
,koui'fi‘nt/ n hÖ sè hÊp thô ©m thanh (tiÕng ån).
sounding /saundiô/ n thö ©m thanh: A
technique to evaluate the condition of hardened
concrete by striking the surface with a hammer;
sound concrete will exhibit a clear ringing sound,
whereas dull or hollow sounds indicate delaminated
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
areas. (See also chain drag): Lµ mét kü thuËt ®Ó
®¸nh gi¸ t×nh tr¹ng cña bªt«ng ®«ng cøng b»ng c¸ch
dïng bóa gâ vµo bÒ mÆt; nÕu bªt«ng cã chÊt l−îng
tèt sÏ thÓ hiÖn mét ©m thanh vang râ, cßn ©m thanh
®ôc hay rçng åm sÏ chØ ra c¸c vïng bªt«ng bÞ t¸ch
tÊm/ph©n líp.
spacer block /'speisə blɔk/ n khèi ®Öm kÝch:
Device used to extend the distance that the hydraulic
rams within a jacking system can propel the
pipeline: Lµ thiÕt bÞ dïng ®Ó nèi dµi kho¶ng c¸ch ®Ó
c¸c kÝch thñy lùc bªn trong mét hÖ thèng kÝch ®Èy cã
thÓ ®Èy ®−êng èng tiÕn lªn.
spacing /'speisi–/ n sù chia c¸ch; kho¶ng hë;
kho¶ng (ng¨n) c¸ch; b−íc: If settlement over the
tunnel is a concern, as, for example, in urban areas,
additional benchmarks are placed along the tunnel
alignment at a spacing not exceeding 200 meters:
NÕu sù sôt lón hÇm lµ mét mèi lo, vÝ dô trong c¸c
khu ®« thÞ, th× ph¶i lËp c¸c mèc bæ sung däc tuyÕn
hÇm víi kho¶ng c¸ch kh«ng qu¸ 200m o
Recommended terms for the description of
discontinuity spacing are extremely widely-spaced
(> 6m), very widely-spaced (2m - 6m), widely-
spaced (600mm - 2m), medium-spaced (200mm -
600mm), closely-spaced (60mm - 200mm), very
closely-spaced (20mm - 60mm) and extremely
closely-spaced (<20mm): C¸c thuËt ng÷ khuyÕn nghÞ
cho viÖc m« t¶ kho¶ng c¸ch gi÷a c¸c khe nøt lµ: qu¸
xa nhau (>6m), rÊt c¸ch xa (2-6m), c¸ch xa nhau
(600mm-2m), xa trung b×nh(200-600mm), gÇn nhau
(60-200mm), rÊt gÇn nhau (20-60mm)vµ qu¸ gÇn
nhau (<20mm).
spacing of blasthole /'speisi– ”v 'bl:sthoul/ n
kho¶ng c¸ch c¸c lç m×n: If the rock is of sufficient
quality so that falls do not occur at open seams
before it can be supported, it is possible to reduce
the amount of overbreak by reducing the spacing of
holes: NÕu nÒn ®¸ cã chÊt l−îng ®ñ tèt ®Ó kh«ng x¶y
ra r¬i lë t¹i c¸c khe nøt hë tr−íc khi hang hÇm ®−îc
chèng ®ì, th× cã thÓ gi¶m ®−îc l−îng ®µo qu¸ b»ng
c¸ch gi¶m kho¶ng c¸ch gi÷a c¸c lç khoan (næ m×n).
spad /sp“d/ n ray ®Þnh mèc: A rail used by mine
surveyors for hanging a plumb bob as a mark for a
survey station, generally with a hole or notch in it
for a plumb bob string: Lµ mét ray mµ thî kh¶o s¸t
má/hÇm dïng ®Ó treo mét qu¶ däi nh− mét ®iÓm mèc
cho mét tr¹m ®o kh¶o s¸t, nãi chung víi mét lç hay
khÊc trªn ®ã ®Ó luån d©y däi.
spall /sp˜:l/ n m¶nh/m¶ng vôn, côc ®¸, m¶nh ®¸:
A fragment, usually in the shape of a flake, detached
from a larger mass by a blow, by the action of
 299
weather, by pressure, or by expansion within the
larger mass; a small spall involves a roughly
circular depression not greater than 120 mm in
depth and 150 mm in any dimension; a large spall,
may be roughly circular or oval or in some cases
elongated, is more than 20 mm in depth and 150 mm
in greatest dimension: Lµ mét m¶nh vôn, th−êng cã
d¹ng mét líp v¶y, bÞ t¸ch ra tõ mét khèi lín h¬n bëi
mét có ®Ëp, bëi t¸c ®éng cña thêi tiÕt, bëi ¸p suÊt,
hay bëi sù gi·n në trong lßng khèi lín ®ã; mét m¶nh
vôn nhá th−êng trãc ra ®Ó l¹i mét vÕt lâm gÇn h×nh
trßn cã chiÒu s©u kh«ng qu¸ 120 mm vµ c¸c chiÒu
kh¸c kh«ng qu¸ 150 mm; mét m¶ng vôn lín cã thÓ
cã h×nh gÇn trßn hoÆc « van hay ®«i khi thon dµi, cã
kÝch th−íc lín h¬n 20 mm theo chiÒu s©u vµ 150 mm
theo chiÒu lín nhÊt.
spall /sp˜:l/ v ®Ëp vì (®¸, quÆng); bong trãc: Early
on, shotcrete had a tendency to spall from minor
rock pressures: Thêi kú ®Çu míi ra ®êi, bªt«ng phun
cã xu h−íng trãc vì [khái mÆt phun] ngay khi xuÊt
hiÖn ¸p lùc ®¸ nhá.
spalling /sp˜:liô/ n sù ®Ëp vì, sù ph¸ vì, sù nøt vì
vµ r¬i xuèng: The breaking off of thin surface sheets
or plates in rock under excessive tension. After
blasting an initial spalling occurs, then the rock will
stay in place, and maintain the integrity of the tunnel
roof prior to the general breakdown of the arch: Lµ
sù vì ra cña c¸c phiÕn hoÆc tÊm bÒ mÆt máng trong
®¸ d−íi øng suÊt kÐo lín. Th−êng sau khi næ m×n,
diÔn ra sù nøt vµ r¬i vì ban ®Çu cña vßm ®¸, sau ®ã
khèi ®¸ sÏ gi÷ nguyªn t¹i chç, vµ duy tr× tÝnh nguyªn
vÑn cña vßm hÇm tr−íc khi nã bÞ sôp ®æ hoµn toµn.
span /sp“n/ n nhÞp: Part of a structure between
two supports: PhÇn kÕt cÊu gi÷a hai trô ®ì.
spanner /sp“n”/ n c¸i cê-lª, ch×a vÆn ®ai èc.
special conditions during excavation /'spe‘l
k”n'di‘n 'dju”ri– ,eksk”'vei‘n/ n c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ®Æc
biÖt gÆp ph¶i khi ®µo hÇm: The special conditions
are considered to be the following: when passing
through quicksand layer, the supporting system is
unable to resist abnormal pressure; noxious natural
gas of a density high enough to seriously endanger
the health of workers spreading that cannot be
diluted with ventilation; special geological and/or
man-made situation, such as wasted mining shafts,
caves, ground temperature exceeding 370C: C¸c
®iÒu kiÖn ®−îc xem lµ ®Æc biÖt bao gåm: khi ®µo
hÇm qua tÇng c¸t ch¶y, hÖ thèng chèng kh«ng chÞu
®−îc ¸p lùc bÊt th−êng; xuÊt hiÖn khÝ tù nhiªn ®éc
nång ®é cao g©y nguy hiÓm nghiªm träng cho søc
khoÎ c«ng nh©n mµ viÖc th«ng giã kh«ng thÓ hßa
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
lo·ng hÕt ®−îc; gÆp t×nh tr¹ng ®Þa chÊt hay nh©n t¹o
®Æc biÖt, nh− c¸c giÕng má bá hoang, hang ®éng,
nhiÖt ®é ngÇm v−ît qu¸ 370C.
special ground /'spe‘l graund/ n ®iÒu kiÖn ®Êt ®¸
®Æc biÖt: Five kinds of special ground include ⑴
squeezing ground, ⑵ ground with danger of high-
pressure, large quantities of water inflows, ⑶
unconsolidated ground, ⑷ ground with high levels
of geothermal energy, hot springs, or toxic gases, ⑸
ground with danger of rock burst. In the design and
construction of tunnels through these special types of
ground, studies are required to determine safe and
cost-effective measures: N¨m lo¹i ®Þa chÊt ®Æc biÖt
gåm cã ⑴ ®Êt nÐn Ðp, ⑵ ®Êt cã mèi nguy cña ¸p lùc
lín, l−îng n−íc ngÇm lín, ⑶ ®Êt ch−a cè kÕt, ⑷ ®Êt
®¸ cã c¸c møc n¨ng l−îng ®Þa nhiÖt cao, suèi n−íc
nãng, hoÆc c¸c khÝ ®éc, ⑸ ®¸ cøng cã mèi nguy næ
®¸. Khi thiÕt kÕ vµ thi c«ng hÇm qua c¸c lo¹i ®Þa
chÊt ®Æc biÖt nµy, cÇn cã nh÷ng nghiªn cøu ®Ó x¸c
®Þnh c¸c biÖn ph¸p an toµn vµ hiÖu qu¶ vÒ mÆt gi¸
thµnh.
specific charging /sp”'sifik 't‘a:d™i–/ n mËt ®é n¹p
m×n; chØ tiªu thuèc næ; chi phÝ thuèc næ ®¬n vÞ: Rock
fragmentation is very largely dependent on the
specific charging (powder factor) of the rock. As
specific charging gets bigger, more material (on a
percentage basis) is crushed into fines: Sù ph¸ vì ®¸
phô thuéc rÊt lín vµo chi phÝ thuèc næ ®¬n vÞ (hÖ sè
thuèc næ) dïng cho ®¸. Khi chØ tiªu thuèc næ nµy
t¨ng lªn, sÏ cã nhiÒu ®¸ h¬n bÞ nghiÒn thµnh c¸c h¹t
mÞn (tÝnh theo sè phÇn tr¨m) o Specific charging
for bench blasts determines explosive consumption
in the final blast design, and can be obtained from
the equation q = Qtcosα/VEK, where q = specific
charging (kg/m3), Qt = total charge (kg), V = burden
(m), E = spacing (m), K = bench height or round
advance (m), α = angle of hole inclination
(degrees): ChØ tiªu thuèc næ ®èi víi næ ph¸ bËc thÒm
x¸c ®Þnh l−îng tiªu thô thuèc næ trong thiÕt kÕ næ
m×n cuèi cïng, vµ cã thÓ tÝnh b»ng c«ng thøc q =
Qtcosα/VEK, trong ®ã q lµ chi phÝ thuèc næ ®¬n vÞ
(kg/m3), Qt lµ tæng l−îng thuèc (kg), V lµ ®−êng
kh¸ng ch©n tÇng (m), E lµ kho¶ng c¸ch c¸c lç m×n
(m), K lµ chiÒu cao thÒm hay b−íc tiÕn mét chu kú
(m), α lµ gãc nghiªng cña lç m×n (®é).
specific drilling /sp”'sifik driliô/ n mËt ®é khoan;
chi phÝ khoan ®¬n vÞ: Specific drilling describes the
amount of drilling that is required in a round for the
extraction and breaking of one cubic meter of rock
(drm/m3). It is a function of hole diameter and rock
 300
blastibility: Chi phÝ khoan ®¬n vÞ diÔn t¶ khèi l−îng
khoan yªu cÇu trong mét chu kú ®Ó ph©n t¸ch vµ ®Ëp
vì mét mÐt khèi ®¸ r¾n (mÐt khoan/m3). Nã lµ mét
hµm cña ®−êng kÝnh lç khoan vµ ®Æc tÝnh ph¸ næ cña
®¸.
specific gravity /sp”'sifik 'gr“viti/ n träng l−îng
riªng: The ratio of the mass of a volume of a
material at a stated temperature to the mass of the
same volume of distilled water at a stated
temperature: Lµ tû sè gi÷a khèi l−îng cña mét thÓ
tÝch vËt liÖu t¹i mét nhiÖt ®é ®· cho víi khèi l−îng
cña cïng mét thÓ tÝch n−íc cÊt t¹i nhiÖt ®é Êy o
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the mass of
the soil particles to the same (absolute) volume of
water G=ρs/ρw and is dimensionless (where ρs is the
density of the solid particles, ρw is density of fresh
water = 1000 kg m-3). Physicists prefer the term
relative density for this property of materials,
however relative density has another meaning when
applied to engineering soils: Träng l−îng riªng cña
®Êt ®−îc ®Þnh nghÜa lµ tû sè cña khèi l−îng cña c¸c
h¹t ®Êt víi cïng thÓ tÝch (tuyÖt ®èi) cña n−íc
G=ρs/ρw vµ kh«ng thø nguyªn. C¸c nhµ vËt lý thÝch
dïng thuËt ng÷ mËt ®é t−¬ng ®èi h¬n cho tÝnh chÊt
nµy cña vËt liÖu, tuy nhiªn mËt ®é t−¬ng ®èi cã mét ý
nghÜa kh¸c khi ¸p dông cho c¸c lo¹i ®Êt c«ng tr×nh
(trong ®ã ρs lµ mËt ®é (tû träng) cña h¹t r¾n, ρw lµ tû
träng cña n−íc ngät = 1000 kg/m3).
specific surface /sp”'sifik 's”:fis/ n tû diÖn tÝch bÒ
mÆt; tû suÊt bÒ mÆt: The measured fineness is an
over-all value known as specific surface and is
expressed in square meters per kilogram (m2 kg-1).
The minimum fineness requirement for Portland
cements specified in British Standards ranges from
225 m2 kg-1 for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) to
325 m2 kg-1 for rapid-hardening Portland cements
(RHPC): §é mÞn ®o ®−îc lµ mét gi¸ trÞ toµn thÓ gäi
lµ tû diÖn tÝch bÒ mÆt vµ ®−îc biÓu diÔn b»ng sè mÐt
vu«ng trªn mét kil«gam (m2 kg-1). Yªu cÇu vÒ ®é mÞn
tèi thiÓu ®èi víi xim¨ng Poocl¨ng trong Tiªu chuÈn
Anh lµ tõ 225 m2 kg-1 víi xim¨ng Poocl¨ng th−êng
(OPC) vµ 325 m2 kg-1 víi xim¨ng Poocl¨ng ®«ng
cøng nhanh (RHPC) o A fine cement will develop
strength and generate heat more quickly than a
coarse cement. Fine cements, in general, improve
the cohesiveness of fresh concrete and can be
effective in reducing the risk of bleeding, but they
increase the tendency for shrinkage cracking: Mét
lo¹i xim¨ng mÞn sÏ ph¸t triÓn c−êng ®é vµ sinh nhiÖt
nhanh h¬n mét xim¨ng th«. Nãi chung, c¸c lo¹i
xim¨ng mÞn c¶i thiÖn tÝnh dÝnh cña bªt«ng t−¬i vµ cã
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
hiÖu qu¶ trong viÖc gi¶m nguy c¬ dÒnh n−íc xim¨ng,
nh−ng chóng lµm t¨ng xu h−íng nøt do co ngãt.
Specifications /,spesifi'kei‘nz/ n Tiªu chuÈn Kü
thuËt, quy ®Þnh kü thuËt: The Specification will
define the scope and the technical requirements of
the Contract. The quality of materials and the
standards of workmanship to be provided by the
Contractor must be clearly described, together with
the extent, if any, to which the Contractor will be
responsible for the design of the permanent works:
Tiªu chuÈn Kü thuËt sÏ x¸c ®Þnh ph¹m vi vµ c¸c yªu
cÇu kü thuËt cña Hîp ®ång. ChÊt l−îng cña vËt liÖu
vµ tiªu chuÈn vÒ chÊt l−îng c«ng viÖc cung cÊp bëi
Nhµ thÇu sÏ ph¶i ®−îc m« t¶ râ rµng, cïng víi møc
®é, nÕu cã, mµ theo ®ã Nhµ thÇu sÏ ph¶i cã tr¸ch
nhiÖm thiÕt kÕ c¸c c«ng viÖc vÜnh cöu.
specified mix /'spesifaid miks/ n hçn hîp thiÕt
kÕ.
specimen /'spesim”n/ n vËt mÉu, mÉu thö: an
individual unit on which a test can be made: Lµ mét
khèi riªng biÖt mµ nhê nã mét thÝ nghiÖm cã thÓ
®−îc thùc hiÖn.
speed bump /spi:d bʌmp/ n gê gi¶m tèc ®é trªn
®−êng.
spherical washer /'sferikl 'w˜‘”/ n vßng ®Öm
h×nh cÇu.
spiles, spiling /'spailiô/ n cäc gç, cõ; hµng cäc
chèng: (same as poling boards): Essentially the
same as forepoling, but may also include steel bars
drilled ahead of a rock tunnel face: VÒ c¬ b¶n lµ
gièng víi thanh gia cè tr−íc, nh−ng còng cã thÓ bao
gåm c¸c thanh thÐp ®−îc khoan vÒ phÝa tr−íc g−¬ng
hÇm ®µo trong ®¸. o When spiling (wood or steel)
is employed to provide support for advancing the
excavation, spiles shall be driven into the ground or
placed in pre-driven and grouted holes as required
in the Contract: Khi cäc chèng gia cè tr−íc (b»ng gç
hoÆc thÐp) ®−îc ¸p dông ®Ó chèng ®ì trong khi ®µo
hÇm, c¸c cäc nµy ph¶i ®−îc ®ãng vµo ®Êt hoÆc c¾m
vµo c¸c lç khoan s½n vµ b¬m v÷a theo nh− yªu cÇu
cña Hîp ®ång.
spilt oils /spilt ˜il/ n dÇu trµn, dÇu r¬i v·i: Related
to all kind of oils and liquids of engines that can
pollute the soil: Liªn quan ®Õn mäi lo¹i dµu vµ chÊt
láng cña c¸c ®éng c¬ mµ chóng cã thÓ lµm « nhiÔm
®Êt.
splice plate /splais pleit/ n b¶n nèi.
spoil /sp˜il/ n ®Êt ®¸ th¶i: Xem “muck”: (1) Earth,
rock and other materials displaced by a tunnel or
casing, and removed before or as the tunnel or
casing is installed; (2) a generic term for material
 301
that has no further use: (1) Lµ ®Êt, ®¸ vµ c¸c vËt liÖu
kh¸c bÞ thÕ chç bëi mét ®−êng hÇm hoÆc èng v¸ch,
vµ ®−îc chuyÓn th¶i tr−íc khi hoÆc trong khi l¾p
®Æt/thi c«ng hÇm hay èng v¸ch; (2) lµ mét thuËt ng÷
ph¸t sinh ®Ó chØ vËt liÖu mµ nã kh«ng cßn ®−îc sö
dông thªm n÷a.
spoil removal /sp˜il ri'mu:vl/ n chuyÓn ®Êt ®¸
th¶i: Within the tunnel, there is generally no space
available for spoil storage, and to prevent the
tunneling machine from being unnecessarily idle, the
transportation system must be capable of handling
the peak output from the machine. The Contractor
may use a locomotive and dump cars, belt conveyor
system and trucks or slurry pipelines etc. for spoil
removal: Trong lßng hÇm, nãi chung kh«ng cßn
kh«ng gian trèng ®Ó tr÷ ®¸ th¶i. V× vËy ®Ó tr¸nh cho
m¸y ®µo hÇm kh«ng bÞ ®Ó kh«ng v« Ých, cÇn cã hÖ
thèng vËn chuyÓn ®ñ kh¶ n¨ng di dêi l−îng ®¸ ®µo
ra lín nhÊt tõ m¸y ®µo. Nhµ thÇu cã thÓ dïng ®Çu
m¸y vµ toa tù ®æ ch¹y trªn ray, hÖ b¨ng chuyÒn vµ
xe t¶i, hay c¸c ®−êng èng v÷a cho môc ®Ých chuyÓn
dêi ®¸ th¶i.
spray cement /sprei si'ment/ n xim¨ng phun:
General term used to designate fast-setting binders
which ensure the required rate of setting and fast
strength development in fresh sprayed concrete
without addition of admixtures: Lµ thuËt ng÷ chung
dïng ®Ó chØ c¸c lo¹i chÊt kÕt dÝnh ®«ng cøng nhanh
mµ chóng ®¶m b¶o tèc ®é ninh kÕt yªu cÇu vµ sù
ph¸t triÓn c−êng ®é nhanh trong bªt«ng phun t−¬i
mµ kh«ng cÇn cho thªm c¸c chÊt phô gia.
spray dust deposits /sprei dʌst di'pɔzit/ n bôi
bªt«ng phun tÝch tô: Proportion of fines in the
sprayed concrete which deposit on the substrate and
the reinforcing bars and diminish the adhesion of
subsequent layers: Lµ mét phÇn l−îng h¹t mÞn trong
bªt«ng phun mµ nã tÝch tô trªn chÊt nÒn cÇn phun
còng nh− trªn cèt thÐp do ®ã lµm suy gi¶m sù dÝnh
b¸m cña c¸c líp bªt«ng phun tiÕp theo.
spray lining /sprei laini–/ n vá hÇm/cèng phun:
Method for applying a lining, usually of cement
mortar or resin, by a rotating spray head which is
winched through an existing pipeline: Ph−¬ng ph¸p
thi c«ng mét vá cèng/hÇm nhá, th−êng b»ng v÷a
xim¨ng hoÆc keo resin, nhê mét ®Çu phun quay mµ
nã ®−îc kÐo b»ng têi qua mét ®−êng èng cò.
sprayed concrete (= shotcrete) /spreid 'k˜nkri:t/
n bªt«ng phun: A mixture of cement, aggregate, and
water projected pneumatically at high velocity from
a nozzle onto a surface to produce a layer or layers
of concrete. Sprayed concrete normally incorporates
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
admixtures, especially accelerators, and may also
include fibers. (See Shotcrete): Mét hçn hîp cña
xim¨ng, cèt liÖu, vµ n−íc phôt ra nhê khÝ nÐn víi vËn
tèc cao tõ mét vßi phun vµo mét bÒ mÆt ®Ó t¹o ra
mét líp hay nhiÒu líp bªt«ng. Bªt«ng phun th−êng
cã thªm phô gia, ®Æc biÖt lµ phô gia t¨ng ®«ng cøng,
vµ còng cã thÓ gåm c¶ sîi thÐp.
sprayed concrete /spreid 'k˜nkri:t/ n bªt«ng
phun: The strength of sprayed concrete measured by
cores taken from the Works will be acceptable if: (a)
the average compressive strength for any group of
four consecutive test results exceeds the specified
characteristic strength by at least 2.0 N/mm2
(2.0Mpa) for 1 day strength and 3.0 N/mm2 for 28
day strength; and (b) no test result is lower than the
specified strength by more than 2.0 N/mm2 for 1 day
strength and 3.0 N/mm2 for 28 day strength, where
one test result consists of the mean of 3 core
strengths: C−êng ®é cña bªt«ng phun thö tõ c¸c mÉu
lÊy tõ C«ng tr×nh sÏ ®−îc chÊp nhËn nÕu: (a) c−êng
®é nÐn trung b×nh cña bÊt kú nhãm gåm bèn kÕt qu¶
thö liªn tiÕp nµo ®Òu lín h¬n c−êng ®é thiÕt kÕ Ýt
nhÊt lµ 2.0 N/mm2 cho c−êng ®é 1 ngµy tuæi vµ 3.0
N/mm2 cho c−êng ®é 28 ngµy tuæi; vµ (b) kh«ng cã
kÕt qu¶ thö riªng nµo thÊp h¬n c−êng ®é thiÕt kÕ
nhiÒu h¬n 2.0 N/mm2 ®èi víi c−êng ®é 1 ngµy vµ 3.0
N/mm2 ®èi víi c−êng ®é 28 ngµy, trong ®ã mét kÕt
qu¶ thö sÏ lµ gi¸ trÞ trung b×nh cña 3 c−êng ®é mÉu
thö.
sprayed concrete shell /spreid 'k˜nkri:t ∫el/ n vá
hÇm bªt«ng phun: Three-dimensional structural
component consisting of one or several layers of
sprayed concrete with a temporary or permanent
supporting and/or load-bearing function (e.g. outer
sprayed concrete shell, arch): Lµ thµnh phÇn kÕt cÊu
ba chiÒu cÊu thµnh tõ mét hay mét sè líp bªt«ng
phun cã chøc n¨ng chÞu t¶i vµ/hoÆc chèng ®ì t¹m
thêi hay vÜnh cöu (v.d. vá, vßm bªt«ng phun bªn
ngoµi).
spraying /spreiiô/ n sù phun bªt«ng: Process of
placing shotcrete (sprayed concrete) by projecting
the shotcrete from the nozzle to the surface receiving
the shotcrete (also called shooting or gunning): Qu¸
tr×nh phun bªt«ng b»ng c¸ch xÞt/phôt hçn hîp tõ mét
vßi vµo bÒ mÆt cÇn gia cè o For vertical and near
vertical surfaces, application has to commence at
the bottom, the top or leading edge of the work will
be maintained at a slope. Downward spraying
should be avoided where possible: §èi víi nh÷ng bÒ
mÆt ®øng vµ gÇn ®øng, sù phun bªt«ng ph¶i b¾t ®Çu
tõ phÝa ch©n, viÒn trªn hay viÒn phun dÉn tr−íc cña
 302
phÇn viÖc sÏ ®−îc duy tr× cã mét ®é nghiªng. Ph¶i
tr¸nh phun tõ trªn xuèng d−íi bÊt cø khi nµo cã thÓ.
spraying nozzle /spreiiô 'n˜zl/ n vßi phun
bªt«ng: A pipe with a mixing unit for the addition of
liquid and/or air through which the mix is
discharged from the delivery line. In dry-mix
shotcreting, water and - if required - powder or
liquid admixtures and additives are added; in wet-
mix shotcreting by the dense-stream method, air and,
possibly, admixtures are added: Lµ mét èng cã bé
phËn trén ®Ó cho thªm n−íc vµ/hoÆc khÝ nÐn mµ qua
®ã hçn hîp bªt«ng ®−îc x¶ ra khái èng dÉn. Trong
kü thuËt phun kh«, n−íc vµ ®«i khi c¶ c¸c phô gia
bét hay láng còng nh− c¸c chÊt ®én ®−îc cho thªm
vµo t¹i vßi nµy; trong kü thuËt phun −ít theo ph−¬ng
ph¸p dßng bªt«ng ®Æc, t¹i vßi nµy cã thÓ cho thªm
khÝ nÐn vµ c¶ phô gia.
springline /'spri–lain/ n ®−êng ph©n chia vßm
vµ t−êng hÇm, møc ®−êng ®i vµo vßm: The point
where the curved portion of a tunnel roof meets the
top of the wall. In a circular tunnel the springlines
are at the opposite ends of the horizontal centerline:
Lµ ®iÓm t¹i ®ã phÇn uèn cong cña mét m¸i hÇm gÆp
phÇn ®Ønh cña t−êng hÇm. Trong mét hÇm trßn c¸c
®iÓm ph©n chia nµy lµ c¸c ®iÓm mót ®èi diÖn cña
®−êng t©m n»m ngang.
springline /'spri–lain/ n (2) ®−êng ph©n chia
vßm vµ t−êng hÇm, møc ®−êng ®i vµo vßm: The
points on the internal surface of the transverse cross
section of a pipe intersected by the line of maximum
horizontal dimensions; or in box section, the mid-
height of the internal vertical wall: Lµ c¸c ®iÓm trªn
bÒ mÆt phÝa trong cña mÆt c¾t ngang n»m ngang cña
mét èng trßn bÞ c¾t bëi mét ®−êng th¼ng cã kÝch
th−íc n»m ngang lín nhÊt; hoÆc ®èi víi mÆt c¾t h×nh
hép, lµ chiÒu cao t¹i ®iÓm gi÷a cña t−êng th¼ng ®øng
bªn trong o A single heading or a series of drifts
are used to excavate a tunnel in cohesive soil, where
excavation may start with a center heading from the
crown to the spring line: Cã thÓ ®µo mét ®−êng hÇm
qua ®Êt dÝnh b»ng mét g−¬ng ®µo duy nhÊt hay b»ng
mét lo¹t c¸c lß nhá, trong ®ã viÖc khai ®µo b¾t ®Çu
b»ng mét lß dÉn ë trung t©m kÐo tõ phÇn ®Ønh vßm
xuèng tíi ®−êng ch©n vßm.
springing /'spri–i–/ n ®o¹n ®Çu cña hÇm; ®Õ
vßm.
SPT (standard penetration test) /es pi: ti:/ n thÝ
nghiÖm xuyªn tiªu chuÈn: This method describes the
procedure, generally known as the Standard
Penetration Test (SPT), for driving a split-barrel
sampler to obtain a representative soil sample and a
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
measure of the resistance of the soil to penetration of
the sampler. N-value is the blowcount representation
of the penetration resistance of the soil. The N-value,
reported in blows per foot, equals the sum of the
number of blow required to drive the sampler over
the depth interval of 150 to 450 mm: Ph−¬ng ph¸p
nµy m« t¶ thñ tôc, ®−îc biÕt ®Õn réng r·i lµ ThÝ
nghiÖm Xuyªn Tiªu chuÈn (SPT), ®Ó ®ãng mét dông
cô lÊy mÉu d¹ng èng xÎ r·nh nh»m lÊy lªn mét mÉu
®Êt ®Æc tr−ng vµ nh»m cã ®−îc mét th−íc ®o søc
kh¸ng cña ®Êt ®èi víi sù ®ãng xuyªn cña dông cô lÊy
mÉu. Gi¸ trÞ N lµ biÓu diÔn søc kh¸ng xuyªn cña ®Êt
theo sè lÇn r¬i bóa. Gi¸ trÞ nµy, ®−îc ghi vµo b¸o
c¸o lµ sè nh¸t ®Ëp trªn 1 fut (300mm), t−¬ng ®−¬ng
víi sè nh¸t cÇn ®Ó ®ãng c¸i èng lÊy mÉu xuyªn qua
®é s©u tõ 150 ®Õn 450mm. (Xem b¶ng d−íi).
Table: Soil Strength in Terms of Compactness (B¶ng C−êng ®é ®Êt
vÒ mÆt ®é chÆt)
Soil Type Descriptive Terms for SPT N Values
(Lo¹i ®Êt) Compactness/Relative (Blows/300mm
Density (ThuËt ng÷ m« t¶ penetration)
vÒ ®é chÆt t−¬ng ®èi) (Gi¸ trÞ SPT N, b»ng sè
nh¸t bóa/300mm xuyªn)
Sands Very loose (RÊt 0–4
and láng/xèp/rêi)
Gravels (C¸t Loose (Láng/xèp/rêi) 4 – 10
vµ Sái)
Medium dense (ChÆt võa) 10 – 30
Dense (ChÆt) 30 - 50
Very dense (RÊt chÆt) > 50
squat /skw˜:t/ n phÇn bÞ ngËp thªm: The
additional draft of a floating body moving relative to
the water in which it floats, as compared with the
draft when stationary. It is caused by a reduction in
water pressure below the body because of
directional changes in flow around the body. When
keel clearances are marginal, squat may cause
elements under tow to touch the bottom. Similarly,
an element below a passing vessel may experience
uplift due to squat or propeller wash. This may need
to be taken into account in selecting safety factors
against uplift during installation: Lµ phÇn mín n−íc
phô thªm cña mét vËt thÓ næi (®èt hÇm d×m) di
chuyÓn t−¬ng ®èi víi mÆt n−íc mµ nã næi trªn ®ã,
khi so s¸nh víi mín n−íc tÜnh khi ®øng yªn. Nã sinh
ra bëi sù gi¶m ¸p lùc n−íc bªn d−íi vËt thÓ do sù ®æi
h−íng cña dßng n−íc xung quanh vËt thÓ. Khi khæ
th«ng tµu lµ cã h¹n, phÇn ngËp thªm cã thÓ lµm cho
®èt hÇm ®ang bÞ kÐo bÞ ch¹m ®¸y s«ng. T−¬ng tù,
mét ®èt hÇm bªn d−íi mét con tµu ®i ngang qua cã
thÓ bÞ n©ng lªn bëi sù ngËp thªm hoÆc bëi ch©n vÞt
quÐt. §iÒu nµy cÇn ph¶i tÝnh ®Õn khi chän hÖ sè an
toµn chèng l¹i ®Èy næi trong khi h¹ hÇm.
 303
squeeze /skwi:z/ n sù Ðp, sù v¾t; v v¾t, Ðp, nÐn: The
settling, without breaking, of the roof and the
gradual upheaval of the floor of a mine due to the
weight of the overlying strata: Lµ sù lón mµ kh«ng
ph¸ ho¹i cña nãc hÇm vµ sù tråi lªn dÇn dÇn cña ®¸y
hÇm g©y ra do träng l−îng cña c¸c tÇng ®Êt phÝa
trªn o Squeezing ground usually squeezes or
extrudes plastically into tunnel, without visible
fracturing or loss of continuity, and without
perceptible increase in water content. It is ductile,
plastic yield and flow due to overstress: §Êt nÐn Ðp
th−êng bÞ Ðp m¹nh hay ®ïn ra mét c¸ch mÒm dÎo
vµo trong hÇm, kh«ng thÊy r¹n nøt hay mÊt tÝnh liÒn
khèi, vµ kh«ng t¨ng ®¸ng kÓ hµm l−îng n−íc. Nã cã
tÝnh mÒm dÎo, ®µn håi vµ ch¶y do øng suÊt qu¸ lín.
squeezed ground /skwi:zd graund/ n ®Êt nÐn
Ðp: In squeezed ground or water bearing
unconsolidated ground, ground displacement may
continue for a long time, or earth or water pressure
may increase. Under such conditions, the completed
tunnel may be deformed. Installation of inverts or
other special measures are necessary: Trong ®Êt nÐn
Ðp hoÆc ®Êt ch−a cè kÕt chøa n−íc, sù dÞch chuyÓn
®Êt cã thÓ tiÕp tôc trong mét thêi gian dµi, hoÆc ¸p
lùc ®Êt hay n−íc cã thÓ t¨ng lªn. D−íi nh÷ng ®iÒu
kiÖn nh− thÕ, toµn bé ®−êng hÇm cã thÓ bÞ biÕn d¹ng.
ViÖc thiÕt kÕ vßm ngöa hoÆc c¸c biÖn ph¸p ®Æc biÖt
kh¸c lµ cÇn thiÕt.
squeezing ground /'skwi:zi–/ n ®Êt cã tÝnh nÐn Ðp:
Weak material, generally clayed, that behaves
plastically under the weight of overlying ground and
tends to close a tunnel opening by slowly advancing
into it without perceptible volume increase: Lµ vËt
liÖu yÕu, nãi chung ®· biÕn thµnh sÐt, nã øng xö
mang tÝnh dÎo d−íi träng l−îng cña ®Êt bªn trªn vµ
cã xu h−íng lµm bÞt kÝn mét hang hÇm b»ng c¸ch tõ
tõ ch¶y vµo hÇm mµ kh«ng cã sù t¨ng lªn vÒ thÓ tÝch
râ rÖt o Squeezing and swelling grounds are not
amenable to shotcrete linings, at least not until long
rock bolts and time have stabilized the ground:
Nh÷ng ®Êt nÐn Ðp vµ ®Êt tr−¬ng në kh«ng bÞ khèng
chÕ bëi vá hÇm b»ng bªt«ng phun, Ýt nhÊt lµ kh«ng
cho tíi khi c¸c bul«ng neo dµi vµ thêi gian ®· gióp
æn ®Þnh hãa ®−îc khèi ®Êt.
SSES /esesi:es/ n kh¶o s¸t ®¸nh gi¸ hÖ thèng
cèng th¶i: Sewer system evaluation survey of
tributary sewer systems with levels of infiltration and
inflow: Kh¶o s¸t ®¸nh gi¸ hÖ thèng cèng th¶i cho
c¸c hÖ thèng cèng nh¸nh víi c¸c møc ®é thÊm ra vµ
thÊm vµo ®−êng èng cña n−íc.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
stability /st”'bil”ti/ n tÝnh [®é] æn ®Þnh; tÝnh [®é]
bÒn v÷ng: Stability will not be achieved until
significant strains have disappeared. A sophisticated
way of keeping the remaining rock faces stable is to
keep surrounding rock masses solid by the use of
careful drilling and blasting; even if the surface is
not very smooth, this method preserves the rock: §é
æn ®Þnh sÏ kh«ng ®¹t ®−îc cho tíi khi c¸c biÕn d¹ng
lín ®· kÕt thóc. Mét c¸ch c«ng phu ®Ó gi÷ cho g−¬ng
®µo cßn l¹i trong ®¸ æn ®Þnh lµ gi÷ cho khèi ®¸ xung
quanh ®−îc ®Æc ch¾c b»ng c¸ch sö dông kü thuËt
khoan næ m×n cÈn thËn; ngay c¶ khi bÒ mÆt ®¸ kh«ng
®−îc nh½n l¾m, th× ph−¬ng ph¸p nµy vÉn gi÷ ®−îc æn
®Þnh cho ®¸.
stability factor /st”'bil”ti 'f“kt”/ n hÖ sè æn
®Þnh: The stability factor of cohesive soils is defined
P − Pa
as N t = z where Pz = total vertical pressure
Su
at depth z, Pa = air pressure above atmosphere, Su =
undrained shear strength of clay: HÖ sè æn ®Þnh cña
P − Pa
®Êt dÝnh ®−îc ®Þnh nghÜa b»ng N t = z , trong
Su
®ã Pz lµ tæng ¸p lùc ®øng t¹i ®é s©u z, Pa lµ ¸p lùc
khÝ nÐn trªn khÝ quyÓn, Su lµ c−êng ®é chèng c¾t
kh«ng tho¸t n−íc cña sÐt o If the stability factor is
greater than 7, general shear failures and ground
movement around tunnel heading will cause shield
control to become difficult, and shield tends to dive.
If it is equal to 1 to 5, tunneling will be without
unusual difficulties: NÕu hÖ sè æn ®Þnh lín h¬n 7, th×
sù ph¸ ho¹i c¾t tæng thÓ vµ chuyÓn dÞch ®Êt xung
quanh g−¬ng hÇm sÏ khiÕn cho khiªn ®µo trë nªn rÊt
khã ®iÒu khiÓn, vµ nã cã xu h−íng tiÕn ch×m xuèng.
NÕu nã n»m trong kho¶ng tõ 1 ®Õn 4, viÖc lµm hÇm
sÏ kh«ng gÆp nh÷ng khã kh¨n bÊt th−êng lín.
stability of concrete /st”'bil”ti ”v 'k˜nkri:t/ n ®é
æn ®Þnh cña bªt«ng: Concrete capable of
maintaining the required unformity is said to be
stable and most cohesive mixes belong to this
category. For an unstable mix the extent to which
the constituent materials will separate depends on
the methods of transportation, placing and
compaction. The two most common features of an
unstable concrete are segregation and bleeding:
Lo¹i bªt«ng cã kh¶ n¨ng duy tr× ®é ®ång nhÊt yªu
cÇu th× ®−îc coi lµ æn ®Þnh, vµ hÇu hÕt c¸c hçn hîp
dÝnh lµ thuéc lo¹i nµy. §èi víi lo¹i hçn hîp kh«ng
æn ®Þnh, møc ®é mµ c¸c vËt liÖu thµnh phÇn sÏ ph©n
t¸ch phô thuéc vµo c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p vËn chuyÓn, ®æ
bªt«ng vµ ®Çm. Hai hiÖn t−îng th−êng thÊy nhÊt cña
 304
mét bªt«ng kh«ng æn ®Þnh lµ sù ph©n tÇng vµ sù dÒnh
n−íc xim¨ng.
stability of the face /st”'bil”ti ”v ›” feis/ n sù æn
®Þnh cña g−¬ng ®µo: During the designing and
construction of the tunnel, the problem of stability of
the face should be anticipated, especially the face
collapse and sand washout in unconsolidated
ground: Trong qu¸ tr×nh thiÕt kÕ vµ thi c«ng hÇm,
vÊn ®Ò æn ®Þnh g−¬ng hÇm cÇn ®−îc dù tÝnh tr−íc,
®Æc biÖt lµ sù sôp ®æ g−¬ng ®µo vµ sù cuèn tr«i c¸t
trong ®Êt ch−a cè kÕt.
stabilization /,steib”lai'zei‘n/ n sù æn ®Þnh
hãa, sù gia cè.
stack /st“k/ n th©n èng khãi, èng ®ãt, èng s−ëi.
stage grouting /steid™ 'grautiô/ n b¬m v÷a xim¨ng
theo giai ®o¹n: One of the commonly used grouting
methods, which divides the grouting hole length into
segments of certain length and alternately performs
boring and grouting to dig deeper into the ground.
The method also uses a packer fitted to the target
segment to prevent grout leakage: Lµ mét trong
nh÷ng ph−¬ng ph¸p b¬m v÷a th«ng dông, trong ®ã
chia chiÒu dµi lç b¬m v÷a thµnh c¸c ®o¹n cã chiÒu
dµi nhÊt ®Þnh vµ lÇn l−ît tiÕn hµnh viÖc khoan vµ
b¬m v÷a ®Ó ®µo tiÕn s©u h¬n vµo lßng ®Êt. Ph−¬ng
ph¸p nµy còng sö dông mét nót chÆn l¾p vµo ®o¹n
cuèi cïng ®Ó tr¸nh rß rØ v÷a o Sequential grouting
of a hole in separate steps or stages in lieu of
grouting the entire length at once; holes may be
grouted in ascending stages by using packers or in
descending stages downward from the collar of the
hole: Lµ kü thuËt b¬m v÷a tuÇn tù cho mét lç khoan
thµnh c¸c b−íc hay giai ®o¹n riªng biÖt thay v× b¬m
v÷a cho toµn bé chiÒu dµi trong mét lÇn; c¸c lç
khoan cã thÓ ®−îc b¬m v÷a qua c¸c giai ®o¹n tõ
d−íi ®¸y lªn cã sö dông nót chÆn, hoÆc tõ trªn miÖng
lç xuèng.
stake /'steik/ n cäc mèc; cäc tiªu.
stakeout /'steikout/ n sù c¾m cäc mèc; sù ®¸nh dÊu
c¸c ®iÓm tr¾c ®¹c quan träng: It is very important
that the stakeout for a structure be checked, double-
checked, and cross-checked to assure correct
alignment, skew, and span length: §iÒu rÊt quan
träng ®èi víi sù c¾m cäc mèc (®¸nh dÊu ®iÓm) cho
mét kÕt cÊu lµ nã ph¶i ®−îc kiÓm tra, kiÓm tra l¹i tØ
mØ, råi kiÓm tra chÐo ®Ó ®¶m b¶o sù bè trÝ h−íng, ®é
xiªn, vµ chiÒu dµi nhÞp ®−îc chuÈn x¸c.
staking /'steikiô/ n sù c¾m cäc mèc; sù ®¸nh dÊu
cäc tiªu: A good rule of thumb for the surveyor to
use when staking structure is that tolerances are ¡
0.0. This will avoid all alignment problems as
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
construction progresses: Mét kinh nghiÖm tèt (mét
nguyªn t¾c) ®èi víi ng−êi kh¶o s¸t khi c¾m cäc cho
kÕt cÊu lµ gi÷ c¸c sai sè ë ¡ 0.0. §iÒu nµy sÏ tr¸nh
®−îc c¸c vÊn ®Ò vÒ h−íng tuyÕn khi c«ng viÖc thi
c«ng tiÕn triÓn.
standard /'st“nd”d/ n tiªu chuÈn: (1) a physical
reference used as a basis for comparison or
calibration; (2) a concept that has been established
by authority, custom, or agreement to serve as a
model or rule in the measurement of quality or the
establishment of a practice or procedure: (1) Lµ mét
tham chiÕu vËt lý dïng nh− mét c¬ së ®Ó so s¸nh
hoÆc hiÖu chØnh; (2) lµ mét quan niÖm ®· ®−îc x¸c
lËp bëi chÝnh quyÒn, phong tôc, hoÆc tháa thuËn ®Ó
®ãng vai trß nh− mét m« h×nh hay quy t¾c trong viÖc
®o l−êng chÊt l−îng hay trong viÖc thiÕt lËp mét kü
thuËt thùc hµnh hay thñ tôc nµo ®ã.
standard cube strength /'st“nd”d kju:b 'streηθ/ n
c−êng ®é mÉu lËp ph−¬ng tiªu chuÈn: The measured
compressive strength of a cube made, cured and
tested in accordance with BS EN 12390-1, 12390-2
and 12390-3: Lµ c−êng ®é nÐn ®o ®−îc cña mét mÉu
lËp ph−¬ng ®−îc chÕ t¹o, b¶o d−ìng vµ thÝ nghiÖm
theo Tiªu chuÈn Anh BS EN 12390-1, 12390-2 vµ
12390-3.
standard design /'st“nd”d di'zain/ n thiÕt kÕ
tiªu chuÈn, thiÕt kÕ mÉu: Standard design is adopted
(in terms of supporting pattern, lining, excavation
method, tunnel driving method, etc.) under general
design conditions. Other tunnel design methods are
design based on similar conditions and design by
analytical method: Ph−¬ng ph¸p thiÕt kÕ tiªu chuÈn
®−îc ¸p dông (liªn quan ®Õn d¹ng thøc chèng ®ì, vá
hÇm, biÖn ph¸p ®µo, ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo hÇm, v.v...)
d−íi nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn thiÕt kÕ chung. Ngoµi ra cã hai
ph−¬ng ph¸p thiÕt kÕ kh¸c lµ: Dùa trªn tr−êng hîp
t−¬ng tù vµ Dùa vµo tÝnh to¸n ph©n tÝch.
standard dimensional ratio (SDR) /'st“nd”d
di'men∫ənl 'rei∫iou/ n tû sè kÝch th−íc tiªu chuÈn:
The ratio of minimum outside diameter of a pipe to
wall thickness: Lµ tû sè gi÷a ®−êng kÝnh ngoµi nhá
nhÊt cña mét èng víi chiÒu dµy thµnh cèng.
standard penetration test (SPT) /'st“nd”d
,peni'trei‘n test/ n thÝ nghiÖm xuyªn tiªu chuÈn.
standard tunnel support structure /'st“nd”d
'tʌnl s”'p˜:t 'strʌkt∫”/ n kÕt cÊu chèng ®ì hÇm tiªu
chuÈn: For the determination of tunnel support
pattern, expertise and experience, together with
tunneling construction data is required. It is
convenient and practical to decide tunnel support
pattern, based on standard tunnel support patterns
 305
determined through constructed tunnels data: §Ó
quyÕt ®Þnh d¹ng thøc chèng ®ì cho hÇm, cÇn cã tr×nh
®é chuyªn m«n vµ kinh nghiÖm, kÕt hîp víi c¸c d÷
liÖu thi c«ng hÇm. Mét c¸ch thuËn tiÖn vµ thùc tÕ ®Ó
quyÕt ®Þnh chän kiÓu kÕt cÊu chèng ®ì lµ dùa vµo
c¸c mÉu chèng ®ì hÇm ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh s½n nhê c¸c sè
liÖu cña c¸c hÇm ®· thi c«ng.
stand-up time /'st“ndʌp taim/ n thêi gian tù
chèng gi÷ cña ®Êt ®¸: The time interim between
blasting and the general breakdown of the rock half-
dome is called the bridge-action period, or stand-up
time: Lµ kho¶ng thêi gian tõ lóc næ m×n tíi lóc ph¸
ho¹i hoµn toµn cña vßm ®¸ (trªn nãc hÇm) ®−îc gäi
lµ giai ®o¹n t¸c dông-b¾c cÇu, hoÆc thêi gian ®øng
v÷ng [kh«ng cÇn chèng ®ì] o The duration of time
over which ground exposed in finish wall excavation
cut faces will remain stable without excessive or
detrimental sloughing or caving: Lµ kho¶ng thêi
gian qua ®ã ®Êt lé thiªn trªn c¸c thµnh hè ®µo vÉn
gi÷ ®−îc æn ®Þnh mµ kh«ng bÞ bong trãc qu¸ møc hay
sËp lë g©y sù cè.
station /'stei‘n/ n vÞ trÝ, ®iÓm, lý tr×nh, tr¹m ®o
®¹c; nhµ ga: Railway platforms, concourses, offices,
equipment rooms and access passageways which
link directly to a tunnel or are enclosed and situated
within 25m of a tunnel entrance: Nhµ ga lµ tæ hîp
c¸c thÒm chê trªn ®−êng s¾t, c¸c phßng ®îi lín, v¨n
phßng, phßng thiÕt bÞ vµ c¸c lèi tiÕp cËn mµ chóng
liªn kÕt trùc tiÕp víi mét ®−êng hÇm, hoÆc ®−îc khÐp
kÝn vµ bè trÝ trong vßng 25m tÝnh tõ cæng ®i vµo hÇm.
station platform /'stei∫n 'plætfɔ:m/ n ke ga, thÒm
chê: The inspection of rail tunnels’ stations and
ancillary rooms is conducted during normal working
hours from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. However,
inspections on the station platforms are limited to
off-peak hours from 9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m: C«ng
viÖc kiÓm tra c¸c nhµ ga vµ c¸c phßng phô trî cña
hÇm ®−êng s¾t ®−îc tiÕn hµnh trong giê lµm viÖc
b×nh th−êng tõ 8h s¸ng ®Õn 5h chiÒu. Nh−ng viÖc
kiÓm tra trªn c¸c thÒm chê s©n ga chØ ®−îc thùc hiÖn
vµo nh÷ng giê thÊp ®iÓm tõ 9h s¸ng ®Õn 3h chiÒu o
Where two rapid transit lines crossed they would be
at different levels, and completely grade separated
but the station platforms of the two lines would be
interconnected for the free interchange of
passengers: Khi hai tuyÕn ®−êng s¾t vËn chuyÓn
nhanh c¾t nhau th× chóng cã thÓ ®i trªn c¸c cao ®é
kh¸c nhau, vµ giao nhau kh¸c møc hoµn toµn, nh−ng
c¸c ke ga cña hai tuyÕn cã thÓ ®−îc nèi kÕt víi nhau
®Ó trao ®æi hµnh kh¸ch ®−îc dÔ dµng.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
stationing /'stei‘niô/ n sù ®¸nh dÊu lý tr×nh:
Stationing for tunnel centerline should start at
station 0+00 for each tunnel contract: Sù ®¸nh dÊu
lý tr×nh cho tim ®−êng hÇm ph¶i b¾t ®Çu t¹i lý tr×nh
0+00 ®èi víi mçi hîp ®ång lµm hÇm.
steel /sti:l/ n thÐp: Perhaps the most important
of all alloy systems is the iron - carbon system which
is the basis for the study of steel and cast iron. This
system incorporates soft relatively pure iron and a
hard compound of iron and carbon: Cã lÏ quan
träng nhÊt trong c¸c hÖ thèng hîp kim lµ hÖ thèng
s¾t - cacbon, nã lµ c¬ së cho sù nghiªn cøu vÒ thÐp
vµ gang. HÖ thèng nµy lµ mét cÊu tróc chÆt chÏ cña
s¾t mÒm t−¬ng ®èi nguyªn chÊt vµ mét tæ hîp cøng
cña s¾t vµ cacbon o Steel is of major importance
for its use in reinforced and prestressed concrete:
ThÐp cã tÇm quan träng lín v× ®−îc sö dông trong
bªt«ng cèt thÐp vµ bªt«ng dù øng lùc.
steel arch /sti:l :t∫/ n vßm chèng thÐp: Curved H
sections of steel used to support near horizontal
passages. May be of the yieldable type known as
YIELDING ARCH which allows for slip between two
parts of the arch to offset deformation: Lµ c¸c thÐp
h×nh ch÷ H dïng ®Ó chèng ®ì c¸c hang ngÇm gÇn
n»m ngang. Còng cã thÓ lµ lo¹i chèng mÒm gäi lµ
“vßm chèng ®µn håi” mµ nã cho phÐp hai phÇn cña
v× chèng tr−ît t−¬ng ®èi víi nhau t¹i chç nèi ®Ó thÝch
nghi mét phÇn víi biÕn d¹ng ®Êt ®¸.
steel fiber /sti:l 'faib”/ n sîi thÐp (xem: fiber):
Steel fibers are of four general types: cold drawn
steel wire, slit sheet steel, melt-extracted, and other
(ASTM-C820). Only the first two are considered
satisfactory for underground shotcrete: Cã bèn lo¹i
sîi thÐp lµ: d©y thÐp kÐo nguéi, thÐp tÊm c¾t vôn rêi,
thÐp t¸ch nhê nÊu ch¶y, vµ c¸c lo¹i kh¸c (ASTM-
C820). ChØ cã hai lo¹i ®Çu ®−îc xem lµ thÝch hîp
cho bªt«ng phun lµm c«ng tr×nh ngÇm o Where the
steel fibre reinforcement is added to the concrete
mix, this shall only be introduced using purpose-
made equipment: Khi cèt sîi thÐp ®−îc cho thªm vµo
hçn hîp bªt«ng, nã chØ ®−îc phÐp n¹p (®−a vµo)
b»ng thiÕt bÞ chuyªn dông.
steel fiber reinforced shotcrete /sti:l 'faib”
,ri:in'f˜:st ∫˜tkri:t/ n bªt«ng phun cã cèt sîi thÐp:
Steel fiber normally applied is 25 mm long and has a
0.6 mm diameter, and its aspect ratio
(length/diameter) is approximately 40 to 60. The
dosage of steel fiber to concrete mix commonly used
is 0.75 to 1.0 percent in volume. In below table, an
example of the typical design mix for steel fiber
reinforced concrete is shown: Lo¹i sîi thÐp th−êng

dïng cã chiÒu dµi 25 mm vµ ®−êng kÝnh 0.6 mm, tû
sè h×nh d¹ng cña nã (chiÒu dµi/ ®−êng kÝnh) xÊp xØ
tõ 40 ~ 60. LiÒu l−îng sîi thÐp cho hçn hîp bªt«ng
th−êng dïng lµ 0.75 ~ 1.0 % vÒ thÓ tÝch. Trong b¶ng
d−íi ®©y, mét vÝ dô vÒ thiÕt kÕ hçn hîp bªt«ng phun
cã cèt sîi thÐp ®−îc ®−a ra.
ITEM \ Spray Type (H¹ng DRY (kh«) WET (−ít)
môc/KiÓu phun bªt«ng)
W/C (Tû lÖ n−íc/xim¨ng, %) 45 ~ 50
Cement Unit Qty (L−îng 343 ~ 392
xim¨ng, kg/m3)
Fine Aggregate Content (Cèt 60 ~ 70
liÖu nhá, %)
Coarse Aggregate (Cì cèt liÖu 15
th«, mm)
Slump (§é sôt, cm) - 8 ~ 12
steel fibre reinforced sprayed concrete (SFRS)
/sti:l 'faib” ,ri:in'f˜:st spreid 'k˜nkri:t/ n bªt«ng
phun gia c−êng b»ng sîi thÐp: Sprayed concrete
which has had steel fibres added during batching,
mixing or the application process as appropriate: Lµ
lo¹i bªt«ng phun cã ®−a thªm sîi thÐp vµo trong khi
c©n ®ong, trén hay trong qu¸ tr×nh phun, tïy thuéc
tõng tr−êng hîp.
steel lagging /sti:l 'l“giô/ n thanh chèng thÐp, b¶n
®ì thÐp, t−êng ch¾n, t−êng hé b»ng b¶n thÐp: Steel
lagging is usually attached to ribs to resist loads
between the ribs. It will be used as a platform to
support loose soil or rock, or as shuttering placed
with or without rock bolts in conjunction with the
filling in of "cave-ins" or rock voids (back-packing):
HÖ thanh ®ì ngang b»ng thÐp th−êng ®−îc liªn kÕt
vµo c¸c v× chèng ®Ó ®ì t¶i träng gi÷a c¸c v× chèng.
Nã ®−îc ¸p dông nh− lµ mét t−êng (sµn) ®Ó chèng
®ì ®Êt ®¸ láng rêi, hoÆc nh− mét v¸n khu«n l¾p ®Æt
cã hoÆc kh«ng cã bul«ng neo kÕt hîp víi viÖc chÌn
lÊp kÝn c¸c "hang lâm" vµ c¸c lç rçng (sù chÌn lÊp
phÝa sau).
steel pipe forepiling /sti:l paip f˜:r'paili–/ n condition, draft is usually less than 3 m, making long
thanh chèng gia cè tr−íc d¹ng èng thÐp: This is a
method for reinforcing unstable ground, such as
talus, fracture zones or unconsolidated ground,
which does not form an effective arch, in order to
reduce displacement ahead of the face and stabilize
the face. Prior to tunnel excavation, steel pipes are
inserted into the ground along the upper perimeter
of the planned tunnel cross section. Tight contact
between the steel pipe and the ground is achieved by
filling the void space between the steel pipe and the
ground with a grout, such as cement paste: §©y lµ
mét ph−¬ng ph¸p gia cè ®Êt kh«ng æn ®Þnh, nh− m¸i
dèc, vïng ®øt g·y hoÆc ®Êt ch−a cè kÕt, mµ chóng
kh«ng t¹o ®−îc mét vßm chèng ®ì cã hiÖu qu¶,
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
306
nh»m môc ®Ých gi¶m chuyÓn vÞ ë phÝa tr−íc g−¬ng
hÇm vµ lµm æn ®Þnh g−¬ng hÇm. Tr−íc khi ®µo hÇm,
c¸c èng thÐp ®−îc c¾m vµo nÒn ®Êt xung quanh chu
vi phÝa trªn cña tiÕt diÖn hÇm. Sù liªn kÕt chÆt gi÷a
èng thÐp vµ nÒn ®Êt cã ®−îc lµ nhê b¬m v÷a xim¨ng
vµo kho¶ng hë gi÷a èng thÐp vµ nÒn ®Êt.
steel rib /sti:l rib/ n vßm thÐp, v× chèng thÐp: Steel
45 ~ 60 arches (ribs) provides external support. The arches
act only after the rock mass has started to
65 ~ 80
deteriorate and displacement inside the rock mass
has transferred the load onto the steel arches: C¸c
vßm thÐp t¹o ra sù chèng ®ì bªn ngoµi. C¸c vßm chØ
lµm viÖc sau khi khèi ®¸ ®· b¾t ®Çu suy tho¸i, vµ
chuyÓn vÞ bªn trong khèi ®¸ ®· truyÒn t¶i träng lªn
vßm thÐp.
steel shell tubes /sti:l ‘el tju:b/ n hÇm cã vá èng
(¸o khu«n, v¸ch) thÐp: A steel shell of this type of
tube forms a watertight membrane and,
incombination with a reinforced concrete interior
lining, provides the necessary structural strength for
the finished tunnel: Vá èng thÐp cña d¹ng hÇm nµy
t¹o thµnh mét mµng kÝn n−íc, vµ cïng víi vá hÇm
bªt«ng cèt thÐp bªn trong, nã t¹o nªn c−êng ®é kÕt
cÊu cÇn thiÕt cho ®−êng hÇm hoµn thiÖn.
steel shell tunnel /sti:l ‘el 'tʌnl/ n hÇm cã vá èng
(¸o khu«n, v¸ch) thÐp: (1) Single Shell: Term applied
to a tunnel consisting of elements where an outer
structural steel membrane (the shell) is constructed
first, very much in the manner of a ship. The steel
plate also acts as a waterproofing membrane.
Elements are usually designed to leave a green field
site before the structural concrete is placed, though
this may not be the case when other types of
fabrication facility are used. Depending upon
floating stability requirements, keel concrete may or
may not be placed prior to launching. In this
tows relatively easy while afloat. Nevertheless,
transport on barges is not uncommon. The shell
plate acts as the exterior form plate for the
structural reinforced concrete with which it is
designed to act compositely. While stability and
strength requirements may require some of the
structural concrete to be placed before
transportation, it is usual for this concrete to be
completed during outfitting, close to the final
location. Ballast may be located inside, but more
usually outside on top: (1) Vá ®¬n: Tõ nµy dïng cho
mét hÇm d×m cã c¸c ®èt hÇm mµ trong ®ã mét mµng
(vá) thÐp kÕt cÊu phÝa ngoµi sÏ ®−îc thi c«ng tr−íc
tiªn, rÊt gièng víi c¸ch thøc lµm mét tµu thñy. B¶n
thÐp còng ®ãng vai trß mét mµng c¸ch n−íc. C¸c ®èt
 307
th−êng ®−îc thiÕt kÕ ®Ó ®−îc chë ra khái bÓ ®óc
tr−íc khi ®æ bªt«ng kÕt cÊu, mÆc dï ®iÒu nµy cã thÓ
kh«ng ®óng khi dïng nh÷ng d¹ng ph−¬ng tiÖn chÕ
t¹o ®èt hÇm kh¸c. Phô thuéc vµo yªu cÇu æn ®Þnh khi
chë næi, bªt«ng vá hÇm cã thÓ ®−îc ®æ hoÆc kh«ng
®æ tr−íc khi lao. Trong ®iÒu kiÖn nµy, mín n−íc
th−êng bÐ h¬n 3m, gióp cho viÖc lai d¾t næi kh¸ dÔ
dµng. Tuy nhiªn, viÖc chë b»ng xµ lan kh«ng ph¶i lµ
hiÕm thÊy. TÊm vá thÐp lµm viÖc nh− mét tÊm v¸n
kh«n ngoµi cho bªt«ng cèt thÐp kÕt cÊu, hai thµnh
phÇn nµy ®−îc thiÕt kÕ ®Ó lµm viÖc tæ hîp víi nhau.
Trong khi yªu cÇu vÒ c−êng ®é vµ ®é æn ®Þnh cã thÓ
®ßi hái ph¶i ®æ mét phÇn bªt«ng kÕt cÊu tr−íc khi
chë næi, th× th−êng thÊy lµ bªt«ng nµy ®−îc ®æ trong
qu¸ tr×nh chuÈn bÞ h¹ hÇm, gÇn vÞ trÝ [h¹ hÇm] cuèi
cïng. Líp d»n bal¸t cã thÓ ®Ó bªn trong hÇm, nh−ng
th−êng lµ bè trÝ trªn ®Ønh hÇm.
steel shell tunnel /sti:l ‘el 'tʌnl/ n hÇm d×m cã vá
thÐp: (2) Double Shell: An outer steel plate, usually
octagonal in shape, is added to a single shell tunnel
element to act as an external form plate for tremie
concrete placed as permanent ballast. The tremie
concrete protects the inner shell plate from
corrosion, while the outer form plate is left as
sacrificial. Behaviour of the inner shell plate, and
the compositely acting reinforced concrete within it,
is similar to a single shell tunnel element except that
the stiffening elements are usually placed outside the
inner shell plate: (2) Lo¹i vá kÐp: Lµ mét tÊm thÐp
bªn ngoµi, th−êng cã h×nh b¸t gi¸c, ®Æt thªm vµo mét
®o¹n hÇm d×m vá ®¬n ®Ó lµm viÖc nh− mét tÊm v¸n
khu«n ngoµi ®Ó ®æ bªt«ng d−íi n−íc lµm líp bal¸t
d»n vÜnh cöu. Bªt«ng ®æ d−íi n−íc sÏ b¶o vÖ tÊm vá
trong khái bÞ gØ, trong khi tÊm v¸n khu«n ngoµi bÞ bá
lµm vËt hy sinh. øng xö cña tÊm vá thÐp bªn trong,
vµ bªt«ng cèt thÐp lµm viÖc kÕt hîp bªn trong nã,
gÇn t−¬ng tù nh− mét ®èt hÇm d×m vá ®¬n, ngo¹i trõ
r»ng ng−êi ta th−êng bè trÝ c¸c bé phËn t¨ng cøng ë
bªn ngoµi tÊm vá trong.
steel support = steel rib /sti:l s”'p˜:t/ n vßm/cét
chèng thÐp, v× chèng thÐp: Steel supports shall be
erected at the predetermined position rapidly after
excavation or primary shotcrete, then be
incorporated into a secondary shotcrete layer so that
no void is left behind the steel arched supports: C¸c
v× chèng thÐp ph¶i ®−îc l¾p dùng vµo vÞ trÝ ®Þnh
tr−íc mét c¸ch nhanh chãng sau khi ®µo mét g−¬ng
hÇm hoÆc sau khi phun bªt«ng s¬ bé, sau ®ã chóng
ph¶i ®−îc hîp nhÊt víi líp bªt«ng phun thø hai, nhê
vËy kh«ng cßn l¹i kho¶ng trèng nµo phÝa sau vßm
thÐp.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
steel telescoping forms /sti:l 'teliskoupiô f˜:mz/ n
v¸n khu«n thÐp d¹ng èng lång: As a mean of placing
concrete lining, these forms are designed to collapse
so that they can be transported through other
sections of forms that are in place ready to receive
concrete. This type is used for continuous placing of
concrete and permits maximum production per shift:
Nh− mét ph−¬ng tiÖn ®Ó ®æ bªt«ng vá hÇm, v¸n
khu«n nµy ®−îc thiÕt kÕ ®Ó co l¹i sao cho chóng cã
thÓ chuyÓn qua ®−îc c¸c ®o¹n v¸n khu«n kh¸c mµ
chóng ®· ®−îc l¾p cè ®Þnh s½n sµng tiÕp nhËn
bªt«ng. Lo¹i khu«n nµy ®−îc dïng ®Ó ®æ bªt«ng liªn
tôc vµ cho phÐp cã ®−îc n¨ng suÊt lín nhÊt trong
mét ca.
steerable moling /'stiərəbl mouliη/ n ®ãng
èng l¸i ®−îc: Method similar to impact moling with
a limited steering capability: Ph−¬ng ph¸p t−¬ng tù
nh− ®ãng èng chÊn ®éng nh−ng cã kh¶ n¨ng l¸I
chuyÓn h−íng mét c¸ch h¹n chÕ.
steering of shield /'sti”ri–/ n sù l¸i (®iÒu khiÓn)
khiªn ®µo: The shield's alignment must be
continuously checked, because it tends to drift
sideways or up or down. The common method of
steering the shield horizontally is to establish the
lead before beginning the shove: H−íng tiÕn cña
khiªn ®µo hÇm cÇn ®−îc kiÓm tra liªn tôc, v× nã lu«n
cã xu h−íng tr«i lÖch sang bªn, xuèng d−íi hoÆc lªn
trªn. C¸ch th«ng th−êng ®Ó ®iÒu khiÓn khiªn ®µo lµ
t¹o ra sù (l−îng) dÉn tiÕn tr−íc khi b¾t ®Çu mét có
®Èy khiªn míi.
stemming /'stemiô/ n sù nhåi ®Çy; sù lÊp lç khoan
(næ m×n); vËt liÖu nhÐt lç m×n; nót m×n, bua:
Stemming is the non-explosive material that is
placed in the blasthole between the top of the
explosive column and the collar of the hole.
Stemming can consist of sand, drill fines, or gravel:
Bua lµ vËt liÖu kh«ng ph¶i lµ thuèc næ ®−îc nhåi vµo
lç m×n gi÷a ®Ønh cét thuèc vµ miÖng lç khoan. Bua
cã thÓ lµ c¸t, m¹t khoan, hay sái o The amount of
stemming is important for controlling the flyrock:
L−îng lÊp bua cã vai trß quan träng ®Ó khèng chÕ ®¸
v¨ng.
stemming height /'stemiô hait/ n chiÒu cao cét
bua: The stemming height should be based on
thorough knowledge of the formation, specific
charging to be used and the amount of fly rock that
can be tolerated. Generally, the amount of stemming
required will range from 0.7 to 1 times the burden:
ChiÒu cao lÊp bua cÇn ph¶i dùa vµo kiÕn thøc thÊu
®¸o vÒ thµnh hÖ ®¸, mËt ®é n¹p (chØ tiªu thuèc næ)
sö dông vµ l−îng ®¸ bay cho phÐp. Nãi chung, l−îng
 308

bua yªu cÇu sÏ thay ®æi tõ 0.7 ®Õn 1 lÇn ®−êng c¶n stopers /stoup”z/ n m¸y khoan lç ®Ønh: Drills
ch©n tÇng. designed for drilling overhead holes: Lµ c¸c bóa
step plate junction /step pleit 'dʒʌηk∫n/ n mèi khoan ®−îc thiÕt kÕ ®Ó khoan c¸c lç ë phÝa trªn ®Ønh
nèi b¶n thÐp giËt cÊp: Where two tunnels lined with ®Çu.
plates of different diameters meet, special vertical stopping sight distance /'st˜piô sait 'dist”ns/ n
plates are required to close the vertical faces - so tÇm nh×n h·m xe: The distance at which the critical
forming a step. Often in situ concrete is used instead object can be seen must correlate with the driving
of plates to avoid the heavy cost and time delay in speed, pavement condition and the safe stopping
making special plates: Khi hai hÇm ®−îc x©y vá víi sight distances: §Ó biÕt kho¶ng c¸ch mµ t¹i ®ã l¸i xe
c¸c tÊm b¶n cã ®−êng kÝnh kh¸c nhau mµ ®−îc nèi cã thÓ nh×n thÊy ch−íng ng¹i vËt, ta ph¶i tÝnh ®Õn tèc
th«ng víi nhau, cÇn ph¶i cã c¸c tÊm th¼ng ®øng ®Æc ®é ch¹y xe, t×nh tr¹ng mÆt ®−êng vµ tÇm nh×n h·m xe
biÖt ®Ó lµm kÝn c¸c mÆt ®øng - do vËy t¹o ra mét bËc an toµn. (Xem b¶ng d−íi ®©y).
cÊp. Th−êng ng−êi ta dïng bªt«ng ®æ t¹i chç thay Table: Minimum stopping sight distance (TÇm nh×n h·m xe tèi
cho b¶n thÐp ®Ó tr¸nh chi phÝ lín vµ chËm tiÕn ®é do thiÓu)
ph¶i thi c«ng c¸c b¶n thÐp ®Æc biÖt. STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE (tÇm
DESIGN SPEED
nh×n h·m xe, M)
(tèc ®é thiÕt
sticking /'stiki–/ n sù dÝnh (m¸y TBM). kÕ, KM/H)
WET PAVEMENT DRY PAVEMENT
stiffening /'stifni–/ n sù gia cè; sù lµm t¨ng ®é 50
(®−êng −ít)
60
(®−êng kh«)
50
cøng. 65 90 70
80 140 100
stiffness /'stifnis/ n ®é cøng v÷ng. 95 200 130
stockpile /'st˜kpail/ n kho dù tr÷; v dù tr÷. 105 230 150
110 260 170
stockpiling /'st˜kpailiô/ n sù dù tr÷: Stockpiling 120 290 190
by aggregate size groups should prevent subsize 130 320 210

segregation: ViÖc dù tr÷ theo nhãm kÝch cì h¹t cèt

liÖu cÇn ph¶i tr¸nh sù chia t¸ch theo kÝch th−íc d−íi
tiªu chuÈn.
stone crusher /stoun 'krʌ∫ə/ n c¬ cÊu nghiÒn vì ®¸
(trong m¸y TBM): Crusher for blocks and boulders
installed in front of the grid and the suction pipe of
hydroshield slurry lines to avoid blockages of the
slurry lines: Lµ m¸y ®Ó nghiÒn vì c¸c ®¸ t¶ng vµ ®¸
cuéi, ®−îc l¾p ngay t¹i phÝa tr−íc l−íi ng¨n vµ
miÖng èng hót th¶i vËt liÖu ®µo cña ®−êng èng dÉn
bïn v÷a ¸p lùc cña m¸y khoan hÇm dïng v÷a-khÝ
nÐn, nh»m tr¸nh g©y t¾c cho èng dÉn bïn v÷a.
stope /stoup/ n bËc ch©n khay: Underground space
performed by driving technology: Lµ kh«ng gian
ngÇm t¹o thµnh bëi c«ng nghÖ ®µo hÇm.
stope /stoup/ n hang dèc lªn/ bËc khÊu: A highly
inclined or vertical excavation driven from the main
tunnel or drift in an upward direction: Lµ mét hang
®µo rÊt nghiªng hay th¼ng ®øng ®−îc ®µo tõ hÇm
chÝnh hoÆc lß nhá theo chiÒu h−íng lªn trªn.
stope /stoup/ n mÆt dèc sôt: Excessive overbreak
occuring for only a short distance and extending to a
considerable height above the crown of a tunnel;
may also be referred to as a "chimney": Lµ phÇn ®µo
v−ît qu¸ x¶y ra chØ trªn mét ®o¹n ng¾n vµ më réng
tíi mét chiÒu cao ®¸ng kÓ phÝa trªn vßm hÇm; còng
®−îc nãi ®Õn víi tªn gäi lµ mét “èng khãi”.
storage /'stɔ:ridʒ/ n sù cÊt gi÷/tr÷.
storm water /'stɔ:m wɔ:t”/ n n−íc m−a.
strain /strein/ n biÕn d¹ng: Strain is defined as
the ratio of the extension (elastic deformation) per
unit length: BiÕn d¹ng ®−îc ®Þnh nghÜa lµ tû sè gi÷a
®é gi·n në (biÕn d¹ng ®µn håi) trªn mét ®¬n vÞ chiÒu
dµi o When an opening is made in a rock, the
resulting strain history is divided into four parts:
instantaneous elastic strain, primary creep,
secondary creep and tertiary creep: Khi mét hè ®µo
®−îc më trong ®¸, qu¸ tr×nh biÕn d¹ng ph¸t sinh
®−îc chia lµm bèn phÇn: biÕn d¹ng ®µn håi tøc thêi,
sù r·o (tõ biÕn) ban ®Çu, sù r·o giai ®o¹n hai, vµ sù
r·o giai ®o¹n ba.
strain gauge /strein geid™/ n hép ®o biÕn d¹ng.
strain pattern /strein 'p“tn/ n d¹ng thøc (kiÓu) biÕn
d¹ng: The intensity and direction of in situ stresses
control the strain pattern and redistribution of stress
in the rock mass after an excavation has been made:
C−êng ®é vµ h−íng cña øng suÊt ban ®Çu (nguyªn
tr¹ng) sÏ quy ®Þnh kiÓu biÕn d¹ng vµ sù ph©n bè l¹i
øng suÊt trong khèi ®¸ sau khi mét hang ®µo (hÇm)
®· ®−îc khai më.
stratification /,str“tifi'kei‘n/ n sù ph©n tÇng
[bªt«ng, ®Êt ®¸]: A layered structure in concrete
resulting from placement of successive batches that
differ in appearance: Lµ mét cÊu tróc bÞ ph©n líp

Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
 309
trong bªt«ng sinh ra tõ sù ®æ kÕ tiÕp c¸c mÎ bªt«ng
mµ chóng cã vÎ ngoµi kh¸c nhau.
stratigraphic section /,str“ti'gr“fik 'sek‘n/ n mÆt
c¾t ®Þa tÇng: In order to produce a complete picture
of the geologic situation, a boring layout consisting
of portal borings, short angle borings to develop
stratigraphic section, and borings to investigate
weak zone causing valley may be preferred: §Ó t¹o
®−îc mét bøc tranh hoµn chØnh vÒ ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt,
ng−êi ta −a dïng mét s¬ ®å khoan gåm cã c¸c lç
khoan ë cæng hÇm, c¸c lç khoan nghiªng h¬i ng¾n
gióp t×m hiÓu mÆt c¾t ®Þa tÇng, vµ c¸c lç khoan gióp
ph¸t hiÖn vïng yÕu t¹o nªn thung lòng.
stratigraphy /str”'tigr”fi/ n ®Þa tÇng häc; cÊu tróc
®Þa tÇng: The purposes of a boring program are to
define the geologic stratigraphy and structure
through which the tunnel is to be driven, to
determine physical properties of the materials, to
measure permeability and groundwater conditions,
and to evaluate general blasting or mechanical
excavating characteristics, etc.: C¸c môc ®Ých cña
mét ch−¬ng tr×nh khoan th¨m dß lµ nh»m thÊy ®−îc
cÊu tróc vµ ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa tÇng cña ®¸ mµ qua ®ã
®−êng hÇm ®−îc ®µo qua, ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh c¸c tÝnh chÊt
vËt lý cña c¸c vËt liÖu, ®o ®¹c ®é thÊm vµ t×nh tr¹ng
n−íc ngÇm, vµ nh»m ®¸nh gi¸ c¸c ®Æc tÝnh vÒ næ ph¸
hay khai ®µo c¬ khÝ.
strength /'stre–/ n lùc; c−êng ®é; ®é bÒn; søc c«ng
ph¸; ®é cøng v÷ng: The strength of concrete is
defined as the maximum load (stress) it can carry.
As the strength of concrete increases, its other
properties usually improve and since the tests for
strength, particularly in compression, are relatively
simple to perform, then concrete compressive
strength is commonly used in the construction
industry for the purpose of specification and quality
control: C−êng ®é cña bªt«ng ®−îc ®Þnh nghÜa lµ t¶i
träng (øng suÊt) lín nhÊt mµ nã cã thÓ chÞu ®−îc.
Khi c−êng ®é cña bªt«ng t¨ng lªn, th−êng th× c¸c
tÝnh chÊt kh¸c cña nã ®−îc c¶i thiÖn vµ v× c¸c thÝ
nghiÖm vÒ c−êng ®é, ®Æc biÖt lµ khi nÐn, lµ t−¬ng ®èi
®¬n gi¶n ®Ó tiÕn hµnh, nªn c−êng ®é nÐn cña bªt«ng
®−îc sö dông réng r·i trong nghµnh x©y dùng cho
môc ®Ých so¹n quy tr×nh vµ kiÓm so¸t chÊt l−îng.
strength of shotcrete /'stre– ”v ∫˜tkri:t/ n c−êng
®é bªt«ng phun: The strength of shotcrete is
influenced by the skill of nozzlemen and other
workers, and by the ground conditions at the time of
placement (water inflow, etc.). Accordingly, its
quality may fluctuate greatly. Furthermore, under
the influence of rebound, the mix proportion of
shotcrete is usually different from that at the time of
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
its mixing. Caution shall be exercised for such a
difference: C−êng ®é bªt«ng phun bÞ ¶nh h−ëng bëi
kü n¨ng cña thî phun vµ tay nghÒ cña nh÷ng c«ng
nh©n kh¸c, còng nh− ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt vµo lóc
phun, ch¼ng h¹n nh− n−íc ngÇm. Do ®ã, chÊt l−îng
cña nã cã thÓ biÕn thiªn rÊt nhiÒu. H¬n n÷a, do hËu
qu¶ cña sù bËt r¬i lóc phun, cÊp phèi hçn hîp
bªt«ng th−êng lµ kh¸c víi lóc trén. CÇn l−u ý tíi sù
kh¸c nhau ®ã.
strength per unit volume /'stre– p” 'ju:nit 'weit/
n uy lùc thuèc næ trªn ®¬n vÞ thÓ tÝch: It gives the
extracting efficiency of an explosive at different
charging densities, compared to the extracting
efficiency of dynamite at the same charging
densities: Th«ng sè nµy biÓu thÞ hiÖu qu¶ c«ng ph¸
cña mét lo¹i thuèc næ víi nh÷ng mËt ®é n¹p thuèc
kh¸c nhau, so víi hiÖu suÊt c«ng ph¸ cña ®ynamit cã
cïng mËt ®é n¹p thuèc.
strength per unit weight /'stre– p” 'ju:nit
'v˜lju:m/ n c−êng ®é (uy lùc, søc c«ng ph¸ cña thuèc
næ) trªn ®¬n vÞ träng l−îng: Is a ratio indicating the
energy of the explosive, which is calculated from the
volume of gases and explosion heat: S = 5e/6 + V/6,
e = 425Qv/500000, V = V1/850, where e = energy
coefficient, V = coefficient of volume, Qv = explosion
heat in kcal/kg, V1 = gas volume at 00C/1 atm: Lµ
mét tû sè biÓu thÞ n¨ng l−îng cña thuèc næ, nã ®−îc
tÝnh tõ thÓ tÝch khÝ vµ nhiÖt l−îng næ S=5e/6+V/6,
e=425Qv/500000, V=V1/850, trong ®ã e lµ hÖ sè
n¨ng l−îng, V lµ hÖ sè thÓ tÝch, Qv lµ nhiÖt l−îng næ
kcal/kg, V1 lµ thÓ tÝch khÝ t¹i 00C/1atm:
strength test of shotcrete /'stre– test ”v ʃ˜tkri:t/
n thÝ nghiÖm c−êng ®é cña bªt«ng phun: The
following strength tests are available for shotcrete:
1) compressive test of the cores directly sampled for
shotcrete sprayed on the tunnel wall; 2) compressive
test of specimen sprayed on a beam form; 3) pull-out
test of pins embedded at the time of shotcreting; 4)
compressive test of the cores sampled from the
specimens sprayed on a form placed against the
wall. It is preferable to use the first method: Cã
nh÷ng thÝ nghiÖm c−êng ®é sau ®©y ¸p dông cho
bªt«ng phun: 1- thÝ nghiÖm nÐn c¸c lâi khoan khoan
trùc tiÕp tõ bªt«ng phun lªn t−êng hÇm; 2- thÝ
nghiÖm nÐn c¸c mÉu ®−îc t¹o nhê phun lªn mét tÊm
khu«n d¹ng dÇm; 3- thÝ nghiÖm kÐo ®øt c¸c chèt
ch«n vµo bªt«ng t¹i thêi ®iÓm phun; 4- thÝ nghiÖm
nÐn c¸c lâi khoan lÊy tõ t¶ng mÉu ®−îc t¹o nhê phun
bªt«ng lªn mét tÊm khu«n ®Æt dùa vµo t−êng hÇm.
Ph−¬ng ph¸p ®Çu tiªn ®−îc −a dïng h¬n c¶.
 310
strengthening /'stre–•”ni–/ n sù t¨ng bÒn, sù gia
cè, sù t¨ng c−êng (gia c−êng): The process of
restoring the capacity of weakened components or
elements to their original design capacity or of
increasing the strength of components or elements of
a concrete structure. See also external
strengthening): Lµ qu¸ tr×nh kh«i phôc søc chÞu t¶i
cho c¸c bé phËn hay cÊu kiÖn ®· bÞ gi¶m yÕu vÒ kh¶
n¨ng chÞu t¶i thiÕt kÕ ban ®Çu, hoÆc qu¸ tr×nh lµm
gia t¨ng c−êng ®é cña c¸c bé phËn hay cÊu kiÖn cña
mét kÕt cÊu bªt«ng.
strengthening of placed support systems /'stre–
•”ni–/ n sù gia cè (gia c−êng) hÖ thèng chèng ®ì ®·
l¾p dùng: Strengthening measures such as an
increase in shotcrete thickness and/or installation of
rock bolts, in any section of the tunnel, shall not
warrant a reclassification of the support system.
Payment for a strengthened tunnel section shall be
based on the unit price of the original support
system and applicable unit prices for the
strengthening measured used: C¸c biÖn ph¸p gia
c−êng nh− t¨ng chiÒu dµy bªt«ng phun vµ/hoÆc l¾p
thªm neo ®¸, t¹i bÊt kú ®o¹n hÇm nµo, sÏ kh«ng lµm
thay ®æi sù ph©n lo¹i sö dông hÖ thèng chèng ®ì.
Thanh to¸n cho mét ®o¹n hÇm cã gia cè sÏ c¨n cø
vµo ®¬n gi¸ cña hÖ chèng ban ®Çu vµ c¸c ®¬n gi¸
phï hîp ®èi víi c¸c biÖn ph¸p gia cè ®−îc sö dông.
stress /stres/ n øng suÊt: In order to describe the
distribution of the forces at the cut face, it is useful
to consider a quantity called stress. Consider an
element of infinitesimal area ΔA at the cut section.
Let the resultant force acting on this element of area
be ΔF. The force ΔF is in general neither normal nor
tangential to the area ΔA. Stress is defined as the
ratio: Stress = Limit{ΔF/ΔA} as ΔA → 0: §Ó m« t¶
sù ph©n bè cña c¸c lùc trªn mÆt c¾t, rÊt cã Ých nÕu
xÐt ®Õn mét ®¹i l−îng gäi lµ øng suÊt. H·y xÐt mét
ph©n tè diÖn tÝch v« cïng bÐ ΔA thuéc mÆt c¾t. Gäi
hîp lùc t¸c dông lªn ph©n tè diÖn tÝch nµy lµ ΔF.
Lùc ΔF nãi chung kh«ng vu«ng gãc hay tiÕp tuyÕn
víi diÖn tÝch ΔA. øng suÊt ®−îc ®Þnh nghÜa lµ tû sè:
øng suÊt = Giíi h¹n{ΔF/ΔA} khi ΔA → 0.
stress distribution /stres ,distri'bju:‘n/ n sù ph©n
bè øng suÊt: Determination of the distribution of
stresses within a particular region is usually an
important part of the process of predicting
setllements. An estimate of the stress field may also
be important in certain stability problems. ViÖc x¸c
®Þnh sù ph©n bè cña øng suÊt trong mét khu vùc nhÊt
®Þnh th−êng lµ mét phÇn quan träng cña qu¸ tr×nh
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
dù b¸o lón. Mét ph©n tÝch vÒ tr−êng øng suÊt còng
cã thÓ lµ quan träng trong mét sè bµi to¸n nhÊt ®Þnh
vÒ æn ®Þnh.
stress relaxation /stres ,ri:læk'sei∫n/ n sù chïng
øng suÊt: The time-dependent decrease in stress in a
material held at constant strain: Lµ sù gi¶m øng suÊt
theo thêi gian trong mét vËt liÖu ®−îc duy tr× biÕn
d¹ng kh«ng ®æi.
stress release coefficient /stres ri'li:s ,koui'fi∫nt/ n
hÖ sè [gi¶m øng suÊt, gi¶i phãng øng suÊt]: To
evaluate the three-dimensional effect of tunnel lining
and ground, the conception on the stress release is
used. This conception is as follows: 30 or 40 % of
the initial earth pressure and water pressure would
be released at face when tunnel is excavated. It is
sustained by ground at face itself. The rest of stress
of ground would be sustained by both of lining and
ground: §Ó ®¸nh gi¸ hiÖu øng ba chiÒu cña vá hÇm
vµ ®Êt nÒn, th−êng sö dông quan niÖm vÒ gi¶i phãng
øng suÊt. Quan niÖm nµy nh− sau: 30 hoÆc 40% cña
¸p lùc ®Êt ban ®Çu vµ ¸p lùc n−íc cã thÓ ®· ®−îc
gi¶i phãng t¹i g−¬ng khi khai ®µo hÇm. PhÇn øng
suÊt gi¶i phãng sÏ ®−îc chÞu bëi ®Êt nÒn t¹i chÝnh
g−¬ng hÇm. PhÇn ¸p lùc ®Êt cßn l¹i sÏ ®−îc chÞu bëi
c¶ vá hÇm vµ nÒn ®Êt.
stress relief /stres ri'li:f/ n sù gi¶m øng suÊt, sù
gi¶i phãng øng suÊt cña ®¸: reversible: ViÖc o
Measurement of rock's insitu stress involves an
assumption that the release of confining stress
results in rock strain that is elastically reversible:
ViÖc ®o l−êng øng suÊt nguyªn tr¹ng cña ®¸ cã sö
dông mét gi¶ thiÕt r»ng, sù gi¶i phãng øng suÊt nÐn
Ðp sÏ sinh ra biÕn d¹ng cho ®¸, mµ biÕn d¹ng nµy cã
tÝnh thuËn nghÞch ®µn håi.
stress state /stres steit/ n tr¹ng th¸i øng suÊt:
Stress is defined as the ratio of load per unit area. A
full description of the state of stress at a point in a
material is given by the components of the stress
tensor, and from this the actual stress on any plane
through the point may be deduced: øng suÊt lµ tû sè
gi÷a t¶i träng trªn ®¬n vÞ diÖn tÝch. Mét sù m« t¶ ®Çy
®ñ tr¹ng th¸i øng suÊt t¹i mét ®iÓm trong mét vËt
liÖu ®−îc cho bëi ten-x¬ øng suÊt, tõ tenx¬ nµy cã
thÓ suy ra øng suÊt thùc trªn mÆt ph¼ng bÊt kú ®i
qua ®iÓm ®ã.
stress-strain relationship /stres-strein ri'lei‘n‘ip/
n quan hÖ øng suÊt-biÕn d¹ng: A linear relationship
between stress and strain is said to obey Hooke's law
after Robert Hooke (1635-1703) who noticed that for
many materials "extension is proportional to force":
Mét mèi quan hÖ tuyÕn tÝnh gi÷a øng suÊt vµ biÕn
 311
d¹ng ®−îc gäi lµ tu©n theo ®Þnh luËt Hóc theo
Robert Hooke (1635-1703), lµ ng−êi ®· ph¸t hiÖn
r»ng ®èi víi rÊt nhiÒu vËt liÖu th× "®é d·n dµi tû lÖ
thuËn víi lùc t¸c dông".
stressing /stresiô/ n sù c¨ng siÕt bul«ng neo: The
Engineer may delay stressing operations if (in the
opinion of the Engineer) the cement mortar has not
obtained adequate set. Stressing shall be
accomplished by means of a calibrated air or hand
operated torque wrench: T− vÊn cã thÓ yªu cÇu ho·n
siÕt bul«ng neo nÕu (theo ý kiÕn cña T− vÊn) v÷a
xim¨ng vÉn ch−a ®«ng kÕt ®ñ yªu cÇu. ViÖc t¹o øng
lùc ®−îc thùc hiÖn b»ng mét cê lª (ch×a vÆn) t¹o
m«men xo¾n vËn hµnh b»ng tay hoÆc b»ng khÝ nÐn.
stressing procedure /stresiô pr”'si:d™”/ n thñ tôc
(ph−¬ng ph¸p) g©y øng lùc (c¨ng siÕt) cho bul«ng
neo: Rock bolts shall be grouted for the whole length
by cement mortar. If needed the Contractor can
adjust the mortar mix design to accelerate the
stressing procedure: Bul«ng neo ph¶i ®−îc lÊp ®Çy
v÷a xim¨ng trªn suèt chiÒu dµi. NÕu cÇn Nhµ thÇu
cã thÓ ®iÒu chØnh thiÕt kÕ hçn hîp v÷a ®Ó ®Èy nhanh
c«ng viÖc siÕt bul«ng.
strike /straik/ n ®−êng ph−¬ng: Strike is the
direction of the line of intersection of the plane of
stratification with a horizontal plane with reference
to the true north-south line: §−êng ph−¬ng lµ h−íng
cña giao tuyÕn gi÷a mÆt ph¼ng ph©n líp víi mét mÆt
ph¼ng n»m ngang so víi ®−êng b¾c-nam thùc.
strikeoff /straik ˜f/ v vç khu«n, g¹t khu«n n dông
cô vç/g¹t khu«n: To remove repair material in
excess of that which is required to fill the repair
cavity evenly or bring the surface to grade;
performed with a straightedged piece of wood or
metal by means of a forward sawing movement or by
a power operated tool appropriate for this purpose;
also the name applied to the tool: §Ó lo¹i bá vËt liÖu
söa ch÷a thõa ra so víi l−îng cÇn thiÕt ®Ó lÊp ®Çy
hang cÇn söa mét c¸ch b»ng ph¼ng, hoÆc lµm cho bÒ
mÆt cã ®é dèc; ®−îc thùc hiÖn b»ng mét khóc gç
hoÆc thanh kim lo¹i th¼ng nhê chuyÓn ®éng ®−a ®i
®−a l¹i tiÕn lªn phÝa tr−íc hoÆc nhê mét dông cô
ch¹y ®iÖn thÝch hîp cho môc ®Ých nµy. Còng lµ tªn
gäi cña dông cô lµm c«ng viÖc nµy.
strip /'strip/ v th¸o dì v¸n khu«n: It has been
found in practice that arch forms can be stripped
safely 12 hours after placing concrete: Thùc tÕ cho
thÊy r»ng v¸n khu«n phÇn vßm hÇm cã thÓ ®−îc th¸o
dì mét c¸ch an toµn sau khi ®æ bªt«ng 12 tiÕng.
stripping /'stripiô/ n sù th¸o dì v¸n khu«n.
stroke /'strouk/ n hµnh tr×nh (m¸y TBM).
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
structural discontinuity = discontinuity
/'strʌkt‘”r”l ,disk”n'tinju:iti/ n [gi¸n ®o¹n, khe nøt]
cÊu tróc: An interruption or abrupt change in a
rock’s structural properties, such as strength,
elasticity, or density, usually occurring across
internal surfaces or zones, such as bedding, parting,
cracks, joints, faults, or cleavage: Lµ mét sù ng¾t
qu·ng hoÆc thay ®æi ®ét ngét vÒ c¸c tÝnh chÊt cÊu
tróc cña ®¸, nh− c−êng ®é, tÝnh ®µn håi, hoÆc mËt
®é, th−êng x¶y ra ngang qua c¸c bÒ mÆt hoÆc khu
vùc bªn trong, nh− mÆt ph¼ng ph©n líp, t¸ch rêi, khe
nøt, ®øt g·y, hoÆc chÎ vì.
structural reliability / stability /'strʌkt‘”r”l
ri,laiə'biləti - stə'biləti/ n ®é tin cËy / æn ®Þnh cña
kÕt cÊu.
structural sealant /'strʌkt‘”r”l 'si:l”nt/ n chÊt
bÝt tr¸m kÕt cÊu: A sealant capable of transferring
required loads between adjacent structural
elements: Lµ mét chÊt bÝt tr¸m t¹i khe nèi cã kh¶
n¨ng truyÒn c¸c t¶i träng cÇn thiÕt gi÷a c¸c bé phËn
kÕt cÊu kÒ nhau.
structure /'strʌkt‘”/ n cÊu tróc, cÊu t¹o; kÕt cÊu,
c«ng tr×nh kiÕn tróc: A structure in the field of
structural engineering can be defined as a body
capable of resisting the applied forces without
exceeding an acceptable limit of deformation of one
part relative to the other: Trong lÜnh vùc kü thuËt
c«ng tr×nh, mét kÕt cÊu cã thÓ ®−îc ®Þnh nghÜa lµ
mét vËt thÓ cã kh¶ n¨ng chÞu ®−îc c¸c lùc t¸c dông
mµ kh«ng v−ît qu¸ mét giíi h¹n nhÊt ®Þnh vÒ biÕn
d¹ng cña mét bé phËn nµy so víi bé phËn kh¸c.
structure health monitoring /'strʌkt‘” helθ
'mɔnitəriη/ n [kiÓm tra, theo dâi, quan tr¾c] hiÖn
tr¹ng kÕt cÊu.
structure of rock /'strʌkt‘” ”v r˜k/ n kÕt cÊu
(cÊu t¹o) cña ®¸: Structural properties such as faults,
joints, bedding planes, schistosity and rock type
contacts, dip and strike all influence the structural
strength of the rock material and therefore affect
drill hole straightness and drill bit penetration: C¸c
tÝnh chÊt vÒ kÕt cÊu (cÊu t¹o) nh− ®øt g·y, khe nøt,
mÆt ph©n líp, tÝnh ph©n phiÕn vµ tiÕp xóc gi÷a c¸c
lo¹i ®¸, h−íng dèc vµ ®−êng ph−¬ng tÊt c¶ ®Òu ¶nh
h−ëng ®Õn ®é bÒn kÕt cÊu cña vËt liÖu ®¸ vµ do ®ã
¶nh h−ëng tíi ®é th¼ng cña lç khoan còng nh− ®é
xuyªn cña mòi khoan.
structure plan (SP) /'strʌkt‘” pl“n/ n quy ho¹ch
kÕt cÊu: Deals with land and water use and property
development the entire municipality (compulsory in
Sweden). SPs are not binding for development plans,
more a policy statement adopted by the City
 312
Council: Nã xö lý c¸c vÊn ®Ò sö dông ®Êt, n−íc vµ
ph¸t triÓn tµi s¶n cña toµn bé thµnh phè (®©y lµ yªu
cÇu b¾t buéc ë Thôy §iÓn). C¸c quy ho¹ch kÕt cÊu
(SP) kh«ng rµng buéc víi c¸c quy ho¹ch ph¸t triÓn,
lµ mét thuyÕt minh chÝnh s¸ch ®−îc chÊp thuËn bëi
Héi ®ång Thµnh phè.
struts /'strʌts/ n cét chèng, thanh chèng:
Compression supports placed between tunnel sets:
Lµ c¸c cét chèng chÞu nÐn l¾p ®Æt gi÷a c¸c v× chèng
thÐp cña hÇm.
strutting /'strʌti–/ n sù l¾p thanh chèng (thanh
gi»ng); sù chèng ®ì; : Wooden full circle forms may
require strutting to the rock at the top to prevent
floating: C¸c v¸n khu«n gç toµn mÆt c¾t hÇm cã thÓ
®ßi hái ph¶i gi»ng nèi vµo ®¸ t¹i phÝa ®Ønh ®Ó tr¸nh
bÞ næi (di ®éng).
stub bulkhead /stʌb 'bʌlkhed/ n v¸n khu«n bÞt ®Çu
nh« cao: A bulkhead form used in monolithically
placed concrete tunnel linings which extends from
the tunnel invert to an elevation of sufficient height
to ensure a proper seal of the fluid concrete to the
invert of the tunnel lining form. Stub bulkheads are
utilized in conjunction with unformed sloping
construction joints above them. The height of the
stub bulkhead can be varied to establish the required
length of sloping joint: Lµ mét v¸n khu«n bÞt ®Çu
dïng trong vá hÇm bªt«ng ®æ liÒn khèi, nã nh« lªn
khái vßm ngöa tíi mét ®é cao ®ñ ®Ó b¶o ®¶m sù bÞt
kÝn thÝch ®¸ng cho bªt«ng t−¬i ®èi víi phÇn vßm
ngöa cña v¸n khu«n vá hÇm. C¸c v¸n khu«n bÞt ®Çu
nh« lªn ®−îc dïng kÕt hîp víi c¸c mèi nèi thi c«ng
nghiªng ë phÝa trªn chóng. ChiÒu cao v¸n khu«n bÞt
®Çu cã thÓ thay ®æi ®Ó t¹o ra chiÒu dµi cÇn thiÕt cho
mèi nèi nghiªng.
stuck /stʌk/ adj bÞ t¾c: When boring rods
become stuck, reparation and consequences will not
be paid: Khi c¸c cÇn khoan bÞ t¾c, sù söa ch÷a vµ
c¸c hËu qu¶ sÏ kh«ng ®−îc thanh to¸n.
stud / dowel /stʌd/ n chèt nèi vá hÇm.
sub-aqueous /sʌb'eikwiəs/ adj ë d−íi n−íc.
The Subcontractor /,sʌbk”n'tr“kt”/ n Nhµ thÇu
phô: There will usually be a number of
Subcontractors working on the Site undertaking
specialist contracting activeties: Th−êng th× sÏ cã
mét sè Nhµ thÇu phô lµm viÖc trªn C«ng tr−êng ®¶m
nhËn nh÷ng c«ng viÖc chuyªn m«n hãa trªn c¬ së
hîp ®ång o The Subcontractors are responsible to
the Contractor for material, workmanship,
performance and progress and the Contractor is
responsible under the Contractor for each
Subcontractor's work and behavior: C¸c Nhµ thÇu
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
phô chÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm tr−íc Nhµ thÇu chÝnh vÒ vËt
liÖu, tr×nh ®é tay nghÒ, sù thùc thi (n¨ng suÊt) vµ tiÕn
®é, cßn Nhµ thÇu chÝnh chÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm tr−íc Hîp
®ång vÒ c«ng viÖc vµ hµnh xö cña mçi Nhµ thÇu phô.
subcontracting /,sʌbk”n'tr“ktiô/ n viÖc ký
hîp ®ång phô, sù giao thÇu cho nhµ thÇu phô:
Subcontracting of certain specialized parts of the
work undertaken by the Contractor is not an unusual
occurrence in the execution of a contract: Sù ký hîp
®ång phô mét sè phÇn viÖc chuyªn m«n nhÊt ®Þnh do
Nhµ thÇu chÝnh ®¶m nhiÖm kh«ng ph¶i lµ mét sù
kiÖn bÊt th−êng trong viÖc thù thi mét hîp ®ång nµo
®ã.
subdrill /'sʌb'dril/ v khoan ngÇm; khoan qu¸
(s©u h¬n thiÕt kÕ): The drillhole are normally
subdrilled a length of 0.3 to 0.4 times the burden
past the intended bottom level to ensure that the
blasting provides adequate fragmentation to the
desired grade: C¸c lç khoan th−êng ®−îc khoan qu¸
mét ®o¹n dµi kho¶ng 0.3 ®Õn 0.4 lÇn ®−êng c¶n ch©n
tÇng, xuyªn qua cao ®é mÆt ®¸y dù kiÕn ®Ó ®¶m b¶o
r»ng viÖc næ ph¸ t¹o ®−îc sù ph¸ vì ®Çy ®ñ theo cÊp
®é mong muèn.
subdrilling /'sʌb'driliô/ n sù khoan ngÇm; chiÒu
s©u khoan qu¸, khoan thªm: Subdrilling must always
be adjusted to suit the local rock conditions: ChiÒu
s©u khoan qu¸ ph¶i lu«n ®−îc ®iÒu chØnh ®Ó phï hîp
víi c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ®¸ côc bé o Sometimes the
bottom of the bench (round) can be cut with the aid
of natural discontinuities of the rock and subdrilling
is not required: §«i khi mÆt ®¸y thÒm (g−¬ng ®¸y
cña chu kú ®µo hÇm) cã thÓ ®−îc c¾t ph¸ víi sù trî
gióp cña c¸c khe nøt tù nhiªn cña ®¸ mµ kh«ng ®ßi
hái sù khoan v−ît.
submerged floating tunnel (SFT) /səb'mə:dʒid
'floutiη 'tʌnl/ n hÇm næi: A tunnel through water that
is not in direct contact with the bed. It may be either
positively or negatively buoyant, and may be
suspended from the surface, or supported from or
tied down to the bed: Lµ mét hÇm ®i xuyªn qua khèi
n−íc mµ nã kh«ng tiÕp xóc trùc tiÕp víi ®¸y. Nã cã
tÝnh ®Èy næi ©m hoÆc d−¬ng, vµ cã thÓ ®−îc treo tõ
trªn mÆt ®Êt, hoÆc ®−îc ®ì tõ d−íi ®¸y, hay ®−îc
neo xuèng ®¸y.
submersion /səb'mə:∫n/ n sù h¹ hÇm xuèng n−íc:
The part of the installation activity that takes an
element from being afloat to sitting on the bed: Lµ
mét phÇn cña ho¹t ®éng l¾p ®Æt hÇm nh»m ®−a mét
®èt hÇm ®ang ë tr¹ng th¸i næi ®Æt xuèng mãng d−íi
®¸y s«ng.
 313
subsurface /,sʌb'sə:feis/ n d−íi bÒ mÆt:
Underground, beneath the surface: NgÇm, bªn d−íi
mÆt ®Êt.
subsidence /s”b'said”ns/ n sù sôt lón, sù tôt
xuèng, sù suy gi¶m: The gradual sinking, or
sometimes abrupt collapse, of the rock and soil
layers into an underground mine. Structures and
surface features above the subsidence area can be
affected: Lµ sù ch×m dÇn dÇn, hoÆc ®«i khi sôt lë bÊt
ngê, cña c¸c líp ®Êt ®¸ xuèng mét hang ngÇm. C¸c
c«ng tr×nh trªn mÆt ®Êt ë phÝa trªn khu vùc lón cã
thÓ bÞ ¶nh h−ëng o One of the surface effects of
tunnel construction is subsidence due to loss of
ground: Mét trong nh÷ng t¸c ®éng bÒ mÆt cña viÖc
x©y dùng hÇm lµ sù sôt lón do mÊt ®Êt bªn d−íi.
substantial completion /s”b'st“n‘”l k”m'pli:‘n/ n
sù hoµn thµnh c¬ b¶n: Generally speaking the Works
are substantially completed when they are in such a
condition that they are capable of being occupied
and used by the Employer for the purpose for which
they are intended, although there are minor tasks to
be completed by the Contractor: Nãi chung, C«ng
tr×nh ®−îc coi lµ hoµn thµnh vÒ c¬ b¶n khi c¸c c«ng
viÖc ®· ë vµo mét t×nh tr¹ng khiÕn cho Chñ ®Çu t− cã
kh¶ n¨ng tiÕp nhËn vµ sö dông theo ®óng môc ®Ých
®· ®Þnh, mÆc dï vÉn cßn mét sè c«ng t¸c nhá Nhµ
thÇu ph¶i hoµn thµnh.
substation /'sʌbstei‘n/ n tr¹m phô, tr¹m nh¸nh,
ph©n tr¹m (biÕn ¸p): After the service and utilization
voltages for vehicular tunnels have been selected,
the selection of the substation size then becomes a
matter of obtaining the most economical balance of
the overall components in the distribution scheme,
which include primary cable and switchgear,
transformers, secondary switchgear and cables: Sau
khi ®· chän ®−îc c¸c ®iÖn ¸p lµm viÖc vµ ®iÖn ¸p
phôc vô sù cè cho hÇm xe c¬ giíi, th× viÖc chän kÝch
cì tr¹m ph©n phèi ®iÖn sÏ trë thµnh vÊn ®Ò lµm sao
®¹t ®−îc sù c©n b»ng kinh tÕ nhÊt cho toµn bé c¸c
thµnh phÇn trong m¹ng l−íi ph©n phèi, chóng bao
gåm c¸p trung t©m vµ bé chuyÓn m¹ch (c¬ cÊu ®ãng-
ng¾t), m¸y biÕn thÕ, c¸c c¸p vµ bé chuyÓn m¹ch thø
cÊp.
substrate /'sʌbstreit/ n chÊt nÒn: Surface onto
which sprayed concrete is sprayed: lµ bÒ mÆt mµ
bªt«ng phun sÏ ®−îc phun lªn ®ã.
substructure /'sʌbstrʌkt∫”/ n kÕt cÊu d−íi:
Generally, that portion of a structure that lies below
the ground, for example the basement parking in a
tall building. In analyses, the substructure can
include a portion of the surrounding ground as well
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
as all or part of the structural foundation: Nãi
chung, ®ã lµ phÇn kÕt cÊu n»m bªn d−íi mÆt ®Êt, vÝ
dô tÇng ngÇm ®ç xe cña mét tßa nhµ cao tÇng. Trong
ph©n tÝch, kÕt cÊu d−íi cã thÓ bao gåm c¶ mét phÇn
nÒn ®Êt bao quanh còng nh− tÊt c¶ hoÆc mét phÇn
cña mãng c«ng tr×nh.
subsurface / underground planning /,sʌb'sə:feis/
'ʌndəgraund 'plæniη/ n quy ho¹ch ngÇm: Planning
activity aiming to divide subsurface for human
activities according to the ecological, economical
and technical point of view: Lµ ho¹t ®éng quy ho¹ch
nh»m ph©n chia kh«ng gian ngÇm cho c¸c ho¹t ®éng
cña con ng−êi theo quan ®iÓm sinh th¸i, kinh tÕ vµ kü
thuËt.
subsurface condition /,sʌb's”:feis k”n'di‘n/ n ®iÒu
kiÖn (tr¹ng th¸i) ®Êt nÒn: Proper knowledge of
subsurface condition is required to enable the tunnel
designer and the constructor to make correct choices
and informed decisions: Sù hiÓu biÕt vÒ ®iÒu kiÖn nÒn
mãng lµ cÇn thiÕt ®Ó cho phÐp nhµ thiÕt kÕ vµ thi
c«ng hÇm cã ®−îc nh÷ng lùa chän ®óng vµ nh÷ng
quyÕt ®Þnh dùa trªn tri thøc.
subsurface mapping /,sʌb'sə:feis 'mæpiη/ n vÏ
b¶n ®å ngÇm: Mapping of subsurface spaces (results
of underground human activities) from the various
point of view (location, dimensions, geological
conditions, environmental impact, actual technical
state, reusing possibilities, etc.): Lµ sù vÏ b¶n ®å c¸c
kh«ng gian ngÇm (c¸c kÕt qu¶ cña c¸c ho¹t ®éng cña
con ng−êi d−íi ngÇm) tõ nhiÒu quan ®iÓm kh¸c nhau
(vÞ trÝ, kÝch th−íc, ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt, t¸c ®éng m«i
tr−êng, t×nh tr¹ng kü thuËt thùc tÕ, c¸c kh¶ n¨ng t¸i
sö dông, v.v…).
subway /,sʌbwei/ n hÇm bé hµnh; hÖ thèng xe ®iÖn
ngÇm : A underground pedestrian tunnel beneath a
street. A metro system: Lµ mét hÇm ngÇm ®i bé bªn
d−íi mét ®−êng phè. Còng lµ mét hÖ thèng xe ®iÖn
ngÇm.
suctive magma /'sʌktiv 'm“gm”/ n macma thu hót.
sulfate = sulphate /'sʌlfeit/ n sunph¸t, muèi cña
axit sunfuric H2SO4: sulfate of iron (ferric sulfate):
sunph¸t s¾t (II) FeSO4 o Use of cement Type V is
acceptable when high sulfate resistance necessary:
ViÖc dïng xim¨ng Lo¹i 5 lµ chÊp nhËn ®−îc khi cÇn
cã tÝnh chèng sunph¸t cao o Sulfate can only
continue to reach concrete by movement of
groundwater so that concrete which is wholly and
permanently above the water table is unlikely to be
seriously attacked: Sunph¸t chØ cã thÓ tiÕp tôc x©m
nhËp vµo bªt«ng nhê chuyÓn ®éng cña n−íc ngÇm,
do ®ã nÕu bªt«ng n»m hoµn toµn vµ vÜnh viÔn trªn
 314
mùc n−íc ngÇm sÏ khã cã thÓ bÞ tÊn c«ng mét c¸ch
nÆng nÒ.
sulfate resisting portland cement (SRPC) /'sʌlfeit
ri'zistiη/ n xim¨ng Poãcl¨ng bÒn sunph¸t: A cement
customarily used for making concrete, mortar, and
grout in aggressive conditions where sulfate
concentrations may be high: Lµ mét lo¹i xim¨ng
th−êng ®−îc dïng ®Ó chÕ t¹o bªt«ng, v÷a x©y, vµ v÷a
b¬m trong nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn kh¾c nghiÖt mµ ë ®ã cã
nång ®é sunph¸t cao.
sulphate attack /'sʌlfeit ”'t“k/ n sù tÊn c«ng
cña sunph¸t: Deterioration of concrete or mortar
caused when the cement-paste matrix reacts
chemically or physically with sulfates in soil or
ground water: Lµ sù suy tho¸i bªt«ng hoÆc v÷a khi
m¹ng v÷a xim¨ng ph¶n øng hãa häc hay t¸c dông lý
häc víi c¸c muèi sunph¸t trong ®Êt hoÆc n−íc ngÇm
o Most sulphate solutions react with the calcium
hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, and calcium aluminate, C3A, of
hydrated cement to form calcium sulphate and
calcium sulphoaluminate compounds. Although
these compounds, unlike calcium hydroxide, do not
readily dissolve in water, their volume is greater
than the volume of the compounds of cement paste
from which they are formed. This increase in volume
within the hardened concrete contributes towards
the breakdown of its structure: HÇu hÕt c¸c dung
dÞch sunph¸t ®Òu ph¶n øng víi hy®roxyt canxi,
Ca(OH)2, vµ aluminat canxi, C3A, cña xim¨ng ®·
thñy hãa ®Ó t¹o thµnh c¸c hîp chÊt sufua-aluminat
canxi. MÆc dï c¸c hîp chÊt nµy, kh«ng gièng nh−
hy®roxyt canxi, kh«ng dÔ dµng hßa tan trong n−íc,
song thÓ tÝch cña chóng l¹i lín h¬n thÓ tÝch cña c¸c
hîp chÊt trong v÷a xim¨ng mµ tõ ®ã chóng ®−îc t¹o
thµnh. Sù t¨ng thÓ tÝch nµy trong khèi bªt«ng ®·
®«ng cøng sÏ gãp phÇn lµm ph¸ hñy kÕt cÊu.
sulphate resistant cement /'sʌlfeit ri'zist”nt
si'ment/ n xim¨ng bÒn sunph¸t: Water-soluble
sulphates react with the C3A in the cement to form
ettringite. The ettringite crystals first propagate into
the pores. When the pores are filled, ettringite
develops explosive pressure that can destroy the
concrete structure. If sulphate-resistant shotcrete is
required, sulphate-resistant cement grades must be
used, e.g. composite cements with slag, pozzolana or
cement with a low C3A content and added
silicafume: C¸c muèi sunph¸t tan trong n−íc ph¶n
øng víi thµnh phÇn C3A trong xim¨ng ®Ó t¹o thµnh
etringit. C¸c tinh thÓ etringit tr−íc tiªn x©m nhËp
vµo c¸c lç rçng. Khi c¸c lç rçng ®−îc lÊp ®Çy,
etringit sinh ra ¸p lùc næ cã thÓ lµm ph¸ ho¹i kÕt cÊu
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
bªt«ng. NÕu yªu cÇu ph¶i sö dông bªt«ng phun bÒn
sunph¸t, th× ph¶i dïng c¸c lo¹i xim¨ng bÒn sunph¸t,
vÝ dô c¸c xim¨ng tæng hîp cã xØ lß cao, puz¬lan hoÆc
xim¨ng cã hµm l−îng C3A thÊp cã trén thªm bät
silica o Sulphate Resistant Cement is used in
projects such as dams that are exposed to high
amounts of sulfates. It is also used wherever there
are constructions that are in direct contact with clay
soil, which contains a large amount of sulfate salt,
such as foundations, pillars and tunnels: Xim¨ng bÒn
sunph¸t ®−îc dïng trong nh÷ng dù ¸n nh− c¸c ®Ëp
lµm viÖc trong m«i tr−êng cã l−îng sunph¸t lín. Nã
còng ®−îc dïng bÊt cø khi nµo c«ng tr×nh tiÕp xóc
trùc tiÕp víi ®Êt sÐt, v× nã chøa mét l−îng lín muèi
sunph¸t, vÝ dô nh− c¸c nÒn mãng, cét trô vµ hÇm.
sulphate resistance /'sʌlfeit ”'t“k/ n tÝnh bÒn
sunph¸t: Sulphate resistance of concrete is improved
by air entrainment, when advantage is taken of the
reduction in water-cement ratio. Air-entrained
concrete made with a low water-cement ratio, an
adequate cement content, and a sulphate-resistant
cement will be resistant to attack from sulphate soils
and waters: TÝnh bÒn sunph¸t cña bªt«ng ®−îc n©ng
cao nhê sù cuèn khÝ, khi lîi dông sù gi¶m xuèng cña
tû lÖ n−íc/xim¨ng. Bªt«ng cuèn khÝ chÕ t¹o víi mét
tû lÖ n−íc/xim¨ng thÊp, mét hµm l−îng xim¨ng ®ñ,
vµ mét lo¹i xim¨ng bÒn sunph¸t sÏ cã søc bÒn chèng
l¹i sù tÊn c«ng cña m«i tr−êng ®Êt vµ n−íc chøa
nhiÒu sunph¸t.
sump /sʌmp/ n hè thu n−íc, giÕng thu n−íc; hè
tròng: A depression in the pit to allow for the
collection of water and the installation of a pump for
water removal: Lµ mét chç tròng trong hè thu ®Ó
cho phÐp gom n−íc vµ ®Æt m¸y b¬m nh»m b¬m th¸o
n−íc o Construction for tunnels often require the
excavation of soil and rock to substantial depths
below the natural water table. If the excavated
formations are firm cemented materials, control over
groundwater may be only a matter of providing
shallow sumps or trenches for collecting the water
and allowing it to be pumped out of the excavation:
ViÖc x©y dùng hÇm th−êng ®ßi hái sù ®µo ®Êt ®¸ ®Õn
mét ®é s©u kh¸ lín bªn d−íi mùc n−íc ngÇm. NÕu
c¸c thµnh hÖ ®¸ ®µo qua c¸c vËt liÖu g¾n kÕt cøng
ch¾c, th× viÖc kiÓm so¸t n−íc ngÇm chØ ®¬n gi¶n lµ
viÖc t¹o ra c¸c hè thu n−íc hay r·nh n«ng ®Ó gom
n−íc vµ cho phÐp b¬m nã ra khái hè ®µo.
sump /sʌmp/ n hè thu: Sumps (reservoirs) are
provided at the portals and at low points (nadirs) to
contain quantities of run-off and leakage water
compatible with storage requirements of the pumps
provided. Oil-water separators are usually required,
 315
and sumps within a tunnel most often discharge to
portal sumps: C¸c hè thu (bÓ chøa) ®−îc x©y dùng
t¹i c¸c cæng vµ c¸c vÞ trÝ thÊp (thÊp nhÊt) trong hÇm
®Ó chøa n−íc m−a vµ n−íc ngÇm, thÝch hîp víi c¸c
yªu cÇu dù tr÷ cña c¸c m¸y b¬m s½n cã. Th−êng
ph¶i l¾p c¸c tÊm ph©n t¸ch dÇu-n−íc, vµ c¸c hè thu
bªn trong hÇm th−êng sÏ ®−îc b¬m x¶ vµo bÓ läc ë
ngoµi cæng hÇm.
sump pumping /sʌmp 'pʌmpi–/ n b¬m th¸o
n−íc nhê hè thu: In some cases, sump pumping has
been selected over deep pumped wells because of the
presence of large boulders or cobbles in gravel
formations which would increase the difficulties and
cost of installing wells: Trong mét vµi tr−êng hîp,
viÖc b¬m tho¸t n−íc b»ng hè thu ®· ®−îc lùa chän
mµ kh«ng ph¶i lµ c¸c giÕng b¬m ®Æt s©u, do sù cã
mÆt cña ®¸ t¶ng hay cuéi trong c¸c thµnh hÖ sái mµ
chóng cã thÓ lµm t¨ng nh÷ng khã kh¨n vµ chi phÝ cho
viÖc l¾p ®Æt giÕng b¬m.
superelevation /,su:p”reli'vei‘n/ n ®é dèc
ngang siªu cao: The amount of cross slope or
“bank” provided on a horizontal curve to help
counterbalance, in combination with side friction,
the centrifugal force of a vehicle traversing the
curve: Lµ ®é dèc ngang hoÆc “nghiªng sang mét
bªn” ®−îc t¹o ra trªn mét ®−êng cong b»ng, kÕt hîp
víi ma s¸t bªn, ®Ó gióp lµm c©n b»ng lùc ly t©m cña
mét xe ®ang ch¹y trªn ®o¹n ®−êng cong o mÉu/kiÓu/d¹ng thøc hÖ chèng ®ì hÇm: Before tunnel
Superelevation should not exceed 10 to 12% on
sharply curved tunnels, but a maximum of 6% is
preferred for 60-mph operation: Siªu cao kh«ng
®−îc v−ît qu¸ 10 - 12% trong c¸c hÇm cong lín,
nh−ng ®é siªu cao tèi ®a 6% l¹i ®−îc −u dïng ®èi
víi tèc ®é 60 dÆm/giê (96.5 km/h) o For wide
roadways, high superelevation rates lead to long
superelevation transit runouts, which are
undesirable: §èi víi c¸c ®−êng «t« réng, ®é siªu cao
lín sÏ dÉn tíi sù ch¹y lÖch t©m trong ®o¹n chuyÓn
tiÕp siªu cao qu¸ dµi, ®iÒu nµy lµ kh«ng mong muèn.
superintendent /,su:p”rin'tend”nt/ n ng−êi
gi¸m s¸t, ng−êi qu¶n lý, ng−êi chØ huy : The person
resident on the work having general supervision and
responsibility: Lµ ng−êi th−êng trùc t¹i n¬i lµm viÖc
cã tr¸ch nhiÖm chung vµ quyÒn gi¸m s¸t toµn bé.
superintendence /,su:p”rin'tend”ns/ n sù gi¸m s¸t,
sù qu¶n lý, sù chØ huy: The Contractor will provide
all necessary superintendence during the execution
of the Works. The Contractor, or a competent and
authorised representative approved of by the
Engineer, shall give his whole time to the
superintendence of the Works: Nhµ thÇu ph¶i cung
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
cÊp ®Çy ®ñ sù qu¶n lý gi¸m s¸t trong qu¸ tr×nh thùc
thi C«ng tr×nh. Nhµ thÇu, hoÆc mét ®¹i diÖn cã n¨ng
lùc, ®−îc ñy quyÒn vµ ®−îc T− vÊn chÊp thuËn, sÏ
ph¶i dµnh hÕt thêi gian cña m×nh cho sù chØ huy
C«ng viÖc.
supervision /,su:p”'vi™n/ n sù gi¸m s¸t: Highway
tunnels of great length should be operated under
continuous supervision by trained personnel, even if
the ventilation is normally under automatic control:
C¸c hÇm «t« dµi cÇn ®−îc vËn hµnh d−íi sù kiÓm tra
liªn tôc bëi ®éi ngò nh©n viªn ®−îc ®µo t¹o, ngay c¶
khi sù th«ng giã b×nh th−êng ®· ë chÕ ®é kiÓm so¸t
tù ®éng.
supervisor /'su:p”vaiz”/ n ng−êi gi¸m s¸t.
support member /s”'p˜:t 'memb”/ n cÊu kiÖn
chèng ®ì hÇm: For combination of support
members, like shotcrete, rock bolts, steel ribs and
lining, it is important to consider the function of
each support member (e.g. to prevent rock fall,
loosened pressure, earth pressure, squeezing
pressure and surface settlement): Khi kÕt hîp c¸c
thµnh phÇn cña hÖ chèng ®ì, nh− bªt«ng phun, neo
®¸, v× chèng thÐp vµ vá hÇm, ®iÒu quan träng lµ ph¶i
xem xÐt chøc n¨ng cña mçi thµnh phÇn (vÝ dô, nh− ®Ó
chèng ®¸ r¬i, ®Ó chÞu ¸p lùc lë rêi ®Êt ®¸, ¸p lùc ®Êt,
¸p lùc nÐn Ðp cña ®Êt ch¶y vµ ®Ó chèng lón mÆt ®Êt).
support pattern /s”'p˜:t 'p“t(”)n/ n
excavation, for each ground classification, the
tunnel support patterns consisting of combinations
of shotcrete, rock bolts or steel ribs etc. are to be
determined, and such tunnel support patterns are to
be used as a primary design for tunnel support.
During the tunneling process, such a primary design
shall be evaluated through observation and
monitoring, and modified if it is necessary, and
tunnel support shall have an appropriate design for
the ground conditions: Tr−íc khi ®µo hÇm, víi mçi
cÊp h¹ng ®Êt ®¸, ng−êi ta sÏ x¸c ®Þnh ®−îc mÉu
chèng ®ì hÇm gåm nh÷ng tæ hîp cña bªt«ng phun,
neo ®¸ hay vßm chèng thÐp v.v…, vµ mÉu chèng ®ì
®ã sÏ ®−îc dïng nh− lµ mét thiÕt kÕ hÖ chèng ban
®Çu. Trong qu¸ tr×nh ®µo hÇm, thiÕt kÕ ban ®Çu ®ã
cÇn ®−îc ®¸nh gi¸ l¹i th«ng qua quan tr¾c vµ kiÓm
tra, råi ®iÒu chØnh nÕu cÇn thiÕt, ®Ó hÖ chèng cã
®−îc thiÕt kÕ phï hîp víi ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt.
support system /s”'p˜:t 'sist”m/ n hÖ thèng
chèng ®ì hÇm: After excavation of each round, the
Engineer's representative and a representative of the
Contractor will jointly evaluate the tunnel rock and
establish the rock classification and the necessary
 316
support system for the round. If the Contractor and
Engineer's representative are unable to establish
jointly the rock classification and/or the required
support system, the classification and support system
requirements of the Engineer's representative shall
prevail and the Contractor shall proceed with work
accordingly: Sau khi hoµn thµnh phÇn viÖc ®µo cña
mçi chu tr×nh, ®¹i diÖn cña T− vÊn vµ mét ®¹i diÖn
cña Nhµ thÇu sÏ cïng nhau ®¸nh gi¸ chÊt l−îng ®Êt
®¸ trong hÇm vµ ®−a ra cÊp h¹ng ph©n lo¹i cña ®¸
còng nh− hÖ thèng chèng ®ì cÇn thiÕt cho chu tr×nh
®ã. NÕu ®¹i diÖn cña T− vÊn vµ Nhµ thÇu kh«ng ®¹t
®−îc mét sù thèng nhÊt trong viÖc ph©n lo¹i ®¸
vµ/hoÆc x¸c ®Þnh hÖ chèng ®ì cÇn cã, th× sù ph©n
lo¹i vµ c¸c yªu cÇu vÒ hÖ chèng cña ®¹i diÖn T− vÊn
sÏ cã hiÖu lùc vµ Nhµ thÇu sÏ theo ®ã mµ thùc thi
c«ng viÖc.
supportleg /s”'p˜:tleg/ n ch©n chèng: While the
jumbo drill is in working position, use always its
supportlegs fully extended, otherwise hazadous
tipping motion may occur and cause bodily injury or
property damage: Khi m¸y khoan hÇm lµm viÖc,
ph¶i lu«n lu«n duçi hoµn toµn c¸c ch©n chèng cña
nã, nÕu kh«ng cã thÓ x¶y ra lËt m¸y vµ g©y th−¬ng
tÝch cho ng−êi hay h− h¹i tµi s¶n.
suppressant /s”'pres”nt/ n chÊt ng¨n c¶n.
surface geological survey /'s”:fis dʒi”'l˜dʒik”l
's”:vei/ n kh¶o s¸t ®Þa chÊt bÒ mÆt: Results of this
survey are used to make horizontal and cross
sectional geological map and to clarify distribution
and characteristics of ground surrounding the tunnel
route. They are also used to make qualitative
evaluation of safety and construction possibility of
route's peripheral geology: C¸c kÕt qu¶ kh¶o s¸t ®Þa
chÊt bÒ mÆt ®−îc dïng ®Ó vÏ b¶n ®å ®Þa chÊt thÓ
hiÖn mÆt b»ng vµ mÆt c¾t, ®Ó lµm râ sù ph©n bè vµ
®Æc ®iÓm cña ®Êt ®¸ xung quanh tuyÕn hÇm. Chóng
cßn ®−îc sö dông ®Ó ph©n tÝch ®Þnh tÝnh vÒ ®é an
toµn vµ kh¶ n¨ng thi c«ng cña ®Þa chÊt bao quanh
tuyÕn.
surface settlement /'s”:fis 'setlm”nt/ n sù lón bÒ
mÆt.
surface water flow /'s”:fis 'w˜:t” flou/ n l−u
l−îng n−íc bÒ mÆt: Hydrological investigation on
surface water flow is performed to examine water
balance, in order to forecast groundwater behaviour
during tunnel construction. It aims at determining
amount of river flow, lakes and reservoirs, dams,
irrigation, springs etc. and should be performed in
all stages from route selection, planning, during
construction and after completion: Kh¶o s¸t thñy
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
v¨n vÒ l−u l−îng n−íc bÒ mÆt ®−îc tiÕn hµnh ®Ó kiÓm
tra sù c©n b»ng n−íc, nh»m dù b¸o øng xö cña n−íc
ngÇm trong khi thi c«ng hÇm. Kh¶o s¸t nµy sÏ x¸c
®Þnh l−îng n−íc cña s«ng, hå vµ bÓ chøa, c¸c ®Ëp,
thñy lîi, suèi v.v... vµ nã cÇn ®−îc tiÕn hµnh t¹i mäi
giai ®o¹n tõ lóc lùa chän tuyÕn, thiÕt kÕ, thi c«ng vµ
sau khi hoµn thµnh hÇm.
surfactant /sə:'fæktənt/ n chÊt ho¹t tÝnh bÒ
mÆt: A substance that tends to concentrate at an
interface (e.g. between liquid and air) and modify
the properties of the interface, for example by
changing the surface tension and allowing bubbles
(foam) to form more readily: Lµ mét chÊt mµ nã cã
xu h−íng tËp trung t¹i mét diÖn tiÕp xóc (v.d. gi÷a
chÊt láng vµ kh«ng khÝ) vµ lµm thay ®æi c¸c tÝnh chÊt
cña mÆt tiÕp xóc, vÝ dô b»ng c¸ch thay ®æi lùc c¨ng
bÒ mÆt vµ cho phÐp c¸c bong bãng (bät) h×nh thµnh
mét c¸ch dÔ dµng h¬n.
surrounding environment /s”'raundi–
in'vai”r”nm”nt/ n m«i tr−êng xung quanh: It is
necessary to clarify the causal relationship between
the tunnel construction and the effect on the
surrounding environment. The following items
should be checked: 1. effects on ground and
structure, 2. turbid water, 3. traffic disruption, 4.
reduction and exhaustion of groundwater, 5. noise
and vibration, 6. metal-induced pollution, 7. others:
CÇn lµm râ mèi quan hÖ nh©n qu¶ gi÷a sù thi c«ng
hÇm vµ t¸c ®éng cña nã tíi m«i tr−êng xung quanh.
CÇn ph¶i kiÓm so¸t c¸c vÊn ®Ò sau ®©y: t¸c ®éng tíi
nÒn ®Êt vµ c«ng tr×nh cò, n−íc th¶i bÈn, rèi lo¹n
giao th«ng, gi¶m vµ c¹n kiÖt n−íc ngÇm, tiÕng ån vµ
chÊn ®éng, « nhiÔm liªn quan ®Õn kim lo¹i, vµ c¸c
vÊn ®Ò kh¸c.
survey /'s”:vei/ n sù lËp s¬ ®å; sù ®o vÏ b¶n ®å; sù
®o ®¹c, sù kh¶o s¸t: A systematic search of the
landscape for artifacts and sites on the ground
through aerial photography, field walking, soil
analysis, and geophysical prospecting: Lµ mét qu¸
tr×nh ®iÒu tra mét c¸ch cã hÖ thèng mét khu vùc ®Ó
x¸c ®Þnh c¸c ®èi t−îng vµ ®Þa ®iÓm trªn mÆt ®Êt
th«ng qua chôp ¶nh hµng kh«ng, ®i bé t¹i hiÖn
tr−êng, ph©n tÝch mÉu ®Êt, vµ kh¶o s¸t ®Þa vËt lý o
The Engineer performs all survey work before the
start of construction, such as preliminary surveys
and primary control surveys on the surface: T− vÊn
ph¶i tiÕn hµnh mäi c«ng viÖc kh¶o s¸t tr−íc khi b¾t
®Çu thi c«ng, nh− kh¶o s¸t s¬ bé vµ kh¶o s¸t kiÓm
tra ban ®Çu trªn mÆt ®Êt.
survey cost /'s”:vei k˜st/ n gi¸ thµnh (chi phÝ)
kh¶o s¸t: Survey costs are small in comparison to the
 317
expenditures involved in tunnel driving.
Nevertheless, if tunnel driving is held up because of
faulty survey work or because of interference of the
survey crew with driving operations, resulting losses
are large: C¸c chi phÝ cho kh¶o s¸t lµ nhá nÕu so víi
nh÷ng chi phÝ kh¸c liªn quan ®Õn x©y dùng hÇm. Tuy
vËy, nÕu viÖc ®µo hÇm bÞ ®×nh trÖ do c«ng t¸c kh¶o
s¸t sai lçi, hay do sù lµm ng¾t qu·ng c¸c c«ng t¸c
x©y dùng hÇm cña ®éi ngò kh¶o s¸t, th× c¸c thiÖt h¹i
kÐo theo sÏ lµ lín.
survey tools /'s”:vei tu:lz/ n c¸c c«ng cô kh¶o s¸t:
Downhole equipment and instruments used to
determine the position of a bore in directional
drilling or in site investigation: Lµ c¸c thiÕt bÞ vµ
dông cô ®−a xuèng lç khoan dïng ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh vÞ trÝ
cña mét hang khoan ngÇm trong c«ng t¸c khoan ®Þnh
h−íng hoÆc kh¶o s¸t t¹i hiÖn tr−êng.
surveyor /s”:'vei”/ n ng−êi tr¾c ®¹c, kh¶o s¸t viªn:
A surveyor is the person who makes a survey: Kh¶o
s¸t viªn lµ ng−êi tiÕn hµnh c«ng viÖc ®o ®¹c.
surveying /'s”:veiô/ n sù ®o vÏ; c«ng viÖc tr¾c
®Þa: Surveying is an integral part of a tunnel project
from early in the conceptual stage to the completion
of the as-built drawings: C«ng viÖc kh¶o s¸t lµ mét
phÇn kh«ng thÓ thiÕu cña mét dù ¸n hÇm, tõ giai
®o¹n h×nh thµnh ý t−ëng thiÕt kÕ ban ®Çu cho tíi khi
hoµn tÊt c¸c b¶n vÏ hoµn c«ng.
surveying technology /'s”:veiô tek'n˜l”d™i/ n c«ng
nghÖ (ngµnh kü thuËt) kh¶o s¸t: Significant advances
have been made in surveying technology for the
several past decades. A look into its current state
shows GPS survey, laser survey, tachymetry, and
gyro-survey etc.: §· cã nh÷ng tiÕn bé to lín vÒ kü
thuËt kh¶o s¸t trong vµi thËp kû qua. Cã thÓ kÓ ®Õn
kü thuËt ®o GPS, ®o ®¹c b»ng laze, ®o kho¶ng c¸ch,
®o håi chuyÓn…
suspended slab /'s”:spendid sl“b/ n b¶n treo: Slab
provided to span across a cell above a space, such
as ceiling and roadway slabs when ventilation ducts
above or below the roadway are used: Lµ tÊm b¶n
x©y dùng ®Ó v−ît qua mét khoang phÝa trªn mét
kh«ng gian, ch¼ng h¹n nh− c¸c tÊm trÇn hÇm vµ b¶n
xe ch¹y nÕu trong hÇm sö dông c¸c lèi (khoang)
phÝa trªn hay phÝa d−íi ®−êng xe ch¹y cho môc ®Ých
th«ng giã.
sustainable development /səs'teinəbl
di'veləpmənt/ n ph¸t triÓn bÒn v÷ng: The type of
overall development (economic, social, energetic,
environmental, etc.) which makes it possible to meet
the needs of the present generation without
jeopardizing those of the future generations: D¹ng
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
ph¸t triÓn toµn diÖn (kinh tÕ, x· héi, n¨ng l−îng, m«i
tr−êng, v.v…) khiÕn cho cã thÓ ®¸p øng ®−îc c¸c nhu
cÇu cña thÕ hÖ hiÖn t¹i mµ kh«ng x©m ph¹m c¸c nhu
cÇu cña c¸c thÕ hÖ t−¬ng lai.
sustainability /səs'teinəbiləti/ n sù bÒn v÷ng: To
the tunnelling engineer, sustainability is a global
concept that “enables people to improve their
quality of life in ways which protect and enhance the
Earth’s life support systems”. Another simply says,
‘economic - social - environmental’: Víi ng−êi kü s−
hÇm, sù [ph¸t triÓn] bÒn v÷ng lµ mét kh¸i niÖm tæng
qu¸t, mµ nã cho phÐp con ng−êi c¶i thiÖn chÊt l−îng
cuéc sèng cña m×nh theo nh÷ng c¸ch thøc sao cho
b¶o vÖ ®−îc vµ n©ng cao c¸c hÖ thèng hç trî cuéc
sèng trªn Tr¸i §Êt”. Nãi mét c¸ch ®¬n gi¶n lµ,
“kinh tÕ - x· héi - m«i tr−êng”.
swageing /'swægiη/ n sù rÌn khu«n, dËp nãng:
The reduction in diameter of a PE pipe by passing it
through one or more dies. The die may be heated if
necessary: Lµ sù lµm gi¶m ®−êng kÝnh cña mét èng
nhùa PE b»ng c¸ch luån nã qua mét hoÆc nhiÒu
khu«n kÐo. Khu«n kÐo cã thÓ ®−îc nung nãng nÕu
cÇn thiÕt.
swagelining /sweidʒlainiη/ n luån èng dËp nãng:
A method of sliplining whereby the diameter of the
PE pipe is temporarily reduced by swageing before
inserting it into the defective pipe. After insertion,
the pipe is expanded by means of steam or a
rerounding device: Lµ mét ph−¬ng ph¸p luån èng
trong ®ã ®−êng kÝnh cña èng nhùa PE ®−îc t¹m thêi
lµm gi¶m ®i b»ng c¸ch dËp nãng tr−íc khi ®−a nã
vµo bªn trong ®−êng èng h− háng. Sau khi luån xong,
èng nhùa nµy l¹i ®−îc lµm gi·n në ra b»ng c¸ch
dïng h¬i n−íc nãng hoÆc mét thiÕt bÞ n¾n trßn èng
kh¸c.
swell /swel/ n sù tr−¬ng në: An increase in rock
volume when it passes from the intact to the broken
state: Mét sù t¨ng lªn vÒ thÓ tÝch ®Êt ®¸ khi nã
chuyÓn tõ tr¹ng th¸i nguyªn tr¹ng sang tr¹ng th¸i bÞ
®Ëp vì.
swelling /'sweli–/ n sù phång, sù ph×nh, tr−¬ng në:
Increase in volume upon exposure to water. Swelling
ground absorbs water, increases in volume, and
expands slowly into the tunnel: Lµ sù t¨ng lªn vÒ thÓ
tÝch khi gÆp n−íc. §Êt tr−¬ng në sÏ hÊp thô n−íc,
t¨ng thÓ tÝch, råi dÇn dÇn ch¶y vµo trong hÇm.
swelling ground /'sweli– graund/ n ®Êt tr−¬ng në:
Material that expands in volume by absorbing or
adsorbing water so that it tends to move into a
tunnel opening or to exert great pressure upon the
supports: VËt liÖu t¨ng thÓ tÝch b»ng c¸ch hót thu
 318

hay hót b¸m n−íc sao ®ã nã cã xu h−íng ch¶y vµo

hang hÇm hoÆc t¸c dông ¸p lùc lín lªn hÖ chèng ®ì
hÇm.
swelling soil /'sweli– s˜il/ n ®Êt tr−¬ng në: Clays
come into the category of swelling soils and water
content changes lead not only to changes in density
of clays but also affect their strength, volume and
compressibility: C¸c ®Êt sÐt thuéc lo¹i ®Êt tr−¬ng
në, vµ sù thay ®æi l−îng n−íc kh«ng nh÷ng dÉn ®Õn
thay ®æi vÒ tû träng cña sÐt mµ cßn ¶nh h−ëng ®Õn
c−êng ®é, thÓ tÝch vµ tÝnh kh¶ nÐn cña chóng.
swing shift /swi– ‘ift/ n ca tèi: Shift that
extends from 4:00 pm to midnight. See day shift: Lµ
ca (lµm viÖc trong hÇm) b¾t ®Çu tõ 4 giê chiÒu ®Õn
nöa ®ªm.
syneresis /si'niərəsis/ n sù t¸ch n−íc: The
exudation of water from a newly set neat sodium
silica-based or other gel grout over time. Generally
greater in gels with a low silica content than in gels
with a higher silica content, or with some types of an
inorganic (salt) reactants: Lµ sù chiÕt øa n−íc theo
thêi gian tõ mét hçn hîp v÷a dùa trªn Silic ®ioxit
natri hoÆc v÷a d¹ng keo kh¸c võa míi ninh kÕt. Nãi
chung sù rØ n−íc nµy lµ m¹nh h¬n ®èi víi c¸c keo cã
hµm l−îng Silic ®ioxit thÊp so víi c¸c keo cã hµm
l−îng Silic ®ioxit lín h¬n, hoÆc cã mét vµi lo¹i chÊt
ph¶n øng (muèi) v« c¬ kh¸c.
synthetic fibers /sin'θetik faib”/ n sîi tæng hîp:
Polymeric fibers, such as polypropylene, polyolefin,
nylon, polyethylene, polyester, and acrylic, that can
be used in fiber-reinforced cementitious materials
and protective coating systems: Lµ c¸c lo¹i sîi
polyme, vÝ dô nh− polypropylen, polylefin, nylon,
polyethylen, polyeste, vµ acrylic, mµ chóng cã thÓ
®−îc dïng trong c¸c vËt liÖu cã xim¨ng g¾n kÕt ®−îc
gia c−êng b»ng sîi, còng nh− c¸c hÖ thèng phñ b¶o
vÖ kh¸c.

Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
 319
Tt
tail (of the shield) /teil/ n ®u«i khiªn ®µo: The
back part of a shield. The lining for a tunnel is
usually assembled in the tail: Lµ phÇn phÝa sau cña
mét khiªn ®µo. Líp vá hÇm th−êng ®−îc l¾p r¸p
trong phÇn ®u«i nµy.
tail seal /teil sil/ n mèi bÝt ®u«i khiªn ®µo.
tail void /teil v˜id/ n lç trèng phÝa ®u«i khiªn
®µo: The annular space between the outer diameter
of the shield and the outside of the primary lining:
Lµ kh«ng gian trèng h×nh xuyÕn gi÷a ®−êng kÝnh
ngoµi cña khiªn vµ mÆt ngoµi cña vá hÇm ®Çu tiªn.
tailrace tunnel /teilreis 't∧nl/ n hÇm x¶: The
tailrrace tunnel takes the water from the power
house downstream back to the river. A typical cross
section for tailrace tunnel is 25 to 50 m2, with the
length depending on the overall plant length. It can
be up to 300m: HÇm x¶ nhËn n−íc tõ nhµ m¸y ®iÖn
vµ tr¶ vÒ cho dßng s«ng ë phÝa h¹ l−u. TiÕt diÖn ®iÓn
h×nh cña mét hÇm x¶ lµ tõ 25 ®Õn 50m2, víi chiÒu
dµi tïy thuéc vµo ®é dµi toµn bé nhµ m¸y. Nã cã thÓ
dµi tíi 300m.
tailskin articulation /teilskin ɑ:,tikju'lei∫n/ n
khíp nèi vá khiªn phÝa ®u«i.
Taking-over /'teiki– 'ouv”/ n sù tiÕp nhËn: When
the whole Works have been substatially completed
and have passed any Tests on Completion, the
Contractor may give notice to that effect to the
Engineer. The Enginner shall either issue to the
Contractor a Taking-Over Certificate, or give
instructions in writing to the Contractor specifying
all the work which is required to be done before the
issue of such Certificate: Khi toµn bé C«ng viÖc ®·
®−îc c¬ b¶n hoµn thµnh vµ ®· v−ît qua mäi Thö
nghiÖm khi Hoµn thµnh, th× Nhµ thÇu cã thÓ th«ng
b¸o t×nh h×nh ®ã cho T− vÊn. T− vÊn sÏ hoÆc lµ ban
hµnh mét Chøng nhËn TiÕp nhËn, hoÆc chØ dÉn b»ng
v¨n b¶n cho Nhµ thÇu tÊt c¶ nh÷ng viÖc cÇn lµm
tr−íc khi cã thÓ ban hµnh Chøng nhËn ®ã.
talus /'teil”s/ n m¸i dèc, taluy.
tamp /t“mp/ v nhÐt, nhåi; ®Çm, nÖn: Don't
tamp the primer, don’t tamp explosive materials with
metallic devices except for jointed poles with
nonferrous metal connectors: Kh«ng ®−îc ®Çm kÝp
næ, kh«ng ®Çm vËt liÖu næ b»ng dông cô kim lo¹i,
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
ngo¹i trõ c¸c gËy nèi b»ng c¸c èng nèi kim lo¹i
kh«ng chøa s¾t.
tamping /'t“mpiô/ n sù ®Çm bªt«ng, sù nÖn; sù
chÌn, sù nhåi thuèc næ: The operation of
consolidating freshly placed concrete or other repair
materials by repeated blows or penetrations with a
tamper: §Çm lµ mét ho¹t ®éng nÐn chÆt bªt«ng míi
®æ hoÆc c¸c vËt liÖu söa ch÷a kh¸c b»ng nh÷ng có
®Ëp hoÆc xuyªn chäc lÆp l¹i b»ng mét c¸i ®Çm o
Avoid violent tamping of explosive. Don’t kink or
damage safety fuse, detonating cord, or the wires of
detonators when tamping: Nªn tr¸nh nhåi thuèc næ
qu¸ m¹nh. Kh«ng vÆn xo¾n hay lµm h− ngßi næ an
toµn (d©y ch¸y chËm), d©y næ, hay c¸c d©y cña kÝp
næ trong khi nhåi n¹p thuèc.
tape extensometer /teip ,eksten's˜mit”/ n dông cô
®o ®é gi·n kiÓu th−íc d©y, gi·n [në] kÕ d¹ng th−íc
d©y: The tape extensometer is used to detect and
monitor changes in the distance between two
reference points. Typical applications include: 1)
Monitoring convergence of tunnel walls, 2)
Monitoring deformations in underground openings,
3) Monitoring displacement of retaining structures,
bridge supports, and other structures: Gi·n në kÕ
d¹ng th−íc d©y ®îc dïng ®Ó ph¸t hiÖn vµ theo dâi
nh÷ng thay ®æi vÒ kho¶ng c¸ch gi÷a hai ®iÓm ®o.
C¸c øng dông ®iÓn h×nh bao gåm: 1) Theo dâi sù
chuyÓn dÞch héi tô cña c¸c t−êng hÇm, 2) Theo dâi
biÕn d¹ng trong c¸c hang ®µo ngÇm, 3) KiÓm so¸t
chuyÓn vÞ cña c¸c kÕt cÊu ch¾n gi÷, trô cÇu, vµ c¸c
kÕt cÊu kh¸c.
taper ring /'teip” riô/ n khoanh èng chèng ®−êng
hÇm h×nh c«n, vßng vá hÇm d¹ng c«n: Where the
tunnel is constructed on a vertical or horizontal
curve, taper lining rings are required to change the
horizontal or vertical direction of the tunnel: Khi
hÇm ®−îc thi c«ng trªn mét ®−êng cong ®øng hoÆc
®−êng cong b»ng, cÇn dïng c¸c tÊm èng chèng h×nh
c«n ®Ó thay ®æi h−íng tuyÕn hÇm theo ph−¬ng ®øng
hoÆc ph−¬ng ngang.
tapering of a ring /'teip”riô/ n viÖc t¹o c«n cho
mét vßng vá hÇm.
tar coal /t: koul/ n than nhùa ®−êng/ h¾c Ýn: Very
used in tunnelling construction, it is very pollutant:
Hay sö dông trong lµm hÇm, nã g©y « nhiÔm rÊt
m¹nh.
target /'t:git/ n bia, ®Ých, môc tiªu; mèc, cäc
mia.
target shaft/pit = reception/exit shaft/pit /'tɑ:git
∫ɑ:ft/ n giÕng ®Ých, giÕng kÕt thóc.
 320
TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine) /ti:bi:em 'tʌnl
'b˜:ri– m”'‘i:n/ n m¸y ®µo hÇm liªn hîp, m¸y
khoan hÇm: A tunnel boring machine generally is a
device for excavating a tunnel in such a way that the
material to be removed is disintegrated by the
continuous rotation of a group of cutting tools thrust
against the surface of the material at the working
face: Nãi chung m¸y khoan hÇm lµ mét thiÕt bÞ ®µo
hÇm theo c¸ch thøc sao cho vËt liÖu ®Êt ®¸ cÇn ®µo
bá ®−îc ph¸ vì bëi sù quay liªn tôc cña mét nhãm
l−ìi c¾t tú s¸t vµo bÒ mÆt nÒn ®Êt t¹i g−¬ng ®µo o
Machines designed to create bored tunnels. They
perform several functions, from the excavation only
to the application of the final lining: TBM lµ c¸c
m¸y ®−îc thiÕt kÕ ®Ó khoan t¹o ra c¸c hÇm. Chóng
thùc hiÖn mét sè chøc n¨ng, tõ ®µo ®Êt cho ®Õn l¾p
r¸p vá hÇm cuèi cïng o Development of
pressurized-face tunnel boring machines has made
use of general compressed-air tunneling largely
obsolete: Sù ph¸t triÓn cña c¸c m¸y khoan hÇm TBM
t¹o ¸p lùc t¹i g−¬ng ®µo ®· khiÕn cho kü thuËt lµm
hÇm dïng khÝ nÐn phæ biÕn hÇu nh− bÞ r¬i vµo lçi
thêi.
teamwork /'ti:m'w”:k/ n sù lµm viÖc theo
nhãm; sù hîp t¸c cã tæ chøc: Because teamwork is
necessary in so many engineering projects
nowadays, an important qualification for enginners
is the ability to work successfully with other people:
Bëi v× sù lµm viÖc trong tËp thÓ céng t¸c lÉn nhau lµ
cÇn thiÕt trong tuyÖt ®¹i ®a sè c¸c c«ng tr×nh kü
thuËt hiÖn nay, nªn mét phÈm chÊt quan träng cña
ng−êi kü s− lµ kh¶ n¨ng lµm viÖc thµnh c«ng víi
nh÷ng ng−êi kh¸c.
technology transfer /tek'n˜l”dʒi 'tr“nsf”:/ n
chuyÓn giao c«ng nghÖ: The role of education and
technology transfer are to provide awareness of the
technology, improve reliability and effectiveness,
educate next generation of engineers, and transfer
new developments: Vai trß cña gi¸o dôc vµ chuyÓn
giao c«ng nghÖ lµ nh»m t¹o ra nhËn thøc vÒ c«ng
nghÖ, n©ng cao ®é tin cËy vµ tÝnh hiÖu qu¶, ®µo t¹o
thÕ hÖ c¸c kü s− míi, vµ chuyÓn giao nh÷ng kü
thuËt/ph¸t minh míi.
tectonic activity /tek't˜nik “k'tiviti/ n ho¹t ®éng
kiÕn t¹o: Movements of the outer part of the earth's
crust. Some associated geological features are
earthquakes, major faults and folds, tectonic joints
and certain rock types such as mylonite: Lµ c¸c
chuyÓn ®éng cña phÇn bªn ngoµi vá tr¸i ®Êt. Mét sè
®Æc tr−ng ®Þa chÊt kÌm theo lµ ®éng ®Êt, c¸c nÕp uèn
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
vµ ®øt g·y lín, c¸c khe nøt kiÕn t¹o vµ mét sè lo¹i ®¸
nhÊt ®Þnh nh− mylonit.
tectonic joint /tek't˜nik d™˜int/ n khe nøt kiÕn
t¹o: Joint formed by tectonic activity. The
orientation of tectonic joints is usually controlled by
the directions of the principal regional stresses: Lµ
khe nøt h×nh thµnh do ho¹t ®éng kiÕn t¹o. H−íng cña
khe nøt kiÕn t¹o th−êng ®−îc quy ®Þnh bëi h−íng cña
c¸c øng suÊt chÝnh trong khu vùc.
tectonic stresses /tek't˜nik stresiz/ n c¸c øng suÊt
kiÕn t¹o: The stresses in the crust can be a
combination of one or more of the following:
Gravitational stresses caused by difference in
topography, Tectonic stresses, Residual stresses:
C¸c øng suÊt trong vá tr¸i ®Êt cã thÓ lµ tæ hîp cña
mét hay nhiÒu h¬n c¸c d¹ng øng suÊt sau ®©y: c¸c
øng suÊt träng tr−êng g©y bëi sù kh¸c nhau vÒ ®Þa
h×nh, c¸c øng suÊt kiÕn t¹o, vµ c¸c øng suÊt d−.
telescopic forms /,teli'sk˜pik f˜:m/ n v¸n khu«n
lång/chui ®−îc: Full-circle or arch forms that, when
stripped and collapsed, will pass through other
forms that are erected in place: Lµ v¸n khu«n h×nh
trßn hay h×nh cung/vßm, khi th¸o (khái bªt«ng vá
hÇm) vµ co l¹i th× sÏ ®i luån qua ®−îc bé v¸n khu«n
kh¸c ®· dùng vµo vÞ trÝ.
telescopic strut /,teli'sk˜pik 'str—t/ n [cét chèng,
thanh chèng, cµng chèng] kiÓu èng lång.
telescoping head /,teli'sk˜pik hed/ n ®Çu
chui/lång (m¸y TBM).
temperature /'tempr”t∫”/ n nhiÖt ®é: The
effect of temperature on the soil-water interaction
could be expected from pertinent physicochemical
considerations: T¸c ®éng cña nhiÖt ®é lªn sù t−¬ng
t¸c gi÷a ®Êt vµ n−íc cã thÓ dù ®o¸n ®−îc nhê nh÷ng
nghiªn cøu lý-ho¸ thÝch ®¸ng o In areas of poor
ventilation inside the tunnel, measures shall be taken
to prevent the oxygen concentration from falling
below the permissible level of 18%. In order to avoid
the occurrence of health disorders due to heat and
humidity, the temperature in the tunnel shall be kept
below 37 degrees centigrade: T¹i nh÷ng khu vùc
th«ng giã kÐm trong hÇm, cÇn thùc hiÖn c¸c biÖn
ph¸p nh»m ng¨n ngõa nång ®é «xy gi¶m xuèng d−íi
møc cho phÐp lµ 18%. §Ó tr¸nh x¶y ra rèi lo¹n søc
kháe do nhiÖt nãng vµ ®é Èm, nhiÖt ®é trong hÇm
ph¶i ®−îc duy tr× d−íi 370C.
temperature cracking /'tempr”t∫” kr“kiô/ n nøt
do nhiÖt: Cracking which occurs when strains,
induced by restrained contraction because of
decreases in temperature, exceed the tensile strain
capacity of a material: Lµ sù nøt x¶y ra khi c¸c biÕn
 321
d¹ng - sinh ra bëi sù co rót trong ®iÒu kiÖn bÞ h¹n
chÕ do gi¶m nhiÖt ®é - bÞ v−ît qu¸ kh¶ n¨ng chÞu
biÕn d¹ng kÐo cña mét vËt liÖu.
tempering /'tempr”riô/ n sù trén: The addition
of water and mixing of concrete or mortar as
necessary to bring the mixture initially to the desired
consistency: Lµ sù cho thªm n−íc vµ trén bªt«ng hay
v÷a mét c¸ch hîp lý ®Ó b−íc ®Çu t¹o ra mét hçn hîp
cã ®é sÖt yªu cÇu.
temporary ballast /'tempr”ri 'b“l”:st/ n bal¸t t¹m
thêi: Material used to temporarily increase the
effective weight of the tunnel or a tunnel element
during the fabrication and installation phases until
replaced by backfill or permanent ballast. The
material may be solid or liquid: Lµ vËt liÖu dïng ®Ó
t¹m thêi lµm t¨ng träng l−îng cã hiÖu cña hÇm d×m
hay ®èt hÇm trong qu¸ tr×nh chÕ t¹o vµ l¾p ®Æt cho
tíi khi ®−îc thay thÕ b»ng vËt liÖu vïi lÊp hÇm hay
bal¸t vÜnh cöu. Cã thÓ dïng vËt liÖu r¾n hoÆc chÊt
láng ®Ó lµm bal¸t.
temporary invert /'tempr”ri in'v”:t/ n vßm ngöa
t¹m thêi.
temporary support /'tempr”ri s”'p˜:t/ n gi¸ ®ì
t¹m; [sù, hÖ] chèng ®ì t¹m thêi : Essentially the
same as initial support, except that the elements can
be (and sometimes must be) removed because of
non-contribution to or incompatibility with the final
lining: VÒ c¬ b¶n gièng nh− hÖ chèng ®ì ban ®Çu
cho hÇm, ngo¹i trõ c¸c bé phËn cã thÓ (vµ ®«i khi
b¾t buéc) ph¶i dì bá do kh«ng ®ãng gãp vµo hoÆc
kh«ng t−¬ng thÝch víi líp vá hÇm cuèi cïng.
tender /'tend” 'd˜kjum”nt/ n sự bỏ thầu, hồ sơ
thầu: The set of documents which allow the various
competitors to submit to the employer (owner or
committent) the respective proposals for the work:
Là một bộ hồ sơ cho phép nhiều nhà dự thầu đệ trình
lên chủ đầu tư các đề nghị thầu thích hợp cho một
công việc nào đó.
tender documents /'tend” 'd˜kjum”nt/ n c¸c tµi
liÖu hîp ®ång: When the project is coming to tender
phase, consulting activities on project development
will be concentrated on preparation of tender
documents. Beside drawings, structural analysis and
technical reports, a set of tender documents should
include technical specifications, bill of quantities,
terms of reference, legal and security forms,
procedures for bidders, conditions of contract and
contract data. In addition construction management
plans and schedules should be developed to follow
timely development of construction and give bidders
information about time schedule: Khi dù ¸n tiÕn ®Õn
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
giai ®o¹n ®Êu thÇu, c¸c ho¹t ®éng t− vÊn vÒ ph¸t
triÓn dù ¸n sÏ tËp trung vµo chuÈn bÞ c¸c tµi liÖu hîp
®ång. Ngoµi c¸c b¶n vÏ, ph©n tÝch kÕt cÊu vµ b¸o
c¸o kü thuËt, mét bé hå s¬ ®Êu thÇu cßn ph¶i bao
gåm c¸c tiªu chuÈn kü thuËt, biÓu khèi l−îng, ®iÒu
kiÖn tham chiÕu, mÉu hîp ®ång vµ thanh to¸n, thñ
tôc ®Êu thÇu, ®iÒu kiÖn hîp ®ång vµ d÷ liÖu hîp
®ång. Ngoµi ra cßn ph¶i lËp c¸c b¶ng tiÕn ®é vµ kÕ
ho¹ch qu¶n lý thi c«ng ®Ó theo s¸t sù tiÕn triÓn x©y
dùng còng nh− cung cÊp cho c¸c nhµ bá thÇu th«ng
tin vÒ khung tiÕn ®é.
tendon /'tend”n/ n d©y c¸p, bã c¸p dù øng lùc: A
steel element such as wire, cable, bar, rod, or
strand, or a bundle of such elements, typically used
in tension to impart compressive stress to concrete
and as external strengthening to increase structural
capacity: Lµ mét bé phËn b»ng thÐp nh− sîi thÐp,
c¸p, thanh, hoÆc tao c¸p, hoÆc mét bã c¸c bé phËn
®ã, th−êng dïng ®Ó t¹o ra øng suÊt nÐn lªn bªt«ng vµ
nh− mét sù gia c−êng tõ bªn ngoµi ®Ó lµm t¨ng søc
chÞu t¶i cña kÕt cÊu.
tensile strength /'tensail 'stre–•/ n c−êng ®é chÞu
kÐo: Maximum unit stress that a material is capable
of resisting under axial tensile loading; based on the
cross-sectional area of the specimen before loading:
Lµ øng suÊt ®¬n vÞ lín nhÊt mµ mét vËt liÖu cã kh¶
n¨ng chÞu ®−îc d−íi t¶i träng kÐo däc trôc; dùa trªn
diÖn tÝch mÆt c¾t ngang cña mÉu thö tr−íc khi chÊt
t¶i o The tensile strength of concrete is usually
taken to be about one-tenth of its compressive
strength: C−êng ®é chÞu kÐo cña bªt«ng th−êng ®−îc
lÊy b»ng kho¶ng mét phÇn m−êi c−êng ®é nÐn cña
nã.
tensile yield point /'tensail ji:ld p˜int/ n giíi h¹n
ch¶y khi kÐo.
tensional stress /'ten‘n”l stres/ n øng suÊt kÐo:
The stress that tends to pull something apart. It is the
stress component perpendicular to a given surface,
such as a fault plane, that results from forces
applied perpendicular to the surface or from remote
forces transmitted through the surrounding rock: Lµ
øng suÊt cã xu h−íng kÐo t¸ch rêi mét vËt. §ã lµ
thµnh phÇn øng suÊt vu«ng gãc víi mét mÆt ph¼ng
cho tr−íc, vÝ dô mÆt ph¼ng ®øt g·y, mµ nã sinh ra tõ
c¸c lùc t¸c dông vu«ng gãc víi mÆt Êy hoÆc tõ c¸c
lùc tõ xa truyÒn qua m«i tr−êng ®Êt ®¸.
terms of reference (TOR) /t”:mz ”v 'refərəns/ n
c¸c ®iÒu kho¶n tham chiÕu: The client’s instructions
to the consultant describing the services required to
complete a specific assignment: Lµ c¸c chØ dÉn cña
 322
chñ ®Çu t− cho nhµ t− vÊn, m« t¶ c¸c dÞch vô yªu cÇu
®Ó hoµn thµnh mét nhiÖm vô nhÊt ®Þnh.
terminal structure /'t”:minl 'strʌkt‘”/ n kÕt cÊu
cuèi ®−êng hÇm d×m: The non-immersed structure
abutting the first and last immersed tunnel elements:
Lµ kÕt cÊu kh«ng d×m xuèng s«ng, nã ®Êu nèi víi c¸c
®èt ®Çu tiªn vµ ®èt cuèi cïng cña ®−êng hÇm d×m.
terrain /'terein/ n ®Þa thÕ; ®Þa h×nh, ®Þa vËt: In
most cases of tunnels driving through mountains, the
rugged terrain makes it necessary to establish a
triangulation system connecting existing survey
control on each side of the mountain: Trong ®a sè
tr−êng hîp lµm hÇm qua nói, th× ®Þa h×nh mÊp m«
lëm chëm khiÕn cho cÇn ph¶i lËp mét hÖ tam gi¸c
®¹c nèi kÕt víi hÖ mèc tr¾c ®¹c cã s½n ë mçi bªn
s−ên nói.
test /test/ n sù thö, sù thö nghiÖm, thÝ nghiÖm; sù
kiÓm tra: A chemical or physical evaluation of a
material, structural element, or structure by
experiment, observation, or inspection: Lµ mét phÐp
®¸nh gi¸ vÒ mÆt vËt lý hay hãa häc cho mét vËt liÖu,
cÊu kiÖn, hay kÕt cÊu b»ng thùc nghiÖm, quan
s¸t/quan tr¾c, hoÆc kiÓm tra o The Engineer may
require the Contractor to carry out tests other than
those stated in the Specification and the Contractor
is obliged to carry out such tests, but if the tests do
not reveal the Contractor's work to be deficient the
Contractor will not have to bear the costs of
carrying out such tests: T− vÊn cã thÓ yªu cÇu Nhµ
thÇu thùc hiÖn c¸c thö nghiÖm ngoµi nh÷ng thö
nghiÖm ®−îc quy ®Þnh trong Tiªu chuÈn Kü thuËt, vµ
Nhµ thÇu cã tr¸ch nhiÖm thùc thi c¸c thÝ nghiÖm Êy,
nh−ng nÕu nh÷ng thÝ nghiÖm thªm nµy kh«ng chøng
tá c«ng viÖc cña Nhµ thÇu lµ cã lçi, th× Nhµ thÇu sÏ
kh«ng ph¶i g¸nh chÞu c¸c chi phÝ vÒ tiÕn hµnh nh÷ng
thÝ nghiÖm ®ã.
test panel /test 'p“nl/ n tÊm (panen) bªt«ng thö:
The test panels will be prepared by spraying
concrete into vertical moulds which will be
constructed of steel or other non-water absorbing
rigid materials and must have sides played outwards
at 45 degrees to prevent the entrapment of rebound:
C¸c tÊm bªt«ng thÝ nghiÖm sÏ ®−îc ®óc b»ng c¸ch
phun bªt«ng vµo nh÷ng khu«n ®øng b»ng thÐp hoÆc
c¸c vËt liÖu cøng kh«ng hót n−íc kh¸c, vµ ph¶i cã
c¸c c¹nh h−íng ra phÝa ngoµi mét gãc 45 ®é nh»m
tr¸nh sù cuèn theo vµo c¸c h¹t r¬i v·i.
test pit /test pit/ n hè th¨m dß.
test report /test ri'p˜:t/ n b¸o c¸o thÝ nghiÖm:
Tunnel contracts may require various tests or
inspections of materials going into the work, such as
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
compression tests of concrete cylinders cast at the
site, mill tests of structural steel, or tests of fire-
prevention materials. The reports covering these
tests usually are channeled through and processed
by the inspection staff: C¸c hîp ®ång hÇm cã thÓ yªu
cÇu nhiÒu thÝ nghiÖm hay kiÓm tra vÒ vËt liÖu sö
dông cho c«ng tr×nh, nh− thÝ nghiÖm nÐn mÉu bªt«ng
h×nh trô ®óc t¹i hiÖn tr−êng, thÝ nghiÖm t¹i x−ëng ®èi
víi thÐp kÕt cÊu, thö nghiÖm cho vËt liÖu chèng löa...
C¸c b¸o c¸o liªn quan ®Õn c¸c thÝ nghiÖm nµy
th−êng ®−îc chuyÓn qua vµ xö lý bëi ®éi ngò kü s−
gi¸m s¸t.
testing machinery /'testiô m”'‘i:n”ri/ n m¸y mãc
(thiÕt bÞ) thö: The rock bolt testing machinery shall
be hydraulic equipment capable of applying
incremental loading in excess of the ultimate load of
the tested bolt: M¸y mãc ®Ó thö bul«ng neo ph¶i lµ
lo¹i thiÕt bÞ thñy lùc cã kh¶ n¨ng gia t¶i theo tõng
cÊp vµ cã thÓ t¹o ra lùc v−ît qu¸ t¶i träng giíi h¹n
cña bul«ng ®−îc thö.
texture /'tekst‘”/ n cÊu tróc: Texture refers to
the grain structure of the rock and can be classified
by such properties as porosity, looseness, density
and grain size. All these have a definite relationship
to drilling speed: CÊu tróc nãi ®Õn cÊu t¹o h¹t cña
®¸ vµ cã thÓ ®−îc ph©n lo¹i thµnh c¸c tÝnh chÊt nh−
®é rçng, tr¹ng th¸i t¬i xèp, ®é chÆt vµ cì h¹t. TÊt c¶
®Òu cã mét mèi liªn hÖ râ rµng víi tèc ®é khoan ®¸.
thawing /'•˜:iô/ n sù tan b¨ng.
theodolite /•i'˜d”lait/ n m¸y kinh vÜ: Modern
version of a standard transit with all angle readings
taken internally (within the instrument): Lµ mét
phiªn b¶n hiÖn ®¹i cña mét kÝnh ng¾m qua kinh
tuyÕn, trong ®ã tÊt c¶ c¸c sè ®äc vÒ gãc ®−îc x¸c
®Þnh mét c¸ch néi t¹i (bªn trong thiÕt bÞ).
thermal comfort /'•”:ml 'kʌmfət/ n sù tiÖn nghi
vÒ nhiÖt: Personal comfort related to such thermally
important factors as temperature, humidity, air flow,
etc: Lµ sù tho¶i m¸i c¸ nh©n liªn quan ®Õn c¸c yÕu
tè quan träng vÒ nhiÖt nh− nhiÖt ®é, ®é Èm, tèc ®é
kh«ng khÝ, v.v… (m«i tr−êng).
thermal shrinkage /'•”:ml '∫ri–kidʒ/ n sù co
ngãt nhiÖt: The length of a travelling form or the
span of one section of concrete lining will need to be
determined considering the work schedule, concrete
placement capacity and curvature in curved
sections. A length of 9 to 12 m is generally used
because longer spans of concrete placing are likely
to cause cracking due to thermal shrinkage or
drying shrinkage: ChiÒu dµi cña mét bé v¸n khu«n
di ®éng hay nhÞp cña mét ®o¹n bªt«ng vá hÇm cÇn
 323
®−îc x¸c ®Þnh cã xÐt ®Õn tiÕn ®é c«ng viÖc, n¨ng lùc
®æ bªt«ng vµ ®é cong cña ®o¹n hÇm cong. ChiÒu dµi
tõ 9 ®Õn 12 m th−êng ®−îc dïng bëi v× c¸c nhÞp ®æ
bªt«ng dµi h¬n rÊt dÔ g©y ra c¸c vÕt nøt do co ngãt
nhiÖt hay co ngãt khi kh«.
thermohydromechanical deformation
/'θə:mo,haidroumi'kænikəl ,di:fɔ:'mei∫n/ n biÕn
d¹ng thñy nhiÖt c¬ häc.
thin-stream conveying /•i:nstri:m k”n'veiô/ n t¶i
bªt«ng kiÓu dßng láng: A method of pneumatic
conveyance from the shotcrete machine by which
either dry mix or wet mix is conveyed through the
delivery line by compressed air: Mét ph−¬ng ph¸p
vËn chuyÓn b»ng khÝ nÐn tõ m¸y phun bªt«ng nhê ®ã
hçn hîp kh« hoÆc hçn hîp −ít ®−îc t¶i qua èng
ph©n phèi b»ng khÝ nÐn.
thixotropy /,θiksɔ'trəpi/ n tÝnh ®«ng cøng theo
thêi gian: The ability of a fluid to develop gel
strength with time, allowing it to form a rigid
structure which can be returned to the fluid state by
mechanical agitation: Kh¶ n¨ng cña mét chÊt láng
cã thÓ ph¸t triÓn c−êng ®é gel theo thêi gian, nhê
vËy cho phÐp nã h×nh thµnh mét cÊu tróc cøng mµ nã
cã thÓ ®−îc ®−a trë l¹i tr¹ng th¸i láng b»ng c¸ch
khuÊy c¬ häc.
three-dimensional ownership /θri:di'men∫ənl
'ounə∫ip/ n sù së h÷u ba-chiÒu: The possibility to
own three-dimensional space i.e. real estate not only
delimited in two dimensions but also by depth: Kh¶
n¨ng së h÷u kh«ng gian ba chiÒu, tøc lµ bÊt ®éng s¶n
kh«ng chØ giíi h¹n theo hai chiÒu mµ c¶ theo chiÒu
s©u.
threshold zone /'•re‘hould zoun/ n ®o¹n (vïng)
ng−ìng, vïng giíi h¹n.
throw /•rou/ n sù v¨ng xa, sù qu¨ng (næ m×n):
Rock throw and scattering cannot be completely
controlled when burden values fall below the
optimum level: Sù v¨ng xa vµ ph©n t¸n cña ®¸ khã
kiÓm so¸t ®−îc hoµn toµn nÕu gi¸ trÞ ®−êng c¶n ch©n
tÇng bÐ h¬n møc tèi −u.
thrust /•r∧st/ n lùc kÝch ®Èy, lùc ®Ì, lùc Ðp: Force
applied to a pipeline or drill string to propel it
through the ground: Lµ lùc t¸c dông vµo mét ®−êng
èng hoÆc sîi cÇn khoan ®Ó ®Èy nã qua lßng ®Êt.
thrust boring /•r∧st 'bɔ:riη/ n khoan ®Èy:
Unpreferred term, loosely applied to various
trenchless installation methods. See Rod Pushing:
Lµ thuËt ng÷ kh«ng ®−îc −a dïng, ¸p dông gÇn ®óng
cho nhiÒu ph−¬ng ph¸p thi c«ng kh«ng ®µo r·nh
kh¸c nhau. Xem Rod Pushing.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
thrust cylinders / propel cylinders /•r∧st 'silində/
n xilanh ®Èy (TBM).
thrust fault /•r∧st f˜:lt/ n ®øt g·y chêm.
thrust jacking method /•r∧st dʒækiη 'meθəd/ n
ph−¬ng ph¸p kÝch ®Èy: Method in which a pipe is
jacked through the ground without mechanical
excavation of material from the front of the pipeline:
Ph−¬ng ph¸p trong ®ã mét èng ®−îc kÝch ®Èy qua
®Êt nÒn mµ kh«ng dïng c¬ khÝ ®Ó ®µo vËt liÖu tõ mÆt
tr−íc cña ®−êng èng.
thrust jacks (or cylinders) /•r∧st dʒæks/ n kÝch
hoÆc xilanh ®Èy (m¸y ®µo c¬ khÝ).
thrust on cutter head /•r∧st/ n lùc ®Èy lªn ®Çu c¾t.
thrust pit = drive/entry shaft/pit /•r∧st pit/ n
hè khëi ph¸t, giÕng xuÊt ph¸t.
thrust ring /•r∧st riη/ n vµnh ph©n bè lùc ®Èy:
Load spreading device to transfer force from the
hydraulic rams on to the pipeline in a pipe jacking
operation: Lµ thiÕt bÞ ph©n bè t¶i träng ®Ó truyÒn lùc
tõ c¸c kÝch thñy lùc vµo ®−êng èng trong mét t¸c vô
thi c«ng kÝch ®Èy èng.
tide gate /taid geit/ n cöa ng¨n n−íc thñy
triÒu: During times of severe storms, a generator will
provide power to the critical equipment, when both
utility services might be inoperative and sea water
might be expected to reach the flood level, in which
case it would be neccesary to close the tide gates
and operate the tunnel drainage pumps as the need
arises: Trong nh÷ng trËn b·o to, ng−êi ta dïng mét
m¸y ph¸t ®iÖn ®Ó cung cÊp ®iÖn cho c¸c thiÕt bÞ
quan träng, khi mµ l−íi ®iÖn ë c¶ hai ®Çu hÇm ®Òu
kh«ng ho¹t ®éng, ®ång thêi n−íc biÓn cã thÓ d©ng
lªn tíi møc ngËp lôt, trong tr−êng hîp ®ã rÊt cã thÓ
ph¶i ®ãng l¹i c¸c cöa ng¨n lò triÒu vµ ch¹y c¸c b¬m
th¸o n−íc lóc cÇn thiÕt.
tie rod = tie bar /tai r˜d = 'tai'b:/ n thanh nèi:
Tension members between sets to maintain spacing.
These pull the sets against the struts: Lµ c¸c bé phËn
chÞu kÐo gi÷a c¸c s−ên chèng thÐp ®Ó duy tr× kho¶ng
c¸ch gi÷a c¸c s−ên. Chóng kÐo c¸c v× chèng vµo c¸c
cét chèng xen o Rings of horizontal ribs used for
supporting shaft excavatons are made of structural
steel members, cold-formed to required curvature.
These curved ring segments are bolted together and
held in place by tie rods and spacers: C¸c vµnh
chèng ngang dïng ®Ó chèng ®ì ®Êt khi ®µo giÕng
®øng ®−îc lµm tõ c¸c bé phËn thÐp kÕt cÊu, ®−îc c¸n
nguéi thµnh ®é cong cÇn thiÕt. C¸c ®o¹n vßng chèng
cong nµy ®−îc nèi víi nhau b»ng bul«ng vµ ®−îc gi÷
t¹i chç b»ng c¸c thanh nèi vµ c¸c miÕng ®Öm.
 324
tighten /'taitn/ v siÕt chÆt, kÐo c¨ng: The rock bolt
nuts and bearing plates have to be tightened
approximately 24 (twenty-four) hours after the
installation. The Engineer shall be advised prior to
initial and final stressing of all bolts: §ai èc vµ b¶n
®Öm cña c¸c bul«ng neo ph¶i ®−îc siÕt chÆt sau
kho¶ng 24 (hai t−) giê sau khi l¾p ®Æt bul«ng. T− vÊn
ph¶i ®−îc th«ng b¸o tr−íc vÒ sù c¨ng siÕt s¬ bé còng
nh− cuèi cïng cña mäi bul«ng neo.
tightening /'taitniô/ n sù siÕt chÆt, sù c¨ng: In
shield-driven tunnels, the newly-delivered liner
segments are bolted to the previous ones, starting at
the bottom. Tightening of the bolts is done with
torque wrenches after all segments of a ring are in
place: Trong hÇm ®µo b»ng khiªn, c¸c ®o¹n vßng vá
hÇm míi chuyÓn ®Õn ®−îc r¸p nèi b»ng bul«ng víi
c¸c ®o¹n ®· l¾p tr−íc ®ã, tõ d−íi lªn trªn. ViÖc siÕt
bul«ng ®−îc thùc hiÖn sau khi tÊt c¶ c¸c ®o¹n vá
hÇm trong mét vßng ®· n»m ®óng vÞ trÝ.
tile lining /tail 'laini–/ n líp vá hÇm b»ng g¹ch
(®¸ l¸t): Highway tunnels sometimes have a tile
lining on the walls, attached to the main concrete
lining, to permit easier cleaning of the deposits from
emissions of automotive exhausts: C¸c hÇm « t« ®«i
khi cã thªm mét líp lãt b»ng ngãi bªn ngoµi t−êng
hÇm, g¾n vµo líp vá chÝnh b»ng bªt«ng, ®Ó cho phÐp
lµm s¹ch dÔ h¬n c¸c chÊt cÆn b¸m th¶i ra tõ c¸c
®éng c¬ « t« o The ceramic-tile finish on the walls
and ceiling procides reflective surfaces that increase
the brightness level and uniformity of lighting: Líp
èp hoµn thiÖn b»ng ngãi gèm trªn t−êng vµ trÇn hÇm
gióp t¹o ra c¸c mÆt ph¶n x¹ lµm t¨ng ®é s¸ng còng
nh− ®é ®ång ®Òu cña ¸nh s¸ng.
till /til/ n sÐt t¶ng l¨n: An unstratified and
unconsolidated sediment deposited by glaciers: Mét
lo¹i trÇm tÝch ch−a cè kÕt vµ kh«ng ph©n líp l¾ng
®äng bëi c¸c t¶ng b¨ng tr«i.
tilmeter /tilmi:t”/ n dông cô ®o nghiªng: A device
for precisely measuring rotation, or change in
orientation, at a specific location on a structure or
the ground surface: Mét dông cô ®Ó ®o chÝnh x¸c sù
quay, hay sù thay ®æi vÒ h−íng, t¹i mét vÞ trÝ nhÊt
®Þnh trªn mét kÕt cÊu hay trªn mÆt ®Êt.
timber /'timb”/ n gç: A collective term for
underground wooden supports: Lµ mét thuËt ng÷ tËp
hîp ®Ó chØ c¸c hÖ chèng b»ng gç trong c«ng t¸c
ngÇm o Timber is one of the oldest known
materials of construction, and skill in its use
combined with understanding of its nature have
together produced many satisfactory solutions to
structural and design problems throughout the ages:
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
Gç lµ mét trong nh÷ng vËt liÖu x©y dùng ®−îc biÕt
®Õn l©u ®êi nhÊt, vµ kü n¨ng sö dông gç céng víi sù
hiÓu biÕt b¶n chÊt cña nã ®· t¹o nªn nhiÒu gi¶i ph¸p
hîp lý cho c¸c vÊn ®Ò thiÕt kÕ vµ kÕt cÊu trong suèt
nhiÒu thêi ®¹i.
timber lagging /'timb” 'l“giô/ n thanh
chèng ngang b»ng gç: In Hong Kong’s Sewage
Disposal deep tunnel, ground support was by steel
ribs with timber lagging as required. The rock had
varying but often poor rock quality and required
continuous ground support by steel ribs with full
perimeter timber lagging: T¹i hÇm chøa chÊt th¶i
®Æt s©u cña Hång K«ng, ng−êi ta dïng s−ên chèng
thÐp vµ tÊm chèng gç ®Ó che chèng ®Êt. §Êt ®¸ thay
®æi trong khi ®µo nh−ng th−êng lµ cã chÊt l−îng
kÐm, ®ßi hái ph¶i dïng s−ên thÐp chèng liªn tôc vµ
lãt v¸n gç trªn suèt chu vi hÇm.
timber set /'timb” set/ n hÖ chèng gç: A timber
frame to support the roof, sides, and sometimes the
floor of mine roadways or shafts: Lµ mét khung
chèng gç ®Ó ®ì nãc hÇm, t−êng bªn, vµ ®«i khi c¶
sµn cña hÇm lß hoÆc giÕng ®øng.
timbering /'timb”riô/ n ®Æt hÖ chèng gç: The
setting of timber supports in mine workings or shafts
for protection against falls from roof, face, or rib:
Lµ sù l¾p ®Æt c¸c thanh chèng gç trong hÇm má hay
giÕng ®øng ®Ó b¶o vÖ chèng ®¸ r¬i tõ nãc hÇm,
g−¬ng ®µo, hay t−êng bªn.
time-dependent deformation /taim di'pend”nt
,di:f˜:'mei‘n/ n biÕn d¹ng theo thêi gian:
Deformation caused by time-dependent factors such
as autogenous volume change, thermal contraction
or expansion, creep, shrinkage, and swelling: Lµ sù
biÕn d¹ng g©y bëi c¸c nh©n tè phô thuéc vµo thêi
gian nh− sù thay ®æi thÓ tÝch tù sinh, gi·n në nhiÖt,
tõ biÕn, co ngãt, vµ tr−¬ng në.
time extension /taim iks'ten‘n/ n sù kÐo dµi
thêi gian dù ¸n: The Employer must give the
Contractor possession of the Site (or portions
thereof where appropriate) at the same time the
Engineer gives the notice to commence the Works
pursuant to Clause 41. Delay may result in deferral
of the date when the Works reach substantial
completion and also in extra cost to the Employer.
The Employer shall determine any extension of time
to which the Contractor is entitled: Chñ ®Çu t− ph¶i
bµn giao C«ng tr−êng cho Nhµ thÇu (hay c¸c phÇn
riªng lÎ cña HiÖn tr−êng tïy t×nh huèng) ®ång thêi
T− vÊn ph¶i ®−a ra th«ng b¸o khëi c«ng C«ng viÖc
theo §iÒu 41. Sù chËm trÔ cã thÓ g©y ra sù tr× ho·n
(sù chËm l¹i) cña ngµy th¸ng mµ C«ng viÖc ®¹t tíi
 325
giai ®o¹n hoµn thµnh chñ yÕu, còng nh− g©y thªm
chi phÝ cho Chñ ®Çu t−. Chñ ®Çu t− sÏ quyÕt ®Þnh
phÇn thêi gian kÐo dµi dù ¸n mµ Nhµ thÇu cã quyÒn
®−îc h−ëng.
time for completeion of a round /taim/ n thêi
gian cÇn ®Ó hoµn tÊt mét chu tr×nh ®µo: After
commencement of work the Engineer shall establish
the maximum time period (time limit) allowed for the
completion of a round based on rock type
classifications. The Contractor shall complete all
work (drilling, blasting, mugging and construction
of the tunnel support system) for all rounds, within
the maximum time period established by the
Engineer, unless otherwise approved by the
Engineer: Sau khi b¾t ®Çu c«ng viÖc, T− vÊn sÏ quy
®Þnh kho¶ng thêi gian tèi ®a (giíi h¹n thêi gian) cho
phÐp ®Ó hoµn thµnh mét chu tr×nh ®µo dùa trªn c¬ së
ph©n lo¹i ®¸. Nhµ thÇu ph¶i hoµn tÊt mäi h¹ng môc
c«ng viÖc (khoan, næ m×n, bèc xóc, l¾p dùng v× chèng
cho hÇm) ®èi víi tÊt c¶ c¸c chu tr×nh ®µo, trong
ph¹m vi kho¶ng thêi gian tèi ®a ®· ®−îc x¸c lËp bëi
T− vÊn, trõ khi ®−îc sù chÊp thuËn kh¸c ®i tõ phÝa
T− vÊn.
time history /taim 'histri/ n diÔn biÕn thêi gian:
The sequence of values of any time-varying quantity
(such as a ground motion measurement) measured at
a set of fixed times. Also termed time series: Lµ d·y
c¸c gi¸ trÞ cña mét ®¹i l−îng bÊt kú thay ®æi theo
thêi gian (ch¼ng h¹n mét sè ®o chuyÓn ®éng cña nÒn
®Êt) ®−îc ®o ®¹c t¹i mét tËp hîp thêi ®iÓm cè ®Þnh
o The analyses of the portal building are used to
compute its relative displacement time history at the
location where it would be connected to the each
tube. The portal building is assumed to move
independently of the tube structures. The
displacement time history shows that the joint should
be capable of allowing closure of about 20 cm to
avoid contact between the tube and the portal
building: Cã thÓ tiÕn hµnh ph©n tÝch kÕt cÊu cæng
hÇm ®Ó tÝnh to¸n diÔn biÕn theo thêi gian cña chuyÓn
vÞ t−¬ng ®èi cña nã t¹i vÞ trÝ nèi víi ®−êng hÇm h×nh
èng. KÕt cÊu cæng hÇm ®−îc gi¶ thiÕt lµ chuyÓn dÞch
®éc lËp so víi kÕt cÊu ®−êng hÇm èng. KÕt qu¶ diÔn
biÕn chuyÓn vÞ theo thêi gian chØ ra r»ng mèi nèi
ph¶i ®−îc thiÕt kÕ sao cho cã mét kho¶ng hë 20 cm
®Ó tr¸nh tiÕp xóc gi÷a ®−êng hÇm vµ cæng hÇm.
tire /'tai”/ n lèp; vµnh ®ai (b¸nh xe): Serious
injury may result from heavy truck's tire failure due
to underinflation/overloading or excessive speed, or
from explosion of tire/rim assembly due to improper
mounting, e.g. welding on the rim without first
removing tire. Therefore, only specially trained
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
persons should mount tires of this 40 ton special
truck: Th−¬ng vong nghiªm träng cã thÓ x¶y ra do sù
ph¸ ho¹i lèp xe t¶i nÆng v× lý do b¬m non h¬i/chë
qu¸ t¶i hay ch¹y qu¸ tèc ®é, hoÆc lµ do næ lèp/côm
vµnh b¸nh xe v× lý do l¾p lèp kh«ng ®óng c¸ch, vÝ dô
hµn vµnh xe mµ kh«ng tr−íc hÕt th¸o bá lèp. Do vËy,
chØ nh÷ng ng−êi ®−îc ®µo t¹o ®Æc biÖt míi ®−îc
phÐp l¾p r¸p lo¹i lèp xe t¶i 40 tÊn ®Æc biÖt nµy.
TNT (trinitrotoluene) /ti:enti:
/,trai,naitrou't˜ljui:n/ n trinitr«t«luen
(C6H12(NO2)3CH3), mét lo¹i thuèc næ m¹nh.
tolerance /'t˜:l”r”ns/ n dung sai: The
permissible deviation from a specified dimension,
quantity, location or alignment: Lµ sù sai lÖch cho
phÐp so víi mét kÝch th−íc, mét vÞ trÝ hay ®é th¼ng
hµng thiÕt kÕ.
tongue and groove /,tʌη ænd 'gru:v/ n ghÐp
méng, mèi nèi b»ng méng: A joint in which a
protruding rib on the edge of one side fits into a
groove in the edge of the other side: Lµ mét mèi nèi
trong ®ã mét gê nh« ra t¹i mÐp cña mét phÝa nµy
®−îc l¾p khÝt vµo mét r·nh lâm t¹i mÐp cña phÝa bªn
kia.
top heading /t˜p 'hedi–/ n lß däc theo phÇn vßm
phÝa trªn, g−¬ng lß phÇn phÝa trªn: The upper portion
of a tunnel, often extending from springline to
crown, pre-excavated in order to install arch
support before opening the tunnel to full size: Lµ
phÇn phÝa trªn cña mét hÇm, th−êng kÐo dµi tõ ®iÓm
ph©n chia vßm-t−êng cho ®Õn ®Ønh hÇm, ®−îc ®µo
tr−íc ®Ó l¾p ®Æt v× chèng vßm tr−íc khi ®µo më réng
hÇm tíi toµn bé mÆt c¾t.
top heading construction /t˜p 'hedi– k”n'strʌk∫n/
n thi c«ng theo lß däc phÇn vßm: A tunnelling
method in which a complete top heading is
excavated end-to-end before excavation of the lower
bench is begun. Distinguished from heading-and-
bench construction: Mét ph−¬ng ph¸p lµm hÇm
trong ®ã mét g−¬ng lß nhá phÝa trªn vßm hoµn chØnh
®−îc ®µo tõ ®Çu nµy tíi ®Çu kia, tr−íc khi ®µo phÇn
bËc thÒm phÝa d−íi. Ph©n biÖt víi ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo
lß trªn-vµ-thÒm.
top heading temporary invert /t˜p 'hedi–
'tempr”ri in'v”:t/ n vßm ngöa t¹m thêi cho g−¬ng
lß phÝa trªn: The top heading temporary invert closes
the top heading bed with a temporary invert. The top
heading temporary invert is very effective in footing
stabilization: The need to demolish the invert when
working on the bench, however, lowers work
efficiency: Vßm ngöa t¹m cho g−¬ng ®µo t¹i nãc
hÇm sÏ ®ãng l¹i ®¸y cña g−¬ng ®µo nãc hÇm b»ng
 326
mét kÕt cÊu vßm ng−îc t¹m thêi. Vßm ngöa t¹m cho
g−¬ng ®µo t¹i nãc hÇm rÊt cã hiÖu qu¶ trong viÖc gia
cè ch©n t−êng hÇm. Tuy nhiªn, nhu cÇu ph¶i ph¸ ®i
vßm ngöa t¹m thêi ®ã vµo lóc thi c«ng phÇn bËc
thÒm phÝa d−íi cña hÇm, sÏ lµm gi¶m hiÖu suÊt c«ng
viÖc.
top-down construction /t˜pdaun k”n'strʌk∫n/ n
thi c«ng tõ trªn xuèng d−íi: Underground
construction system in which the ground slab is
finished quickly and construction continues below
this slab to finish the underground structure. This
can allow a quick return of the surface to a needed
use or a shorter overall building time: HÖ thèng thi
c«ng ngÇm trong ®ã tÊm b¶n mÆt ®Êt ®−îc hoµn
thµnh rÊt nhanh vµ viÖc thi c«ng sÏ tiÕp tôc bªn d−íi
tÊm b¶n nµy ®Ó hoµn thµnh kÕt cÊu ngÇm. §iÒu nµy
cho phÐp tr¶ l¹i mÆt ®Êt nhanh chãng cho viÖc sö
dông cÇn thiÕt kh¸c hoÆc cho phÐp rót ng¾n thêi gian
thi c«ng tæng thÓ.
topography /t”'p˜gr”fi/ n phÐp (m«n) ®o vÏ ®Þa
h×nh; ®Þa h×nh: A detailed survey or study of the
physical features of a given area. A topographical
map shows these details: Lµ mét kh¶o s¸t hay mét
nghiªn cøu chi tiÕt vÒ c¸c ®Æc ®iÓm ®Þa vËt cña mét
vïng x¸c ®Þnh. Mét b¶n ®å ®Þa h×nh sÏ thÓ hiÖn
nh÷ng chi tiÕt Êy.
torque /t˜:k/ n m«men (lùc); m«ment xo¾n;
m«men quay.
torque jacks /t˜:k/ n kÝch xo¾n cña TBM.
torque wrench / t˜:k rent∫/ n ch×a vÆn, cêlª lùc: A
wrench that indicates, as on a dial, the amount of
torque (in units of meter-tons) exerted in tightening
a roof bolt: Lµ mét cêlª cã thÓ hiÓn thÞ trªn mÆt ®ång
hå ®é lín cña m«men xo¾n (®¬n vÞ tÊn-mÐt) sinh ra
trong khi vÆn chÆt bul«ng neo nãc hÇm.
torquemeter /t˜:k'mi:t”/ n ®ång hå ®o m«men
xo¾n.
toughness /'tʌfnis/ n ®é bÒn dai; ®é nh¸m: Steel
fiber reinforced concrete is advantageous because of
its toughness. It has greater shear strength, bending
strength and tensile strength than normal concrete
does. A fter a crack has occurred, it still has
considerable resistance until reaching to the
complete disintegration: Bªt«ng gia c−êng b»ng cèt
sîi thÐp rÊt cã −u ®iÓm do tÝnh bÒn dai cña nã. Nã
cã c−êng ®é c¾t, uèn vµ kÐo l¬n h¬n so víi bªt«ng
th−êng. Khi mét vÕt nøt x¶y ra, nã vÉn cã thÓ chÞu
lùc ®¸ng kÓ cho tíi khi ®¹t ®Õn sù ph¸ hñy hoµn
toµn.
towing or transportation /'touiη ɔ:
,trænspɔ:'tei∫n/ n lai d¾t - chë næi hay vËn
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
chuyÓn: Several phases of construction of immersed
tunnels may involve towing. The main tow is to the
location where outfitting for immersion is to be
done, usually close to the immersion point. The final
tow is to the immersion point: Mét sè c«ng ®o¹n cña
viÖc x©y dùng mét hÇm d×m cã thÓ bao hµm viÖc lai
d¾t/chë næi ®èt hÇm. PhÇn lai d¾t chÝnh lµ chë tõ bÓ
®óc ®Õn vÞ trÝ ®Ó tiÕn hµnh c«ng t¸c chuÈn bÞ h¹
hÇm, th−êng n»m gÇn vÞ trÝ hµo. PhÇn lai d¾t cuèi
cïng lµ tõ chç chuÈn bÞ tíi r·nh h¹ hÇm.
toxic /'t˜ksik/ adj cã tÝnh ®éc: In the context of
grouting: chemical and/or cementitious materials
that are harmful during handling and mixing or to
the environment when improperly proportioned
and/or mixed prior to injection into soil or rock:
Trong lÜnh vùc b¬m v÷a: lµ c¸c vËt liÖu hãa häc
vµ/hoÆc kÕt dÝnh mµ chóng cã tÝnh ®éc h¹i trong khi
vËn chuyÓn vµ hßa trén, hoÆc ®éc h¹i ®èi víi m«i
tr−êng khi bÞ c©n ®ong sai vµ/hoÆc hßa trén kh«ng
®óng c¸ch tr−íc khi b¬m vµo trong nÒn ®Êt hay ®¸.
toxic gas /'t˜ksik g“s/ n khÝ/h¬i ®éc: A fire in a
tunnel has the potential to cause a carbon monoxide
poisoning due to smoke and toxic gases emitted by
the fire. Toxic gas from organic solvent may also
deteriorate the working condition. When excavating
in ground with high levels of geothermal energy, hot
springs, or toxic gases, all necessary detectors and
protective equipment should be provided: Mét vô
ch¸y trong hÇm cã thÓ g©y ra sù ®Çu ®éc khÝ monoxit
cacbon CO do khãi vµ khÝ ®éc ph¸t ra tõ sù ch¸y.
KhÝ ®éc tõ dung m«i h÷u c¬ còng cã thÓ lµm xÊu ®iÒu
kiÖn lµm viÖc. Khi ®µo hÇm trong ®Êt cã møc n¨ng
l−îng ®Þa nhiÖt cao, cã suèi n−íc nãng hay khÝ ®éc,
ph¶i cung cÊp c¸c m¸y dß vµ thiÕt bÞ b¶o vÖ cÇn
thiÕt.
tracer test /'treis” test/ n thÝ nghiÖm ®¸nh dÊu:
Tracer test, flow direction and velocity test, single
borehole permeability test etc. are performed to
evaluate the hydraulic coefficients such as
permeability, storage coefficient, etc. (by hydraulic
theories) in order to forecast water inflow amount
and water intake area: ThÝ nghiÖm ®¸nh dÊu, thÝ
nghiÖm vËn tèc vµ h−íng dßng ch¶y, thÝ nghiÖm ®é
thÊm trong lç khoan ®¬n lÎ v.v… ®−îc thùc hiÖn råi
dïng lý thuyÕt thñy lùc ®Ó ®¸nh gi¸ c¸c hÖ sè thñy
lùc nh− ®é thÊm, hÖ sè tr÷ n−íc… nh»m dù b¸o
l−îng n−íc ngÇm ch¶y vµo hÇm còng nh− diÖn tÝch
thu n−íc.
track /tr“k/ n ®−êng ray: The rail structure
providing a single line of railway operation: KÕt cÊu
ray t¹o nªn ®−êng riªng cho vËn hµnh ®−êng s¾t.
 327
trackway /tr“kwei/ n ®−êng vËn chuyÓn cã
ray: The lighting is required in a rapid transit tunnel
to provide for adequate visibility during evacuation
of a disabled train and for trackway maintenance
purposes: ViÖc chiÕu s¸ng lµ cÇn thiÕt trong mét
hÇm qu¸ c¶nh nhanh ®Ó t¹o kh¶ n¨ng nh×n râ trong
khi s¬ t¸n mét ®oµn tµu bÞ n¹n còng nh− cho c¸c
môc ®Ých b¶o d−ìng ®−êng ray.
traditional tunnelling/mining /trə'di∫ənl 't∧nliô/ n
ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo hÇm truyÒn thèng/ph−¬ng ph¸p
má: Madrid’s traditional tunnelling method, also
named Belgian method, consists in excavating the
tunnel manually in soft ground and supporting it
with timbers: Ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo hÇm truyÒn thèng
cña Ma®rit, cßn gäi lµ ph−¬ng ph¸p BØ, cã b¶n chÊt
lµ ®µo hÇm b»ng tay trong ®Êt yÕu, råi chèng ®ì nã
b»ng gç o Traditional tunneling methods range
from removal by hand to sophisticated excavators.
Hand-bolted segmental rings are frequently used in
traditional tunneling, although shotcrete/gunite (i.e.,
blown concrete) is gaining in popularity for larger
tunnels because of increased productivity (i.e., faster
advance rates). The modern tunneling method uses a
tunnel boring machine (TBM). TBMs are currently
used worldwide to create large tunnels (e.g., for
subways or highway tunnels). The distinguishing
feature of all tunneling methods is that they allow
person-entry during excavation and lining: C¸c
ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo hÇm truyÒn thèng cã ph¹m vi tõ
®µo b»ng tay cho ®Õn ®µo b»ng m¸y xóc phøc t¹p.
C¸c vßng vá hÇm l¾p ghÐp b»ng bul«ng xiÕt tay
th−êng ®−îc sö dông trong ®µo hÇm truyÒn thèng,
mÆc dï bªt«ng phun ®ang ngµy cµng ®−îc sö dông
réng r·i cho c¸c hÇm lín nhê n¨ng suÊt cao (tøc lµ
tèc ®é ®µo hÇm nhanh h¬n). Ph−¬ng ph¸p lµm hÇm
hiÖn ®¹i sö dông mét m¸y khoan hÇm (TBM). C¸c
m¸y TBM hiÖn nay ®−îc dïng trªn kh¾p thÕ giíi ®Ó
®µo c¸c hÇm lín (vÝ dô, hÖ thèng xe ®iÖn ngÇm hay
c¸c hÇm giao th«ng). §Æc ®iÓm ®Ó ph©n biÖt c¸c
ph−¬ng ph¸p lµm hÇm kh¸c nhau chÝnh lµ c¸ch thøc
mµ chóng cho phÐp con ng−êi tiÕp cËn vµo g−¬ng
®µo trong qu¸ tr×nh ®µo hÇm vµ x©y l¾p vá hÇm.
traffic /tr“fik/ n giao th«ng: Coming or going of
persons or goods: Sù ®i hay tíi cña ng−êi hay hµng
hãa.
traffic accident /tr“fik '“ksid”nt/ n tai n¹n giao
th«ng: In compliance with the relevant laws and
regulations, noise, vibration, low frequency air-
vibration, ground surface settlement, deformations
of existing structures, discharge of contaminated
water, and traffic accidents due to haulage outside a
tunnel should be checked and controlled during
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
construction: Phï hîp víi c¸c quy ®Þnh vµ luËt hiÖn
hµnh, cÇn ph¶i kiÓm tra vµ kiÓm so¸t vÒ tiÕng ån,
chÊn ®éng, rung ®éng kh«ng khÝ tÇn sè thÊp, lón ®Êt
bÒ mÆt, biÕn d¹ng c¸c c«ng tr×nh hiÖn cã, n−íc th¶i «
nhiÔm, vµ c¸c tai n¹n giao th«ng g©y bëi xóc chuyÓn
®Êt ®¸ bªn ngoµi hÇm.
traffic congestion /tr“fik kən'dʒest∫n/ n t¾c
nghÏn giao th«ng: Overloaded traffic conditions
causing delays. Usually referring to vehicular
traffic: Lµ t×nh tr¹ng giao th«ng qu¸ t¶i g©y ra chËm
trÔ (cho ®i l¹i). Th−êng nãi ®Õn t¾c xe c¬ giíi.
traffic delay /tr“fik di'lei/ n chËm trÔ giao
th«ng: Time lost in a journey from normal or
potential conditions: Thêi gian mÊt m¸t trong mét
chuyÕn ®i so víi nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn b×nh th−êng hay dù
kiÕn.
traffic density /tr“fik 'densiti/ n mËt ®é giao
th«ng: The number of vehicles occupying a unit
length of the traffic lanes of a roadway at any given
instant, usually expressed in vehicles/mile: Lµ sè xe
®i trªn mét ®¬n vÞ chiÒu dµi lµn giao th«ng cña mét
con ®−êng t¹i mét thêi ®iÓm cho tr−íc bÊt kú, th−êng
biÓu thÞ b»ng sè xe/ kil«mÐt.
traffic disruption /tr“fik dis'rʌp∫n/ n sù ph¸
vì/ rèi lo¹n giao th«ng.
traffic light /tr“fik lait/ n ®Ìn giao th«ng:
Tunnel traffic lights, displaying green, amber and
red, are installed for each traffic lane, mounted over
the centerline or on the sidewalls. They should be
spaced so that, from any position on the roadway, at
least one light is visible within stopping distance:
§Ìn giao th«ng trong hÇm cã ba mµu xanh, hæ ph¸ch
(vµng) vµ ®á, ®−îc trang bÞ cho mçi lµn xe, l¾p phÝa
trªn tim ®−êng hoÆc trªn t−êng hÇm. Chóng ph¶i
®−îc bè trÝ sao cho tõ bÊt kú ®iÓm nµo trªn ®−êng, Ýt
nhÊt ph¶i thÊy ®−îc mét ®Ìn trong ph¹m vi kho¶ng
c¸ch ®ç xe o Where computerized systems are
used, the light control is integrated into the
computer programs. Control circuits are interlocked
so that if one light is turned to red, all lights on the
upstream side are automatically turned red, while
the signals on the downstream side remain green to
permit traffic to clear the tunnel: Khi sö dông hÖ
thèng ®iÒu khiÓn b»ng m¸y tÝnh, viÖc ®iÒu khiÓn ®Ìn
®−îc tÝch hîp vµo ch−¬ng tr×nh m¸y tÝnh. C¸c m¹ch
®iÒu khiÓn ®−îc phèi hîp chÆt chÏ víi nhau sao cho
nÕu mét ®Ìn bËt mµu ®á, th× mäi ®Ìn ë phÝa ng−îc
dßng xe sÏ tù ®éng bËt ®á, trong khi ®ã tÝn hiÖu ë
phÝa xu«i vÉn gi÷ mµu xanh nh»m gi¶i phãng c¸c xe
khái hÇm.

traffic noise /tr“fik n˜iz/ n tiÕng ån do giao
th«ng: The feeling of confinement in tunnels is
unpleasant and traffic noises are magnified: C¶m
gi¸c bÝ (bÞ giam h·m) trong hÇm lµm khã chÞu vµ
tiÕng ån giao th«ng th× t¨ng lªn.
traffic management /tr“fik 'm“nidʒm”nt/ n qu¶n
lý giao th«ng: The basic function of a traffic
management system is to control traffic by
displaying various information by means of variable
message signs: Chøc n¨ng c¬ b¶n cña mét hÖ thèng
qu¶n lý giao th«ng lµ kiÓm so¸t giao th«ng b»ng
c¸ch hiÓn thÞ nhiÒu lo¹i th«ng tin nhê v« sè biÓn b¸o
tÝn hiÖu.
traffic safety facility /tr“fik 'seifti f”'siliti/
ph−¬ng tiÖn an toµn giao th«ng: In road tunnels, the
ancillary facilities such as ventilation facility,
lighting, traffic safety facility etc. are closely related
to the amount of traffic volume, tunnel length and
longitudinal gradient. Therefore, when deciding the
position of the portal and/or the longitudinal
alignment, rough designs of ventilation points,
position of the ventilation duct, ventilation scale, and
taffic safety facilities shall be examined and
compared synthetically with the construction cost,
ease of construction, maintenance cost, etc.: Trong
hÇm ®−êng bé, c¸c thiÕt bÞ phô trî nh− th«ng giã,
chiÕu s¸ng, an toµn giao th«ng… ®Òu cã mèi quan hÖ
mËt thiÕt víi l−u l−îng giao th«ng, chiÒu dµi hÇm vµ
®é dèc däc. Do ®ã, khi quyÕt ®Þnh vÞ trÝ cæng hÇm
vµ/hoÆc tr¾c däc, c¸c ph−¬ng ¸n thiÕt kÕ s¬ bé vÒ
c¸c ®iÓm th«ng giã, vÞ trÝ èng giã, quy m« th«ng giã,
vµ c¸c thiÕt bÞ an toµn giao th«ng ph¶i ®−îc thÈm tra
vµ so s¸nh ®ång bé víi gi¸ thµnh x©y dùng, ®é dÔ
dµng thi c«ng, chi phÝ b¶o d−ìng v.v…
traffic supervision /tr“fik ,su:p”'vi™n/ n sù
kiÓm tra (gi¸m s¸t) giao th«ng: Maintenance of
traffic flow and quick action in case of accidents are
essential in all tunnels, with their confined space, to
prevent potential panics. Traffic supervision may
involve guards stationed in the tunnel, patrol cars
circulating in the tunnel, and observation by closed
circuit television: ViÖc ®¶m b¶o dßng giao th«ng
th«ng suèt vµ cã biÖn ph¸p nhanh chãng khi x¶y ra
tai n¹n lµ cùc kú quan träng trong tÊt c¶ c¸c hÇm,
víi kh«ng gian chËt hÑp cña nã, nh»m tr¸nh nh÷ng
sù ho¶ng lo¹n cã thÓ. ViÖc gi¸m s¸t giao th«ng cã
thÓ b»ng lýnh g¸c ®øng trong hÇm, xe tuÇn tra ®i l¹i
trong hÇm, vµ quan s¸t bëi hÖ thèng camªra truyÒn
h×nh c¸p.
traffic volume /tr“fik 'v˜lju:m/ n l−u l−îng giao
th«ng: The number of vehicles that pass over a given
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
328
section of a lane or a roadway during a time period,
usually one hour: Lµ tæng sè xe ®i qua mét ®o¹n
®−êng nhÊt ®Þnh trªn mét lµn xe hay trªn mét con
®−êng trong mét kho¶ng thêi gian, th−êng lµ mét
giê.
trajectory /trədʒekəri/ n ®−êng ®i cong, quü ®¹o
cña viªn ®¸ r¬i (tõ m¸i dèc), cña øng suÊt; h−íng cña
lç khoan; tuyÕn hÇm.
transformer /tr“ns'f˜:m”/ n (m¸y) biÕn ¸p, m¸y
biÕn thÕ: Dry type transformers help reduce high
voltage of 2300 to that required by the equipment
operating inside tunnels. The transformers are
moved ahead as the face advances, being kept far
n enough back to be safe from damage by fly rock
from the blasting and close enough to avoid an
excessive drop in voltage: C¸c m¸y biÕn thÕ kiÓu kh«
sÏ gióp h¹ tõ ®iÖn ¸p cao 2300 v«n xuèng ®iÖn ¸p
yªu cÇu cho thiÕt bÞ ho¹t ®éng bªn trong hÇm. C¸c
m¸y biÕn thÕ ®−îc di chuyÓn lªn phÝa tr−íc khi
g−¬ng ®µo tiÕn lªn, ®−îc gi÷ ®ñ xa khái g−¬ng ®Ó
kh«ng bÞ h− h¹i do ®¸ bay khi næ m×n, vµ ®ñ gÇn víi
g−¬ng ®Ó tr¸nh tôt ¸p qu¸ nhiÒu.
transit /tr“nsit/ n ®−êng hÇm qu¸ c¶nh; m¸y kinh
vÜ: Each rapid transit system established its own
rolling stock, power supply system, and signal
space: Mçi hÖ thèng hÇm qu¸ c¶nh nhanh thiÕt lËp
cho riªng nã ®Çu m¸y riªng, hÖ thèng cÊp ®iÖn riªng,
vµ kh«ng gian tÝn hiÖu riªng o Transit is a
telescopic instrument designed to sit on a tripod in
order to measure distances and turn horizontal and
vertical angles: M¸y kinh vÜ lµ mét thiÕt bÞ ng¾m xa
®−îc thiÕt kÕ ®Ó l¾p trªn gi¸ ba ch©n vµ ®o kho¶ng
c¸ch còng nh− quay theo c¸c gãc ngang vµ ®øng.
transit system /tr“nsit 'sist”m/ n hÖ thèng hÇm tµu
®iÖn vËn chuyÓn qu¸ c¶nh: On a rapid transit system,
centerline of track and centerline of tunnel are
normally not identical because of clearance
requirements: Trong mét hÖ thèng hÇm tµu qu¸ c¶nh
nhanh, tim cña ®−êng ray vµ tim hÇm th−êng lµ
kh«ng trïng nhau do c¸c yªu cÇu vÒ tÜnh kh«ng.
transition zone /tr“n'zi‘n zoun/ n ®o¹n (vïng
hÇm) qu¸ ®é, vïng chuyÓn tiÕp: The section at the
entrance end which follows immediately after the
threshold zone and contains diminishing light levels
until the interior zone levels are reached. It is
sufficiently long to provide for adequate eye
adaption time from open road brightnesses to
interior tunnel brightnesses: Lµ ®o¹n hÇm t¹i cöa
vµo mµ nã nèi tiÕp ngay sau vïng ng−ìng, vµ cã c¸c
cÊp ®é s¸ng gi¶m dÇn xuèng tíi møc s¸ng cña vïng
bªn trong hÇm. Nã cã ®é dµi thÝch hîp ®Ó t¹o ra thêi
 329
gian ®ñ cho m¾t ®iÒu tiÕt tõ ®é s¸ng trªn ®−êng
ngoµi trêi sang ®é s¸ng bªn trong hÇm.
transmission factor /tr“nz'mi‘n 'f“kt”/ n hÖ sè
truyÒn dÉn.
transmissometer /tr“nz'mi‘˜mi:t”/ n m¸y ®o ®é
truyÒn dÉn nhiÖt.
transverse ventilation /'tr“nzv”:s ,venti'lei‘n/ n
th«ng giã ngang.
travel time /'tr“vl taim/ n thêi gian ®i l¹i: The time
to complete a journey or portion of a journey. The
choice of start and end points for journey
comparisons may affect analyses: Lµ thêi gian ®Ó
hoµn thµnh mét chuyÕn ®i hay mét phÇn cña chuyÕn
®i (v.d. b»ng tµu ®iÖn ngÇm). ViÖc lùa chän ®iÓm
xuÊt ph¸t vµ kÕt thóc ®Ó so s¸nh c¸c hµnh tr×nh cã
thÓ lµm ¶nh h−ëng ®Õn c¸c ph©n tÝch.
travelling form /'tr“vliô f˜:m/ n v¸n khu«n di
®éng: The travelling form used for tunnel lining is
designed to travel as a single unit consisting of a
travelling platform and form. It must have a
structure to provide high mobility and durability, as
well as provide for safe travel of vehicles within it.
The form should be equipped with openings at
appropriate positions for placing concrete and for
inspection. The surface of the form must be prepared
properly to avoid adhesion of concrete: V¸n khu«n
di ®éng dïng cho bªt«ng vá hÇm ®−îc thiÕt kÕ ®Ó di
chuyÓn ®−îc nh− mét khèi ®¬n nhÊt bao gåm mét
sµn di ®éng vµ v¸n khu«n. Nã ph¶i cã cÊu t¹o sao
cho cã tÝnh c¬ ®éng cao vµ ®é bÒn lín, còng nh− cho
phÐp xe cé qua l¹i an toµn qua lßng cña nã. V¸n
khu«n cÇn cã c¸c cöa sæ bè trÝ thÝch hîp phôc vô
viÖc ®æ bªt«ng vµ kiÓm tra. BÒ mÆt v¸n khu«n ph¶i
®−îc söa so¹n thÝch hîp ®Ó tr¸nh dÝnh b¸m bªt«ng.
traverse /'tr“v”:s/ n ®−êng ngang tr¾c ®¹c; tuyÕn
®o vÏ, m¹ng l−íi ®o ®a gi¸c; ®−êng chuyÒn teo®«lit:
Method of extending control by using a baseline
consisting of angles and distances. It can be either
an open traverse, which begins on known or
assumed stations and does not tie to anything, or a
closed traverse, which begins and ends on known
control points or stations: Lµ ph−¬ng ph¸p khai triÓn
sù khèng chÕ (kiÓm tra) b»ng c¸ch dïng mét ®−êng
chuÈn bao gåm c¸c gãc vµ c¸c c¹nh. Nã cã thÓ lµ
mét ®−êng chuyÒn hë, b¾t ®Çu b»ng c¸c lý tr×nh
(tr¹m) ®· biÕt hay gi¶ thiÕt vµ kh«ng g¾n vµo bÊt cø
c¸i g×, hoÆc lµ mét ®−êng chuyÒn khÐp kÝn, b¾t ®Çu
vµ kÕt thóc t¹i c¸c ®iÓm hay lý tr×nh ®· biÕt.
traverse course /'tr“v”:s k˜:s/ n h−íng ®−êng
chuyÒn.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
treatment of water inflow /'tri:tm”nt ”v 'w˜:t”
'inflou/ n xö lý dßng n−íc ngÇm.
tremie /tremi/ n èng ®øng ®æ bªt«ng; kü thuËt ®æ
bªt«ng èng ®øng: A pipe or tube through which
concrete is deposited under water: Lµ mét èng nhá
hoÆc èng lín mµ bªt«ng ®−îc rãt qua ®ã ®Ó ®æ
bªt«ng d−íi n−íc o A concrete, mortar, or grout
placement procedure in which the material is
injected through a pipe extending to the bottom of a
drill hole, water-filled opening, or cavity, gradually
raising the pipe as appropriate to avoid either
plugging or mixing with water during the injection
process: Lµ mét kü thuËt ®æ bªt«ng, v÷a x©y, hoÆc
v÷a b¬m trong ®ã vËt liÖu ®−îc b¬m qua mét c¸i èng
c¾m xuèng tËn ®¸y mét hè khoan, mét hè ®µo ngËp
n−íc, hay mét hang ngÇm, råi dÇn dÇn rót èng lªn
mét c¸ch thÝch hîp ®Ó tr¸nh bÞ t¾c èng hoÆc hßa
trén víi n−íc trong qu¸ tr×nh b¬m vËt liÖu.
tremie concrete /tremi 'k˜nkri:t/ n bªt«ng ®æ
b»ng èng ®øng: Concrete directionally placed under
water through a steel or plastic pipe: Lµ bªt«ng
®−îc ®æ mét c¸ch cã ®Þnh h−íng d−íi n−íc qua mét
èng thÐp hay nhùa.
trench /trent‘/ n r·nh; m−¬ng; ®−êng hµo, hÇm:
In the trench method, prefabricated tunnel sections
are constructed in shipyards or dry docks, floated to
the site, sunk into a dredged trench, and joined
together underwater; the trench is the backfilled.
When conditions of subsurface soil, amount of river
current, volume and character of river traffic,
availability of construction facilities, and type of
existing waterfront structures are favorable, the
trench method may prove more economical than
alternative methods: Trong ph−¬ng ph¸p x©y hÇm
b»ng c¸ch ®µo hµo, c¸c ®o¹n hÇm chÕ t¹o s½n ®−îc
s¶n xuÊt t¹i x−ëng ®ãng tµu hay ©u c¹n, chë næi ra
c«ng tr−êng, h¹ xuèng mét hµo ®· ®−îc n¹o vÐt, vµ
nèi víi nhau ë d−íi n−íc; sau ®ã ®−êng hµo ®−îc
lÊp l¹i. Khi c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn cña ®Êt ®¸y s«ng (biÓn),
l−u l−îng dßng s«ng, l−u l−îng vµ tÝnh chÊt cña giao
th«ng trªn s«ng, sù s½n cã c¸c thiÕt bÞ thi c«ng, vµ
d¹ng kÕt cÊu bÕn c¶ng lµ thuËn lîi, th× ph−¬ng ph¸p
®µo hµo cã thÓ chøng tá lµ cã hiÖu qu¶ kinh tÕ h¬n
c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p kh¸c o The sea bed must not be
so soft and unstable that the trench for the immersed
tubes cannot be kept open: §¸y biÓn kh«ng ®−îc qu¸
mÒm vµ mÊt æn ®Þnh khiÕn cho ®−êng hµo dïng ®Ó
®Æt c¸c ®o¹n èng hÇm l¾p d−íi n−íc kh«ng gi÷ ®−îc
v¸ch cña nã.
trenchless technology (TT) /trent‘lis tek'nɔlədʒi/
n c«ng nghÖ kh«ng ®µo r·nh: Techniques for pipe
 330
(usually utility lines) installation, replacement,
rehabilitation, renovation, inspection, location, and
leak detection, with minimum excavation from the
ground surface: Lµ c¸c kü thuËt ®Ó l¾p ®Æt, thay thÕ,
kh«i phôc, söa ch÷a, kiÓm tra, ®Þnh vÞ, vµ ph¸t hiÖn
rß rØ cho ®−êng èng (th−êng lµ c¸c tuyÕn èng c«ng
tr×nh c«ng céng), víi khèi l−îng ®µo nhá nhÊt tõ trªn
mÆt ®Êt.
trenchless technology /trent‘lis tek'nɔlədʒi/ n
c«ng nghÖ lµm hÇm/®−êng èng kh«ng cÇn ®µo r·nh:
Trenchless (no-dig) tunnel construction means: the
surface of the tunnel route remains untouched, apart
from the launch and the reception shafts and,
depending on the length of the tunnel, a small
number of revision shafts. That means that the there
is virtually no disruption to the flow of traffic or
impact to the local economy. The city remains free of
major construction sites. Noise and dirt can be
avoided to a great extent: X©y dùng hÇm kh«ng r·nh
(kh«ng ®µo) cã nghÜa lµ: mÆt ®Êt bªn trªn tuyÕn hÇm
®−îc gi÷ nguyªn kh«ng ®ông ch¹m ®Õn, ngo¹i trõ
giÕng khëi ph¸t vµ giÕng kÕt thóc, céng víi mét vµi
giÕng kiÓm tra nÕu chiÒu dµi hÇm lµ lín. Nh− thÕ cã
nghÜa lµ hÇu nh− kh«ng cã sù gi¸n ®o¹n nµo ®èi víi
dßng giao th«ng hay t¸c ®éng nµo ®Õn kinh tÕ ®Þa
ph−¬ng. Thµnh phè kh«ng ph¶i thÊy cã c¸c c«ng
tr−êng x©y dùng lín. TiÕng ån vµ bôi bÈn cã thÓ
tr¸nh ®−îc víi mét møc ®é lín.
trial cut /'trai”l c—t/ n m¸i c¾t [m¸i ®µo] th¨m dß
®Þa chÊt: Trial cut helps to obtain some data such as
location of rock stratum, thickness of overburden,
texture and characteristics of the rock and ground
stratum, ground water and seepage conditions: M¸i
c¾t thö gióp cã ®−îc nh÷ng th«ng tin ®Þa chÊt nh− vÞ
trÝ líp ®¸, chiÒu dµy tÇng phñ, kiÕn tróc vµ ®Æc ®iÓm
cña líp ®¸ vµ ®Êt, n−íc ngÇm vµ ®iÒu kiÖn thÊm rØ.
trial mix /'trai”l miks/ n hçn hîp trén thö: The
neccesity for trial mixes arises, for example, since
the relationships between concrete strength and
water-cement ratio depend to some extent on the
local aggregates and the source of cement: Nhu cÇu
ph¶i trén thö c¸c hçn hîp thiÕt kÕ n¶y sinh lµ v×, ®¬n
cö, c¸c mèi quan hÖ gi÷a c−êng ®é bªt«ng víi tû lÖ
n−íc-xim¨ng phô thuéc tíi mét møc ®é nµo ®ã vµo
c¸c cèt liÖu ®Þa ph−¬ng vµ nguån xim¨ng o
Experience in a particular locality of the quality and
characteristics of both cement and aggregates can
be of considerable value at the mix design stage:
Kinh nghiÖm trong mét lÜnh vùc nhÊt ®Þnh vÒ chÊt
l−îng vµ ®Æc tÝnh cña c¶ xim¨ng vµ c¸c cèt liÖu cã
thÓ cã gi¸ trÞ ®¸ng kÓ t¹i giai ®o¹n thiÕt kÕ hçn hîp
bªt«ng.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
triangulation /trai,“–gju'lei‘n/ n phÐp tam gi¸c
®¹c: Method of extending control with a series of
triangles beginning and ending on a baseline,
usually measured with a high degree of accuracy:
Ph−¬ng ph¸p triÓn khai kiÓm tra b»ng mét lo¹t c¸c
tam gi¸c b¾t ®Çu vµ kÕt thóc t¹i mét ®−êng chuÈn
(®−êng ®¸y), th−êng ®−îc ®o ®¹c víi ®é chÝnh x¸c
cao.
tricone bit /'traikoun bit/ n mòi khoan ba nãn
xoay: The use of roller tricone bits was initially
limited to those rocks with good or medium
drillability. Nowadays even the toughest and hardest
rocks, for example taconite, can be drilled
economically by rotary means. The average life of
tricone bits ranges from 500 up to 10 000 drilled
metres of holes, depending upon the type of
formation being drilled: ViÖc dïng c¸c mòi khoan ba
nãn xoay ban ®Çu chØ giíi h¹n cho c¸c lo¹i ®¸ cã ®é
dÔ khoan nhiÒu hay trung b×nh. HiÖn nay, ngay c¶
c¸c ®¸ cøng vµ dai nhÊt, nh− taconit, còng cã thÓ
khoan ®−îc mét c¸ch kinh tÕ b»ng ph−¬ng ph¸p
xoay. Tuæi thä trung b×nh cña c¸c mòi khoan ba nãn
xoay lµ tõ 500 ®Õn 10 000 mÐt lç khoan, tïy thuéc
vµo lo¹i ®Þa chÊt ®−îc khoan.
trilateration /trail“t”'rei‘n/ n phÐp ®o ba c¹nh
tam gi¸c: Method of extending control with a series
of triangles in which the sides are measured in place
of the angles: Ph−¬ng ph¸p triÓn khai kiÓm tra b»ng
mét chuçi c¸c tam gi¸c trong ®ã c¸c c¹nh tam gi¸c
®−îc ®o ®¹c thay v× c¸c gãc.
trim holes /trim 'houlz/ n c¸c lç khoan t¹o biªn,
lç m×n t¹o biªn: The outside holes along the
perimeter are called trim holes: C¸c lç khoan phÝa
ngoµi däc theo ®−êng biªn gäi lµ lç khoan t¹o biªn.
trimming /'trimiô/ n sù tinh chØnh, sù söa
bavia; sù c¾t (tØa, xÐn) mÐp: Scaling shows a large
increase in time, since heavy hydraulic breakers now
play an important role in improving the pull of the
blasted round by cleaning off the face, as well as
trimming the profile of roof and sides to make safe:
ViÖc ®ôc tÈy mÆt ®¸ trªn g−¬ng hÇm cã thÓ tèn kh¸
nhiÒu thêi gian, bëi v× hiÖn nay c¸c bóa ph¸ ®¸ thñy
lùc lín ®ang ®ãng mét vai trß quan träng trong viÖc
n©ng cao ®é dµi b−íc ®µo võa ®−îc næ ph¸, b»ng
c¸ch lµm s¹ch g−¬ng hÇm, còng nh− tØa gät tinh
chØnh biªn g−¬ng trªn nãc vµ t−êng hÇm ®Ó t¹o sù an
toµn.
truck/transit mixer (travelling truck) /tr—k
'miks”/ n «t« trén bªt«ng, m¸y trén l−u ®éng: The
mixer when loaded shall not be filled to more than
60% of the drum gross volume. The mixer should be
 331
capable of combining the ingredients of the concrete
into a thoroughly mixed and uniform mass and of
discharging the concrete with a satisfactory degree
of uniformity: Xe trén bªt«ng khi chÊt t¶i kh«ng ®−îc
rãt ®Çy qu¸ 60% tæng thÓ tÝch cña thïng trén (trèng
quay). Xe trén ph¶i cã kh¶ n¨ng kÕt hîp c¸c thµnh
phÇn cña bªt«ng thµnh mét khèi ®ång ®Òu vµ ®−îc
trén kü, cã kh¶ n¨ng x¶ bªt«ng ra víi mét møc ®é
®ång ®Òu tháa m·n.
true solution /tru: sə'lu:∫n/ n dung dÞch thùc: A
solution that is free of suspended matter, i.e. in
which the components are 100% dissolved in the
base solvent. A Newtonian fluid: Lµ mét dung dÞch
kh«ng cã c¸c chÊt ë thÓ treo l¬ löng, nghÜa lµ trong
®ã c¸c thµnh phÇn [chÊt r¾n] ®−îc hßa tan 100%
trong dung m«i c¬ së. Mét chÊt láng Newton.
trunking /'tr∧nkiô/ n èng/®−êng ®i c¸p (trong
hÇm).
tsunami earthquake /tsu'na:mi '”:•kweik/ n
®éng ®Êt g©y sãng thÇn: Earthquakes that generate
much larger tsunamis than expected from their
magnitudes: Lµ c¸c trËn ®éng ®Êt mµ chóng sinh ra
sãng thÇn lín h¬n rÊt nhiÒu so víi dù b¸o c¨n cø vµo
c−êng ®é cña chóng.
tubbing of segment /t∧biô/ n sù ®Æt èng cho vá
hÇm: Circular metal or pre-cast concrete piles to
line tunnels or shafts: Lµ c¸c cäc kim lo¹i trßn hoÆc
bªt«ng ®óc s½n ®Ó l¸t vá hÇm hay giÕng ®øng.
tube /tju:b/ n èng, hÇm trßn: Roadway, track
and service cells are each often referred to as tubes.
Also used in the jargon expression immersed tube
tunnel, meaning immersed tunnel (both circular and
box shaped), perhaps originally intended to imply an
immersed tunnel with a circular cross-section: C¸c
hÇm ®−êng bé, ®−êng s¾t vµ hÇm chøa thiÕt bÞ
th−êng ®−îc gäi lµ c¸c hÇm èng trßn. Còng dïng
trong biÖt ng÷ ®Ó chØ hÇm d×m (h×nh trßn hay h×nh
hép), cã lÏ ban ®Çu ®Þnh dïng ®Ó ¸m chØ mét hÇm
d×m cã tiÕt diÖn trßn.
tube /tju:b/ n èng, ®o¹n hÇm h×nh trßn; tµu ®iÖn
ngÇm: tubes supported above the sea bed: hÇm èng
®Æt trªn c¸c trô d−íi ®¸y biÓn o All designs of tubes
above the sea bed are exposed to the hazards of
currents and storm waves and the risk of sinking
vessels and dragging anchors or tackle: TÊt c¶ c¸c
thiÕt kÕ vÒ hÇm d¹ng èng n»m trªn ®¸y biÓn ®Òu bÞ
nh÷ng nguy c¬ cña dßng h¶i l−u, sãng b·o vµ rñi ro
va ch¹m víi c¸c tµu bÞ ®¾m hay m¾c vµo c¸c thø d©y
dî, l−íi, má neo kÐo lª d−íi biÓn.
tube a manchette /tju:b/ n èng m¨ngsÐt: A
grout pipe perforated with rings of small holes at
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
intervals of about 12 in. (305 mm). Each ring of
perforations is enclosed by a rubber sleeve that fits
tightly around the pipe to act as a one-way valve
when used with an inner pipe containing two packer
elements that isolate a stage for injection of grout.
Also called a Sleeve Port Grout Pipe: Lµ mét èng
b¬m v÷a ®−îc ®ôc thñng b»ng c¸c vßng lç nhá víi
kho¶ng c¸ch kho¶ng 305 mm. Mçi vßng ®ôc lç ®−îc
bao kÝn bëi mét èng cao su bäc ngoµi (m¨ngs«ng),
nã bäc khÝt quanh èng b¬m v÷a ®Ó lµm chøc n¨ng
cña mét chiÕc van mét chiÒu khi dïng víi mét èng
phÝa trong cã chøa hai bé phËn chÆn ®Ó c¸ch ly cho
mét giai ®o¹n/tÇng b¬m v÷a. Còng ®−îc gäi lµ mét
èng b¬m v÷a kiÓu cæng èng lång.
tunnel /'t∧nl/ n ®−êng hÇm, ®−êng lß; èng khãi lß:
A tunnel, strictly speaking, is a subterranean
passage open at both ends. Often used as a synonym
for adit, drift or gallery: Mét hÇm, nèi mét c¸ch chÆt
chÏ, lµ mét lèi ®i d−íi mÆt ®Êt më t¹i c¶ hai ®Çu.
Th−êng dïng ®ång nghÜa víi hÇm tiÕp cËn, lß nhá
hay hµnh lang ngÇm o Tunnel ages, even as do
tunnel engineers. But the life of a tunnel frequently
extends beyond a human life span: Tuæi thä cña
hÇm, cã lÏ ngang b»ng víi tuæi thä c¸c kü s− hÇm.
Nh−ng ®êi sèng cña mét ®−êng hÇm th−êng lµ v−ît
qu¸ mét ®êi ng−êi.
tunnel /'t∧nl/ v ®µo ®−êng hÇm: They tunneled
along under the mountains and up into the forest
beyond: Hä ®· ®µo ®−êng hÇm däc theo ch©n d·y
nói ®Õn tËn khu rõng ë bªn kia.
tunnel / underpass approach /'t∧nl ”'prout‘/ n
®−êng dÉn vµo hÇm: Layout approach of the
geometrical transition between the surface road and
the underpass: Lµ lèi tiÕp cËn trªn mÆt b»ng cña
®o¹n chuyÓn tiÕp h×nh häc gi÷a ®−êng trªn mÆt ®Êt
vµ ®−êng hÇm chui.
Tunnel Boring Machine (xem: TBM) /'t—nl
'b˜:ri– m”'‘i:n/ n m¸y ®µo hÇm, m¸y khoan hÇm: A
machine that excavates a circular tunnel by cutting
and/or abrading the heading to full size in one
operation. Also referred to as a mole. The term has
so commonly been associated with rock tunnelling
that when a TBM is used in earth it is often prefaced
by qualifier "soft-ground": Mét m¸y ®Ó ®µo mét hÇm
trßn b»ng c¸ch c¾t vµ/hoÆc mµi mßn g−¬ng ®µo tíi
toµn tiÕt diÖn trong mét c«ng ®o¹n. Còng ®−îc gäi lµ
mét m¸y chui ®µo hÇm. Tõ nµy th−êng lµ ¸m chØ ®Õn
viÖc ®µo hÇm trong ®¸, ®Õn nçi khi mét m¸y TBM
®−îc dïng trong ®Êt th× ng−êi ta th−êng −a dïng
thªm mét tõ bæ sung “®Êt yÕu”.
 332
Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) n m¸y ®µo hÇm,
m¸y khoan hÇm: A machine that excavates a tunnel
by drilling out the heading to full size in one
operation and often called a mole. A full-face
excavator: Mét m¸y ®µo hÇm b»ng c¸ch khoan réng
mét hÇm nhá tíi toµn bé tiÕt diÖn trong mét thao t¸c
vµ th−êng gäi lµ mét m¸y chui hÇm.
tunnel camera /'t∧nl 'k“m”r”/ n camªra theo
dâi hÇm: These cameras are solid state, except for
the videcon tube, and are equiped with a fixed focus
and are fixed in position. They must operate within
the range of the lowest and the highest ambient
temperature expected, and light levels from 7 to
about 300 footcandles: C¸c camªra nµy ë tr¹ng th¸i
r¾n, trõ lo¹i èng vi®icon, cã tiªu cù cè ®Þnh vµ ®−îc
cè ®Þnh vµo vÞ trÝ. Chóng ph¶i ho¹t ®éng trong ph¹m
vi nhiÖt ®é m«i tr−êng thÊp nhÊt vµ cao nhÊt theo dù
kiÕn, vµ trong ph¹m vi møc ®é ¸nh s¸ng tõ 7 ®Õn 300
fut nÕn (kho¶ng 145 ~ 6230 lux) o Transmission
from cameras to monitors is by double-shielded,
coaxial cable for extra protection against pick-up of
interference, or by way of a microwave system,
which can also transmit tilt, pan and zoom controls:
Sù truyÒn tÝn hiÖu tõ c¸c camªra ®Õn c¸c mµn h×nh
®iÒu khiÓn lµ nhê c¸p ®ång trôc, b¶o vÖ hai líp
nh»m chèng nhiÔu tèt h¬n, hoÆc nhê mét hÖ thèng
sãng cùc ng¾n, hÖ nµy cã thÓ truyÒn c¸c tÝn hiÖu ®iÒu
khiÓn sù nghiªng, quÐt, vµ phãng to thu nhá camªra.
tunnel construction contracting /'t∧nl k”n'strʌk∫n
'k˜ntr“ktiŋ/ n sù lµm hîp ®ång x©y dùng hÇm: In
tunnel construction contracting, the lowest
responsive bid is not absolutely necessary to be
awarded. Unless the less experienced, or more
adventurous, contractors take an optimistic view of
risks of underground construction, and include little
or no contingencies in their bids. They win more
contracts, and when the risks materialized they
mounted a vigorous campaign of claims and
litigation, generally on the assertion that the
contract was defective, in that the owner knew, or
should have known, or failed to take adequate
measures to discover, conditions of which the
contractor should have been advised in the
solicitation of bids: Trong viÖc ký kÕt hîp ®ång x©y
dùng hÇm, gi¸ bá thÇu hîp lÖ thÊp nhÊt kh«ng nhÊt
thiÕt ph¶i ®−îc chÊp nhËn. NÕu kh«ng, c¸c nhµ thÇu
Ýt kinh nghiÖm, hoÆc cã m¸u liÒu, sÏ cã c¸i nh×n l¹c
quan vÒ c¸c bÊt tr¾c cña viÖc x©y dùng ngÇm, råi
®−a rÊt Ýt hoÆc kh«ng ®−a c¸c kho¶n chi phÝ dù
phßng vµo gi¸ bá thÇu cña hä. Hä kiÕm ®−îc nhiÒu
hîp ®ång h¬n, nh−ng khi c¸c bÊt tr¾c x¶y ra, hä sÏ
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
tung ra mét chiÕn dÞch yªu s¸ch vµ kiÖn c¸o m¹nh
mÏ, th−êng lµ víi lËp luËn r»ng b¶n hîp ®ång ®· bÞ
khiÕm khuyÕt, bëi v× chñ ®Çu t− ®· biÕt, hoÆc ®· ph¶i
biÕt, hoÆc ®· kh«ng thùc hiÖn c¸c biÖn ph¸p thÝch
®¸ng nh»m ph¸t hiÖn nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn bÊt tr¾c ®ã,
mµ ®¸ng ra nhµ thÇu ®· ph¶i ®−îc khuyÕn c¸o vµo
lóc mêi chµo bá thÇu.
tunnel cross section /'t∧nl kr˜:s 'sek‘n/ n mÆt c¾t
(tiÕt diÖn) ngang hÇm.
tunnel depth /'t∧nl depθ/ n chiÒu s©u cña hÇm:
Tunnel depth is a factor which influences the
selection of construction method. With mountain
tunneling method, when the ratio of the overburden
height to tunnel diameter is smaller than 2 in
unconsolidated ground, an auxiliary method to
restrain the crown settlement becomes necessary.
With shield method, the minimum overburden is
usually the diameter of the shield, and the maximum
depth is usually determined by the water pressure.
With cut-and-cover method, there is usually no limit
to minimum overburden; there are actually results of
tunnel maximum depth of 40 m or so: ChiÒu s©u ®Æt
hÇm lµ mét yÕu tè ¶nh h−ëng ®Õn viÖc lùa chän
ph−¬ng ph¸p thi c«ng. Víi ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo hÇm
qua nói, nÕu tû sè gi÷a chiÒu dµy líp ®Êt phñ vµ
®−êng kÝnh hÇm nhá h¬n 2 trong ®Êt ch−a cè kÕt, th×
cÇn cã thªm mét biÖn ph¸p bæ trî ®Ó ng¨n chÆn sù
sôt lón nãc hÇm. Víi ph−¬ng ph¸p khiªn ®µo, líp ®Êt
phñ nhá nhÊt th−êng b»ng ®−êng kÝnh hÇm, vµ chiÒu
s©u lín nhÊt th−êng ®−îc quyÕt ®Þnh b»ng lùc n−íc.
Víi ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo lé thiªn, th−êng lµ kh«ng cã
giíi h¹n ®èi víi líp ®Êt phñ bÐ nhÊt; nh−ng trong
thùc tÕ l¹i cã giíi h¹n vÒ chiÒu s©u lín nhÊt, trong
kho¶ng 40 m.
tunnel driving method /'tʌnl 'draiviô 'meθ”d/ n
ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo hÇm: A classification by the
method of tunnel excavation: Drill and blast
excavation, Mechanical excavation, Hand
excavation, etc.: Lµ sù ph©n lo¹i theo ph−¬ng ph¸p
®µo hÇm, nh− §µo b»ng c¸ch khoan vµ næ m×n, §µo
b»ng m¸y mãc c¬ khÝ, §µo b»ng tay v.v…
tunnel egress /'tʌnl 'i:gres/ n lèi vµo/ra khái hÇm:
Access points in tunnels for the purpose of
emergency entry or escape. They are generally
located at tunnel rail entrances, intermediate
stations and cross passages between tunnels: Lµ c¸c
lèi tiÕp cËn vµo hÇm nh»m môc ®Ých ®i vµo hoÆc
tho¸t ra khÈn cÊp. Nãi chung chóng ®−îc bè trÝ t¹i
c¸c cæng ray cña hÇm, t¹i c¸c nhµ ga trung gian, vµ
t¹i c¸c hÇm nèi th«ng ngang gi÷a c¸c hÇm chÝnh.
tunnel emplacement /'tʌnl im'pleismənt/ n sù ®µo
hÇm: During the construction stage, information will
 333
be updated based on local tunnel-scale information,
on mechanical and hydrological conditions to
ensure proper tunnel emplacement and that
construction remains efficient and safe: Trong giai
®o¹n thi c«ng, sÏ ph¶i lu«n cËp nhËt th«ng tin dùa
trªn quan tr¾c côc bé ë quy m« g−¬ng hÇm, dùa trªn
c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn c¬ häc vµ thñy v¨n ®Ó ®¶m b¶o ®µo
hÇm ®−îc ®óng ®¾n, vµ ®¶m b¶o r»ng viÖc x©y dùng
lu«n hiÖu qu¶ vµ an toµn.
tunnel engineer /'tʌnl ,endʒi'niə/ n kü s− hÇm: A
"4-year" Bachelor of Science (B.S.) degree in some
engineering discipline is a basic requirement to
become a tunnel engineeer. Suggested disciplines for
a B.S. degree include civil engineering, mining
engineering, or geotechnical/geologic engineering.
An advanced degree in geotechnical engineering can
be a valuable credential as a tunnel engineer. Based
on the experience, the best tunnel engineers are
individuals that have a strong educational
foundation in civil engineering, a masters degree in
geotechnical engineering, and 5 or more years
experience in tunnel construction. It is believed that
there is a strong demand for tunnel engineers, and
the best of luck is conveyed to those whose are in
their pursuits: Mét b»ng cÊp Cö nh©n khoa häc “4-
n¨m” trong mét sè chuyªn ngµnh kü thuËt lµ yªu cÇu
tèi thiÓu ®Ó trë thµnh mét kü s− hÇm. C¸c chuyªn
ngµnh thÝch hîp cho tÊm b»ng cö nh©n khoa häc ®ã
bao gåm kü thuËt d©n dông, kü thuËt má, hoÆc ®Þa kü
thuËt/®Þa chÊt c«ng tr×nh. Mét b»ng cÊp cao häc vÒ
®Þa kü thuËt sÏ lµ mét phÈm chÊt cã gi¸ trÞ cho mét
kü s− hÇm. Theo kinh nghiÖm th× nh÷ng ng−êi kü s−
hÇm tèt nhÊt lµ nh÷ng c¸ nh©n cã mét nÒn t¶ng gi¸o
dôc v÷ng ch¾c vÒ kü thuËt d©n dông, mét tÊm b»ng
cao häc vÒ ®Þa kü thuËt, vµ 5 n¨m kinh nghiÖm hoÆc
nhiÒu h¬n trong thi c«ng hÇm. Ch¾c ch¾n lµ sÏ cã
mét nhu cÇu rÊt lín vÒ c¸c kü s− hÇm, vµ xin chuyÓn
lêi chóc may m¾n nhÊt ®Õn nh÷ng ai ®ang theo ®uæi
nghÒ nghiÖp nµy.
tunnel enlargement /'tʌnl in'l:d™m”nt/ n chç
(®o¹n) më réng cña ®−êng hÇm.
tunnel face /'tʌnl feis/ n g−¬ng hÇm.
tunnel finish /'tʌnl 'fini‘/ n líp hoµn thiÖn cña
hÇm: The interior finish of a highway tunnel is, to
the public, generally the measure of its success.
Regardless of the design and construction
innovations and economics, acceptance is measured
by ride comfort, convenience, aesthetics and safety:
§èi víi c«ng chóng, líp hoµn thiÖn bªn trong mét
hÇm «t« nãi chung chÝnh lµ mét th−íc ®o cho sù
thµnh c«ng cña nã. BÊt kÓ c¸c s¸ng t¹o vÒ thiÕt kÕ vµ
thi c«ng hay tÝnh kinh tÕ cña ®−êng hÇm ra sao, sù
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
chÊp nhËn chØ ®−îc ®o ®Õm b»ng tÝnh tho¶i m¸i khi
ch¹y xe, sù thuËn tiÖn, tÝnh thÈm mü vµ ®é an toµn
o Criteria for the selection of materials for tunnel
finish are corrosion-resistance, fire-resistance,
noise-attenuation, durability, cleanability and
reflectivity: C¸c tiªu chuÈn lùa chän vËt liÖu dïng
cho líp hoµn thiÖn hÇm lµ: chèng ¨n mßn, chèng
ch¸y, lµm gi¶m tiÕng ån, tÝnh bÒn l©u, tÝnh cã thÓ lµm
s¹ch vµ tÝnh n¨ng ph¶n x¹.
tunnel geometry /'tʌnl dʒi'ɔmitri/ n kÝch th−íc
h×nh häc cña hÇm; biªn d¹ng hÇm: To reduce lining
cracking to a minimum, the design should be such
that the line of hoop thrust should be as close to the
centre of the lining section as possible. This enables
the extreme concrete stress to be kept close to the
average and most of the lining's load capacity is
mobilised. The role of the tunnel profile geometry is
crucial in providing a means to reduce the adverse
effects of bending moments, and in general, near
circular geometry should be adopted, especially for
the crown section of the tunnel: §Ó gi¶m nøt vá hÇm
tíi møc thÊp nhÊt, cÇn thiÕt kÕ sao cho trôc cña lùc
nÐn däc cµng gÇn víi t©m mÆt c¾t vá hÇm cµng tèt.
§iÒu nµy cho phÐp khèng chÕ øng suÊt lín nhÊt
trong bªt«ng gÇn víi gi¸ trÞ trung b×nh, vµ huy ®éng
®−îc phÇn lín kh¶ n¨ng chÞu t¶i cña vá hÇm. Vai trß
cña biªn d¹ng h×nh häc cña hÇm lµ cùc kú quan
träng, cho phÐp gi¶m ®−îc t¸c ®éng bÊt lîi cña
m«men uèn, do ®ã nãi chung nªn sö dông h×nh d¹ng
gÇn trßn, ®Æc biÖt lµ t¹i phÇn ®Ønh hÇm.
tunnel heading /'t∧nl 'hediô/ n g−¬ng hÇm: The
section of a tunnel where excavation work for
driving the tunnel is being carried on: Lµ phÇn/khu
vùc cña mét hÇm mµ t¹i ®ã c«ng t¸c ®µo hÇm ®ang
®−îc tiÕn hµnh.
tunnel invert /'t∧nl in'v”:t/ n vßm ngöa (vßm
ng−îc) cña hÇm: The tunnel invert, as shown on
drawings, is defined as that portion of tunnel, lower
than the base (bottom) of the foundation beam: Vßm
ngöa cña hÇm, nh− chØ ®· ra trong b¶n vÏ, ®−îc ®Þnh
nghÜa lµ phÇn tiÕt diÖn hÇm n»m phÝa d−íi nÒn (®¸y)
cña kÕt cÊu dÇm mãng.
tunnel liner / steel cylinder /'t∧nl 'lain”/ n vá
hÇm : Welded circular steel plate sections placed
inside the concrete lining to resist internal pressure
and for watertightness: Lµ c¸c ®o¹n tÊm b¶n thÐp
hµn h×nh trßn, ®−îc l¾p ®Æt bªn trong vá hÇm bªt«ng
®Ó chÞu ¸p lùc tõ bªn trong vµ ®Ó chèng thÊm.
tunnel lining /'t∧nl 'lainiô/ n líp vá hÇm.
tunnel lighting /'t∧nl 'laitiô/ n sù chiÕu s¸ng trong
hÇm: Any failure (even momentary) of tunnel
 334
lighting, especially in subaqueous tunnels, is not
acceptable, since a tunnel's sudden plunging into
darkness could lead to panic and cause accidents:
BÊt kú sù cè nµo cña hÖ thèng chiÕu s¸ng trong hÇm
(dï lµ chèc l¸t), ®Æc biÖt lµ víi c¸c hÇm d−íi n−íc,
còng kh«ng thÓ chÊp nhËn ®−îc, bëi v× mét sù ch×m
ngËp bÊt th×nh l×nh vµo bãng tèi cã thÓ ®−a tíi ho¶ng
lo¹n vµ g©y ra tai n¹n.
tunnel management /'t—nl 'm“nidʒm”nt/ n qu¶n
lý hÇm: Tunnel management is a special case in
traffic technology. The purpose of these systems is to
prevent accidents and ensure stable traffic flow.
Furthermore, the tunnel’s technical systems such as
lighting and ventilation are controlled. Key module
of these installations is an effective Incident
Management System: Qu¶n lý hÇm lµ mét lÜnh vùc
®Æc biÖt trong kü thuËt giao th«ng. Môc ®Ých cña c¸c
hÖ thèng nµy lµ phßng ngõa tai n¹n vµ ®¶m b¶o dßng
giao th«ng æn ®Þnh. Ngoµi ra, c¸c hÖ thèng kü thuËt
cña hÇm nh− chiÕu s¸ng vµ th«ng giã còng ®−îc ®iÒu
khiÓn. M«®un chÝnh cña c¸c hÖ thèng nµy lµ mét HÖ
thèng Qu¶n lý Tai n¹n hiÖu qu¶.
tunnel ring /'tʌnl riô/ n khoanh èng chèng ®−êng
hÇm.
tunnel routing /'tʌnl ru:tiô/ n sù ®Þnh h−íng ®µo
hÇm.
tunnel security /'tʌnl si'kjuərəti/ n an ninh trong
hÇm: The relationship of tunnel security to normal
fire and life safety activities should be described
clearly: CÇn v¹ch râ mèi quan hÖ gi÷a vÊn ®Ò an
ninh trong hÇm víi c¸c ho¹t ®éng cøu háa vµ an
toµn sinh m¹ng th«ng th−êng o One of the great
concerns is the issue of tunnel security. By placing
all of the utilities in a common tunnel, utilities are
placing all their “eggs in one basket.” There is a
group of people who actively enjoy exploring tunnels
and similar infrastructures. By placing information
about access to tunnels on anonymous websites, it
would be relatively easy for a terrorist or saboteur
to enter a tunnel. By having all utilities in one place,
the ease of sabotage is increased tremendously.
Security considerations and accommodations must
be made in any tunnel feasibility study: Mét trong
nh÷ng quan ng¹i lín lµ vÊn ®Ò an ninh cho hÇm. Bëi
v× chóng ta ®Æt tÊt c¶ c¸c hÖ thèng tiÖn Ých trong
cïng mét ®−êng hÇm, c¸c hÖ thèng nµy cïng c¸c bé
phËn cña nã trë thµnh “nh÷ng qu¶ trøng n»m chung
mét giá”. Lu«n cã mét bé phËn ng−êi rÊt quan t©m
®Õn viÖc kh¸m ph¸ c¸c ®−êng hÇm vµ c¸c c«ng tr×nh
h¹ tÇng t−¬ng tù. NÕu chóng ta ®−a tÊt c¶ c¸c th«ng
tin vÒ c¸ch tiÕp cËn vµo hÇm lªn c¸c trang web Èn
danh, sÏ t−¬ng ®èi dÔ dµng cho mét kÎ khñng bè hay
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
kÎ ph¸ ho¹i ngÇm x©m nhËp vµo hÇm. V× mäi hÖ
thèng tiÖn Ých ®−îc tËp trung t¹i mét chç, nªn hµnh
®éng ph¸ ho¹i ngÇm trë nªn v« cïng dÔ dµng. Do ®ã,
cÇn ph¶i tiÕn hµnh xem xÐt vµ bè trÝ an ninh cho bÊt
cø hÇm nµo ngay tõ giai ®o¹n nghiªn cøu kh¶ thi.
tunnel seismic prediction /'tʌnl 'saizmik pri'dik∫n/
n dù b¸o ®Þa chÊt hÇm b»ng ®Þa chÊn: TSP system
evaluates seismic echo signals reflected from
changes in elastic rock characteristics - normally
associated with discontinuities in rock masses. TSP
provides accurate spatial information concerning
the geology and rock mechanical properties in front
of and in the vicinity of the tunnel face: HÖ thèng dù
b¸o ®Þa chÊt hÇm b»ng sãng ®Þa chÊn (TSP) sÏ ®¸nh
gi¸ c¸c tÝnh hiÖu ®Þa chÊn ph¶n håi tõ nh÷ng thay
®æi vÒ c¸c ®Æc tÝnh cña ®¸ ®µn håi - th−êng lµ g©y ra
bëi c¸c khe nøt trong khèi ®¸. TSP cung cÊp c¸c
th«ng tin ba chiÒu chÝnh x¸c vÒ ®Þa chÊt vµ c¸c tÝnh
chÊt c¬ häc cña ®¸ ë phÝa tr−íc vµ xung quanh
g−¬ng hÇm.
tunnel structure /'tʌnl 'strʌkt‘”/ n kÕt cÊu ®−êng
hÇm: Each tunnel structure represents a monolithic
isolated case whose selection criteria must not be
transferred uncritically to another tunnel: Mçi mét
kÕt cÊu hÇm ®Òu ®¹i diÖn cho mét tr−êng hîp riªng
biÖt duy nhÊt mµ c¸c tiªu chuÈn lùa chän nã kh«ng
®−îc phÐp ¸p dông mét c¸ch thiÕu c©n nh¾c cho mét
®−êng hÇm kh¸c.
tunnel support /'tʌnl s”'p˜:t/ n kÕt cÊu chèng ®ì
®−êng hÇm: It is difficult to design an appropriate
tunnel support before tunneling. Before tunnel
excavation, ground classifications are established
based on appropriate geological indices. For each
ground classification, a primary design of tunnel
support will be selected, which consists of
combinations of shotcrete, rock bolts and steel ribs.
During the tunneling proces, such a primary design
shall be evaluated through observation and
monitoring, and modified if necessary, and tunnel
support shall have an appropriate design for the
ground conditions: ThËt khã thiÕt kÕ ®−îc mét hÖ
thèng chèng ®ì hÇm thÝch hîp tr−íc khi thùc sù tiÕn
hµnh ®µo hÇm. Tr−íc khi ®µo hÇm, ng−êi ta lËp ra
b¶ng ph©n lo¹i ®Êt dùa trªn c¸c chØ sè ®Þa chÊt thÝch
hîp. Víi mçi lo¹i ®Êt, ng−êi ta sÏ chän ®−îc mét
thiÕt kÕ hÖ chèng ban ®Çu, nã lµ c¸c tæ hîp cña líp
bªt«ng phun, bul«ng neo ®¸ vµ v× chèng thÐp. Trong
qu¸ tr×nh thi c«ng hÇm, thiÕt kÕ s¬ bé ®ã sÏ ®−îc
thÈm tra nhê qu¸ tr×nh quan tr¾c vµ kiÓm so¸t, råi
®−îc ®iÒu chØnh nÕu cÇn thiÕt, ®Ó hÖ chèng hÇm cã
®−îc d¹ng thiÕt kÕ hîp lý cho mçi ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt.
 335
tunnel survey /'tʌnl 's”:vei/ n kh¶o s¸t/®o ®¹c hÇm:
Survey points in a tunnel shall be placed with the
required accuracy and fixed firmly lest they are
moved. Survey points in the tunnel shall be installed
with appropriate intervals, taking into account the
alignment, the size of cross section and gradients of
the tunnel. They should be measured and checked at
a suitable frequency from the control points outside
the tunnel. In order to avoid disturbances to the
observation and measurements during the survey
work in the tunnel, necessary measures shall be
taken: C¸c ®iÓm ®o ®¹c trong hÇm ph¶i ®−îc thiÕt
lËp víi ®é chÝnh x¸c yªu cÇu vµ ph¶i ®−îc cè ®Þnh
ch¾c ch¾n ®Ó tr¸nh xª dÞch. C¸c ®iÓm kh¶o s¸t trong
hÇm ph¶i ®−îc l¾p ®Æt t¹i nh÷ng kho¶ng c¸ch thÝch
hîp, cã xÐt ®Õn h−íng tuyÕn, kÝch th−íc tiÕt diÖn vµ
®é dèc cña hÇm. Chóng ph¶i ®−îc ®o ®¹c vµ kiÓm
tra víi tÇn suÊt thÝch hîp tõ c¸c mèc kiÓm tra bªn
ngoµi hÇm. CÇn cã nh÷ng biÖn ph¸p thÝch ®¸ng ®Ó
tr¸nh quÊy rèi tíi viÖc quan tr¾c vµ ®o l−êng trong
qu¸ tr×nh kh¶o s¸t trong hÇm.
tunneled construction /'tʌnl k”n'strʌk∫n/ n x©y
dùng theo lèi lµm hÇm: Made using tunneling /
boring techniques. This implies excavation with only
limited access points from the surface: X©y dùng
b»ng c¸c kü thuËt khoan / lµm hÇm. Tõ nµy nãi tíi
c«ng viÖc ®µo chØ víi mét sè h¹n chÕ c¸c ®iÓm tiÕp
cËn tõ mÆt ®Êt.
tunneling /'tʌnliô/ n hÖ thèng ®−êng hÇm; sù
®µo ®−êng hÇm, sù lµm ®−êng hÇm; hiÖu øng ®−êng
hÇm: Tunneling - a professional career - brings man
into confrontation with the infinite variety and
complexity of nature: ViÖc kiÕn t¹o hÇm - mét nghÒ
nghiÖp ®Çy tÝnh chuyªn m«n - khiÕn con ng−êi ph¶i
®èi mÆt víi sù ®a d¹ng vµ tÝnh phøc t¹p v« cïng tËn
cña tù nhiªn o Tunneling is one of the most
harzadous occupations that man undertakes: X©y
dùng hÇm lµ mét trong nh÷ng nghÒ nghiÖp nguy hiÓm
nhÊt mµ con ng−êi tiÕn hµnh.
tunnelling contract /'t∧nliŋ 'k˜ntr“kt/ n hîp
®ång x©y dùng hÇm: In tunnelling, a special role is
played by extraordinary conditions such as caving,
cavities, boulders, mineral veins, old wells, etc. The
tunnelling contract must provide regulations for
these events (e.g. compensation according to time
spent): Trong x©y dùng hÇm, c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn bÊt
th−êng ®ãng mét vai trß ®Æc biÖt, ch¼ng h¹n nh− sôt
lë ®Êt, hang ®éng, ®¸ t¶ng, m¹ch kho¸ng vËt, giÕng
cò, v.v… Hîp ®ång lµm hÇm ph¶i cã nh÷ng quy ®Þnh
cho nh÷ng sù kiÖn nµy (v.d. thanh to¸n bï cho thêi
gian ®· mÊt ®Ó kh¾c phôc c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ®ã).
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
tunnelling cycle /'tʌnliô 'saikl/ n chu kú ®µo hÇm :
In rock tunnelling, the 6-part excavation cycle is
drilling holes for explosives, loading, blasting
(shooting), ventilating, mucking, and erecting
supports: Trong ®µo hÇm qua ®¸, chu kú ®µo gåm
s¸u phÇn lµ khoan lç ®Ó nhåi thuèc næ, n¹p thuèc,
kÝch næ, th«ng giã, bèc xóc, vµ l¾p dùng hÖ chèng ®ì.
tunnelling industry /'tʌnliô 'indəstri/ n ngµnh
c«ng nghiÖp x©y dùng hÇm: There is an ongoing and
increasing requirement for Vietnam tunnelling
industry to ensure that its workforce at all levels
(operatives, engineers and management) are
competent to undertake their respective duties: §ang
cã mét ®ßi hái ngµy cµng lín ®èi víi ngµnh lµm hÇm
ViÖt Nam, ®ã lµ ®¶m b¶o r»ng lùc l−îng lao ®éng
cña nã ë mäi cÊp ®é (c«ng nh©n, kü s− vµ qu¶n lý)
ph¶i ®ñ n¨ng lùc nh»m ®¶m nhËn c¸c nhiÖm vô
t−¬ng øng cña hä.
tunnelling insurance /'tʌnliô in'∫uərəns/ n b¶o
hiÓm trong x©y dùng hÇm: In recent years, insurers
have experienced significant losses on tunnel
projects to the extent that it might be very difficult or
maybe even impossible to secure insurance for
tunnel projects in the future. ITA and several of our
Member Nations have proactively responded to this
crisis: Trong vµi n¨m gÇn ®©y, c¸c nhµ b¶o hiÓm ®·
ph¶i chÞu nh÷ng tæn thÊt lín trong c¸c dù ¸n hÇm tíi
møc mµ trong t−¬ng lai sÏ rÊt khã kh¨n hoÆc thËm
chÝ kh«ng thÓ tiÕp tôc hîp ®ång b¶o hiÓm cho c¸c dù
¸n hÇm ®−îc n÷a. HiÖp héi X©y dùng hÇm Quèc tÕ
ITA vµ mét sè n−íc thµnh viªn cña ITA ®· cã nh÷ng
ph¶n øng thÝch hîp ®èi víi cuéc khñng ho¶ng nµy.
tunnelling machine /'tʌnliô m”'‘i:n/ n m¸y ®µo
hÇm: A continuously excavating machine utilizing
one or more rotating cutterheads which are revolved
under pressure/force against the tunnel face. Full-
face or part-face excavator: Lµ mét m¸y ®µo liªn tôc
sö dông mét hay nhiÒu l−ìi c¾t quay mµ chóng
chuyÓn ®éng d−íi lùc Ðp ®Ì vµo g−¬ng hÇm o
Basic components of a rock tunneling machine
include the excavation system, the machine body and
the mucking system: C¸c thµnh phÇn c¬ b¶n cña mét
m¸y ®µo hÇm xuyªn ®¸ gåm cã: hÖ thèng ®µo, th©n
m¸y, vµ hÖ thèng bèc xóc ®¸ th¶i.
tunnelling method /'t∧nliô 'me•”d/ n ph−¬ng
ph¸p x©y dùng hÇm, kü thuËt lµm hÇm: The NATM
(New Austrian Tunnelling Method) concept
originated in the 1930's, and "New" is today not an
appropriate description. We will however credit the
Austrians for inventing a technique that adapts well
to any type of rock and size of tunnel, and today used
 336

all over the world: Lý thuyÕt cña NATM cã tõ nh÷ng ®Þnh cho hang ®µo (vÝ dô trong ®¸ cøng), hoÆc nÕu
n¨m 1930, vµ hiÖn nay tõ "Míi" lµ kh«ng cßn thÝch c¸c ®Æc ®iÓm h×nh häc cña hang ngÇm chØ cã thÓ
hîp n÷a. Tuy nhiªn, chóng ta ghi c«ng ng−êi ¸o v× ®−îc m« h×nh hãa b»ng phÐp ph©n tÝch sè, vÝ dô
®· ph¸t minh ra mét kü thuËt mµ nã thÝch hîp tèt trong tr−êng hîp hai hÇm song song ch¹y s¸t nhau.
cho bÊt kú lo¹i ®¸ nµo vµ kÝch cì hÇm nµo, vµ hiÖn twisting moment /'twisti– 'moum”nt/ n m«men
nay ®−îc øng dông trªn kh¾p thÕ giíi o xo¾n.
Development of techniques and methods is a type of soil/rocks /taip ”v r˜ks/s˜il/ n lo¹i
continuous process, also for tunnel excavation: Sù ®Êt/®¸: The rock mass in a tunnel is unstable
ph¸t triÓn cña c¸c kü thuËt vµ c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p lµ between the face and 0.5D behind the face,
mét qu¸ tr×nh liªn tôc, sù ®µo hÇm còng nh− vËy. regardless of rock types: Khèi ®Êt ®¸ trong hÇm lµ
tunnelling shield /'t∧nliô ‘i:ld/ n khiªn ®µo kh«ng æn ®Þnh trong kho¶ng gi÷a g−¬ng ®µo vµ 0,5
hÇm: A large cylinder with a cutting edge that can lÇn ®−êng kÝnh hÇm trë vÒ phÝa sau, bÊt kÓ hÇm ®ã
be moved forward by jacks. It is used when tunneling ®−îc ®µo trong lo¹i ®¸ nµo o Pressure grouting
through clay or soft rock: Lµ mét h×nh trô lín cã l−ìi injection has been successfully carried out in a
c¾t, cã thÓ di chuyÓn vÒ phÝa tr−íc b»ng hÖ thèng range of rock types, from weak sedimentary rocks to
kÝch. Nã ®−îc sö dông khi ®µo hÇm qua ®Êt sÐt hoÆc granitic gneisses and has been used against very
®¸ mÒm. high hydrostatic head (500 m water head), as well as
tunnelman /'tʌnlm“n/ n thî lµm hÇm. in shallow urban tunnels: ViÖc b¬m v÷a ¸p lùc ®·
turbid water /'t”:bid 'w˜:t”/ n n−íc th¶i ®ôc, ®−îc thùc hiÖn thµnh c«ng trong mét d¶i réng c¸c
bÈn. lo¹i ®Êt nÒn, tõ c¸c ®¸ trÇm tÝch yÕu ®Õn ®¸ g¬nai
granit, vµ ®· ®−îc ¸p dông d−íi cét ¸p thñy tÜnh rÊt
turning gallery /'t”:ni– 'g“l”ri/ n hµnh lang quay
lín (500 m cét n−íc), còng nh− trong c¸c hÇm n«ng
xe trong hÇm.
®« thÞ.
turnkey /'tə:nki:/ n chìa khóa trao tay: The type
of contract under which the contractor designs and
provides the works, ready for operation: Là dạng
hợp đồng trong đó nhà thầu thiết kế và xây dựng
xong công trình, chuyển giao sẵn sàng để sử dụng.
turnout /'t”:n'aut/ n ®−êng tr¸nh: For yards and
turnouts of rapid transit, the absolute minimum
radius may be 150m: §èi víi c¸c tr¹m toa xe vµ
®−êng tr¸nh cña hÇm qu¸ c¶nh nhanh, b¸n kÝnh
cong nhá nhÊt cã thÓ lÊy b»ng 150m.
turret /'tʌrit/ n m©m tiÖn, vµnh quay (m¸y TBM).
twin disc-cutter /twin disk-kʌt”/ n l−ìi/®Çu c¾t
h×nh ®Üa kÐp (m¸y TBM).
twin tunnel /twin 'tʌnl/ n hÇm ®«i, hÇm song
song : the value of twin tunnels and the provision of
a continuous service tunnel both for evacuation and
repair had been proven: [c¸c ph−¬ng ¸n] hÇm ®«i,
kÕt hîp bè trÝ mét hÇm phô ch¹y song song cho môc
®Ých l¸nh n¹n vµ söa ch÷a, ®· chøng tá ®−îc gi¸ trÞ
cña chóng o A continuum or discontinuum model
is appropriate for tunnel structures where the
ground provides the principal stability of the
opening (as in hard rock) or where the geometrical
properties of the underground opening can be
modelled only by numerical analysis, e.g. in the case
of closely spaced twin tunnels: M« h×nh m«i tr−êng
liªn tôc hoÆc bÊt liªn tôc lµ thÝch hîp cho c¸c kÕt
cÊu hÇm khi mµ nÒn ®Êt ®ñ tèt ®Ó t¹o ra ®−îc sù æn

Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
 337
Uu
ultimate bearing capacity /'ʌltimit 'beəriη
kə'pæsiti/ n kh¶ n¨ng chÞu t¶i tíi h¹n.
ultimate bearing resistance /'ʌltimit 'beəriη
ri'zistəns/ n kh¶ n¨ng chÞu t¶i tíi h¹n.
ultimate load /'ʌltimit loud/ n t¶i träng tíi h¹n, t¶i
träng giíi h¹n: The ultimate load on the roof of
tunnels through moderately jointed massive rocks
must not exceed 0.25B (B = width of tunnel): T¶i
träng giíi h¹n trªn vßm hÇm ®µo qua ®¸ khèi cã
l−îng khe nøt võa ph¶i kh«ng nªn v−ît qu¸ 0,25B (B
lµ bÒ réng cña hÇm).
ultimate load criteria /'ʌltimit loud krai'ti”ri”/ n
tiªu chuÈn vÒ t¶i träng tíi h¹n: A very versatile
ultimate load criterion after A.S Vesíc (1963) that
can be recommended for general use defines the
ultimate load as the point where the slope of the
load-setllement curve first reaches zero or a steady,
minimum value: Mét tiªu chuÈn vÒ t¶i träng tíi h¹n
rÊt linh ho¹t cã thÓ ®−îc ®Ò nghÞ sö dông réng r·i lµ
do A.S VesÝc ®Ò xuÊt (1963), theo ®ã th× t¶i träng tíi
h¹n ®−îc ®Þnh nghÜa lµ ®iÓm mµ t¹i ®ã ®é dèc cña
®−êng cong t¶i träng-®é lón ®¹t ®Õn zero hoÆc mét
gi¸ trÞ nhá nhÊt, æn ®Þnh o But from the practical
point of view, it may be preferable to establish some
other criterion of critical setllement which causes
failure of the structure: Nh−ng tõ quan ®iÓm thùc tÕ,
cã thÓ lµ nªn thiÕt lËp mét sè tiªu chuÈn kh¸c vÒ ®é
lón tíi h¹n mµ nã g©y ra sù ph¸ ho¹i kÕt cÊu.
ultrasonic pulse velocity /,ʌltr”'s˜nik pʌls
vi'l˜s”ti/ n vËn tèc xung siªu ©m: A nondestructive
testing method for assessing the relative condition of
hardened concrete by measuring the travel time of a
pulse of ultrasonic waves through a section with a
known path length: Lµ mét ph−¬ng ph¸p thÝ nghiÖm
kh«ng ph¸ hñy ®Ó ®¸nh gi¸ t×nh tr¹ng t−¬ng ®èi cña
bªt«ng ®· ®«ng cøng b»ng c¸ch ®o thêi gian truyÒn
cña mét xung sãng siªu ©m qua mét mÆt c¾t víi mét
chiÒu dµi ®−êng ®i ®· biÕt.
umbrella grouting /ʌm'brel” grautiô/ n b¬m v÷a
gia cè d¹ng [« dï, mµng ch¾n]: In tunnelling, the
umbrella grouting method of pre-reinforcement is
frequently used. This method pre-supports the
planned roof area with steel rods. Large holes are
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
drilled in the future roof perimeter, and grouted at
high pressure with high strength, fine grained
cement grout. Through each cemented hole, a
smaller hole is then drilled, in which a high strength
reinforcement bar is grouted: Trong ®µo hÇm,
ph−¬ng ph¸p gia cè tr−íc kiÓu b¬m v÷a d¹ng mµn
ch¾n rÊt hay ®−îc sö dông. Ph−¬ng ph¸p nµy gióp
gia c−êng tr−íc cho khu vùc m¸i hÇm dù kiÕn b»ng
c¸c thanh thÐp. C¸c lç lín ®−îc khoan theo biªn vßm
hÇm, vµ ®−îc b¬m v÷a d−íi ¸p lùc lín b»ng v÷a
xim¨ng h¹t mÞn c−êng ®é cao. Sau ®ã, qua mçi lç ®·
gia cè xim¨ng sÏ khoan mét lç nhá h¬n, råi c¾m mét
thanh cèt thÐp vµo vµ b¬m v÷a o Protective
umbrella grouting may be used when tunneling
below buildings, through cohesionless saturated
soils or waterbearing strata: B¬m v÷a gia cè kiÓu
mµn ch¾n cã thÓ ®−îc sö dông nÕu ®µo hÇm ë bªn
d−íi c¸c tßa nhµ hiÖn t¹i, qua c¸c ®Êt b·o hßa kh«ng
dÝnh, hoÆc qua c¸c ®Þa tÇng chøa n−íc.
umbrella method /ʌm'brel” 'me•”d/ n ph−¬ng
ph¸p chèng ®ì d¹ng « dï: This is one method of
tunneling through unconsolidated ground. It
reinforces the perimeter of the cross section ahead
of the face by forepoling with long steel pipes, thus
preventing the loosened ground from dispersing
outside the reinforcement. It is also important to
select tunnel supports that are sufficiently rigid and
capable of producing high hardening effects at an
early stage. The face is then excavated efficiently
using the short bench-cut method or another
method: §©y lµ mét ph−¬ng ph¸p ®µo hÇm qua ®Êt
ch−a cè kÕt. B¶n chÊt cña nã lµ gia c−êng chu vi cña
mÆt c¾t hÇm t¹i phÝa tr−íc g−¬ng ®µo b»ng hÖ thanh
gia cè tr−íc b»ng èng thÐp dµi, nhê ®ã ng¨n chÆn
kh«ng cho ®Êt r·o rêi ph©n t¸n khái khu vùc gia
c−êng. §iÒu quan träng kh¸c lµ ph¶i lùa chän hÖ
chèng ®ì hÇm ®ñ cøng vµ cã kh¶ n¨ng t¹o ra hiÖu
qu¶ ®«ng cøng cao vµo thêi ®iÓm sím nhÊt. Sau ®ã
cã thÓ ®µo g−¬ng hÇm mét c¸ch hiÖu qu¶ b»ng
ph−¬ng ph¸p c¾t bËc thÒm ng¾n hoÆc ph−¬ng ph¸p
kh¸c.
unaltered rock /,ʌn'ɔ:ltəd rɔk/ n ®¸ ch−a bÞ thay
®æi.
uncased bore /ʌnkeist bɔ:/ n khoan kh«ng cã èng
v¸ch: Self supporting bore without a lining or
inserted pipe, whether temporary or permanent: Lµ
sù khoan tù chèng ®ì kh«ng cÇn vá x©y hoÆc èng
chèng, dï lµ t¹m thêi hay vÜnh cöu.
uncompacted rockfill /'ʌnkəm'pæktid rɔkfil/ n ®¸
®¾p kh«ng ®Çm chÆt.
 338
unconsolidated ground /,ʌnk”n's˜lideitid graund/
n ®Êt kh«ng cè kÕt: Also called an incompletely
consolidated soil (clay), it means that excess pore
pressure exists in the clay and has not yet dissipated.
It may be unconsolidated because of inadequate time
for consolidation or because of inadequate drainage.
Future settlements will therefore comprise the
remaining settlement associated with the existing
stress conditions together with settlement arising
from new loading: Còng gäi lµ ®Êt cè kÕt kh«ng
hoµn toµn, nghÜa lµ ¸p lùc lç rçng cßn tån t¹i nhiÒu
trong ®Êt vµ vÉn ch−a tiªu t¸n. §Êt nµy cã thÓ ch−a
cè kÕt v× ch−a ®ñ thêi gian cho qu¸ tr×nh cè kÕt hoÆc
do tho¸t n−íc kh«ng ®Çy ®ñ. Do ®ã, nh÷ng l−îng lón
trong t−¬ng lai sÏ bao gåm phÇn lón ch−a hÕt liªn
quan ®Õn ®iÒu kiÖn øng suÊt hiÖn t¹i, céng víi phÇn
lón sinh ra do t¶i träng míi ®Æt lªn.
uniaxial compressive strength /,ju:ni'“ksi”l
k”m,presiv 'stre–•/ n c−êng ®é nÐn mét trôc: The
uniaxial compressive strength of a rock mass which
fails in accordance with the Mohr Coulomb failure
2c ' cos φ '
criterion is defined by σ cm =
'
, where c' is
1 − sin φ '
the effective cohesive strength and φ ' is the friction
angle: C−êng ®é nÐn mét trôc cña mét khèi ®¸ mµ
nã bÞ ph¸ ho¹i theo tiªu chuÈn ph¸ ho¹i Mohr-
2c ' cos φ '
Coulomb ®−îc ®Þnh nghÜa bëi σ cm = '
, trªn nguyªn t¾c tiÖn r·nh trong (®µo thiÕu), mét
1 − sin φ '
trong ®ã c' lµ lùc dÝnh cã hiÖu vµ φ ' lµ gãc ma s¸t.
underbreak /'ʌnd”'breik/ n ®µo ch−a ®ñ thiÕt kÕ
(ë mÆt c¾t ngang hÇm), ®µo thiÕu: Tunnel blasting
causes several undesirable effects such as overbreak
and underbreak at the perimeter, and damage to the
remaining rock around a tunnel: ViÖc næ m×n ®µo
hÇm g©y ra mét vµi hËu qu¶ kh«ng mong muèn, vÝ dô
nh− sù ®µo qu¸ hay ®µo thiÕu quanh chu vi, vµ g©y
h− h¹i cho khèi ®¸ cßn l¹i xung quanh mét ®−êng
hÇm o It has been demonstrated that, compared
with conventional development techniques, the use of
road-headers, particularly if the machine is
equipped with cutting-profile control, can minimise
overbreak or underbreak: Thùc tÕ cho thÊy r»ng, so
víi c¸c kü thuËt ®µo hÇm truyÒn thèng, viÖc dïng c¸c
m¸y ®µo hÇm, ®Æc biÖt lµ nÕu m¸y ®µo hÇm ®−îc
trang bÞ bé kiÓm so¸t biªn d¹ng c¾t, cã thÓ gi¶m ®Õn
møc nhá nhÊt sù ®µo qu¸ hay ®µo thiÕu.
under-cutting /'ʌnd”'kʌtiô/ n ®µo thiÕu; c¾t phÝa
ch©n, tiÖn r·nh: Undercutting has been
acknowledged as an effective cutting principle ever
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
since the early days of boring with tunnel boring
machines. In this technique, the cutting rollers work
against the rock's tensile strength, which is
considerable lower that the compression strength.
The undercutting principle causes lower forces to be
exerted on the TBM (main bearing, inner kelly): §µo
c¾t bªn d−íi ®· ®−îc c«ng nhËn nh− lµ mét nguyªn
lý ®µo hÇm cã hiÖu qu¶ ngay tõ thêi kú ®Çu khi míi
¸p dông c¸c m¸y khoan hÇm TBM ®Ó ®µo hÇm.
Trong kü thuËt nµy, vµnh l−ìi c¾t chØ ph¶i lµm viÖc
víi c−êng ®é kÐo cña ®¸, mµ c−êng ®é nµy lµ thÊp
h¬n nhiÒu so víi c−êng ®é nÐn. Nguyªn t¾c c¾t phÝa
d−íi sÏ g©y ra c¸c lùc nhá h¬n cÇn t¸c dông vµo m¸y
TBM (vµnh c¾t chÝnh, cÇn xoay bªn trong).
undercutting method /'ʌnd”'kʌtiô/ n ph−¬ng
ph¸p ®µo hÇm theo lèi tiÖn r·nh trong, ph−¬ng ph¸p
®µo thiÕu: Atlas Copco (Sweden) is one of the largest
manufacturers of tunneling machines. Its hard rock
tunneling machines operate on the undercutting
principle which has been patented since 1951. The
cutters penetrate the rock in concentric helical
paths. The rock is undercut by the rotating drag
cutters, and the remaining uncut portions are broken
away by a light backward pressure exerted by a
wedge-shaped protrusion behind the cutting tips and
rotating with them: Atlas Copco (Thôy §iÓn) lµ mét
trong nh÷ng nhµ s¶n xuÊt m¸y ®µo hÇm lín nhÊt thÕ
giíi. C¸c m¸y ®µo hÇm cña Atlas Copco ho¹t ®éng
ph−¬ng ph¸p ®−îc ®¨ng ký b¶n quyÒn tõ n¨m 1951.
C¸c l−ìi c¾t xuyªn vµo ®¸ theo nh÷ng ®−êng xo¾n èc
®ång t©m. Khèi ®¸ ®−îc ®µo s¬ bé (®µo ch−a ®ñ thiÕt
kÕ) nhê c¸c l−ìi c¾t quay, sau ®ã phÇn ch−a c¾t cßn
l¹i sÏ ®−îc ph¸ vì b»ng mét ¸p lùc nhÑ h−íng vÒ
phÝa sau sinh bëi mét bé phËn nh« ra h×nh nªm g¾n
phÝa sau mòi c¾t vµ quay cïng víi chóng.
underground /'ʌnd”graund/ adj, adv ngÇm:
Below ground level or within the limits of any shaft
or tunnel: §¬n gi¶n lµ ë bªn d−íi cao ®é mÆt ®Êt
hoÆc trong ph¹m vi giíi h¹n cña mét giÕng hay hÇm
bÊt kú o Description of the geology of the planned
tunnel route, classified by parameters and properties
on the basis of geological expert opinions. The
geological profile is, together with the existing
hydrology (e.g. groundwater level), the basis for the
selection of the machine type and the technology:
M« t¶ cÊu t¹o ®Þa chÊt cña tuyÕn hÇm ®· ®−îc quy
ho¹ch, ®−îc ph©n lo¹i b»ng c¸c th«ng sè vµ c¸c tÝnh
chÊt dùa trªn ý kiÕn cña chuyªn gia ®Þa chÊt. CÊu
t¹o ®Þa chÊt, cïng víi chÕ ®é thñy v¨n (vÝ dô mùc
n−íc ngÇm), lµ c¬ së cho viÖc lùa chän lo¹i thiÕt bÞ
còng nh− c«ng nghÖ ®µo hÇm.
 339
underground cavern /'ʌnd”graund 'k“v”n/ n
hang ngÇm: These are tunnels built to house
underground hydroelectric power plants, hardened
defense facilities and special waste storage. The
tunnels vary widely according to service
requirements and local conditions: §©y lµ nh÷ng
hÇm lín ®−îc x©y dùng ®Ó l¾p r¸p c¸c nhµ m¸y thñy
®iÖn d−íi ngÇm, chøa c¸c vò khÝ qu©n sù h¹ng nÆng
(ph−¬ng tiÖn quèc phßng quan träng) vµ l−u tr÷ c¸c
chÊt th¶i ®Æc biÖt. Lo¹i hÇm nµy cã nhiÒu d¹ng (thay
®æi ®a d¹ng) phô thuéc vµo yªu cÇu sö dông vµ c¸c
®iÒu kiÖn hiÖn tr−êng.
underground complex /'ʌnd”graund 'kɔmpleks/ n
tæ hîp ngÇm: The underground complex of a
hydropower project may consist of powerhouse,
transformer cavern and the surge shaft. But the
underground complex of an urban development
project may comprise subway lines and stations,
underground parking lots, and underground
shopping malls, together with other street
improvements: Tæ hîp ngÇm cña mét dù ¸n nhµ m¸y
thñy ®iÖn cã thÓ bao gåm gian m¸y, hang ®Æt m¸y
biÕn thÕ vµ giÕng (hÇm) x¶. Cßn tæ hîp ngÇm cña dù
¸n ph¸t triÓn ®« thÞ cã thÓ bao gåm c¸c ®−êng hÇm
nèi ga vµ c¸c nhµ ga, b·i ®ç xe ngÇm, khu bu«n b¸n
ngÇm lín, vµ c¸c c«ng viÖc c¶i t¹o n©ng cÊp ®−êng
phè kh¸c.
underground facility /'ʌnd”graund f”'siliti/ n
c«ng tr×nh/ ph−¬ng tiÖn ngÇm: The establishment of
an underground facility requires a significant
investment in infrastructure support, in terms of
excavation, construction, and maintenance of
underground services and safety: ViÖc x©y dùng mét
c«ng tr×nh ngÇm ®ßi hái mét sù ®Çu t− rÊt lín vÒ hç
trî kÕt cÊu h¹ tÇng, liªn quan ®Õn c¸c c«ng t¸c ®µo,
thi c«ng, vµ b¶o tr× c¸c dÞch vô vµ an toµn d−íi
ngÇm.
underground mineral /'ʌnd”graund 'min”r”l/ n
[kho¸ng chÊt, kho¸ng vËt] d−íi ngÇm: Drill and
Blast tunnels vary in size from 5 to 60 feet in
diameter. They are used for underground utilities,
highways, railroads, water diversions, mass transit
systems, and underground mineral development:
C¸c hÇm khoan vµ næ m×n th−êng cã ®−êng kÝnh
thay ®æi tõ 1,5 ®Õn 18,3 mÐt. Chóng ®−îc dïng cho
c¸c c«ng tr×nh kü thuËt ngÇm, ®−êng bé, ®−êng s¾t,
dÉn n−íc, hÖ thèng tµu ®iÖn ngÇm, vµ khai th¸c
kho¸ng s¶n ngÇm o In granting planning
permission for the winning and working of minerals
and other mineral-related developments, the
conditions for protection of surface development
from the effects of subsidence resulting from
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
underground mineral workings must be imposed:
Khi cÊp phÐp cho viÖc quy ho¹ch khai th¸c kho¸ng
s¶n còng nh− c¸c ho¹t ®éng liªn quan ®Õn kho¸ng
s¶n kh¸c, cÇn ph¶i ¸p ®Æt c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn vÒ b¶o ®¶m
an toµn cho x©y dùng trªn mÆt ®Êt khái t¸c ®éng cña
lón g©y bëi c¸c hÇm khai th¸c kho¸ng s¶n ngÇm.
underground parking /'ʌnd”graund 'pɑ:kiη/ n
b·i ®ç xe ngÇm: Parking spaces or structures
principally below ground level. Ventilation
provisions are important compared to aboveground
parking: Lµ c¸c kh«ng gian hay kÕt cÊu ®ç xe chñ
yÕu lµ d−íi mÆt ®Êt. HÖ thèng th«ng giã lµ quan
träng h¬n so víi b·i ®ç xe trªn mÆt ®Êt.
underground planning /'ʌnd”graund 'plæniη/ n
quy ho¹ch ngÇm: Planning activity aiming to divide
subsurface for human activities according to the
ecological, economical and technical point of view:
Ho¹t ®éng quy ho¹ch cho c¸c ho¹t ®éng cña con
ng−êi theo quan ®iÓm sinh th¸i, kinh tÕ vµ kü thuËt.
underground space /'ʌnd”graund speis/ n kh«ng
gian ngÇm: Space created or used underground: Lµ
kh«ng gian t¹o ra hay sö dông d−íi ngÇm.
underground station /'ʌnd”graund stei∫n/ n ga
ngÇm: Any place where electrical machinery is
permanently installed in the tunnel: Lµ ®Þa ®iÓm bÊt
kú mµ ë ®ã m¸y mãc ch¹y ®iÖn ®−îc l¾p ®Æt vÜnh cöu
trong hÇm.
underground structure /'ʌnd”graund 'strʌkt∫ə/
n c«ng tr×nh ngÇm: A large, underground structure
used to store and transport wastewater, combined
sewage or storm water during rain storms: §ã cã
thÓ lµ mét c«ng tr×nh ngÇm lín dïng ®Ó chøa vµ vËn
chuyÓn n−íc th¶i, n−íc m−a vµ n−íc th¶i hçn hîp
trong c¸c trËn m−a lín.
underground water storage /'ʌnd”graund 'wɔ:tə
'stɔ:ridʒ/ n dù tr÷ n−íc d−íi ngÇm: With regard to
the location of underground water storage facilities,
site selection is the most important factor. Intimate
knowledge of regional, as well as local, geological,
hydrological, and engineering conditions is a
prerequisite to any decision on construction of
underground water storage. Such information is
necessary not only for the utilization of porous
sedimentary rock for storage but also for the
development of caverns in hard rock: Liªn quan ®Õn
vÞ trÝ cña c«ng tr×nh dù tr÷ n−íc ngÇm, viÖc chän ®Þa
®iÓm lµ mét nh©n tè quan träng nhÊt. Khi ®−a ra bÊt
cø quyÕt ®Þnh nµo vÒ x©y dùng hÇm ngÇm dù tr÷
n−íc, ®iÒu kiÖn tiªn quyÕt lµ ph¶i cã ®−îc kiÕn thøc
thÊu ®¸o vÒ c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn toµn vïng còng nh− côc
bé, ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt, thñy v¨n vµ kü thuËt c«ng
 340
tr×nh. Nh÷ng th«ng tin ®ã lµ cÇn thiÕt kh«ng chØ ®èi
víi viÖc sö dông nÒn ®¸ trÇm tÝch rçng ®Ó tr÷ n−íc,
mµ cßn cho c¶ viÖc x©y dùng c¸c hang ngÇm trong
®¸ cøng.
underpass /'ʌnd”pa:s/ n ®−êng chui, hÇm chui: A
route way which passes underneath the surface of
the ground. A structure, including its approaches
which allows one road to pass under another road
(or an obstacle): Lµ mét con ®−êng ch¹y bªn d−íi
mÆt ®Êt. Nãi c¸ch kh¸c, lµ mét kÕt cÊu bao gåm c¸c
®−êng dÉn cña nã ®Ó cho phÐp mét con ®−êng chui
qua bªn d−íi mét con ®−êng (hay ch−íng ng¹i) kh¸c.
underpass approach /'ʌnd”pa:s ”'prout‘/ n ®−êng
dÉn vµo hÇm chui: Layout approach of the
geometrical transition between the surface road and
the underpass: Lµ ®−êng tiÕp cËn thuéc ®o¹n chuyÓn
tiÕp h×nh häc gi÷a tuyÕn ®−êng ch¹y trªn mÆt ®Êt vµ
®o¹n hÇm chui.
underpinning / under pinning /,ʌndə'piniη/ n sù
chèng ®ì mãng: Underpinning is putting a new
foundation under an existing structure. It may also
involve shoring the structure. Underpinning may be
accomplished by a variety of methods: drilled-in-
place tangent piles, cast-in-place rigid concrete
slurry walls, precast concrete retaining walls, root
or pin piles, concrete underpinning pits, and jacked
steel piles. Selection of the underpinning method
depends on the nature of the subgrade soil and its
expected behavior during underpinning: Chèng ®ì
d−íi mãng nghÜa lµ x©y thªm mét mãng míi bªn d−íi
mét c«ng tr×nh hiÖn t¹i. Nã cã thÓ bao gåm c¶ viÖc
chèng ®ì kÕt cÊu bªn trªn. Chèng ®ì d−íi mãng cã
thÓ thùc hiÖn b»ng nhiÒu ph−¬ng ph¸p nh−: cäc nhåi
khoan t¹i chç, t−êng v÷a bªt«ng cøng ®æ t¹i chç,
t−êng ch¾n bªt«ng ®óc s½n, cäc rÔ c©y hay cäc ghim,
hè chèng ®ì lÊp b»ng bªt«ng, vµ cäc thÐp kÝch Ðp.
ViÖc lùa chän ph−¬ng ph¸p chèng mãng nµo sÏ tuú
thuéc vµo tÝnh chÊt cña ®Êt nÒn vµ øng xö dù kiÕn
cña nã trong qu¸ tr×nh chèng mãng.
undersealing /,ʌndə'si:liη/ n b¬m v÷a bÝt tr¸m
kh«ng hoµn toµn: A grouting procedure for filling
voids that result from pumping at transverse and
longitudinal joints or cracks in concrete pavement.
Neat cement grout or cement fly ash grout is injected
through holes drilled at each joint or crack: Lµ mét
kü thuËt b¬m v÷a ®Ó lÊp kÝn c¸c kho¶ng trèng b¾t
nguån tõ viÖc b¬m v÷a vµo c¸c mèi nèi hoÆc khe nøt
ngang vµ däc trong mÆt ®−êng bªt«ng. V÷a xim¨ng
®¬n thuÇn hoÆc v÷a xim¨ng tro bay ®−îc b¬m qua
c¸c lç ®−îc khoan t¹i tõng mèi nèi hoÆc khe nøt.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
underwater /,ʌnd”'w˜:t”/ adv d−íi mÆt n−íc; n
n−íc ngÇm: When a tunnel goes underwater such as
a tunnel built under the sea bottom, there is a danger
of submersion by a vast amount of water inflow,
therefore a thorough investigation is necessary.
Geological investigation items for underwater
tunnels are not different from normal land tunnels,
but are undertaken with the restrictions caused by
the depth of the water and the presence of currents.
It is not possible to do the inspection directly, and it
may also be influenced by the water traffic and by
environmental conditions, which may restrict the
method and season of the investigation: Khi mét
®−êng hÇm ®i ngÇm d−íi n−íc nh− mét hÇm x©y d−íi
®¸y biÓn ch¼ng h¹n, th× cã nguy c¬ bÞ ch×m ngËp bëi
mét l−îng n−íc ngÇm khæng lå, do ®ã cÇn cã mét sù
®iÒu tra tû mØ. C¸c kho¶n môc ®iÒu tra ®Þa chÊt ®èi
víi hÇm d−íi n−íc kh«ng kh¸c g× so víi hÇm trªn ®Êt
liÒn th«ng th−êng, nh−ng ®−îc tiÕn hµnh víi nh÷ng
h¹n chÕ/bã buéc g©y bëi chiÒu s©u khèi n−íc vµ sù
cã mÆt c¸c dßng ch¶y. ë ®©y kh«ng thÓ kiÓm tra trùc
tiÕp, vµ cßn cã thÓ bÞ ¶nh h−ëng bëi giao th«ng thñy
vµ c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn m«i tr−êng, chóng lµm h¹n chÕ
ph−¬ng ph¸p vµ mïa kh¶o s¸t ®iÒu tra.
underwater blasting /,ʌnd”'w˜:t” 'bla:stiô/ n næ
m×n d−íi n−íc: In underwater blasting the final
result must be obtained with the first shot, since the
secondary drilling and blasting are extremely
expensive (because of the need to use divers): Trong
viÖc næ m×n d−íi n−íc, ph¶i ®¹t ®−îc kÕt qu¶ cuèi
cïng ngay lÇn næ ®Çu tiªn, v× viÖc khoan vµ næ l¹i lµ
rÊt tèn kÐm (do nhu cÇu ph¶i sö dông thî lÆn).
underwater tube /,ʌnd”'w˜:t” tju:b/ n èng, hÇm
h×nh trßn ®Æt d−íi n−íc: The three basic types of
trainway are underground (tunnels and underwater
tubes), elevated, and surface (at-grade and open
cut): Cã ba d¹ng ®−êng s¾t c¬ b¶n lµ ®i ngÇm (hÇm
trªn c¹n vµ hÇm èng d−íi n−íc), ®i cao, vµ ®i trªn
mÆt ®Êt (t¹i mÆt ®Êt vµ hÇm hë) o An adequate
level of lighting in tunnels and underwater tubes is
critical for successful passenger evacuation under
emergency conditions: ChiÕu s¸ng ®Çy ®ñ trong hÇm
vµ hÇm èng d−íi n−íc lµ rÊt quan träng cho viÖc s¬
t¸n thµnh c«ng hµnh kh¸ch trong c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn
khkÈn cÊp o Because of their depth, deep bore
tunnels and sunken caissons (underwater tubes)
possess limited exit capability directly to the surface
level: Do chiÒu s©u lín cña chóng, c¸c hÇm khoan
s©u vµ giÕng h¹ ch×m (hÇm èng d−íi n−íc) cã kh¶
n¨ng rÊt h¹n chÕ vÒ mÆt tho¸t trùc tiÕp lªn cao ®é
mÆt ®Êt.
 341
undrained shear strength /'ʌn'dreind ‘i” 'stre–•/
n c−êng ®é chèng c¾t kh«ng tho¸t n−íc: Undrained
shear strength of clay is dependent on pore water
pressure: C−êng ®é kh¸ng c¾t kh«ng tho¸t n−íc cña
®Êt sÐt phô thuéc vµo ¸p lùc n−íc lç rçng.
unexpected geological overbreak /,ʌniks'pektid
d™i”'l˜d™ik”l 'ouv”breik/ n ®é ®µo v−ît qu¸ lý
thuyÕt do nguyªn nh©n ®Þa chÊt bÊt th−êng: In the
event of unexpected geological overbreak such as
rock burst and cave-in, it shall be the responsibility
of the Contractor to advise and substantiate to the
Engineer that the occurrence is natural and not the
result of improper excavation methods. The
measurement and payment for filling the unexpected
overbreak with concrete or shotcrete shall be made
per respective pay items indicated indicated in the
Bill of Quantities, subject to written direction and
approval by the Engineer. Cleaning of the rock
surface and mucking of such overbreak will be
included in the filling price: Trong tr−êng hîp x¶y ra
sù ®µo qu¸ tiÕt diÖn do ®Þa chÊt bÊt th−êng nh− næ
vì ®¸ do bÞ nÐn m¹nh, sËp ®Êt ®¸, Nhµ thÇu ph¶i cã
tr¸ch nhiÖm b¸o c¸o vµ chøng minh víi T− vÊn r»ng
sù cè x¶y ra lµ tù nhiªn vµ kh«ng ph¶i lµ do ph−¬ng
ph¸p ®µo kh«ng thÝch hîp. §o ®¹c vµ thanh to¸n cho
viÖc lÊp ®Çy diÖn ®µo v−ît b»ng bªt«ng hoÆc bªt«ng
phun ®−îc thùc hiÖn theo c¸c h¹ng môc cã trong
BiÓu Khèi l−îng, theo chØ dÉn b»ng v¨n b¶n vµ víi
sù chÊp thuËn cña T− vÊn. ViÖc lµm s¹ch mÆt ®¸ vµ
bèc xóc vËt liÖu sËp lë ®ã sÏ ®−îc gép trong ®¬n gi¸
lÊp ®Çy.
unit /'ju:nit/ n ®èt /®o¹n /khèi hÇm: Term
sometimes used to refer to an element: Lµ tõ ®«i khi
dïng ®Ó chØ mét ®èt hÇm d×m.
universal ring /,ju:ni'və:sl riη/ n vá hÇm nèi
nhiÒu chiÒu.
unlined /ʌn'laind/ adj kh«ng x©y vá.
unsafe working practice /,ʌn'seif 'w”:ki–
'pr“ktis/ n thãi quen (c¸ch thøc) lµm viÖc kh«ng an
toµn.
unsymmetrical pressure /٫ʌnsi'metrikl 'pre∫”/ n
¸p lùc bÊt ®èi xøng: Problems expected during the
construction of tunnels such as landslides,
insufficient bearing capacity of the ground,
unsymmetrical pressure, ground surface settlement
and natural disasters should be studied
comprehensively from the viewpoint of safety, ease
of construction and economy. Solutions for the
unsymmetrical pressure problem include retaining
wall, cut for slope stabilization or counter-weight
fill, and vertical pre-reinforcement bolt: Nh÷ng vÊn
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
®Ò cã thÓ x¶y ra trong khi thi c«ng hÇm nh− tr−ît
®Êt, ®Êt thiÕu kh¶ n¨ng chÞu t¶i, ¸p lùc bÊt ®èi xøng,
lón bÒ mÆt vµ c¸c tai ho¹ tù nhiªn ph¶i ®−îc nghiªn
cøu kü l−ìng trªn quan ®iÓm an toµn, dÔ thi c«ng vµ
kinh tÕ. C¸c gi¶i ph¸p cho vÊn ®Ò ¸p lùc bÊt ®èi
xøng gåm cã: dïng t−êng ch¾n, c¾t bít m¸i dèc ®Ó
æn ®Þnh ho¸ nã hoÆc ®¾p ®Êt ®èi träng, dïng bul«ng
gia cè tr−íc th¼ng ®øng.
unweathered /'ʌn'we›”d/ adj kh«ng bÞ thêi tiÕt
¶nh h−ëng; kh«ng bÞ phong hãa: Unweathered rock
zone comprises 100% rock by volume and may show
slight discolouration along discontinuities: Vïng ®¸
kh«ng phong hãa gåm 100% ®¸ theo thÓ tÝch vµ cã
thÓ thÓ hiÖn sù biÕn ®æi mµu nhÑ däc theo c¸c khe
nøt.
uplift /'∧plift/ n phay nghÞch; ®Èy tråi: Vertical
displacement of a formation due to injection of grout
in such a volume and at a rate and pressure that
hydraulic jacking occurs: Lµ chuyÓn vÞ th¼ng ®øng
cña mét líp ®Êt ®¸ do kÕt qu¶ cña sù b¬m v÷a víi
mét thÓ tÝch vµ víi mét tèc ®é vµ ¸p suÊt nhÊt ®Þnh
mµ t¹i ®ã sù kÝch n©ng thñy lùc x¶y ra.
upset /'∧pset/ n sù rèi lo¹n, x¸o trén, sù chån: The
inadvertent action of a boring machine that rotates
the machine and track from its normal and upright
position to another position: Lµ ho¹t ®éng kh«ng
theo chñ ®Þnh cña mét m¸y khoan hÇm mµ nã lµm
xoay m¸y khoan vµ ®−êng ray khái vÞ trÝ b×nh th−êng
vµ th¼ng ®øng cña nã sang mét vÞ trÝ kh¸c.
upsizing /'∧p'saiziη/ n sù nong réng kÝch th−íc:
Any method that increases the cross-sectional area
of an existing pipeline by replacing with a larger
diameter pipe: Lµ bÊt kú ph−¬ng ph¸p nµo ®Ó lµm
t¨ng diÖn tÝch mÆt c¾t ngang cña mét ®−êng èng hiÖn
t¹i b»ng c¸ch thay thÕ nã b»ng mét èng cã ®−êng
kÝnh lín h¬n.
up-throw /'ʌp•rou/ n sù dÞch chuyÓn vØa.
up-thrust /'ʌp•r∧st/ n sù n©ng lªn, sù tråi lªn: If
horizontal compression forces strongly develop in
the rock crust, they can cause an upthrust that
results in folds and overthrust faults with horizontal
displacement of many miles: NÕu c¸c lùc Ðp ngang
ph¸t triÓn qu¸ m¹nh trong líp vá ®¸ cña tr¸i ®Êt,
chóng cã thÓ g©y nªn mét sù n©ng tråi lªn, t¹o thµnh
c¸c nÕp uèn vµ ®o¹n ®øt g·y nghÞch chêm víi ®é
dÞch chuyÓn ngang dµi nhiÒu kil«mÐt.
urban area /'”:b”n 'e”ri”/ n vïng néi thµnh:
Tunnels constructed in urban areas are more
restricted compared to mountain tunnels due to the
surroundings and poor ground conditions. Urban
area tunnels have been constructed mostly by using
 342
the cut and cover method or the shield method in the
past, but the mountain tunneling method has been
increasing popular recently. It is necessary to
investigate the surrounding conditions such as
surface structures and underground structures,
because excavation-induced settlement or post-
completion continuous consolidation settlement may
occur: C¸c hÇm x©y dùng trong ®« thÞ bÞ nhiÒu h¹n
chÕ h¬n so víi hÇm qua nói do m«i tr−êng xung
quanh vµ ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt kÐm. C¸c hÇm ®« thÞ
tr−íc ®©y hÇu hÕt ®Òu ®−îc x©y dùng b»ng ph−¬ng
ph¸p ®µo vµ lÊp hoÆc khiªn ®µo, nh−ng gÇn ®©y
ph−¬ng ph¸p lµm hÇm qua nói ®· trë nªn phæ biÕn
h¬n. CÇn ph¶i ®iÒu tra c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn xung quanh
tuyÕn nh− c¸c c«ng tr×nh trªn mÆt ®Êt vµ c¸c c«ng
tr×nh ngÇm hiÖn cã, bëi v× lón sôt g©y ra trong khi
®µo hÇm hay lón cè kÕt liªn lôc sau khi hoµn thµnh
hÇm lµ cã thÓ x¶y ra.
urban conditions /'”:b”n k”n'di∫nz/ n ®iÒu kiÖn
(®Þa h×nh) ®« thÞ.
urban environment /'”:b”n in'vaiərənmənt/ n
m«i tr−êng ®« thÞ: It is essential to have a good
traffic network in urban area and among cities in
order to support good and healthy human life: §iÒu
rÊt quan träng lµ ph¶i cã ®−îc mét m¹ng l−íi giao
th«ng tèt trong khu vùc ®« thÞ vµ gi÷a c¸c thµnh phè
nh»m hç trî cho mét cuéc sèng cã chÊt l−îng vµ
lµnh m¹nh cña con ng−êi o Adverse impacts
related to construction activities in urban
environments can be classified under four
categories: traffic, economic activities, pollution
impacts and social/ecological/health impacts: C¸c
t¸c ®éng cã h¹i liªn quan ®Õn c¸c ho¹t ®éng x©y
dùng trong m«i tr−êng ®« thÞ cã thÓ ®−îc ph©n thµnh
bèn lo¹i: giao th«ng, ho¹t ®éng kinh tÕ, t¸c ®éng «
nhiÔm vµ t¸c ®éng x· héi/sinh th¸i/søc kháe.
urban planning /'”:b”n 'plæniη/ n quy ho¹ch ®«
thÞ.
urban rapid transit system /'”:b”n 'r“pid
tr“nsit 'sist”m/ n hÖ thèng vËn chuyÓn nhanh néi
thµnh: Public transportation systems in cities. They
include subways (underground railways), elevated
railways, and bus and trolley lines. Each system is
designed for and operated at higher speeds: Lµ c¸c
hÖ thèng vËn t¶i c«ng céng trong c¸c thµnh phè.
Chóng bao gåm xe ®iÖn ngÇm (®−êng s¾t d−íi
ngÇm), ®−êng s¾t trªn cao, vµ c¸c tuyÕn xe buýt vµ
xe ®iÖn b¸nh h¬i. Mçi hÖ thèng ®Òu ®−îc thiÕt kÕ vµ
vËn hµnh víi vËn tèc ngµy cµng lín h¬n.
urban tunnelling /'”:b”n 'tʌnliô/ n x©y dùng hÇm
trong ®« thÞ.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
user /'ju:z”/ n ng−êi sö dông: A person who uses a
system for their own needs rather than one than
operates it or observes its operation: Lµ ng−êi sö
dông mét hÖ thèng cho nhu cÇu riªng cña hä chø
kh«ng ph¶i lµ vËn hµnh nã hay gi¸m s¸t sù vËn hµnh
cña nã.
utility corridor /ju:'til”ti 'kɔridɔ:/ n tuyÕn èng kü
thuËt c«ng céng ®i chung: Duct in which two or
more different utility services are installed with
access for maintenance. Also referred to as a
Common Utility Tunnel, Common Duct or Utilidor:
Lµ èng mµ trong ®ã hai hay nhiÒu h¬n dÞch vô c«ng
céng kh¸c nhau ®−îc bè trÝ vµ cã lèi tiÕp cËn ®Ó b¶o
d−ìng. Còng ®−îc gäi lµ HÇm dÞch vô c«ng céng
dïng chung, TuyÕn èng ®i chung.
utility tunnel /ju:'til”ti 'tʌnl/ n hÇm h¹ tÇng kü
thuËt.
utilization /,ju:t”lai'zei‘n/ n sù dïng, sù sö dông;
sù tËn dông: Work utilization describes the ratio
between productive and non-productive operations
during a shift. Normally the issues to be considered
in determining this ratio are indirectly related to the
physical operations of drilling, but are associated
with the effects of managerial and administrative
policies, and their effects on working conditions: Sù
tËn dông lµm viÖc thÓ hiÖn tû sè gi÷a c¸c ho¹t ®éng
s¶n xuÊt vµ kh«ng s¶n xuÊt trong mét ca khoan hÇm.
Th−êng th× c¸c vÊn ®Ò mµ cÇn ph¶i xem xÐt khi x¸c
®Þnh tû sè nµy l¹i kh«ng liªn hÖ trùc tiÕp víi c¸c ho¹t
®éng vËt chÊt cña viÖc khoan, nh−ng l¹i quan hÖ
chÆt chÏ víi hiÖu qu¶ cña chÝnh s¸ch qu¶n lý vµ ®iÒu
hµnh, còng nh− hiÖu qu¶ cña chóng ®èi víi ®iÒu kiÖn
lµm viÖc.
utilization factor /,ju:t”lai'zei‘n 'f“ct”/ n hÖ
sè sö dông.
utilization voltage /,ju:t”lai'zei‘n 'voultidӡ/ n
®iÖn ¸p sö dông, ®iÖn ¸p lµm viÖc: The transformers
step down the voltage to a 480/227 volt, three-phase,
four-wire, 60 hertz utilization voltage with solidly
grounded neutral: C¸c m¸y biÕn thÕ sÏ h¹ ®iÖn ¸p
cao xuèng ®iÖn ¸p lµm viÖc 480/227 v«n, ba pha,
bèn d©y, 60 hz víi ®iÓm trung hßa tiÕp ®Êt ch¾c
ch¾n.
 343
Vv
“V” cut /vi: k∧t/ n ®ét ph¸ kiÓu ch÷ V: Inclined
short drill holes near the center of the tunnel face,
drilled so that when the first shots are exploded in
the round, a wedge of rock is removed, which allows
relief for the remaining rock when the delay
exploders set off the charges in the other drill holes:
Lµ c¸c lç khoan nghiªng ng¾n gÇn t©m g−¬ng hÇm,
®−îc khoan sao cho khi nh÷ng thái thuèc næ ®Çu tiªn
cña b−íc ®µo ®−îc kÝch næ, th× mét nªm ®¸ sÏ bÞ ph¸
ra, nã t¹o nªn mét mÆt tho¸ng cho khèi ®¸ cßn l¹i
khi c¸c kÝp vi sai kÝch næ nh÷ng thái thuèc kh¸c.
valley /'v“li/ n thung lòng: fault valley: thung lòng
®øt g·y o geotectonic valley: thung lòng ®Þa kiÕn
t¹o
value /'v“lju:/ n gi¸ trÞ: Maximum price that
would be paid to obtain a good. It is generally a
function of the quantity of this good already
possessed or already consumed: Lµ gi¸ lín nhÊt mµ
cã thÓ tr¶ ®Ó nhËn ®−îc mét hµng hãa. Nãi chung nã
lµ mét hµm sè cña khèi l−îng hµng hãa nµy ®· ®−îc
së h÷u hoÆc ®· ®−îc tiªu thô.
value engineering /'v“lju: ,end™i'ni”ri–/ n nghÖ
thuËt ®Þnh gi¸ trÞ (gi¸ c¶), kü thuËt tiÕt kiÖm chi phÝ,
ph−¬ng ph¸p dù to¸n; t− vÊn gi¸ trÞ c«ng tr×nh: Since
value engineering is a systematic team approach to
optimize the tunnel cost, it must be employed early
enough so that intolerable delays will not result.
Since the Contractor usually participates in the
savings from these value-engineering efforts, the
inspector should be aware that an incidental request
for substitution of materials or equipment is not
necessarily value engineering: Do t− vÊn gi¸ trÞ c«ng
tr×nh lµ mét c¸ch tiÕp cËn cã hÖ thèng mang tÝnh tËp
thÓ nh»m tèi −u ho¸ gi¸ thµnh x©y dùng hÇm, nã
ph¶i ®−îc ¸p dông ®ñ sím ®Ó nh÷ng chËm trÔ c«ng
viÖc kh«ng chÊp nhËn ®−îc sÏ kh«ng x¶y ra. V× Nhµ
thÇu th−êng muèn thu lîi tõ nh÷ng nç lùc gi¶m chi
phÝ nµy, kü s− gi¸m s¸t cÇn nhËn thøc r»ng, mét yªu
cÇu bÊt ngê ®ßi thay ®æi vËt liÖu hay thiÕt bÞ kh«ng
nhÊt thiÕt ph¶i coi lµ kü thuËt tiÕt kiÖm chi phÝ o
Value Engineering should be useful in order to allow
the contractor to offer his experiences and new
technologies to the client on the basis of acceptable
partnering conditions: Kỹ thuật tiết kiệm chi phí sẽ
phải được áp dụng hiệu quả để cho phép nhà thầu
đề xuất áp dụng các kinh nghiệm và công nghệ mới
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
của mình cho chủ đầu tư trên cơ sở của những điều
kiện thỏa thuận cộng tác chấp nhận được.
value of life /'v“lju: ”v laif/ n gi¸ trÞ tuæi thä: A
monetary value assigned to loss of life for use in
comparative analyses of the cost effectiveness of
design options with different safety implications:
Mét gi¸ trÞ b»ng tiÒn g¸n cho sù gi¶m tuæi thä [c«ng
tr×nh] ®Ó dïng trong c¸c ph©n tÝnh so s¸nh vÒ hiÖu
qu¶ chi phÝ cña c¸c ph−¬ng ¸n thiÕt kÕ víi c¸c môc
tiªu an toµn kh¸c nhau.
value of time /'v“lju: ”v taim/ n gi¸ trÞ thêi gian:
A monetary value assigned to time saved or lost by
users of a transportation system. This may be
calculated to vary by anticipated user or user
activity when delayed, e.g. business use versus
recreational use: Mét gi¸ trÞ b»ng tiÒn g¸n cho thêi
gian tiÕt kiÖm ®−îc hay mÊt m¸t g©y cho ng−êi sö
dông mét hÖ thèng giao th«ng. Gi¸ trÞ nµy cã thÓ tÝnh
to¸n ®Ó cã thÓ thay ®æi theo ng−êi sö dông dù kiÕn
hoÆc ho¹t ®éng cña ng−êi sö dông, vÝ dô, sö dông
cho kinh doanh ®èi lËp víi sö dông cho gi¶i trÝ.
vane shear test (VST) /vein ∫iə test/ n thÝ
nghiÖm c¾t c¸nh: The vane shear test (VST) involves
the use of a simple rotated blade to evaluate the
undrained shear strength in soft to stiff clays and
silts. The use of the VST should be limited to soils in
which slow (60 / min) rotation of the blade will lead
to undrained shearing: ThÝ nghiÖm c¾t c¸nh (VST)
bao gåm viÖc sö dông mét c¸nh quay ®¬n gi¶n ®Ó
®¸nh gi¸ c−êng ®é chèng c¾t kh«ng tho¸t n−íc trong
c¸c ®Êt sÐt vµ bïn tõ mÒm ®Õn cøng. ViÖc dïng VST
cÇn ®−îc giíi h¹n ®èi víi c¸c ®Êt trong ®ã tèc ®é
quay cña c¸nh c¾t chËm (60/phót) sÏ dÉn ®Õn sù c¾t
kh«ng tho¸t n−íc.
vaporisation /,veip”rai'zei‘n/ n sù bay h¬i; sù bèc
h¬i.
vapour-heated /'veip”-'hi:tid/ n ®−îc lµm nãng
b»ng h¬i.
vapour-proof /'veip”-pru:f/ n kh«ng thÊm h¬i
n−íc, kÝn h¬i.
vapour-tight /'veip”-tait/ n kh«ng thÊm h¬i n−íc,
kÝn h¬i.
variation /,ve”ri'ei‘n/ n sù kh¸c nhau; sù biÕn ®æi,
thay ®æi; lÖnh thay ®æi: The Engineer shall make any
variation of the form, quality or quantity of the
Works or any part thereof that may be appropriate.
The Engineer instructs the Contractor to make a
variation when the Engineer determines to make a
change in the Works from that envisaged in the
Drawings and other Contract documents upon which
tenders were based: T− vÊn cã thÓ thay ®æi d¹ng,
 344
chÊt l−îng vµ khèi l−îng C«ng viÖc hoÆc bÊt kú phÇn
nµo trong ®ã nÕu xÐt thÊy thÝch hîp. T− vÊn h−íng
dÉn Nhµ thÇu thùc hiÖn lÖnh thay ®æi khi T− vÊn
quyÕt ®Þnh cã mét sù söa ®æi vÒ C«ng viÖc ®· ®−îc
dù tÝnh trong B¶n vÏ vµ c¸c tµi liÖu Hîp ®ång kh¸c
mµ hå s¬ thÇu ®· c¨n cø vµo ®ã o A variation may
in exceptional cases also be necessitated by a default
of the Contractor but, in such case, the resulting cost
is necessarily borne by the Contractor. A variation is
not, however, required if the actual quantities of the
work envisaged at the time of tendering prove, on
remeasurement, to be different from those recorded
in the Bill of Quantities: Mét lÖnh thay ®æi trong
tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt còng cã thÓ ph¶i thùc hiÖn do
mét lçi cña Nhµ thÇu, nh−ng trong tr−êng hîp ®ã,
chi phÝ ph¸t sinh sÏ do Nhµ thÇu g¸nh chÞu. Tuy
nhiªn, mét lÖnh thay ®æi cã thÓ lµ kh«ng cÇn thiÕt,
nÕu, nhê ®o ®¹c l¹i, thÊy r»ng khèi l−îng thùc tÕ cña
c«ng viÖc theo nh− dù to¸n vµo thêi ®iÓm ®Êu thÇu
cã sù chªnh lÖch so víi khèi l−îng ghi trong BiÓu
Khèi l−îng.
variations /,ve”ri'ei‘nz/ n sù thay ®æi; lÖnh thay
®æi: Changes or amendments to the contract during
project implementation. Variations are mostly
caused by the actual situations encountered some of
which turn out to be different from those on which
the contract is based: Lµ nh÷ng thay ®æi hoÆc söa
®æi ®èi víi hîp ®ång trong qu¸ tr×nh thùc hiÖn dù ¸n.
C¸c thay ®æi hÇu hÕt g©y ra bëi nh÷ng t×nh huèng
thùc tÕ gÆp ph¶i mµ mét sè trong chóng lµ kh¸c biÖt
so víi nh÷ng g× mµ hîp ®ång ®· c¨n cø vµo.
vault /v˜:lt/ n vßm.
vehicle /'vi”kl; 'vi:hikl/ n xe, xe cé; ph−¬ng tiÖn
truyÒn t¶i, ph−¬ng tiÖn dÉn truyÒn.
vehicle emission /'vi”kl i'mi‘n/ n khãi x¶ cña xe
cé: The exhaust emissions from internal combustion
engined vehicles are of concern to the tunnel
ventilation engineers. The major constituents of the
exhaust from that engines are carbon monoxide,
carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen
and unburned hydrocarbons, aldehyde and
formaldehyde: Khãi x¶ cña c¸c xe ®éng c¬ ®èt trong
lµ mèi lo ng¹i (mèi quan t©m) ®èi víi c¸c kü s−
th«ng giã cho hÇm. C¸c thµnh phÇn chñ yÕu trong
khãi x¶ cña c¸c ®éng c¬ ®èt trong gåm cã CO, CO2,
SO2, c¸c «xit nit¬ NO vµ NO2, «xit cña c¸c
hy®r«cacbon kh«ng ch¸y, an®ªhyt vµ foman®ªhyt.
vehicular cross passage /vi'hikjul” kr˜:s
'p“sid™/ n hµnh lang [lèi ®i, hÇm] ngang nèi hai hÇm
song song cho xe qua
velocimeter /,velo(u)'simit”/ n tèc ®é kÕ.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
velocity /vi'l˜s”ti/ n tèc ®é, vËn tèc.
velocity logging /vi'l˜s”ti 'l˜giô/ n carota vËn
tèc: In this type of geological investigation, the
vertical distribution of elastic velocity of ground is
identified. The logging result is used for indirect
estimation of rock/sand classification, or level of
weathering, alteration, and fracture development. It
is also used to grasp low velocity layer. However,
sometimes it is not measurable when there is no
groundwater, and sometimes low velocity layer is
not measurable below groundwater table: Trong
ph−¬ng ph¸p ®iÒu tra ®Þa chÊt nµy, ng−êi ta x¸c ®Þnh
®−îc sù ph©n bè th¼ng ®øng cña vËn tèc sãng ®µn
håi cña ®Êt. KÕt qu¶ ®o ®−îc dïng ®Ó ®¸nh gi¸ gi¸n
tiÕp cÊp h¹ng ®¸/c¸t, hay møc ®é phong hãa, biÕn
chÊt, vµ sù ph¸t triÓn vïng n¸t vì. Ngoµi ra cßn cã
thÓ biÕt ®−îc líp ®Êt cã vËn tèc bÐ. Tuy vËy, ®«i khi
kh«ng thÓ ®o ®−îc nÕu kh«ng cã n−íc ngÇm, vµ ®«i
khi kh«ng ph¸t hiÖn ®−îc líp ®Êt cã vËn tèc bÐ n»m
d−íi mùc n−íc ngÇm.
vent /vent/ n lç, lç th«ng, lç tho¸t; lç phun
(giÕng); miÖng nói löa.
vent line /vent lain/ n ®−êng th«ng giã: Large-
diameter pipe used to furnish fresh air or exhaust
polluted air from an underground opening: Lµ èng
®−êng kÝnh lín dïng ®Ó cÊp giã s¹ch hoÆc x¶ khÝ «
nhiÔm khái mét hang ngÇm.
vent-hole /vent-houl/ n lç th«ng giã, lç th«ng
h¬i, th«ng v÷a: A hole drilled to allow the escape of
air, water, diluted grout, and/or natural gas.
Sometimes used to monitor the flow of grout: Lµ mét
lç ®−îc khoan ®Ó cho phÐp tho¸t ®−îc khÝ, n−íc, v÷a
lo·ng, vµ/hoÆc khÝ gas tù nhiªn. §«i khi dïng ®Ó
theo dâi sù di chuyÓn cña dßng v÷a b¬m.
vent pipe /vent paip/ n èng th«ng: A small-
diameter pipe, such as may be inserted in a
foundation opening or tunnel lining, used to permit
escape of air, water, or diluted grout: Lµ mét èng
®−êng kÝnh nhá, sao cho cã thÓ c¾m vµo mét lç trèng
cña mãng hoÆc vá hÇm, dïng ®Ó cho phÐp sù tho¸t
ra cña kh«ng khÝ, n−íc, hoÆc v÷a lo·ng.
ventilate /'ventileit/ v qu¹t, th«ng giã, thæi
giã, th«ng h¬i, th«ng tho¸ng.
ventilation /,venti'lei‘n/ n sù qu¹t, sù th«ng giã,
sù th«ng h¬i, sù th«ng tho¸ng: The provision of air
circulation/fresh air to an enclosed space. This can
provide cost implications when comparing
underground and surface solutions: Lµ sù t¹o ra sù
lu©n chuyÓn kh«ng khÝ/khÝ s¹ch cho mét kh«ng gian
kÝn. ViÖc nµy ¶nh h−ëng ®Õn gi¸ thµnh khi so s¸nh
c¸c gi¶i ph¸p ngÇm vµ trªn bÒ mÆt o The most
 345
obvious need for highway tunnels is ventilation.
Ventilation is required to dilute the contaminants to
provide a respirable environment: Yªu cÇu râ rµng
nhÊt ®èi víi nh÷ng hÇm «t« lµ th«ng giã. Th«ng giã
cÇn ph¶i tiÕn hµnh ®Ó hoµ lo·ng c¸c chÊt « nhiÔm
nh»m t¹o ra mét m«i tr−êng cã thÓ thë ®−îc o The
tunnel ventilation engineer must be aware of the
traffic characteristics of the tunnel. The vehicle
density, the traffic volume, and the traffic
composition have a direct relationship to the amount
of CO emitted: Ng−êi kü s− th«ng giã cho hÇm cÇn
ph¶i nhËn thøc ®−îc c¸c ®Æc ®iÓm giao th«ng trong
hÇm. MËt ®é xe cé, l−u l−îng giao th«ng, vµ thµnh
phÇn giao th«ng cã mèi liªn hÖ trùc tiÕp víi l−îng
khÝ ®éc chÕt ng−êi monoxit cacbon CO th¶i ra.
ventilation duct /,venti'lei‘n 'dʌkt/ n èng th«ng
giã: Pipeline used to ventilate the tunnel, eliminating
polluted air. The diameter of a ventilation duct and
the fan capacity shall be determined after examining
the efficiency of the ventilation system and the
machine efficiency, and based on the clean air
volume required to rarefy the gas emissions: Lµ
®−êng èng dïng ®Ó th«ng giã cho hÇm, lo¹i bá kh«ng
khÝ « nhiÔm. §−êng kÝnh cña èng th«ng giã vµ c«ng
suÊt qu¹t giã sÏ ®−îc quyÕt ®Þnh sau khi kiÓm tra
tÝnh hiÖu qu¶ cña hÖ thèng th«ng giã vµ hiÖu suÊt
m¸y mãc, vµ dùa vµo l−îng khÝ s¹ch yªu cÇu ®Ó lµm
lo·ng c¸c khÝ ®éc ph¸t ra.
ventilation line /,venti'lei‘n lain/ n èng (tuyÕn)
th«ng giã: The end of the ventilation line should be
kept generally within 12 metres of the face: §Çu èng
th«ng giã nãi chung cÇn ®Æt c¸ch g−¬ng hÇm trong
kho¶ng 12 mÐt.
ventilation (longitudinal ventilation) /,venti'lei‘n
,lɔndʒi'tju:dinl/ n sù th«ng giã däc: A system in which
fresh air is supplied at one end of the tunnel and the
polluted air is expelled at the other: Lµ mét hÖ thèng
trong ®ã khÝ s¹ch ®−îc cÊp vµo t¹i mét ®Çu hÇm vµ
khÝ bÈn ®−îc x¶ ra ë ®Çu hÇm kh¸c.
ventilation plant /,venti'lei‘n pl:nt/ n nhµ m¸y
(thiÕt bÞ, tr¹m) th«ng giã.
ventilation (semi-transverse ventilation)
/,venti'lei‘n ,semi'trænzvə:s/ n th«ng giã nöa
ngang: A system in which a separate ventilation duct
is used for the supply of fresh air through many
supply vents along the tunnel. The polluted air is
discharged through the end of the tunnel. Also used
to describe a system where fresh air is supplied from
the end of the tunnel and polluted air is drawn out
over the length of the tunnel by exhaust fans: Lµ mét
hÖ thèng trong ®ã mét èng th«ng giã riªng biÖt ®−îc
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
dïng ®Ó cÊp khÝ s¹ch qua nhiÒu lç cÊp giã däc theo
chiÒu dµi hÇm. KhÝ bÈn ®−îc x¶ bá qua c¸c cöa hÇm.
ThuËt ng÷ nµy còng dïng ®Ó m« t¶ mét hÖ thèng
trong ®ã khÝ s¹ch ®−îc cÊp tõ ®Çu hÇm vµ khÝ bÈn
®−îc hót ra khái toµn bé hÇm b»ng c¸c qu¹t hót.
ventilation (transverse ventilation) /,venti'lei‘n
'trænzvə:s/ n th«ng giã ngang: A system in which
separate supply and exhaust duct systems are used,
so that fresh air is distributed and polluted is
collected over the length of the tunnel by supply and
exhaust fans: Mét hÖ thèng trong ®ã sö dông c¸c hÖ
thèng èng cung cÊp vµ x¶ khÝ riªng biÖt, sao cho khÝ
s¹ch ®−îc ph©n phèi vµ khÝ bÈn ®−îc thu thËp theo
suèt chiÒu dµi hÇm b»ng c¸c qu¹t cÊp vµ x¶.
ventilator /'ventileit”/ n qu¹t th«ng giã.
verification /,verifi'kei‘n/ n sù kiÓm tra.
vernier /'v”:ni”/ n th−íc ch¹y, th−íc kÑp, du
xÝch, vecniª.
vertical alignment /'v”:tikl ”'lainm”nt/ n bè trÝ
tuyÕn trªn mÆt ®øng, tr¾c däc tuyÕn: The Crossrail
tunnels will generally be constructed at
approximately the same depth as London
Underground’s Central line, with the rail level being
about 20 m to 25 m below street level. Many existing
Underground lines and other deep tunnels have
influenced the vertical alignment: C¸c hÇm cña
tuyÕn Crossrail míi nãi chung sÏ ®−îc x©y dùng t¹i
chiÒu s©u xÊp xØ víi tuyÕn trung t©m cña tµu ®iÖn
ngÇm London, cã cao ®é ray kho¶ng 20-25m d−íi
mÆt phè. NhiÒu tuyÕn xe ®iÖn ngÇm hiÖn t¹i vµ c¸c
hÇm ®Æt s©u kh¸c ®· ¶nh h−ëng ®Õn tr¾c däc cña
tuyÕn míi nµy.
vertical cover /'v”:tikl 'kʌv”/ n chiÒu s©u ®Êt ®¾p
th¼ng ®øng: Distance between the upper edge of the
pipeline and the surface of the ground and/or the
bottom of a body of water located above the
pipeline. Often also called overlay: Lµ kho¶ng c¸ch
gi÷a mÐp phÝa trªn cña ®−êng èng vµ mÆt ®Êt phÝa
trªn vµ/hoÆc mÆt ®¸y cña mét khèi n−íc n»m phÝa
trªn ®−êng èng. Còng th−êng gäi lµ líp phñ.
vertical load /'v”:tikl loud/ n t¶i träng th¼ng ®øng.
vertical pre-reinforcement bolt /'v”:tikl pri:-
,rein'f˜:sm”nt boult/ n bul«ng neo gia cè tr−íc
th¼ng ®øng.
vertical pre-reinforcement method /'v”:tikl pri:-
,ri:in'f˜:sm”nt 'meθ”d/ n ph−¬ng ph¸p gia cè tr−íc
th¼ng ®øng: In the vertical pre-reinforcement
method, an array of rods, such as reinforcing bars,
are installed more or less vertically from the ground
surface into the ground before the tunnel excavation
 346
begins. This auxiliary method is used for
environmental preservation, i.e. to prevent surface
settlement: Trong ph−¬ng ph¸p gia cè tr−íc th¼ng
®øng, mét m¹ng l−íi c¸c thanh, vÝ dô thanh cèt thÐp,
®−îc l¾p ®Æt gÇn nh− theo ph−¬ng th¼ng ®øng tõ trªn
mÆt ®Êt xuèng lßng ®Êt (däc theo hang hÇm) tr−íc
khi viÖc ®µo hÇm b¾t ®Çu. Ph−¬ng ph¸p bæ trî nµy lµ
nh»m b¶o vÖ m«i tr−êng, nghÜa lµ chèng sôt lón mÆt
®Êt.
vertical shaft /'v”:tikl ∫ɑ:ft/ n giÕng ®øng.
verticality /,v”:ti'k“l”ti/ n tÝnh chÊt th¼ng ®øng.
VI meter (Visibility Index Meter) /,viz”'bil”ti
'indeks 'mi:t”/ n thiÕt bÞ ®o chØ sè tÇm nh×n: VI
Meter measures degree of smoke and soot that
reduce the visibility in tunnel. VI Meter consists of
two parts. One part is facility to send lights and the
other is facility to receive lights. The distance
between these facilities is usually 100 m: M¸y ®o
tÇm nh×n dïng ®Ó ®o møc ®é khãi vµ muéi mµ chóng
lµm gi¶m tÇm nh×n trong hÇm. M¸y ®o tÇm nh×n cÊu
t¹o tõ hai phÇn. PhÇn thø nhÊt lµ thiÕt bÞ ph¸t ¸nh
s¸ng vµ phÇn thø hai lµ thiÕt bÞ nhËn ¸nh s¸ng.
Kho¶ng c¸ch gi÷a hai bé phËn nµy th−êng lµ 100 m.
viaduct /'vai”dʌkt/ n cÇu c¹n.
vibrate /vai'breit/ v lµm cho rung ®éng, rung,
®Çm: Concrete should be placed and vibrated in
layers no more than 45 cm deep, except in large
mass pours, where it may be necessary to increase
the layer thickness to 60 cm: Bªt«ng cÇn ®−îc ®æ vµ
®Çm thµnh tõng líp kh«ng dµy qu¸ 45 cm, ngo¹i trõ
nh÷ng vô ®æ khèi lín, khi ®ã cã thÓ cÇn ph¶i t¨ng
chiÒu dµy líp ®æ lªn 60 cm.
vibration /vai'brei‘n/ n sù rung, sù rung ®éng; sù
chÊn ®éng; sù ®Çm: Consolidation of freshly-mixed
materials following placement by mechanical
devices oscillating at moderately high frequency.
Proper vibration of concrete permits the concrete to
flow sufficiently to surround the reinforcing steel
completely and ultimately to achieve a high bonding
capacity. Proper vibration prevents honeycombed
voids within the concrete and at the formed surface.
Proper vibrating of successive layers of concrete
also assures that the new layer of concrete blends
with the previous layer: §Çm lµ sù lµm chÆt c¸c vËt
liÖu míi trén sau khi ®æ bªt«ng/v÷a b»ng thiÕt bÞ c¬
khÝ t¹o ra dao ®éng víi tÇn sè kh¸ cao. Sù ®Çm
bªt«ng ®óng c¸ch cho phÐp bªt«ng ch¶y ®Òu ®Ó bao
quanh toµn bé cèt thÐp råi cuèi cïng ®¹t ®−îc c−êng
®é liªn kÕt cao. §Çm ®óng c¸ch gióp tr¸nh t¹o thµnh
c¸c lç rçng tæ ong trong lßng khèi bªt«ng còng nh−
t¹i bÒ mÆt hoµn thiÖn cña nã. ViÖc ®Çm ®óng ®¾n c¸c
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
líp bªt«ng liªn tiÕp còng ®¶m b¶o r»ng líp míi trén
lÉn (dÝnh kÕt) tèt víi líp tr−íc ®ã.
vibrator /vai'breit”/ n bé t¹o rung, m¸y t¹o rung;
m¸y ®Çm rung: An oscillating machine used to
agitate freshly-mixed materials such as concrete or
mortar to produce a uniform material without gross
voids, and to produce intimate contact with the
substrate, boundary of repair cavity, form surfaces,
and embedded materials: Lµ mét m¸y g©y dao ®éng
dïng ®Ó khuÊy ®éng c¸c vËt liÖu míi trén nh− bªt«ng
hay v÷a nh»m t¹o ra mét vËt liÖu ®ång nhÊt kh«ng
cã nhiÒu lç rçng, vµ ®Ó t¹o ra sù tiÕp xóc chÆt chÏ
víi vËt liÖu nÒn, víi biªn cña hang cÇn söa ch÷a, bÒ
mÆt v¸n khu«n, vµ c¸c vËt liÖu ch«n trong bªt«ng o
The concrete must be consolidated with approved
mechanical vibrators operating within the concrete.
The vibrators should have a minimum frequency of
3500 impulses per minute and should be capable of
visibly affecting a properly designed concrete with a
2 cm slump over a circular area of 45 cm radius:
Bªt«ng ph¶i ®−îc ®Çm chÆt b»ng c¸c m¸y ®Çm rung
c¬ khÝ lµm viÖc trong lßng khèi bªt«ng ®−îc T− vÊn
chÊp thuËn. C¸c m¸y ®Çm rung ph¶i cã tÇn sè tèi
thiÕu 3500 xung trong mét phót, ph¶i cã kh¶ n¨ng
t¸c ®éng mét c¸ch râ rµng tíi mét khèi bªt«ng thiÕt
kÕ chuÈn cã ®é sôt 2 cm trªn mét diÖn tÝch trßn b¸n
kÝnh 45cm.
vibrodrill /vaibroudril/ n m¸y khoan rung.
vibrodrilling /vaibroudriliô/ n sù khoan rung.
vibrometer /vai'br˜mit”/ n chÊn ®éng kÕ.
vibrorammer /vai'br˜'r“m”/ n bóa ®Çm rung.
viscometer /vis'kɔmitə/ n m¸y ®o ®é nhít: An
apparatus for measuring the viscosity of a liquid at
different rates of shear (flow): Lµ mét thiÕt bÞ ®Ó ®o
®é nhít cña mét chÊt láng t¹i c¸c tèc ®é c¾t (l−u
l−îng) kh¸c nhau.
viscosity /vi'skɔsəti/ n tÝnh nhít, ®é nhít: The
internal fluid resistance of a substance, such as
grout, which makes it resist a tendency to flow: Lµ
søc kh¸ng thñy lùc néi t¹i cña mét chÊt, nh− v÷a
ch¼ng h¹n, gióp cho chÊt Êy chèng l¹i ®−îc xu
h−íng ch¶y thµnh dßng.
visual impact / intrusion / pollution /'vi∫uəl
'impækt - in'tru:ʒn/ n t¸c ®éng nh×n thÊy ®−îc / sù
x©m ph¹m / « nhiÔm: An unwanted change in
appearance. Damage over the environment caused
by the degradation of the landscape or the loss of
visual conditions: Lµ mét thay ®æi kh«ng mong muèn
vÒ vÎ ngoµi. Lµ thiÖt h¹i cho m«i tr−êng g©y bëi sù
xuèng cÊp phong c¶nh hay sù mÊt ®i nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn
thÊy ®−îc.
 347

visual inspection /'vi∫uəl in'spek∫n/ n kiÓm tra lµm viÖc ba pha 480 v«n cã thÓ dïng cho hÇu hÕt c¸c
b»ng m¾t: An evaluation procedure in which a t¶i tiªu thô trong mét hÇm. HiÕm cã lý do nµo khiÕn
qualified investigator observes, classifies, and ng−êi ta chän ®iÖn ¸p 240 hay 208 v«n thay cho 480
documents deterioration or distress on exposed v«n. §ã lµ v× hÖ ®iÖn ¸p 208 hoÆc 240 v«n bÞ mÊt
concrete surfaces; typically, one of the first steps in m¸t cao h¬n vµ cÇn ®iÒu ¸p nhiÒu h¬n, do bëi sù sôt
evaluation of a concrete structure: Lµ mét thñ tôc ¸p lín trªn d©y dÉn ph©n phèi nh»m chuyÓn t¶i cïng
®¸nh gi¸ trong ®ã mét ®iÒu tra viªn chuyªn m«n sÏ mét l−îng ®iÖn n¨ng.
quan s¸t, ph©n lo¹i, vµ lËp hå s¬ c¸c h− háng hay sù volume /'v˜lju:m/ n thÓ tÝch; dung tÝch; khèi
cè trªn c¸c bÒ mÆt bªt«ng lé ra; ®©y th−êng lµ mét l−îng; ©m l−îng: volume of stream flow: l−u l−îng
trong nh÷ng b−íc ®Çu tiªn trong viÖc nghiÖm thu mét dßng ch¶y o volume of traffic: l−u l−îng giao
kÕt cÊu bªt«ng. th«ng o excavation volume: khèi l−îng khai ®µo
vitiated air duct = exhaust duct /'vi‘ieitid e” volumetric /,v˜lju'metrik/ adj thuéc thÓ tÝch; ®Ó
'dʌkt/ n èng dÉn khÝ th¶i. ®o thÓ tÝch.
vitrified clay pipe (VCP) /'vitrifaid klei paip/ n voussoir /vu:swa:r/ n viªn ®¸ vßm: the
èng cèng b»ng sÐt nung: A term used to describe individual stones or concrete sections which form
pipe manufactured from fired hydrous alumina the curve of an arch: lµ c¸c viªn ®¸ hay c¸c tÊm
silicate clay: Lµ mét thuËt ng÷ dïng ®Ó chØ èng cèng bªt«ng riªng biÖt ®Ó t¹o thµnh phÇn cong cña mét kÕt
®−îc s¶n xuÊt tõ ®Êt sÐt chøa silicat nh«m cã n−íc cÊu vßm o Any wedge-shaped piece of which an
®−îc nÊu ch¶y. arch or vault is composed, or assumed to be
void /v˜id/ n hang, lç rçng, tói rçng: It is composed for purposes of analysis. The center
impossible to completely fill the voids at the top of voussoir is keystone: Lµ bÊt kú miÕng/khèi h×nh nªm
the tunnel with concrete. Low-pressure grout nµo ®Ó x©y vßm, hoÆc ®−îc gi¶ thiÕt lµ dïng ®Ó x©y
injected through holes in the concrete is used to fill vßm nh»m môc ®Ých ph©n tÝch tÝnh to¸n.
the major voids and is required in most concrete
lined tunnels: Kh«ng thÓ hoµn toµn lÊp ®Çy c¸c hang
rçng phÝa trªn ®Ønh hÇm b»ng bªt«ng ®−îc. Ng−êi ta
dïng lo¹i v÷a xim¨ng ¸p lùc thÊp phun qua c¸c lç
trong bªt«ng ®Ó lÊp c¸c lç rçng lín, vµ viÖc nµy ph¶i
lµm trong hÇu hÕt c¸c hÇm cã vá b»ng bªt«ng.
void ratio /v˜id 'rei∫iou/ n tû sè rçng: The
ratio of the volume of voids divided by the volume of
solids in a given volume of soil or rock: Lµ tû sè gi÷a
thÓ tÝch cña phÇn lç rçng víi thÓ tÝch cña phÇn h¹t
r¾n trong mét thÓ tÝch ®· cho cña ®Êt hay ®¸.
volcanic rock /v˜l'k“nik r˜k/ n ®¸ nói löa:
Igneous rocks formed from magma that has flowed
out or has been violently ejected from a volcano: Lµ
®¸ macma t¹o thµnh tõ dßng macma ch¶y ra hay
phun m¹nh tõ mét nói löa.
voltage /'voultid™/ n ®iÖn ¸p, hiÖu ®iÖn thÕ:
elctromotive force expressed in volts: lµ søc ®iÖn
®éng (lùc ®iÖn ®éng) biÓu thÞ b»ng v«n o A 480-
volt, three-phase, utilization voltage can be applied
to most of the loads in a tunnel. There is seldom any
reason for selecting a 240-volt or 208-volt system
over a 480-volt system. This is due to the fact that
the 240- and 208-volt systems have higher losses
and greater voltage regulation, as a result of the
higher voltage drop in the distribution wiring for
conveying an equivalent amount of power: §iÖn ¸p

Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
 348
Ww
waiting lane /'weiti– lein/ n lµn chê, dßng xe chê.
wale /weil/ n thanh gi»ng ngang.
waler /weil”/ n thanh gi»ng ngang: Temporary
cofferdams generally use walers and struts to cross-
brace the inside excavation: C¸c t−êng ch¾n t¹m
thêi th−êng cã c¸c thanh gi»ng vµ thanh chèng
ngang ®Ó gi»ng nèi phÝa trong hè ®µo.
waling /weili–/ n hÖ thanh gi»ng ngang.
walk /w˜:k/ n lèi ®Ó ®i bé, ®−êng ®Ó ®i bé:
maintenance walks: lèi ®i bé ®Ó b¶o d−ìng hÇm o
In many older tunnels, particularly two-lanes
sections with two-way traffic, raised maintenance
walks were provided for tunnel operation personnel:
Trong nhiÒu hÇm cò, ®Æc biÖt lµ c¸c mÆt c¾t hai lµn
xe víi xe ch¹y hai chiÒu, cÇn t¹o ra c¸c lèi ®i bé
n©ng cao cho sù b¶o d−ìng phôc vô c¸c nh©n viªn
vËn hµnh ®−êng hÇm.
walker /w˜:k”/ n ®èc c«ng: Shift
superintendent: Lµ ng−êi gi¸m s¸t mét ca lµm hÇm.
walkover system = locator /'wɔ:k'ouvə 'sistəm/
n hÖ thèng ®Þnh vÞ.
walkway /w˜:kwei/ n lèi ®Ó ®i bé, ®−êng ®Ó ®i bé:
Walkways for the safe passage of workers shall be
reserved in a tunnel. The clearance between the
vehicle in operation and the sidewalls or other
obstacles should be more than 0.6 meter on each
side of the rail system. As for the wheel system, more
than 1.0 meter clearance for a walkway should be
secured except in the case of two vehicles passing
each other between the walls: Ph¶i dµnh riªng c¸c
lèi ®i bé trong hÇm cho môc ®Ých ®i l¹i an toµn cña
c«ng nh©n. Kho¶ng trèng gi÷a xe cé ®ang ch¹y vµ
c¸c t−êng bªn hoÆc c¸c vËt c¶n kh¸c ph¶i lín h¬n
0.6 mÐt vÒ mçi phÝa trong c¸c hÖ thèng hÇm ®−êng
s¾t. §èi víi hÇm « t«, cÇn ®¶m b¶o cã lèi ®i bé réng
h¬n 1 mÐt trõ tr−êng hîp hai xe ®i qua nhau gi÷a c¸c
t−êng hÇm.
wall /w˜:l/ n t−êng, v¸ch, thµnh; g−¬ng lß, ®¸
v¸ch.
wall plate /w˜:l pleit/ n mãng t−êng, ch©n
t−êng; v¸ch ch¾n: Footings placed on the rock shelf
to temporarily support the arch ribs of tunnel sets:
Lµ c¸c tÊm bÖ mãng ®Æt trªn thÒm v¸ch ®¸ ®Ó t¹m
thêi chèng ®ì c¸c khung s−ên (vßm) chèng hÇm. o
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
Continuous horizontal members along the sides of
the tunnel at or near the spring line, when a top
heading or multiple headings is driven to support
arch sets. Often two I beam are used for wall plates.
After excavating the bottom heading, supports are
installed to support the wall plate from the mud sill:
Lµ c¸c cÊu kiÖn n»m ngang liªn tôc däc theo hai bªn
hÇm t¹i hoÆc gÇn ®−êng ph©n chia vßm-t−êng, khi
tiÕn hµnh ®µo mét g−¬ng nhá phÝa trªn hay nhiÒu
g−¬ng nhá, ®Ó ®ì c¸c v× chèng vßm. Th«ng th−êng
dïng hai dÇm ch÷ I cho mãng t−êng. Sau khi ®µo
g−¬ng nhá phÝa d−íi, ng−êi ta sÏ dùng c¸c cét chèng
®Ó ®ì mãng t−êng tõ d−íi dÇm liªn kÕt ch×m.
ware /we”/ n ®å vËt, s¶n phÈm, hµng hãa.
warehouse /'we”haus/ n kho hµng, nhµ kho.
warehousing /'we”hauziô/ n sù nhËp kho, sù b¶o
qu¶n trong kho.
warning /'w˜:ni–/ n sù b¸o tr−íc; sù c¶nh b¸o;
dÊu hiÖu b¸o tr−íc, dÊu hiÖu c¶nh b¸o: danger
warning: sù b¸o nguy hiÓm; biÓn b¸o nguy hiÓm.
warp /'w˜:p/ n c¸p lai d¾t: Cables used to move
elements. Warping is the act of moving elements
using warps, usually out of a narrow channel or
dock: Lµ c¸c c¸p dïng ®Ó chë næi c¸c ®èt hÇm d×m.
Sù kÐo c¸p lµ c«ng viÖc di chuyÓn c¸c ®èt hÇm b»ng
c¸ch sö dông c¸c d©y c¸p chïng, th−êng lµ ra khái
mét kªnh hÑp hay bÓ ®óc.
warping /'w˜:pi–/ n sù lµm vªnh, sù lµm cong, sù
lµm o»n; sù kÐo hÇm.
washer /'w˜‘”/ n vßng ®Öm, gio¨ng.
washing /'w˜‘i–/ n sù röa s¹ch lç khoan: In
grouting, the physical act of cleaning the sides of a
hole by circulating water, water and air, acid
washes, or chemical substances through drill rods or
tremie pipe in an open hole: Trong b¬m v÷a, ®©y lµ
viÖc lµm s¹ch thùc sù c¸c thµnh bªn cña mét lç
khoan b»ng n−íc quay vßng, b»ng n−íc vµ khÝ, tr¸ng
axit, hoÆc b»ng c¸c hãa chÊt th«ng qua cÇn khoan
hoÆc èng ®øng tremie trong mét lç khoan lé thiªn.
washing of tunnel /'w˜‘i– ”v 't∧nl/ n viÖc röa
vÖ sinh hÇm: Washing (cleaning) of the tunnel walls
and ceiling must be regularly performed to maintain
the efficiency of the lighting system and to preserve
the general appearance: CÇn th−êng xuyªn röa (vÖ
sinh) t−êng vµ trÇn hÇm ®Ó duy tr× tÝnh hiÖu qu¶ cña
hÖ thèng chiÕu s¸ng, vµ ®Ó gi÷ ®−îc diÖn m¹o chung
cho hÇm.
washing truck /'w˜‘i– tr∧k/ n xe röa vÖ sinh
hÇm: A tank truck holding about 5700 liters of
water, equiped with a pump providing about 8.4
kg/cm2 pressure, powered by a separate gasoline
 349
engine, serves as the washing truck: Xe t¶i röa vÖ
sinh hÇm lµ mét «t« xitec chë kho¶ng 5700 lýt n−íc,
cã trang bÞ mét m¸y b¬m cã ¸p lùc kho¶ng 8.4
kg/cm2, vµ ®−îc ch¹y b»ng mét ®éng c¬ x¨ng riªng.
washover pipe /'w˜‘'ouvə paip/ n èng khoan xoay
nong réng: Rotating drill pipe of larger diameter
than the pilot drill and placed around it with its
leading edge less far advanced. Its purpose is to
provide stiffness to the drilling pipe in order to
maintain steering control over long bores, to reduce
friction between the drill string and the soil and to
facilitate mud circulation. See Directional Drilling:
Lµ èng khoan xoay cã ®−êng kÝnh lín h¬n lç khoan
hoa tiªu vµ xung quanh nã cã c¹nh dÉn tiÕn tr−íc.
Môc ®Ých cña nã lµ t¹o ra ®é cøng cho èng khoan ®Ó
duy tr× sù ®iÒu khiÓn l¸i h−íng qua ®o¹n khoan dµi,
nh»m gi¶m ma s¸t gi÷a sîi cÇn khoan vµ nÒn ®Êt
còng nh− t¹o dÔ dµng cho viÖc l−u th«ng quay vßng
bïn khoan. Xem thªm Directional Drilling.
waste /weist/ n phÕ liÖu, chÊt th¶i, vËt th¶i.
waste area /weist 'e”ri”/ n khu vùc ®æ chÊt th¶i,
b·i th¶i: Waste areas shall be left in a smooth, neat
and drainable condition, and all waste material
shall be placed in such manner that adjacent
property will not be damaged or endangered: Nh÷ng
khu vùc b·i th¶i ph¶i ®−îc gi÷ trong t×nh tr¹ng b»ng
ph¼ng, gän gµng vµ dÔ tho¸t n−íc, vµ mäi vËt liÖu
th¶i ph¶i ®−îc ®æ sao cho kh«ng lµm h¹i hay g©y
nguy hiÓm cho tµi s¶n kÕ bªn.
waste water /weist 'w˜:t”/ n n−íc th¶i: Polluted
water that has to be eliminated through the drainage
system: N−íc bÞ « nhiÔm cÇn ph¶i lo¹i bá qua hÖ
thèng tho¸t n−íc.
water /'w˜:t”/ n n−íc: Water shall be controlled at
the tunnel face, to keep the tunnel invert and all
excavation machinery clear of water at all times:
N−íc ngÇm ph¶i ®−îc kiÓm so¸t ngay t¹i g−¬ng ®µo,
nh»m gi÷ cho lßng hÇm vµ m¸y mãc ®µo hÇm lu«n
lu«n ®−îc s¹ch kh«ng dÝnh n−íc o Water used for
cement mortar mixtures shall be fresh, clean,
potable, and free of injurious amounts of oil, acid,
salt, or alkali: N−íc dïng cho hçn hîp v÷a xim¨ng
ph¶i lµ n−íc ngät, s¹ch, uèng ®−îc, vµ kh«ng cã hµm
l−îng qu¸ nhiÒu g©y h¹i cña dÇu, axÝt, muèi, hay
kiÒm.
water absorption /'w˜:t” ”b's˜:p∫n/ n sù hót thu
n−íc.
water balance /'w˜:t” 'b“l”ns / n sù c©n b»ng
n−íc.
water bearing unconsolidated ground /'w˜:t”
be”riô ٫ʌnk”n's˜lideitid graund/ n ®Êt kh«ng cè kÕt
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
chøa n−íc: Special ground conditions that may
become a problem in designing or constructing a
tunnel are as follows: moving ground (landslide,
slope failure), fracture zone, folded structure zone,
water bearing unconsolidated ground, squeezing
ground, rock burst, and ground with heat, hot
spring, toxic gas, etc.: Nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn ®Þa chÊt ®Æc
biÖt cã thÓ trë thµnh vÊn ®Ò khã kh¨n khi thiÕt kÕ vµ
x©y dùng hÇm lµ: ®Êt dÞch chuyÓn (tr−ît ®Êt, sôt
m¸i), vïng vì n¸t hay cã cÊu tróc uèn nÕp, ®Êt kh«ng
cè kÕt ngËm n−íc, ®¸ næ, vµ ®Êt cã nhiÖt cao, suèi
nãng, khÝ ®éc v.v…
water contamination /'w˜:t” k”n,t“mi'nei‘n/ n sù
lµm nhiÔm bÈn (« nhiÕm) n−íc.
water flow /'w˜:t” flou/ n dßng n−íc: One of the
most troublesome obstacles to tunnel advance is
water. Even a small amount in a tunnel being driven
downgrade collects at the face is a nuisance: Mét
trong nh÷ng trë ng¹i phiÒn phøc nhÊt cho viÖc ®µo
hÇm lµ dßng n−íc. Ngay c¶ mét l−îng n−íc nhá tÝch
tô t¹i g−¬ng lß trong mét hÇm ®µo xuèng dèc còng lµ
mét mèi phiÒn to¸i.
water hardship during excavation /'w˜:t”
'h:d‘ip/ n sù khã kh¨n (gian khæ) thi c«ng do n−íc
khi ®µo hÇm: During tunnel excavation, when the
continuous water seepage from the working face
exceeds 10 liters per second, the Contractor may
request for additional payment, compensating for all
consequential hardships and working hindrance:
Trong khi ®µo hÇm, nÕu l−îng n−íc ch¶y ra liªn tôc
tõ g−¬ng ®µo v−ît qu¸ 10 lýt trªn gi©y, Nhµ thÇu cã
thÓ yªu s¸ch ®−îc thanh to¸n bæ sung, bï ®¾p cho
mäi gay go gian khæ ph¶i ®èi phã vµ sù chËm trÔ
c«ng viÖc.
water inflow /'w˜:t” 'inflou/ n dßng n−íc ngÇm
ch¶y vµo hÇm: Water inflow is categorized into two
types: concentrated inflow during the construction,
and constant inflow after the completion of the
tunnel. These types, amount, and area of the water
inflow is determined mainly by the structure of the
aquifer and the characteristics of the aquifer: N−íc
ngÇm ch¶y vµo hÇm ®−îc chia lµm hai lo¹i - n−íc
ngÇm tËp trung trong khi thi c«ng, vµ n−íc ngÇm
th−êng xuyªn sau khi kÕt thóc thi c«ng hÇm. Sè l−îng
vµ diÖn tÝch cña hai lo¹i n−íc ngÇm nµy ®−îc quyÕt
®Þnh chñ yÕu bëi cÊu tróc tÇng ngËm n−íc vµ c¸c
®Æc ®iÓm cña tÇng ngËm n−íc.
water inflow control /'w˜:t” 'inflou k”n'troul/ n
kiÓm so¸t dßng n−íc ch¶y vµo hÇm: Drainage and
water sealing measures are used to control water
inflow. Water sealing methods include the grouting
 350
method, the pneumatic method and the cutoff wall
method: C¸c biÖn ph¸p th¸o n−íc vµ bÞt kÝn n−íc
®−îc sö dông ®Ó kiÓm so¸t dßng n−íc ngÇm. C¸c
ph−¬ng ph¸p trÐt kÝn n−íc gåm cã phun v÷a, dïng
khÝ Ðp vµ dïng t−êng c¸ch n−íc.
water inflow pressure test /'w˜:t” 'inflou 'pre∫”
test/ n thÝ nghiÖm ¸p lùc dßng n−íc ngÇm.
water jet cutting = water jetting /'w˜:t” dʒet
'kʌti–/ n ®µo ®Êt/röa s¹ch b»ng xãi tia n−íc ¸p lùc
cao: Method for the internal cleansing of pipelines
using high pressure water jets: Lµ ph−¬ng ph¸p sóc
röa s¹ch mÆt bªn trong cña c¸c ®−êng èng b»ng c¸c
vßi xãi n−íc ¸p lùc cao.
water leakage /'w˜:t” 'li:kidʒ/ n rß rØ n−íc ngÇm:
Water leakage in tunnels not only degrades the
functions of in-tunnel facilities and reduces their
durability but also has an adverse effect on the
travel on the runway due to the freezing of the water
in winter. Appropriate waterproofing and drainage
systems should therefore be designed: Rß rØ n−íc
ngÇm trong hÇm kh«ng chØ lµm xèng cÊp c¸c thiÕt bÞ
l¾p trong hÇm vµ lµm gi¶m tuæi thä cña chóng mµ
cßn cã t¸c ®éng xÊu tíi sù giao th«ng trªn ®−êng do
n−íc ®ãng b¨ng vµo mïa ®«ng. Do ®ã cÇn ph¶i thiÕt
kÕ c¸c hÖ thèng c¸ch n−íc vµ tho¸t n−íc phï hîp.
water leakage control /'w˜:t” 'li:kidʒ k”n'troul/
n kiÓm so¸t rß rØ n−íc ngÇm: The counter measures
for water leakage contain (i) waterproofing by
applying waterproofing membranes after taking
appropriate measures behind the lining to prevent
leakage inside the lining, (ii) drainage that enables
smooth drainage of water flowing into the tunnel or
(iii) control of water leakage through the
construction joints by cutting off or conveying water
despite the application of waterproofing: C¸c biÖn
ph¸p ®èi phã víi rß rØ n−íc ngÇ, bao gåm (i) l¾p ®Æt
c¸c tÊm c¸ch n−íc sau khi ®· thùc hiÖn nh÷ng kü
thuËt thÝch hîp phÝa sau bªt«ng vá hÇm ®Ó chèng rß
rØ bªn trong vá hÇm, (ii) hÖ thèng th¸o n−íc cho
phÐp tho¸t ®i mét c¸ch su«n sÎ n−íc ch¶y vµo hÇm,
hoÆc (iii) kiÓm so¸t thÊm n−íc qua c¸c mèi nèi thi
c«ng b»ng chÆn ®øng hoÆc dÉn chuyÓn n−íc cho dï
®· cã mµng c¸ch n−íc.
water pollution /'w˜:t” p”'lu:‘n/ n « nhiÔm
n−íc: Contamination of a liquid effluent which needs
treatment before disposal: Lµ sù nhiÔm bÈn cña mét
dßng chÊt láng mµ nã cÇn ®−îc xö lý tr−íc khi th¶i
bá.
water pressure /'w˜:t” 'pre∫”/ n ¸p lùc n−íc:
In squeezed ground or water bearing unconsolidated
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
ground, ground displacement may continue for a
long time or earth or water pressure may increase.
Under such conditions, the completed tunnel may be
deformed: Trong ®Êt nÐn Ðp hoÆc ®Êt ch−a cè kÕ
ngËm n−íc, chuyÓn vÞ cña ®Êt cã thÓ tiÕp tôc diÔn ra
trong thêi gian dµi hay ¸p lùc ®Êt vµ ¸p lùc n−íc cã
thÓ t¨ng lªn. Trong ®iÒu kiÖn ®ã, ®−êng hÇm ®· hoµn
thµnh cã thÓ bÞ biÕn d¹ng o Internal water
pressure is considred for waterway tunnels. Either
hydrostatic or dynamic water pressure is considered.
Since groundwater generally drains off of the tunnel,
no external water pressure is considered in
designing linings. In waterproof tunnels, however,
total groundwater pressure is considered: ¸p lùc
trong cña n−íc ®−îc tÝnh to¸n ®èi víi c¸c hÇm dÉn
n−íc. Cã thÓ tÝnh víi ¸p lùc thñy tÜnh hoÆc ¸p lùc
®éng. Do n−íc ngÇm th−êng tù ch¶y tho¸t khái hÇm
nªn kh«ng cÇn tÝnh ¸p lùc n−íc bªn ngoµi ®èi víi vá
hÇm. Tuy nhiªn, ®èi víi c¸c hÇm c¸ch n−íc, cÇn tÝnh
to¸n toµn bé ¸p lùc n−íc ngÇm.
water quality /'w˜:t” 'kw˜liti/ n chÊt l−îng n−íc:
Criteria and specifications of chemical, physical and
bacterial constituents of water supply, depending on
its use for domestic, industrial or agricultural
purposes; determination of organic and inorganic
constituents, acidity, specific electrical conductance,
temperature, colour, turbidity, odour, taste, coliform
organisms: C¸c tiªu chuÈn vµ quy ®Þnh kü thuËt vÒ
c¸c thµnh phÇn hãa häc, vËt lý vµ sinh häc cña
nguån n−íc, phô thuéc vµo viÖc sö dông nã cho c¸c
môc ®Ých sinh ho¹t, c«ng nghiÖp hay n«ng nghiÖp; sù
x¸c ®Þnh c¸c thµnh phÇn h÷u c¬ vµ v« c¬, ®é axÝt, ®é
®ôc, mïi, vÞ, c¸c sinh vËt d¹ng trùc khuÈn ruét.
water quality check /'w˜:t” 'kw˜liti t∫ek/ n kiÓm
tra chÊt l−îng n−íc.
water reservoir tunnel /'w˜:t” 'rez”vw: 't∧nl/ n
hÇm cña hå chøa n−íc.
water sealing method /'w˜:t” 'si:liô 'meθ”d/ n
ph−¬ng ph¸p trÐt kÝn ®Ó ng¨n n−íc ngÇm.
water spray nozzle injector /'w˜:t” sprei 'n˜zl
in'dʒekt”/ n bé phËn vßi xÞt n−íc (m¸y TBM).
water spray system /'w˜:t” sprei 'sist”m/ n hÖ
thèng xÞt n−íc (m¸y TBM).
water tank /'w˜:t” t“–k/ n bån chøa n−íc, thïng
n−íc, bÓ n−íc, xitÐc n−íc.
water-bearing /'w˜:t”,be”riô/ adj chøa n−íc, ngËm
n−íc: Care must be taken to prevent the soft ground,
if water-bearing, from being washed into the tunnel:
CÇn cã biÖn ph¸p ®Ò phßng ®Êt yÕu, nÕu nã chøa
n−íc, ch¶y tõ g−¬ng ®µo vµo trong lßng hÇm o If
exploratory holes indicate water-bearing sand and
 351
gravel, grouting in advance of the breakthrough into
the soft ground may prevent a serious run: NÕu c¸c
lç khoan th¨m dß (t¹i g−¬ng) chØ ra cho thÊy cã líp
c¸t vµ sái ngËm n−íc, th× viÖc gia cè b»ng b¬m v÷a
tr−íc khi ®µo cho nÒn ®Êt yÕu cã thÓ gióp tr¸nh ®−îc
sù ch¶y ®Êt nghiªm träng vµo trong hÇm.
water-cement ratio (1) /'w˜:t”-si'ment 'rei∫iou/ n
tû lÖ n−íc-xim¨ng: The ratio of the amount of water,
exclusive only of that absorbed by the aggregates, to
the amount of cement in a concrete, mortar, grout,
or cement paste mixture; preferably stated as a
decimal by mass and abbreviated w/c: Lµ tû sè gi÷a
l−îng n−íc - trõ n−íc ®· ®−îc hÊp thô s½n bëi c¸c
cèt liÖu - vµ l−îng xim¨ng trong mét hçn hîp bªt«ng,
v÷a x©y, v÷a b¬m, hay hå xim¨ng nµo ®ã; th−êng
®−îc biÓu diÔn d−íi d¹ng sè thËp ph©n theo khèi
l−îng vµ viÕt t¾t lµ w/c (N/X).
water-cement ratio (2) /'w˜:t”-si'ment 'rei∫iou/ n
tû lÖ n−íc-xim¨ng: Like all concrete, the
water:cement ratio of the dry-mix shotcrete is
critical for the final quality and strength. Unlike the
wet-mix system where the water content can be
carefully controlled in the batching process, water
for the dry-mix process is added at the nozzle and
can be controlled by the nozzleman. Some moisture
may also be present in the aggregates or added to
the dry ingredients in a pre-dampener before the
material is shot. If too much water is present, the
shotcrete will not adhere well to the walls and roof
of the tunnel. If there is insufficient water, there will
be a lot of dust generated, making it difficult to see
the shooting surface. In properly shot dry-mix
shotcrete, the water:cement ratio is typically
between 0.4 to 0.5: Gièng nh− mäi lo¹i bªt«ng kh¸c,
tû lÖ n−íc/xim¨ng cña bet«ng phun trén kh« lµ rÊt
quan träng ®èi víi chÊt l−îng vµ c−êng ®é cuèi
cïng. Kh¸c víi bªt«ng trén −ít ë ®ã l−îng n−íc cã
thÓ ®−îc kiÓm so¸t chÆt chÏ trong qu¸ tr×nh trén,
n−íc cho qu¸ tr×nh trén kh« ®−îc thªm vµo t¹i ®Çu
vßi phun vµ ®−îc kiÓm so¸t bëi thî phun. Mét l−îng
n−íc nhÊt ®Þnh còng cã thÓ tån t¹i trong cèt liÖu
hoÆc thªm vµo c¸c thµnh phÇn kh« trong thïng lµm
Èm tríc khi vËt liÖu ®−îc phun ra. NÕu cã qu¸ nhiÒu
n−íc, bªt«ng phun sÏ kh«ng dÝnh b¸m tèt vµo t−êng
vµ nãc hÇm. NÕu kh«ng cã ®ñ n−íc, sÏ khiÕn sinh ra
rÊt nhiÒu bôi, lµm cho rÊt khã nh×n ®−îc bÒ mÆt
®ang ®−îc phun. §Ó cã bªt«ng trén kh« ®−îc phun
mét c¸ch ®óng ®¾n, tû lÖ n−íc/xim¨ng th−êng lÊy
trong kho¶ng tõ 0,4 ®Õn 0,5.
waterlogged /'w˜:t”l˜gd/ adj ngËp n−íc, sòng
n−íc: During construction of the Kilsby tunnel, near
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
Rugby, completed in 1838, extreme difficulties were
encountered in waterlogged coarse sands: Trong
qu¸ tr×nh x©y dùng hÇm Kilsby gÇn Rugby, hoµn
thµnh n¨m 1838, nhiÒu khã kh¨n ®Æc biÖt ®· gÆp
ph¶i trong nÒn c¸t th« no n−íc.
waterproof /'w˜:t”,pru:f/ adj chèng thÊm n−íc:
Impervious to water in either liquid or vapor state.
(Since nothing can be completely "impervious" to
water under infinite pressure over infinite time, this
term should not be used): Kh«ng thÊm ®èi víi n−íc ë
tr¹ng th¸i láng vµ tr¹ng th¸i h¬i. (V× kh«ng cã g× lµ
cã thÓ hoµn toµn “kh«ng thÊm” n−íc d−íi ¸p lùc v«
cïng lín trong thêi gian v« h¹n, nªn kh«ng ®−îc
dïng thuËt ng÷ “kh«ng thÊm”).
waterproof /'w˜:t”,pru:f/ n vËt liÖu chèng thÊm
n−íc: Three typical methods of waterproofing in
mountain tunnels are application of waterproofing
membranes, spraying and coating. At present,
waterproofing membranes are used more frequently
than any other method because they can form a
highly reliable waterproof layer of uniform quality.
Spraying and coating can be carried out easily and
fit the surface to be waterproofed satisfactorily.
However, by using these two methods it is difficult to
produce a waterproof layer of consistent thickness:
Ba ph−¬ng ph¸p phßng n−íc chñ yÕu trong hÇm qua
nói lµ l¾p tÊm c¸ch n−íc, phun vµ phñ bäc. HiÖn
nay, mµng chèng thÊm ®−îc sö dông nhiÒu h¬n bÊt
kú ph−¬ng ph¸p nµo kh¸c bëi v× chóng cã thÓ t¹o nªn
mét líp kh«ng thÊm n−íc cã ®é tin cËy cao víi chÊt
l−îng ®ång nhÊt. Ph−¬ng ph¸p phun vµ phñ bäc cã
thÓ thùc hiÖn dÔ dµng vµ ¨n khíp víi bÒ mÆt cÇn
chèng thÊm rÊt tèt. Tuy nhiªn, khi dïng hai ph−¬ng
ph¸p nµy, rÊt khã t¹o ®−îc mét líp c¸ch n−íc cã
chiÒu dµy ®ång ®Òu.
waterproofing /'w˜:t”,pru:fiô/ adj phßng n−íc,
ng¨n n−íc n líp chèng thÊm: Nothing causes more
annoyance and adverse comments than a leaky,
messy-looking tunnel. Expecting the concrete to be
watertight in wet rock is unrealistic. Membranes to
shut out water, consisting of polyvinyl chloride
(PVC) or synthetic rubber sheets (neoprene) or
multi-ply coal tar layers attached to a preliminary
lining of shotcrete, have been used by Swiss
engineers. The final lining is placed against the
membrane. However, this method requires much
labor, is expensive and is not completely reliable:
Kh«ng cã g× t¹o nªn nhiÒu nçi bùc m×nh khã chÞu vµ
c¸c lêi b×nh phÈm xÊu xa h¬n lµ mét ®−êng hÇm rß
rØ n−íc trong t×nh tr¹ng bÈn thØu. Mong ®îi vá
bªt«ng ph¶i kÝn n−íc trong nÒn ®¸ −ít lµ kh«ng thùc
tÕ. C¸c mµng ng¨n n−íc, bao gåm polyvinyl clorua
 352
(PVC) hay c¸c tÊm cao su tæng hîp (neoprene) hoÆc
nhiÒu líp nhùa than ®¸, g¾n vµo mét líp vá bªt«ng
phun ban ®Çu, ®· ®−îc c¸c kü s− Thôy SÜ ¸p dông tõ
l©u. Tuy nhiªn, ph−¬ng ph¸p nµy ®ßi hái nhiÒu nh©n
c«ng, ®¾t ®á vµ còng ch−a h¼n hoµn toµn ®¸ng tin
cËy.
waterproofing membrance /'w˜:t”,pru:fiô
'membrein/ n mµng c¸ch n−íc, mµng chèng thÊm: A
skin provided external to the immersed tunnel to
improve the watertightness of concrete. The
membrane may be of steel or other more flexible
materials: Lµ mét mµng l¾p ®Æt ë phÝa ngoµi mét
hÇm d×m ®Ó t¨ng c−êng tÝnh chèng thÊm cña bªt«ng.
Mµng nµy cã thÓ b»ng thÐp hay c¸c vËt liÖu mÒm dÎo
h¬n kh¸c.
waterproofing membrance /'w˜:t”,pru:fiô
'membrein/ n mµng c¸ch n−íc, mµng chèng thÊm:
Waterproof membranes should consist of an
impermeable heat welded sheet of one of the
following materials: ❶ high density polyethylene
(HDPE) in accordance with German standard
DIN16776, ❷ soft polyvinyl chloride (PVC), or ❸
ethylene copolymerical bitumen (ECB). While
waterproofing membranes of a thickness of 0.8 to
1.2 mm are generally used in Japan, thickness
should be determined according to the purpose of
the membrane and the use of the tunnel: C¸c lo¹i
mµng chèng thÊm ph¶i cÊu t¹o tõ mét tÊm ®−îc hµn
b»ng nhiÖt nãng kh«ng thÊm n−íc chÕ t¹o tõ mét
trong nh÷ng vËt liÖu sau: ❶ polyªtylen mËt ®é cao
(HDPE) theo tiªu chuÈn §øc DIN16776, ❷ chÊt dÎo
polyvinyl clorua mÒm (PVC), hoÆc ❸ bitum ®ång
trïng hîp cã ªtylen (ECB). MÆc dï c¸c tÊm c¸ch
n−íc cã chiÒu dµy tõ 0.8~1.2mm ®−îc sö dông nhiÒu
ë NhËt B¶n, nh−ng ®é dµy cÇn ®−îc quyÕt ®Þnh c¨n
cø vµo môc ®Ých cña mµng vµ tÝnh n¨ng sö dông cña
®−êng hÇm.
water-reducer /'w˜:t”-ri'dju:sə/ n phô gia gi¶m
n−íc: An admixture that allows for a decrease in the
amount of water used in freshly mixed mortar or
concrete without a decrease in slump or that will
increase slump if water content is unchanged: Lµ
mét phô gia mµ nã cho phÐp gi¶m ®−îc mét l−îng
n−íc dïng trong v÷a hay bªt«ng míi trén mµ kh«ng
lµm gi¶m ®é sôt cña hçn hîp, hoÆc nã sÏ lµm t¨ng
®é sôt nÕu l−îng n−íc lµ kh«ng ®æi.
waterstop /'w˜:t”'st˜p/ n b¨ng chÆn n−íc:
Special component embedded in concrete
construction joints to reduce the permeability of the
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
joints: Lµ bé phËn ®Æc biÖt ch«n ngÇm vµo trong mèi
nèi thi c«ng bªt«ng (hÇm d×m) ®Ó lµm gi¶m ®é thÊm
cña mèi nèi.
water-table /'w˜:t”'teibl/ n mùc n−íc ngÇm: The
underground level at which the ground is saturated
with water. The level at which water will stand in an
excavation: Lµ cao ®é d−íi ngÇm mµ t¹i ®ã ®Êt nÒn
bÞ b·o hßa n−íc. Còng lµ mùc n−íc mµ t¹i ®ã n−íc
sÏ ®øng yªn trong mét hè ®µo o The natural water
table rose from crown level about 13.5m from the
portal to about 50.9m at tunnel section's end: Mùc
n−íc ngÇm tù nhiªn t¨ng tõ cao ®é nãc hang kho¶ng
13,5m t¹i cæng hÇm tíi kho¶ng 50,9m t¹i cuèi ®o¹n
hÇm.
watertight /'w˜:t”tait/ adj cã tÝnh chèng thÊm:
Impermeable to water except when under
hydrostatic pressure sufficient to produce structural
discontinuity by rupture: Lµ tÝnh chÊt kh«ng cho
n−íc thÊm qua, trõ tr−êng hîp chÞu ¸p suÊt thñy tÜnh
®ñ lín ®Ó t¹o ra sù kh«ng liªn tôc vÒ mÆt kÕt cÊu do
bÞ ph¸ ho¹i o A watertight tunnel is best assured
by specifying a 4000 psi strength concrete with a low
W/C ratio and carefully placing it to ensure a dense,
uniform, high-quality concrete: Mét ®−êng hÇm
chèng thÊm n−íc ®−îc ®¶m b¶o mét c¸ch tèt nhÊt
b»ng c¸ch quy ®Þnh dïng lo¹i bªt«ng c−êng ®é 4000
psi (280 kg/cm2) víi tû lÖ N/X thÊp vµ ®æ bªt«ng cÈn
thËn ®Ó cã ®−îc vßm bªt«ng ®Æc sÝt, ®ång nhÊt, chÊt
l−îng cao.
watertight tunnel /'w˜:t”tait 'tʌnl/ n hÇm kÝn
n−íc, hÇm kh«ng thÊm n−íc: Tunnels that allow the
minimum possible inflow of groundwater during and
after the construction. The hydraulic pressure is
considered in designing the lining: Lµ lo¹i hÇm chØ
cho phÐp thÊm mét l−îng nhá nhÊt n−íc ngÇm c¶
trong lóc vµ sau khi thi c«ng. CÇn tÝnh to¸n ®Õn ¸p
suÊt thñy lùc khi thiÕt kÕ vá hÇm.
watertightness /'w˜:t”taitnis/ n tÝnh chèng thÊm,
tÝnh kÝn n−íc: A measure of the capability of a
tunnel to resist the penetration of water (leakage).
Since the formation of a continuous waterproof layer
is required, joints of the waterproofing membranes
also need to have designated strength and
watertightness: Lµ ®¹i l−îng ®o kh¶ n¨ng cña mét
hÇm chèng l¹i ®−îc sù xuyªn qua cña n−íc. V× sù
h×nh thµnh mét líp chèng thÊm liªn tôc lµ ®ßi hái
b¾t buéc, nªn c¸c mèi nèi gi÷a c¸c tÊm mµng chèng
thÊm còng ph¶i cã c−êng ®é vµ ®é kÝn n−íc quy
®Þnh.
watertightness of immersed tunnel /'w˜:t”taitnis
”v 'im”st 'tʌnl/ n vÊn ®Ò kÝn n−íc cña hÇm d×m: It is
 353
often assumed that the process of building a tunnel
in water, rather than boring through the ground
beneath it will increase the likelihood of leakage. In
fact, immersed tunnels are nearly always much drier
than bored tunnels, due to the above-ground
construction of the elements. Underwater joints
depend on robust rubber seals which have proved
effective in dozens of tunnels to date: Ng−êi ta
th−êng cho r»ng qu¸ tr×nh thi c«ng mét hÇm trong
n−íc, chø kh«ng ph¶i lµ khoan qua nÒn ®Êt bªn d−íi
khèi n−íc, sÏ lµm t¨ng kh¶ n¨ng rß thÊm. Trong thùc
tÕ, c¸c hÇm d×m hÇu nh− lu«n kh« r¸o h¬n c¸c hÇm
thi c«ng b»ng ph−¬ng ph¸p khoan, do bëi viÖc thi
c«ng s½n c¸c ®èt hÇm ë trªn mÆt ®Êt. C¸c mèi nèi
d−íi n−íc cÊu t¹o tõ c¸c mèi tr¸m cao su bÒn v÷ng,
vµ chóng ®· chøng tá tÝnh hiÖu qu¶ tèt t¹i hµng chôc
hÇm ®· x©y dùng xong.
waterway tunnel /'w˜:t”wei 'tʌnl/ n hÇm chøa/
dÉn n−íc: Waterway tunnels shall have the gradient
set by giving consideration to the mutual
relationship between discharge volume, discharge
cross section area, flow velocity etc. Considerations
in the design phase include the check of internal
water pressure, the structure of the approach to the
open channel and maintenence: §é dèc cña c¸c hÇm
dÉn n−íc ph¶i ®−îc thiÕt kÕ b»ng c¸ch xem xÐt mèi
t−¬ng quan gi÷a l−u l−îng x¶ n−íc, diÖn tÝch tiÕt
diÖn x¶ n−íc, tèc ®é dßng ch¶y v.v… C¸c xem xÐt
trong giai ®o¹n thiÕt kÕ hÇm dÉn n−íc bao gåm viÖc
kiÓm tra ¸p lùc bªn trong cña n−íc, kÕt cÊu cña ®o¹n
dÉn tíi kªnh x¶ vµ viÖc b¶o d−ìng.
wayleave /'weili:v/ n phÐp ®i qua: The
Contractor shall bear all costs and charges for
special or temporary wayleaves required by him in
connection with access to the Site: Nhµ thÇu ph¶i
chÞu mäi chi phÝ vµ phÝ tæn ®Ó cã ®−îc d¶i ®Êt ®i l¹i
®Æc biÖt hay t¹m thêi mµ Nhµ thÇu thÊy lµ cÇn thiÕt
®Ó ®i vµo ®−îc C«ng tr−êng.
weakened zone /'wi:k”nd zoun/ n vïng yÕu, khu
vùc gi¶m yÕu: Excavation in a rock mass leads to the
perturbation of the stress regime, often creating a
stress-relieved, locally weakened zone known as the
disturbed zone: ViÖc ®µo hÇm trong mét khèi ®¸ dÉn
tíi sù rèi lo¹n cña chÕ ®é øng suÊt, th−êng t¹o ra
mét vïng gi¶i phãng øng suÊt, gi¶m yÕu côc bé, ®−îc
gäi lµ vïng x¸o trén.
weakness zone /'wi:knis zoun/ n vïng yÕu, khu
vùc gi¶m yÕu: Rock slide may occur in a water
tunnel. The engineering geologist must frequently
inspect the failure caused by insufficient rock
support of the weakness zones containing swelling
clay: Tr−ît ®¸ cã thÓ x¶y ra trong c¸c hÇm dÉn
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
n−íc. Kü s− ®Þa chÊt cÇn th−êng xuyªn kiÓm tra sËp
lë trong hÇm g©y ra do kh¶ n¨ng chèng ®ì kÐm cña
nh÷ng vïng ®¸ yÕu cã chøa sÐt tr−¬ng në.
wear /we”/ n sù hao mßn, mµi mßn: Bit wear is
largely dependent on the rock to be drilled and its
technical properties. Regular replacement of parts
subject to heavy wear is necessary: Sù mµi mßn mòi
khoan phô thuéc nhiÒu vµo lo¹i ®¸ vµ tÝnh chÊt kü
thuËt cña nã. CÇn ®Òu ®Æn thay thÕ c¸c bé phËn
(m¸y khoan) chÞu mµi mßn lín.
wear resistance /we” ri'zist”ns/ n [sù, ®é,
tÝnh] chèng mµi mßn: Rock disc cutters of high-
grade special tool steel for Tunnel Drilling Machine
are made by adjusting super-hard carbide. They has
an excellent long life performance, which is
especially exercised in the long distance drilling
where high wear-resistance is particularly required:
C¸c l−ìi c¾t ®¸ h×nh ®Üa b»ng thÐp c−êng ®é cao
dïng cho m¸y khoan hÇm TBM ®−îc chÕ t¹o b»ng
c¸ch ®iÒu chØnh l−îng cacbit siªu cøng. Chóng cã
tuæi thä lµm viÖc rÊt cao, lµ tÝnh chÊt ®Æc biÖt cÇn
thiÕt khi khoan chiÒu dµi lín, ë ®ã ®Æc biÖt ®ßi hái
®é bÒn chèng mµi mßn cao.
wearing surface /'we”ri– 's”:fis/ n líp mÆt
®−êng xe ch¹y (chÞu mµi mßn): Wearing surface is
the top level of a road that directly receives wear
from traffic: MÆt mµi mßn lµ líp trªn cïng cña
®−êng «t« trùc tiÕp chÞu sù mµi mßn g©y bëi giao
th«ng.
weathered /'we›”d/ adj bÞ thêi tiÕt t¸c ®éng; bÞ
phong hãa: The different proportions of rock and soil
in the partially weathered zones can be recognized
readily in the field: Nh÷ng tû lÖ kh¸c nhau gi÷a ®¸
vµ ®Êt t¹i c¸c ®íi phong hãa mét phÇn cã thÓ nhËn
thÊy dÔ dµng t¹i hiÖn tr−êng.
weathered rock /'we›”d r˜k/ n ®¸ phong hãa: In
underground construction grouting, the poor rock
condition generally requires significantly lower
injection pressures. Normally, the grout should
penetrate the weathered rock masses and
consolidate the mass: Khi b¬m v÷a gia cè nÒn trong
x©y dùng ngÇm, ®iÒu kiÖn ®¸ xÊu nãi chung chØ yªu
cÇu ¸p lùc b¬m kh¸ thÊp. Th«ng th−êng, v÷a ph¶i
xuyªn thÊm qua khèi ®¸ phong hãa vµ lµm cè kÕt
khèi ®¸.
weathering /'we›”ri–/ adj sù phong hãa, qu¸ tr×nh
phong hãa; sù biÕn ®æi thêi tiÕt: Degradation in
color, texture, strength, chemical composition or
other properties of a material caused by exposure to
the weather: Lµ sù suy tho¸i vÒ mµu s¾c, cÊu tróc,
c−êng ®é, thµnh phÇn hãa häc hoÆc c¸c tÝnh chÊt
 354
kh¸c cña mét vËt liÖu g©y bëi sù tiÕp xóc víi thêi tiÕt
o To account for complex weathering profiles,
descriptive schemes for rock mass weathering
should be flexible and simple to apply in the field:
§Ó tÝnh ®Õn c¸c d¹ng phong hãa phøc t¹p, c¸c s¬ ®å
m« t¶ t×nh tr¹ng phong hãa cña khèi ®¸ cÇn ph¶i ®¬n
gi¶n vµ linh ho¹t ®Ó ¸p dông t¹i hiÖn tr−êng.
weathering rind /'we›”ri– raind/ n vá phong hãa:
Discoloured, relatively thin, often loose and flaky
outer layer on the surface of a boulder or rock block
caused by weathering: Lµ mét líp bªn ngoµi dÔ bong
m¶nh vµ th−êng rçng rêi, kh¸ máng, ®· ®æi mµu,
trªn bÒ mÆt cña mét hßn ®¸ cuéi hoÆc t¶ng ®¸ g©y
bëi sù phong hãa.
weathering zone /'we›”ri– zoun/ n ®íi phong hãa:
Portion of a rock mass delineated on the basis of its
degree of weathering in terms of, for example,
relative proportions of rock and soil: Lµ phÇn cña
khèi ®¸ ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh trªn c¬ së møc ®é phong hãa
cña nã, vÝ dô vÒ ph−¬ng diÖn tû lÖ t−¬ng ®èi gi÷a ®¸
vµ ®Êt.
wedge failure /wedʒ 'feilj”/ n ph¸ ho¹i nªm ®¸:
Two intersecting discontinuities release a wedge-
shaped rock mass: Hai khe nøt giao nhau lµm gi¶i
phãng mét khèi ®¸ h×nh nªm.
weephole /wi:phoul/ n lç rß, lç rØ, lç tho¸t n−íc
(cho t−êng ch¾n, mè cÇu, m¸i dèc, hÇm…): A small
diameter hole (usually 1⁄4 in.) drilled into the
protective casing above the ground surface that
serves as a drain hole for water that may enter the
protective casing annulus: Lµ mét lç ®−êng kÝnh nhá
(th−êng lµ 6mm) khoan vµo èng v¸ch b¶o vÖ phÝa
trªn mÆt ®Êt ®Ó lµm viÖc nh− mét lç tho¸t n−íc nÕu
cã n−íc ch¶y vµo xung quanh èng chèng b¶o vÖ o
Gravel or pipe drains may be used carry the water
to the tunnel portal. If the water is not carried in
drains to the portal, weep holes in the concrete
lining may be necessary to prevent excessive
external pressure: C¸c ®−êng tho¸t n−íc b»ng sái
hoÆc b»ng èng cã thÓ ®−îc dïng ®Ó chuyÓn n−íc ra
cöa hÇm. NÕu n−íc kh«ng ®−îc ®−a ra cöa hÇm, cã
thÓ ph¶i ®Æt c¸c èng tho¸t n−íc trong líp vá hÇm ®Ó
lo¹i bá ¸p lùc ngoµi qu¸ lín.
weeping /'wi:piô/ n sù rß, sù rØ.
weld /weld/ n mèi hµn v hµn.
weldability /,weld”'bil”ti/ n tÝnh hµn ®−îc.
welded mesh /'weldid me∫/ n l−íi thÐp hµn: Where
tensile strength or toughness are required for
shotcrete, normally reinforcement with welded mesh
or steel fiber is considered. In other words, welded
mesh is used for the purpose of improving shear
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
strength and bonding resistance, it is also used for
protecting against material drop from the surface,
and for improving the toughness of the shotcrete
after a crack has occurred. Standard specification of
welded mesh (JIS G 3551) is shown in below table:
Khi bªt«ng phun cÇn cã c−êng ®é kÐo hay tÝnh bÒn
dai, th−êng ng−êi ta xÐt ®Õn viÖc dïng løi thÐp hµn
vµ cèt sîi thÐp. Nãi cô thÓ, l−íi thÐp hµn ®−îc dïng
víi môc ®Ých t¨ng c−êng ®é chèng c¾t vµ n¨ng lùc
dÝnh kÕt, nã còng ®−îc dïng ®Ó b¶o vÖ kh«ng cho vËt
liÖu r¬i bËt khái bÒ mÆt phun, vµ t¨ng ®é bÒn dai cña
bªt«ng phun sau khi ®· cã vÕt nøt. Th«ng sè tiªu
chuÈn cña l−íi thÐp (tiªu chuÈn NhËt JIS G 3551)
®−îc cho ë b¶ng d−íi ®©y.
JIS G 3551 * Unit: N/m2
Dia. \ Mesh Sq. 100 x 100 mm 150 x 150 mm
(§−êng kÝnh \ L−íi
vu«ng)
φ 6.0 mm 46.0 30.6
φ 5.0 mm 31.9 21.3
φ 4.0 mm 20.4 13.6
φ 3.2 mm 13.1 8.8
welding /'weldiô/ n sù hµn: The process of
fastening together pieces of metals by melting a
bonding metal between similar metals under high
heat: Lµ qu¸ tr×nh g¾n chÆt c¸c cÊu kiÖn kim lo¹i víi
nhau b»ng c¸ch lµm nãng ch¶y mét kim lo¹i liªn kÕt
(que hµn) vµo gi÷a c¸c miÕng kim lo¹i cïng lo¹i.
welding procedure /'weldiô pr”'si:d™”/ n thñ
tôc (ph−¬ng ph¸p) hµn: Detailed methods and
practices, including joint-welding procedures,
involved in the production of a weldment: Lµ c¸c
ph−¬ng ph¸p vµ kü thuËt, bao gåm thñ tôc hµn nèi
(hµn ghÐp), ¸p dông ®Ó t¹o ra mét s¶n phÈm hµn.
weldment /'weldm”nt/ n kÕt cÊu hµn, s¶n
phÈm hµn, bé phËn hµn: Assembly whose component
parts are joined by welding: Lµ mét bé phËn l¾p r¸p
mµ c¸c chi tiÕt thµnh phÇn cña nã ®−îc liªn kÕt b»ng
hµn.
well /wel/ n giÕng; nguån n−íc, suèi n−íc; hÇm,
lß: In locations where the water table is deep,
pumped filtered wells often are used for lowering the
water level or for controlling artesian pressures in
aquifers beneath excavations: T¹i nh÷ng n¬i mµ mùc
n−íc ngÇm n»m s©u, ng−êi ta dïng c¸c giÕng läc
b¬m n−íc ®Ó h¹ thÊp møc n−íc hoÆc kiÓm so¸t ¸p
lùc phun (cña n−íc) trong c¸c líp ngËm n−íc bªn
d−íi hè ®µo.
well screen jetting = hydraulic jetting /wel/ n xãi
ph¸ vì thñy lùc: When jetting is used for
development, a jetting tool with nozzles and a
highpressure pump is used to force water outwardly
 355
through the screen, the filter pack, and sometimes
into the adjacent geologic unit: Khi xãi n−íc ®−îc
¸p dông, mét dông cô xãi cã c¸c vßi vµ mét b¬m cao
¸p ®−îc dïng ®Ó Ðp m¹nh n−íc ra phÝa ngoµi qua
mµn ch¾n läc, qua líp vËt liÖu läc, vµ ®«i khi xÞt c¶
vµo khèi ®Þa chÊt liÒn kÒ.
wellpoint /welp˜int/ n bé läc èng kim; giÕng
(èng) tho¸t n−íc kiÓu läc: Dewatering has
sometimes been accomplished by installing
horizontal wellpoints in the working face. This
method gives control of the saturation extent of the
soil, but it is inefficient in some cases: ViÖc tho¸t
n−íc ®«i khi ®−îc thùc hiÖn b»ng c¸ch l¾p ®Æt c¸c
èng tho¸t kiÓu läc n»m ngang trªn mÆt g−¬ng hÇm.
Ph−¬ng ph¸p nµy gióp khèng chÕ møc ®é b·o hßa
cña nÒn ®Êt, nh−ng trong mét sè tr−êng hîp nã
kh«ng hiÖu qu¶ l¾m.
wet dust collector /wet d—st k”'lekt”/ n thiÕt bÞ
läc bôi kiÓu −ít.
wet-mix /wet-miks/ n, adj trén −ít: Wet-mix
shotcrete use began in the mid-1960s: ViÖc dïng
bªt«ng phun trén −ít b¾t ®Çu gi÷a nh÷ng n¨m 1960
o The wet-mix process consists of mixing measured
quantities of aggregate, cement, and water, and
introducing the resulting mix into a vessel for
discharge pneumatically or mechanically through a
hose to final delivery from a nozzle: Qu¸ tr×nh trén
−ít bao gåm viÖc hßa trén nh÷ng khèi l−îng ®· ®−îc
c©n ®ong cña cèt liÖu ®¸, xim¨ng, vµ n−íc, råi ®−a
hçn hîp nhËn ®−îc vµo mét b×nh chøa ®Ó b¬m ®i
b»ng khÝ nÐn hay c¬ khÝ qua mét èng dÉn tíi ®Ých
cÇn phun nhê mét vßi phun.
wet mix process /wet miks 'prouses/ n qu¸
tr×nh trén −ít: The process of producing sprayed
concrete in which cement and aggregate are weigh
batched and mixed with water at or near the
spraying location or in mixer trucks prior to being
pumped through a pipeline to a nozzle where
compressed air, and admixtures if necessary, are
injected and the mix projected into place without
interuption: Lµ qu¸ tr×nh chÕ t¹o bªt«ng phun trong
®ã xim¨ng vµ cèt liÖu ®−îc c©n ®ong khèi l−îng vµ
trén víi n−íc t¹i hoÆc gÇn vÞ trÝ phun hoÆc trong c¸c
xe trén bªt«ng tr−íc khi ®−îc b¬m qua mét ®−êng
èng tíi vßi phun, t¹i ®ã khÝ nÐn - vµ c¶ phô gia nÕu
cÇn thiÕt - ®−îc b¬m vµo, råi hçn hîp nµy ®−îc phun
vµo vÞ trÝ mét c¸ch liªn tôc.
wet-mix shotcrete /wet-miks/ n bªt«ng phun
trén −ít: Shotcrete in which all components are
mixed before the material is pumped into the
delivery hose; an accelerator, if used, may be added
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
at the nozzle: Lµ lo¹i bªt«ng phun trong ®ã mäi
thµnh phÇn vËt liÖu ®−îc hßa trén tr−íc khi hçn hîp
®−îc b¬m vµo èng ph©n phèi; nÕu cã sö dông phô
gia th× nã sÏ ®−îc cho vµo t¹i vßi phun.
wetting agent /wetiô 'eidʒənt/ n phô gia g©y −ít: A
substance capable of lowering the surface tension of
liquids, facilitating the wetting of solid surfaces and
facilitating the penetration of liquids into the
capillaries: Lµ mét chÊt cã kh¶ n¨ng lµm gi¶m søc
c¨ng bÒ mÆt cña c¸c chÊt láng, t¹o sù dÔ dµng cho
viÖc lµm −ít c¸c bÒ mÆt r¾n vµ t¹o dÔ dµng cho viÖc
x©m nhËp cña c¸c chÊt láng vµo c¸c èng mao dÉn.
wheel loader /wi:l 'loud”/ n m¸y chÊt t¶i b¸nh h¬i,
m¸y xóc lËt: Wheel loaders and special off-road
haulers usually manage mucking in large cross
section: C¸c m¸y chÊt t¶i b¸nh h¬i vµ c¸c ®−êng vËn
chuyÓn b¨ng t¶i ®Æc biÖt th−êng ®¶m nhËn viÖc bèc
xóc ®Êt ®¸ th¶i trong c¸c tiÕt diÖn hÇm lín.
wide-flange (beam) /waid-fl“ndʒ/ adj (dÇm) cã
c¸nh réng: Some authors have made studies in
development and verification of mathematical
models for reinforced concrete encased wide-flanged
columns exposed to fire: Mét sè t¸c gi¶ ®· nghiªn
cøu vÊn ®Ò ph¸t triÓn vµ kiÓm chøng c¸c m« h×nh
to¸n häc cho c¸c cét thÐp c¸nh réng ®−îc bäc trong
bªt«ng cèt thÐp khi chÞu löa.
wide-meshed /waid-me‘t/ adj cã m¾t th−a (l−íi),
cã m¾t lín: Compared to wide meshed reinforcing
matting, the fine meshed one considerably increases
the strength of a shotcrete shell: So víi lo¹i l−íi thÐp
gia c−êng m¾t th−a, th× lo¹i l−íi thÐp m¾t mau sÏ
lµm t¨ng ®¸ng kÓ c−êng ®é cña mét vá hÇm bªt«ng
phun.
widening /'waidniô/ n sù më réng: The widening
of the existing tunnel to three lanes in each direction
has been planned for Nazzano tunnel. First time in
the world, this work will be carried out without any
interruption to motorway traffic in either direction
by using an ingenious new method: HÇm Nazzano
®· ®−îc lªn kÕ ho¹ch më réng tõ hÇm hiÖn t¹i thµnh
hÇm cã ba lµn xe theo mçi chiÒu. LÇn ®Çu tiªn trªn
thÕ giíi, c«ng viÖc nµy sÏ ®−îc tiÕn hµnh mµ kh«ng
g©y c¶n trë giao th«ng xe cé theo bÊt cø chiÒu nµo
nhê ¸p dông mét ph−¬ng ph¸p míi rÊt tµi t×nh.
width /wid•/ n chiÒu réng, bÒ réng; ®é réng;
bÒ dµy (vØa quÆng): The thickness of a lode
measured at right angles to the dip: Lµ chiÒu dµy
cña mét m¹ch má ®−îc ®o theo chiÒu vu«ng gãc víi
h−íng dèc.
winch /wint∫/ n c¸i têi, trôc cuén: During the
sinking of a shaft, one or two men may be raised or
 356
lowered in a bucket or skip properly constructed for
the purpose if a person capable of directing the
winch driver in the signal code used for that
occupation, in constant communication with the
winch operator by means of a knocker-signal line or
other means of communication: Trong khi ®µo giÕng
®øng, mét hoÆc hai ng−êi cã thÓ ®−îc kÐo lªn hay h¹
xuèng trong mét thïng c«ng t¸c cã cÊu t¹o phï hîp
nÕu mét ng−êi cã kh¶ n¨ng chØ dÉn cho dÉn ®éng têi
theo ®óng quy −íc tÝn hiÖu dïng cho môc ®Ých ®ã, vµ
lu«n lu«n liªn l¹c víi ng−êi vËn hµnh têi b»ng mét
d©y tÝn hiÖu hoÆc ph−¬ng tiÖn liªn l¹c kh¸c.
window /'windou/ n cöa sæ; cöa sæ kiÕn t¹o: The
project area comprises of a sedimentary sequence of
dolomites, limestones, quartzites and slates etc. This
formation occurs as a tectonic window bounded by
the Banjar thrust on all sides except in the west: Khu
vùc dù ¸n nµy cÊu t¹o tõ mét d¶i trÇm tÝch cña
®«l«mit, ®¸ v«i, quaczit vµ ®¸ phiÕn v.v… Thµnh hÖ
nµy diÔn ra nh− mét cöa sæ kiÕn t¹o ®−îc v©y quanh
bëi ®øt g·y chêm Banjar trªn mäi phÝa trõ phÝa t©y.
windway /'windwei/ n lß däc th«ng giã: A
roadway used for the purpose of allowing air to flow
around the pit: Mét ®−êng hÇm dïng cho môc ®Ých
®Ó cho phÐp kh«ng khÝ thæi quanh hÇm má.
winze /winze/ n hÇm nèi: A steeply inclined
passageway between two underground workings (A
vertical or near vertical shaft developed within the
underground workings which connect levels at
various elevations): Mét lèi ®i rÊt nghiªng/dèc gi÷a
hai khu vùc ngÇm (Mét giÕng ®øng hay gÇn nh− ®øng
®−îc ®µo tõ bªn trong c¸c hang ngÇm ®Ó nèi c¸c lèi
®i ngang t¹i c¸c cao ®é kh¸c nhau).
wire /wai”/ n d©y, d©y thÐp, cèt thÐp nhá.
wire brush tail seal /wai”/ n mèi bÝt ®u«i khiªn
m¸y TBM: After advancing 350 metres in hard rock
operation the TBM was converted to hydroshield
operation (underground without a chamber) for the
advance in the water saturated soft ground of the
next 150 metres. The conversion, including the
replacement of the wire brush tail seal, as well as
the assembly of the spade type cutting teeth and the
centre nozzles, took 3 weeks: Sau khi tiÕn s©u 350m
trong ®¸ cøng, m¸y TBM ®−îc chuyÓn sang chÕ ®é
ho¹t ®éng kiÓu khiªn dïng v÷a-khÝ nÐn (d−íi ngÇm
kh«ng cã buång lµm viÖc) ®Ó ®µo trong 150m ®Êt yÕu
b·o hßa n−íc tiÕp theo. ViÖc chuyÓn ®æi nµy, kÓ c¶
thay thÕ mèi bÝt ®u«i khiªn, còng nh− bé r¨ng c¾t
kiÓu l−ìi xÎng vµ c¸c vßi xÞt n−íc trung t©m, mÊt
kho¶ng 3 tuÇn.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
wire mesh /wai” me‘/ n l−íi cèt thÐp: The primary
support for a tunnel in rock may be provided by rock
bolts, gunite, wire mesh or steel arches. Wire mesh
is used to support small pieces of loose rock or as
reinforcement for shotcrete: HÖ che chèng ban ®Çu
cho mét hÇm trong ®¸ th−êng lµm tõ bul«ng neo,
bªt«ng phun, l−íi thÐp hay s−ên chèng thÐp. L−íi
thÐp ®−îc dïng ®Ó chèng ®ì c¸c m¶nh ®¸ long rêi
hoÆc gia c−êng cho bªt«ng phun.
wiring /'wai”riô/ n sù ®Æt ®−êng d©y (®iÖn); sù
®Êu d©y; m¹ng l−íi d©y: Power distribution system
in the tunnel includes the primary supply,
transformers, switchgear, control equipment and
distribution wiring. Wiring and cables, where
accessible, should be inspected, e.g. all connections
be kept tight, gaskets replaced, and junction boxes
kept watertight, etc.: HÖ thèng ph©n phèi ®iÖn trong
hÇm gåm cã nguån cung cÊp, m¸y biÕn ¸p, b¶ng
m¹ch, thiÕt bÞ kiÓm so¸t vµ m¹ng l−íi d©y ph©n phèi.
BÊt cø chç nµo tiÕp cËn ®−îc, ®Òu ph¶i kiÓm tra hÖ
thèng d©y vµ c¸p ®iÖn, vÝ dô, c¸c chç nèi kÝn ch−a,
vßng ®Öm cÇn thay kh«ng, vµ c¸c hép c¸p cã kÝn
n−íc kh«ng, v.v...
wood forms /wud f˜:mz/ n v¸n khu«n gç: These
are not much in use for placing concrete lining,
except for very short tunnels and transitions. Full
circle forms may require strutting to the rock at the
top to prevent floating: Lo¹i v¸n khu«n gç kh«ng cßn
®−îc sö dông nhiÒu trong viÖc ®æ bªt«ng vá hÇm
n÷a, ngo¹i trõ c¸c hÇm vµ c¸c ®o¹n chuyÓn tiÕp rÊt
ng¾n. NÕu dïng v¸n khu«n tiÕt diÖn trßn, cã thÓ ph¶i
cÇn ®Õn c¸c thanh chèng vµo ®¸ t¹i phÝa nãc ®Ó
tr¸nh sù di ®éng.
wooden /'wudn/ adj b»ng gç: Wooden posts or
supports are usually referred to as props, they are
used in a mine, such as to support the caps in a
timbered drive: C¸c cét chèng gç th−êng ®−îc gäi lµ
trô ®øng, chóng ®−îc dïng trong hÇm má, vÝ dô ®Ó
®ì c¸c dÇm gç nÆng n»m ngang trªn nãc trong mét
hÇm ®−îc che chèng b»ng gç.
wording /'w”:di–/ n lêi lÏ dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t, c¸ch
diÔn ®¹t, sù ®Æt c©u: Usually by the wording of the
construction contract, the plans and specifications
are made a legal part of it: Th«ng th−êng, nhê c¸ch
diÔn ®¹t cña hîp ®ång x©y dùng mµ b¶n vÏ (®å ¸n)
vµ tiªu chuÈn kü thuËt sÏ trë thµnh mét phÇn hîp
ph¸p cña hîp ®ång.
work /w”:k/ n viÖc, c«ng viÖc; sù lµm viÖc; sù gia
c«ng; c«ng tr×nh; s¶n phÈm: In the area up to a
minimum of 50m from the face, the person carrying
out the work shall inspect the roof, face, walls and
 357
every ground support system at the beginning of
each shift or daily, whichever is the more frequent:
Trong khu vùc tèi thiÓu lµ 50m kÓ tõ g−¬ng ®µo,
ng−êi ®ang tiÕn hµnh c«ng viÖc sÏ ph¶i kiÓm tra nãc
hÇm, g−¬ng, t−êng bªn vµ tÊt c¶ hÖ chèng ®ì vµo lóc
b¾t ®Çu mçi ca lµm viÖc hay hµng ngµy, tïy theo tÇn
suÊt diÔn ra.
work hardening /w”:k 'ha:dni–/ n sù biÕn
cøng khi gia c«ng nguéi: Metals and alloys which
are deformed when cold become harder and
stronger, but the capacity for further deformation is
decreased. This method of hardening is usually
referred to as work hardening and the metal is said
to be cold worked: Kim lo¹i vµ hîp kim nÕu bÞ lµm
biÕn d¹ng khi nguéi sÏ trë nªn cøng h¬n vµ bÒn h¬n,
nh−ng kh¶ n¨ng biÕn d¹ng h¬n n÷a l¹i gi¶m. Ph−¬ng
ph¸p t¨ng ®é bÒn nµy th−êng ®−îc gäi lµ t«i cøng
nguéi vµ ta nãi kim lo¹i ®−îc gia c«ng nguéi.
workability /'w”:k”bil”ti/ n tÝnh c«ng t¸c; tÝnh dÔ
gia c«ng, kh¶ n¨ng gia c«ng: Workability of concrete
has never been precisely defined. For practical
purposes it generally implies the ease with which a
concrete mix can be handled from the mixer to its
finally compacted shape. The three main
charateristics of the property are consistency,
mobility and compactability: TÝnh c«ng t¸c cña
bªt«ng ch−a bao giê ®−îc ®Þnh nghÜa mét c¸ch chÝnh
x¸c. V× môc ®Ých thùc hµnh, nãi chung nã ngô ý sù
dÔ dµng mµ víi nã mét hçn hîp bªt«ng cã thÓ ®−îc
xö lý tõ m¸y trén tíi h×nh d¹ng ®−îc ®Çm chÆt cuèi
cïng cña nã. Ba ®Æc tr−ng chÝnh cña tÝnh c«ng t¸c lµ
®é sÖt, ®é l−u ®éng vµ kh¶ n¨ng ®Çm ®−îc o The
presence of microsilica will increase workability of
shotcrete: Sù cã mÆt cña microsilica (SiO2 mÞn) sÏ
lµm t¨ng tÝnh c«ng t¸c cña bªt«ng o Environmental
factors that may cause a reduction in workability are
temperature, humidity and wind velocity: C¸c yÕu tè
m«i tr−êng mµ chóng cã thÓ lµm gi¶m tÝnh c«ng t¸c
cña bªt«ng lµ nhiÖt ®é, ®é Èm vµ tèc ®é giã.
workability period /'w”:k”bil”ti 'piəriəd/ n thêi
gian c«ng t¸c: Time between the first contact of
naturally moist aggregate with cement and/or
production of wet mix and application of sprayed
concrete, or time between the first contact of
naturally moist aggregates with spray cement and
discharge from the nozzle: §ã lµ kho¶ng thêi gian tõ
lóc tiÕp xóc ®Çu tiªn cña cèt liÖu Èm tù nhiªn víi
xim¨ng vµ/hoÆc víi khèi hçn hîp trén −ít ®Õn lóc
phun bªt«ng, hoÆc lµ kho¶ng thêi gian tõ lóc tiÕp xóc
®Çu tiªn cña cèt liÖu Èm tù nhiªn víi xim¨ng phun
®Õn lóc x¶ khái vßi phun.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
working air /'w”:ki– e”/ n khÝ nÐn: Compressed air
supplied for the operation of pneumatic machines
such as tools, winches, cranes and pumps: Lµ khÝ
nÐn cung cÊp cho ho¹t ®éng cña c¸c m¸y ch¹y khÝ Ðp
nh− dông cô (khoan), têi, cÇn cÈu vµ c¸c b¬m.
working chamber /'w”:ki– 't‘eimb”/ n khoang thi
c«ng, khoang c«ng t¸c, buång lµm viÖc: “Working
chamber” means the space or compartment under
air pressure in which the work is being done:
“Buång lµm viÖc” nãi ®Õn mét kh«ng gian hay mét
khoang cã khÝ nÐn ®Ó thi c«ng trong ®ã o The
pressurised area of the TBM immediately behind the
cutting head and in front of the bulkhead: Lµ khu
vùc cã ¸p suÊt cña m¸y khoan hÇm TBM n»m ngay
phÝa sau ®Çu c¾t vµ phÝa tr−íc cña v¸ch ng¨n.
working drift /'w”:ki– drift/ n hÇm nhá (lß) thi
c«ng: The survey for transferring the centerline and
level of a tunnel from a working drift shall be
carried out in such a manner that the required
accuracy is secured, giving due consideration to the
type, length, direction and gradient of the drift: ViÖc
kh¶o s¸t ®o ®¹c ®Ó chuyÒn ®−êng tim vµ cao ®é tõ
mét hÇm däc thi c«ng vµo hÇm chÝnh ph¶i ®−îc tiÕn
hµnh víi c¸ch thøc sao cho ®¶m b¶o ®−îc ®é chÝnh
x¸c yªu cÇu, cã xem xÐt thÝch ®¸ng tíi d¹ng, chiÒu
dµi, h−íng vµ ®é dèc cña lß thi c«ng.
working life /'w”:kiô laif/ n thêi gian ho¹t tÝnh:
The period of time during which an adhesive, after
mixing with catalyst, solvent, or other compounding
ingredients, remains sufficiently workable to permit
application and spreading: Lµ kho¶ng thêi gian
trong ®ã mét chÊt kÕt dÝnh sau khi trén víi chÊt xóc
t¸c, dung m«i, hay c¸c thµnh phÇn hîp chÊt kh¸c,
vÉn gi÷ ®−îc tÝnh c«ng t¸c ®ñ ®Ó cho phÐp b«i tr¸t vµ
xoa réng.
working line /'w”:kiô lain/ n tuyÕn thi c«ng,
®−êng dÉn ®µo hÇm: The working line is the survey
line used by the contractor's field personnel to
establish shield or tunneling machine guidance in
the tunnel: §−êng dÉn lµm viÖc lµ ®−êng tr¾c ®¹c sö
dông bëi nh©n viªn thi c«ng cña nhµ thÇu nh»m thiÕt
lËp sù dÉn h−íng cho m¸y ®µo hÇm hoÆc khiªn ®µo
bªn trong ®−êng hÇm o The working line is usually
established by traverse survey methods: §−êng dÉn
h−íng th−êng ®−îc lËp b»ng c¸c ph−¬ng ph¸p kh¶o
s¸t ®−êng chuyÒn.
workings /'w”:kiôz/ n hang ngÇm: An
underground excavation from which ore is or has
been extracted: Lµ mét hang ®µo ngÇm mµ
quÆng/®Êt ®¸ ®ang ®−îc khai th¸c hoÆc ®· ®−îc lÊy
®i.
 358
workman /'w”:km”n/ n c«ng nh©n, thî; ng−êi
lao ®éng: A workman is always an experienced
miner, engaged in extracting coal at the coal face,
but generally used to describe anyone who works
underground: Tõ nµy th−êng chØ mét c«ng nh©n má
cã kinh nghiÖm, lµm nhiÖm vô khai th¸c than t¹i
g−¬ng lß, nh−ng nãi chung lµ dïng ®Ó chØ bÊt cø ai
lµm viÖc d−íi ngÇm.
workmanship /'w”:km”n‘ip/ n tµi nghÖ, sù khÐo
lÐo; sù lµnh nghÒ; tr×nh ®é tay nghÒ cao; chÊt l−îng
s¶n phÈm: Inspection at the mill or shop is intended
as means of facilitating the work and avoiding
errors, and it is expressly understood that it will not
relieve the Contractor of any responsibility in regard
to defective material or workmanship and the
necessity for replacing the same: Sù kiÓm tra t¹i nhµ
m¸y hoÆc x−ëng nh»m môc ®Ých t¹o dÔ dµng cho
c«ng viÖc vµ tr¸nh c¸c sai lçi, vµ cÇn ph¶i hiÓu râ
r»ng viÖc kiÓm tra nµy sÏ kh«ng cho phÐp Nhµ thÇu
chèi bá bÊt cø tr¸ch nhiÖm nµo ®èi víi vËt liÖu
khuyÕt tËt hay kÐm lµnh nghÒ vµ sù cÇn thiÕt ph¶i
thay thÕ nh÷ng môc kÐm chÊt l−îng ®ã.
works /w”:ks/ n c«ng viÖc: Any or all parts of a
tunnel excavated or being excavated as well as
shafts and approaches, powerhouses, lumberyards,
storage yards and structures of all kinds in the
immediate vicinity used in connection with the
excavation or the immediate disposal of excavated
material or in connection with the construction of
the tunnel lining: Lµ bÊt kú hoÆc tÊt c¶ c¸c phÇn cña
mét hÇm ®· ®−îc ®µo hay ®ang ®−îc ®µo, còng nh−
c¸c giÕng ®øng vµ c¸c lèi tiÕp cËn, gian ®Æt m¸y, b·i
gç, kho chøa hay c¸c kÕt cÊu thuéc mäi kiÓu lo¹i
n»m gÇn xung quanh hÇm, ®−îc sö dông phôc vô cho
viÖc ®µo hÇm hoÆc th¶i bá tøc thêi c¸c vËt liÖu ®µo
ra, hoÆc liªn quan ®Õn viÖc thi c«ng vá hÇm.
worn-out /'w˜:n'aut/ adj ®· mßn, ®· h− háng:
In roadheader excavation the cutting performance is
measured as the excavated rock volume in cubic
meters per working hour, and the bit wear is
determined by the number of worn-out bits that have
to be changed after cutting a cubic meter of rock
(specific bit consumption): Khi ®µo hÇm b»ng m¸y
c¾t gät, tÝnh n¨ng c¾t ph¸ ®Êt ®¸ ®−îc ®¸nh gi¸ b»ng
thÓ tÝch ®¸ ®µo ®−îc tÝnh b»ng mÐt khèi trong mét
giê, vµ ®é mßn l−ìi/mòi khoan ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh b»ng
sè l−ìi/mòi khoan bÞ mßn vÑt cÇn ph¶i thay thÕ sau
khi c¾t ®−îc mét mÐt khèi ®¸ (gäi lµ l−îng tiªu thô
mòi khoan ®¬n vÞ).
woven geotextile /'w”uvn ,dʒi:ou'tekstail/ n v¶i
®Þa kü thuËt d¹ng dÖt: High tensile strength woven
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
geotextile is made of high density polythene (HDPE)
and polypropylene (PP) and is characterized with
the features of ultraviolet resistance, anti-aging,
chemical resistance, great ductility, excellent tensile
strength, free of damage done by rats and insects,
reinforcement, separation, filtering, drainage and
soil stability; geotextiles are used in road, railway,
and tunnel construction projects: V¶i §KT dÖt c−êng
®é cao ®−îc lµm tõ polyten mËt ®é cao vµ
polypropylen, cã ®Æc tÝnh chèng tia cùc tÝm, chèng
l·o hãa, chÞu hãa chÊt, ®é bÒn dai lín, c−êng ®é kÐo
cao, kh«ng bÞ h− h¹i bëi chuét vµ s©u bä, lµm chøc
n¨ng gia c−êng, ph©n c¸ch, läc, tho¸t n−íc vµ æn
®Þnh ®Êt. V¶i §KT ®−îc dïng trong c¸c c«ng tr×nh
x©y dùng ®−êng, ®−êng s¾t vµ hÇm, v.v…
wreck /rek/ n sù sËp lß: A breakdown, as in a
shaft or on a haulage incline: Lµ mét sù ph¸ háng, vÝ
dô nh− trong mét giÕng ®øng hay trªn mét dèc vËn
chuyÓn ®Êt ®¸.
wrench /rent∫/ n ch×a vÆn, cêlª; sù vÆn, sù xo¾n:
Use a torque wrench to work out the correct amount
of tightening. If you tighten too hard you can break
the head off the bolt - or more dangerously tighten to
a point just before failure: Dïng mét cêlª xo¾n ®Ó
t¹o nªn ®é chÆt cÇn thiÕt. NÕu siÕt qu¸ m¹nh cã thÓ
lµm h− ®Çu bul«ng neo, hoÆc nguy hiÓm h¬n siÕt nã
tíi mét lùc c¨ng gÇn giíi h¹n bÒn o The wrench
can be adjusted to exert a predetermined torsional
moment corresponding to the desired initial bolt
tension and functions precisely provided that the
thread is oiled: Cêlª cã thÓ ®iÒu chØnh ®Ó t¹o ra mét
m«men xo¾n ®Þnh tr−íc t−¬ng øng víi lùc kÐo bul«ng
ban ®Çu theo thiÕt kÕ vµ lµm viÖc chÝnh x¸c miÔn lµ
c¸c ren ®−îc b«i dÇu.
writing instruction /'raiti– in'strʌk∫n/ n chØ dÉn
b»ng v¨n b¶n: Instructions given by the Engineer
shall be in writing, the Contractor shall comply with
such instruction. Although the Contractor may
disagree with an instruction given by the Engineer,
the Contractor is obliged, under Sub-Clause 13.1 to
carry out the instructions. He would be wise to
record in writing his disagreement with the
instruction and his reasons therefor: C¸c chØ dÉn
®−a ra bëi T− vÊn ph¶i lµm b»ng v¨n b¶n, Nhµ thÇu
ph¶i tu©n theo chØ dÉn Êy. MÆc dï Nhµ thÇu cã thÓ
kh«ng ®ång ý víi mét h−íng dÉn cña T− vÊn, theo
§iÒu 13.1, hä vÉn ph¶i thùc hiÖn h−íng dÉn. Nhµ
thÇu nªn kh«n ngoan h¬n th«ng b¸o sù kh«ng ®ång ý
cña m×nh b»ng v¨n b¶n cã kÌm c¸c lý do vÒ viÖc ®ã.
wrought steel /r˜:t sti:l/ n thÐp ®· rÌn: Engineering
components are produced in these steels by hot- or
 359

cold-working processes, although some machinery

may be involved. The largest usage of wrought steels
consists of plain carbon steels or slightly modified
plain carbon steels: C¸c cÊu kiÖn c«ng tr×nh ®−îc
chÕ t¹o b»ng lo¹i thÐp nµy nhê c¸c qu¸ tr×nh gia
c«ng nguéi hay nãng, mÆc dï cã thÓ sö dông mét sè
m¸y mãc. L−îng sö dông lín nhÊt cña thÐp rÌn lµ
lo¹i thÐp c¸cbon th«ng th−êng hoÆc thÐp c¸cbon
th−êng ®· biÕn ®æi chót Ýt.

Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
 360

Xx
xenocrystic /,zen”'cristik/ adj hiÖn tinh: Textural
term for an igneous rock containing large crystals
(xenocrysts) that are foreign in origin compared
with the groundmass or matrix in which they occur.
(Contrast with 'porphyritic'): ThuËt ng÷ vÒ kiÕn
tróc, chØ mét ®¸ macma cã chøa c¸c tinh thÓ lín
(xenocryst) mµ chóng xa l¹ vÒ nguån gèc so víi khèi
®¸ hoÆc chÊt nÒn trong ®ã chóng xuÊt hiÖn. (Tr¸i
ng−îc víi 'kiÕn tróc poocfia').
xenolith /zi:'n˜lait/ n xenolit, ®¸ ngo¹i lai: A rock
fragment of different composition enclosed in an
igneous rock/A foreign piece of rock that became
enclosed in igneous rock prior to its solidification,
thus forming an inclusion: Lµ mét lo¹i vôn ®¸ cã
thµnh phÇn kh¸c nhau cã mÆt trong mét ®¸
macma/Lµ mét m¶ng ®¸ l¹ mµ nã bÞ bao bäc trong
mét ®¸ m¸cma tr−íc khi nã ®«ng ®Æc, do ®ã t¹o
thµnh mét thÓ vïi o In finding a relationship
between density and thermal conductivity of different
rocks (minerals), a number of samples consisted of
xenolith (basic volcanite) have been investigated:
Trong khi t×m hiÓu mèi quan hÖ gi÷a tû träng vµ tÝnh
dÉn nhiÖt cña c¸c lo¹i ®¸ (kho¸ng vËt), ®· tiÕn hµnh
thÝ nghiÖm ®èi víi mét sè mÉu cÊu t¹o tõ xenolit (®¸
nói löa cã tÝnh baz¬).
xyloid /'zail˜id/ adj thuéc gç, b»ng gç, cã gç: The
existence of a deposit of low-cost fuel, xyloid lignite
in the area of Arezzo, had promoted changes of huge
economic and social impact. An integrated system
arose that was based on the mining of the mineral
and its use, with the expansion of the tunnel mining
system: Sù cã mÆt cña mét vØa trÇm tÝch than non
gèc thùc vËt lµm nhiªn liÖu gi¸ rÎ trong vïng Arezzo
®· lµm thay ®æi lín bé mÆt kinh tÕ x· héi ë ®©y. Mét
hÖ thèng ®ång bé ®· ph¸t triÓn dùa trªn khai th¸c vµ
sö dông kho¸ng s¶n, víi sù më réng cña hÖ thèng
hÇm khai má.

Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
 361
Yy
yard /jɑ:d/ n s©n b·i, kho x−ëng: Yards serving
for a tunnel project such as powder magazines,
repair shops, warehouses, storage and parking
areas, etc. should be arranged for good
communication between the various facilities: C¸c
s©n b·i nhµ x−ëng phôc vô mét dù ¸n hÇm nh− kho
thuèc næ, x−ëng söa ch÷a, kho chøa ®å vµ hµng, c¸c
khu dù tr÷ vµ ®ç xe, v.v… ph¶i ®−îc bè trÝ hîp lý cho
môc ®Ých liªn l¹c (giao th«ng) dÔ dµng gi÷a nhiÒu
ph−¬ng tiÖn kh¸c nhau.
yaw angle /j˜: '“–gl/ n gãc trÖch (gãc t¹o thµnh
gi÷a mÆt ph¼ng gi÷a cña c¸c b¸nh xe ®ang ch¹y víi
h−íng xe ch¹y, g©y ra mét ph¶n lùc ngang); sù ®i
trÖch ®−êng, sù l¸i (®µo hÇm) trÖch h−íng: The
deflection of the shield axis from the tunnel
centerline in the horizontal plane is called "yaw": Sù
lÖch cña trôc khiªn ®µo so víi tim hÇm theo mÆt
ph¼ng ngang gäi lµ "trÖch ®−êng".
yawing /j˜:i–/ n sù ®i trÖch, sù l¸i trÖch: The
advance of the tunnel shield was modelled by
applying external forces at the back of the shield,
equivalent to the hydraulic jacks used in tunnelling
practice. By applying these forces at different
positions and in different combinations it was
possible to simulate 3D movement (i.e. pitching and
yawing) of the tunnelling machine: Sù tiÕn lªn cña
khiªn ®µo ®−îc m« h×nh hãa b»ng c¸ch t¸c dông c¸c
ngo¹i lùc vµo phÝa sau khiªn, t−¬ng ®−¬ng víi c¸c
kÝch thñy lùc dïng trong ®µo hÇm. Khi t¸c dông c¸c
lùc nµy t¹i c¸c vÞ trÝ kh¸c nhau vµ víi c¸c tæ hîp lùc
kh¸c nhau, ng−êi ta cã thÓ m« pháng ®−îc chuyÓn
®éng ba chiÒu (tøc lµ sù chóc xuèng vµ chÖch h−íng)
cña m¸y ®µo hÇm.
yellowing /'jeloui–/ n sù hãa vµng, chuyÓn sang
mµu vµng: development of yellow color or cast in
white or clear coatings as a consequence of aging:
Lµ sù ph¸t triÓn cña mµu vµng hoÆc mµu trªn c¸c
líp phñ tr¾ng hay s¹ch do hËu qu¶ cña sù l·o hãa.
yield /ji:ld/ n s¶n l−îng: the volume of freshly
mixed concrete produced from a known quantity of
ingredients; the total mass of ingredients divided by
the density mass of the freshly mixed concrete; also
the number of units produced per bag of cement or
per batch of concrete: Lµ thÓ tÝch cña mét hçn hîp
bªt«ng t−¬i chÕ t¹o tõ mét khèi l−îng cho tr−íc cña
c¸c vËt liÖu thµnh phÇn; lµ tæng khèi l−îng c¸c vËt
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
liÖu thµnh phÇn chia cho khèi l−îng riªng cña hçn
hîp bªt«ng t−¬i; còng lµ sè l−îng cÊu kiÖn chÕ t¹o
®−îc tõ mét bao xim¨ng hoÆc tõ mét mÎ trén bªt«ng.
yield /ji:ld/ n sù cong, sù o»n; sù ch¶y dÎo; sù lón
v nh−êng ®−êng; lµm ra, mang l¹i: The engineer
must choose to draw his Geotechnical Design
Summary Report for a tunnel project where, in his
professional judgement, it will yield the best balance
of risk and price for his client, the owner. If a GDSR
predicts such great hazards that all contractors will
raise their prices and the likelihood of differing site
conditions claims and disputes is minimized, it is not
likely to serve the owner's best interest. If a GDSR
predicts such benign conditions that all bids will be
low, but the risk of disputes, changes, and cost
overruns is sharply increased, it is also not in the
owner's (or engineer's) interest: Nhµ t− vÊn ph¶i lùa
chän ®Ó lËp ra B¸o c¸o Tæng hîp ThiÕt kÕ §Þa kü
thuËt (GDSR) cho dù ¸n hÇm, trong ®ã b»ng sù ®¸nh
gi¸ chuyªn nghiÖp cña m×nh, tµi liÖu nµy sÏ t¹o ra
®−îc sù c©n b»ng tèt nhÊt gi÷a hai mÆt nguy c¬ bÊt
tr¾c vµ gi¸ thµnh c«ng tr×nh phôc vô kh¸ch hµng cña
m×nh, chñ ®Çu t−. NÕu GDSR dù b¸o nh÷ng nguy c¬
lín ®Õn møc mµ c¸c nhµ thÇu sÏ t¨ng gi¸ thÇu cña
hä, vµ kh¶ n¨ng vÒ c¸c yªu s¸ch vµ tranh c·i vÒ ®iÒu
kiÖn hiÖn tr−êng thay ®æi bÞ gi¶m thiÓu, th× ®ã kh«ng
ph¶i lµ ®iÒu thÝch hîp ®Ó phôc vô lîi Ých tèt nhÊt cña
chñ ®Çu t−. NÕu GDSR dù b¸o nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn dÔ
dµng qu¸ ®Õn møc mäi gi¸ bá thÇu ®Òu thÊp, nh−ng
nguy c¬ vÒ tranh c·i, thay ®æi, vµ t¨ng gi¸ thµnh l¹i
t¨ng lªn m¹nh, th× ®ã còng kh«ng ph¶i lµ lîi Ých cña
chñ ®Çu t− (hay cña t− vÊn).
yield locus /ji:ld 'louk”s/ n quü tÝch ph¸ ho¹i: Plot
of shear stress versus normal stress at failure. The
yield locus (YL) is sometimes called the
instantaneous yield locus to differentiate it from the
time yield locus: Lµ ®å thÞ vÏ quan hÖ gi÷a øng suÊt
c¾t vµ øng suÊt ph¸p khi ph¸ ho¹i. Quü tÝch ph¸ ho¹i
(YL) ®«i khi cßn ®−îc gäi lµ quü tÝch ph¸ ho¹i tøc
thêi ®Ó ph©n biÖt nã víi quü tÝch ph¸ ho¹i theo thêi
gian.
yield of broken materials /ji:ld/ n sù o»n/ch¶y/lón
cña c¸c vËt liÖu bÞ ph¸ vì/ph¸ ho¹i: In order to
detect karstic cavities, pockets filled with soft and
broken material, shear zones and gouge-filled faults,
it was recommended that routine probe drilling
ahead of the tunnel face should be carried out: §Ó
ph¸t hiÖn c¸c hang ®éng karst¬, c¸c tói bÞ lÊp ®Çy
bëi vËt liÖu vì vôn vµ mÒm, c¸c ®íi chÞu c¾t vµ c¸c
®øt g·y cã chÊt lÊp nhÐt, ng−êi ta khuyªn r»ng ph¶i
tiÕn hµnh khoan th¨m dß th−êng xuyªn vÒ phÝa tr−íc
g−¬ng hÇm.
 362
yield point /ji:ld p˜int/ n ®iÓm, [giíi h¹n] ch¶y:
the first engineering stress in a test in which stresses
and strains are determined for a material that
exhibits the phenomenon of discontinuous yielding,
of which an increase in strain occurs without an
increase in stress. (That point on the stress-strain
curve when stress ceases to be linearly proportional
to strain): Lµ øng suÊt kü thuËt ®Çu tiªn trong mét
thÝ nghiÖm trong ®ã c¸c øng suÊt vµ biÕn d¹ng ®−îc
x¸c ®Þnh cho mét vËt liÖu mµ nã thÓ hiÖn hiÖn t−îng
ch¶y dÎo bÊt liªn tôc, trong ®ã x¶y ra sù t¨ng lªn vÒ
biÕn d¹ng mµ kh«ng cã sù t¨ng vÒ øng suÊt. (Lµ ®iÓm
trªn ®−êng cong øng suÊt-biÕn d¹ng khi mµ øng suÊt
kh«ng cßn tû lÖ thuËn víi biÕn d¹ng).
yield point (2) /ji:ld p˜int/ n giíi h¹n ch¶y: The
shear resistance of a slurry at zero flow rate, usually
determined by extrapolation to the zero axis from
measurements made at two or more non-zero flow
rates (see Bingham fluid, gel strength): Lµ søc kh¸ng
c¾t cña mét lo¹i bïn v÷a t¹i l−u l−îng b»ng kh«ng,
th−êng ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh b»ng c¸ch ngo¹i suy tíi trôc
zero tõ c¸c sè ®o thùc hiÖn t¹i hai hay nhiÒu h¬n c¸c
l−u l−îng kh¸c kh«ng (xem thªm Bingham fluid, gel
strength)
yield strength /ji:ld 'stre–•/ n [c−êng ®é, øng suÊt]
ch¶y dÎo: the engineering stress at which a material
exhibits a specific limiting deviation from the
proportionality of stress to strain: Lµ øng suÊt kü
thuËt t¹i ®ã mét vËt liÖu thÓ hiÖn mét sù sai kh¸c cã
giíi h¹n nhÊt ®Þnh so víi tÝnh chÊt tuyÕn tÝnh gi÷a
øng suÊt vµ biÕn d¹ng.
yield stress /ji:ld stres/ n øng suÊt ch¶y: The
stress beyond which the induced deformation is not
fully annulled after complete destressing: Lµ øng
suÊt mµ v−ît qu¸ nã th× biÕn d¹ng g©y ra sÏ kh«ng
hoµn toµn trë vÒ kh«ng sau khi dì t¶i.
yield stress /ji:ld stres/ n øng suÊt ch¶y, giíi h¹n
ch¶y: From the stress-strain diagram where the
tensile stress is plotted vs. tensile strain, it is
generally noted that, up to a certain stress level σo,
known as the yield stress of the material, the
relationship between stress and strain is linear: Tõ
biÓu ®å øng suÊt-biÕn d¹ng thÓ hiÖn t−¬ng quan gi÷a
øng suÊt kÐo vµ biÕn d¹ng kÐo, nãi chung ta thÊy
r»ng, cho tíi mét øng suÊt σo nµo ®ã gäi lµ øng suÊt
ch¶y dÎo, th× quan hÖ gi÷a øng suÊt vµ biÕn d¹ng vÉn
lµ tuyÕn tÝnh o In metals any increase in the yield
stress required to cause plastic deformation is
associated with a reduction in ductility: Trong c¸c
kim lo¹i, bÊt kú mét l−îng t¨ng øng suÊt ch¶y nµo
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
cÇn ®Ó g©y ra biÕn d¹ng ®µn håi còng ®Òu liªn quan
®Õn mét sù gi¶m tÝnh mÒm dÎo.
yielding /ji:ldi–/ n sù ch¶y dÎo; sù lón; s¶n
l−îng; adj mÒm dÎo, ®µn håi; cong o»n: A properly
designed sheeting system can prevent plastic
yielding of soft ground at the surface in shaft
sinking: Mét hÖ thèng v¸n chèng thiÕt kÕ tèt cã thÓ
tr¸nh ®−îc sù ch¶y dÎo (ph×nh trµn) cña ®Êt yÕu t¹i
mÆt ®Êt trong khi ®µo giÕng ®øng th«ng xuèng hÇm.
yielding arch /ji:ldi– ɑ:t∫/ n vßm biÕn d¹ng dÎo:
Type of support of arch shape, the joints of which
deform plastically beyond a certain critical load,
that is, continue to deform without increasing their
resistance: Lµ kiÓu chèng ®ì cã h×nh d¹ng vßm, mµ
c¸c mèi nèi cña nã sÏ biÕn d¹ng dÎo khi chÞu t¶i
träng v−ît qu¸ mét gi¸ trÞ tíi h¹n nhÊt ®Þnh, nghÜa
lµ, tiÕp tôc biÕn d¹ng mµ kh«ng t¨ng søc chèng ®ì
cña chóng.
yielding blade shields /ji:ldi– bleid ∫i:ldz/ n khiªn
cã tÊm ®µn håi.
young /jʌ–/ v trÎ so víi: Used as a verb meaning
to face or to present the younger aspect of one rock
formation toward another, e.g. if formation B is
geologically younger than formation A, A can be
said to "young" towards B: Dïng nh− mét ®éng tõ cã
nghÜa lµ cã hoÆc thÓ hiÖn khÝa c¹nh trÎ h¬n cña mét
thµnh hÖ ®¸ nµy so víi thµnh hÖ ®¸ kh¸c, vÝ dô, nÕu
thµnh hÖ B trÎ h¬n vÒ mÆt ®Þa chÊt so víi thµnh hÖ A,
cã thÓ nãi r»ng A "trÎ" theo h−íng B.
Young's modulus /jʌ–z 'm˜djul”s/ n (xem modulus
of elasticity) m«®un ®µn håi: There may be an
acceptable linearity to the relationship of deviator
stress and axial strain on the stress-strain curve for
a dry or freely drained soil tested in triaxial
compression. The slope of this initial part defines
Young's modulus of elasticity or the elastic modulus
E, a constant for an ideal isotropic elastic material:
Cã thÓ cã mét ®é tuyÕn tÝnh chÊp nhËn ®−îc trong
quan hÖ gi÷a øng suÊt vµ biÕn d¹ng trôc trªn ®−êng
cong øng suÊt-biÕn d¹ng cña mét lo¹i ®Êt kh« hay
®Êt tho¸t n−íc tù do ®−îc thÝ nghiÖm nÐn ba trôc. §é
dèc cña phÇn ®Çu tiªn nµy cña ®−êng cong x¸c cho
ta ®Þnh nghÜa vÒ m«®un ®µn håi Young hay m«®un
®µn håi E, mét h»ng sè ®èi víi mét vËt liÖu ®µn håi
®¼ng h−íng lý t−ëng o The Young's modulus of
elasticity of brick ceramic lies usually in the range 5
to 30 kN mm-2: M«®un ®µn håi cña g¹ch gèm th−êng
n»m trong kho¶ng tõ 5 ®Õn 30 kN/mm2.
 363
Zz
z-beam /'zi:bi:m/ n dÇm ch÷ z.
zebra road markings /'zi:br” roud 'ma:kiô/ n v¹ch
s¬n kÎ ®−êng cã d¹ng ngùa v»n: Correct procedure
at zebra crossings was less well understood and
therefore the potential for conflict was greater. The
most important cues for both drivers and pedestrians
were the yellow leg road signs, zebra road markings
and the zig zag lines. There was confusion over the
status of pedestrian refuges: Hµnh vi ®óng t¹i c¸c lèi
®i bé qua ®−êng vÉn ch−a ®−îc coi träng vµ do ®ã
nguy c¬ xung ®ét lµ kh¸ lín. Nh÷ng tÝn hiÖu quan
träng nhÊt cho c¶ ng−êi l¸i xe vµ ng−êi ®i bé bao
gåm c¸c biÓn b¸o trªn ®−êng cã cét s¬n vµng, v¹ch
kÎ ®−êng vµ c¸c ®−êng dÝch d¾c.
zechstein /zi:kstein/ n zecstein (®¸ v«i kû Pecmi):
The Morsleben repository for radioactive waste was
constructed in Zechstein strata. The Zechstein Salt
has a total thickness in the western part of the salt
body of 580m. The structure of the rocks beneath the
Zechstein determined the folding style in the
overlying salt: Kho chøa chÊt th¶i phãng x¹
Morsleben ngÇm ®−îc x©y dùng trong nham th¹ch
zecstein. TÇng ®¸ muèi Zechstein Salt cã tæng chiÒu
dµy ë phÇn phÝa t©y khèi muèi lµ 580m. CÊu tróc
cña ®¸ bªn d−íi tÇng Zechstein quyÕt ®Þnh kiÓu uèn
nÕp cña ®¸ muèi.
zenith /'zeniθ/ n thiªn ®Ønh: The zenith is the point
at which the sphere is pierced by its vertical axis:
Thiªn ®Ønh lµ ®iÓm mµ t¹i ®ã trôc ®øng cña thiªn cÇu
®i qua thiªn cÇu.
zeolite /'zi:”lait/ n zeolit (kho¸ng vËt): Group of
aluminium-silica minerals. Characterised by the
ability of loosing crystalline water when heated, and
regaining water when cooled: Nhãm c¸c kho¸ng vËt
nh«m-silic. §Æc tr−ng bëi kh¶ n¨ng mÊt n−íc tinh
thÓ khi bÞ nung nãng, vµ lÊy l¹i n−íc khi nguéi ®i o
Over 300 brittle faults were mapped and studied in
the Queens Tunnel. They are outlined by fault
breccia, clay-rich gouge and are mineralized by
quartz, calcite, pyrite, and zeolite minerals: Trªn
300 ®øt g·y gißn ®· ®−îc lËp b¶n ®å vµ nghiªn cøu
trong vïng HÇm Queens. Chóng bao gåm c¸c vôn
®øt g·y, chÊt lÊp khe giµu sÐt, vµ cÊu t¹o tõ c¸c
kho¸ng vËt nh− th¹ch anh, canxit, pyrit vµ zeolit.
zero air voids curve (saturation curve) /'zi”r˜u
eə vɔidz kə:v/ n ®−êng cong lç rçng kh«ng khÝ
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
b»ng kh«ng (®−êng cong b·o hßa): The curve
showing the zero air voids unit weight as a function
of water content: Lµ ®−êng cong thÓ hiÖn träng
l−îng ®¬n vÞ c¸c lç rçng kh«ng khÝ b»ng kh«ng nh−
lµ mét hµm cña hµm l−îng n−íc.
zero air voids density /'zi”r˜u eə vɔidz 'densiti/ n
mËt ®é lç rçng kh«ng khÝ.
zero point /'zi”r˜u pɔint/ n ®iÓm zero.
zero slump concrete /'zi”r˜u slʌmp 'k˜nkri:t/ n
bªt«ng cã ®é sôt b»ng kh«ng: A concrete mixed with
so little water that it has a slump of zero when
tested: Lµ bªt«ng ®−îc trén víi rÊt Ýt n−íc ®Õn nçi
nã cã ®é sôt b»ng zero khi thÝ nghiÖm.
zinc-coated /zi–k-koutit/ n bäc kÏm, phñ kÏm;
tr¸ng (m¹) kÏm: Zinc has good resistance to
atmospheric corrosion owing to the formation of an
insoluble basic carbonate on its surface. It is widely
used for galvanized products where it is applied by
hot dipping and electroplating but it may also be
applied by metal spraying: KÏm cã søc chèng gØ tèt
trong khÝ quyÓn nhê t¹o thµnh mét líp cacbonat
baz¬ kh«ng tan trªn bÒ mÆt cña nã. Nã ®−îc dïng
réng r·i cho c¸c s¶n phÈm m¹ kÏm b»ng ph−¬ng
ph¸p nhóng nãng vµ m¹ ®iÖn, nh−ng còng cã thÓ nhê
c¸ch phun kim lo¹i.
zinc-rich coating /zi–k-rit∫ 'koutiη/ n líp phñ
giµu kÏm: Anti-corrosive primer for iron and steel.
Zinc-rich coatings use zinc dust in a concentration
sufficient to provide electrical conductivity in the
dried film. This enables the zinc metal to corrode
preferentially to the ferrous substrate, giving
galvanic protection: Lµ líp lãt chèng ¨n mßn cho s¾t
vµ thÐp. C¸c líp phñ giµu kÏm sö dông bôi kÏm víi
mét nång ®é ®ñ ®Ó t¹o ra tÝnh dÉn ®iÖn trong líp
mµng kh«. §iÒu nµy cho phÐp kim lo¹i kÏm dÔ bÞ ¨n
mßn h¬n so víi kim lo¹i chøa s¾t ®−îc b¶o vÖ phÝa
trong, do ®ã t¹o ra sù b¶o vÖ ®iÖn hãa.
zincite /zi–sait/ n zincit (kho¸ng vËt): Zincite has
the formulae (Zn,Mn)O. It has a relative hardness of
5. It is an ore of zinc and used in the production of
zinc oxide: Zincit cã c«ng thøc lµ (Zn,Mn)O. Nã cã
®é cøng t−¬ng ®èi b»ng 5. Nã lµ quÆng chøa kÏm vµ
®−îc dïng ®Ó s¶n xuÊt «xit kÏm.
zirkelite /z”k”lait/ n zirakelit (kho¸ng vËt):
Zirconolite and its polymorph zirkelite are rare in
natural rocks, and have been found as accessory
minerals mostly in carbonatites and ultrabasic
intrusive rocks: Zirconolit vµ chÊt ®a h×nh cña nã lµ
zirkelit rÊt hiÕm gÆp trong ®¸ tù nhiªn, vµ chóng
®−îc t×m thÊy nh− lµ c¸c kho¸ng vËt phô hÇu hÕt
trong carbonatit vµ c¸c ®¸ x©m nhËp siªu baz¬.
 364
zone /zoun/ n vïng, ®íi, khu vùc: The distribution
of weathering zones can be determined by mapping
natural exposures and excavations, but these may
not be representative of the whole rock mass: Sù
ph©n bè c¸c ®íi phong hãa cã thÓ x¸c ®Þnh b»ng
c¸ch vÏ s¬ ®å c¸c khu lé thiªn vµ c¸c hè ®µo tù
nhiªn, tuy nhiªn nh÷ng khu vùc nµy cã thÓ ch−a ph¶i
lµ ®¹i diÖn cho toµn bé khèi ®¸ o Whatever the
structure (tunnel or opening), the observed
convergence rates, outside the zone of influence of
construction, should always decrease with time. If
this is not the case, some kind of reinforcement of the
support system must be provided immediately: Víi
bÊt cø lo¹i c«ng tr×nh nµo (hÇm hay hang ngÇm), tèc
®é héi tô quan tr¾c ®−îc cña vïng n»m ngoµi ph¹m
vi ¶nh h−ëng cña thi c«ng còng ®Òu ph¶i gi¶m ®i
theo thêi gian. NÕu ®iÒu nµy kh«ng x¶y ra, th× lËp
tøc ph¶i bæ sung mét l−îng gia c−êng thÝch hîp cho
hÖ thèng chèng ®ì.
zone, anchorage /zoun, '“–k”ridʒ/ n vïng,
[khu vùc] neo: in post-tensioning, the region
adjacent to the anchorage subjected to secondary
stresses resulting from the distribution of the
prestressing force; in pretensioning, the region in
which the transfer bond stresses are developed:
Trong c¨ng kÐo sau, ®ã lµ vïng gÇn kÒ víi ô neo chÞu
c¸c øng suÊt bæ sung g©y bëi sù ph©n bè cña lùc g©y
øng suÊt tr−íc; trong c¨ng kÐo tr−íc, ®ã lµ vïng mµ
t¹i ®ã c¸c øng suÊt liªn kÕt truyÒn lùc ®−îc ph¸t
triÓn.
zone, precompressed /zoun, prik”m'pre‘t/ n vïng,
[khu vùc] chÞu nÐn tr−íc: the area of a flexural
member that is compressed by the prestressing
tendons: Lµ vïng cña mét cÊu kiÖn chÞu uèn mµ nã
bÞ nÐn bëi c¸c c¸p dù øng lùc.
zone of capillary saturation /zoun əv
kə'piləri ,sæt∫ə'rei∫n/ n vïng b·o hßa mao dÉn.
zone of plastic flow of the soil /zoun əv 'plæstik
flou əv sɔil/ n vïng ch¶y dÎo cña ®Êt.
zone of saturation /zoun əv ,sæt∫ə'rei∫n/ n
vïng b·o hßa: a hydrologic zone in which all the
interstices between particles of geologic material or
all of the joints, fractures, or solution channels in a
consolidated rock unit are filled with water under
pressure greater than that of the atmosphere: Lµ mét
khu vùc thñy v¨n trong ®ã tÊt c¶ c¸c kÎ hë gi÷a c¸c
h¹t vËt liÖu ®Þa chÊt hoÆc tÊt c¶ c¸c khe nøt, n¸t vì,
hay khe hßa tan trong mét khèi ®¸ cè kÕt ®Òu ®−îc
lÊp ®Çy b»ng n−íc d−íi ¸p lùc lín h¬n ¸p lùc khÝ
quyÓn.
zone of seepage /zoun əv 'si:pidʒ/ n vïng thÊm.
Glossary of Terms in Tunnelling. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Viet Trung, Eng. Nguyen Duc Toan
zone of swelling /zoun əv 'sweliη/ n vïng tr−¬ng
në.
zoned earthfill dam /zoun 'ə:θfil dæm/ n ®Ëp ®Êt
®¾p theo tõng vïng: Embankment Dam is a structure
constructed of fill material, usually earth or rock,
placed with sloping sides and usually with a length
greater than its height. Earthfill or Earth Dam – A
dam in which more than 50 percent of the total
volume is formed of compacted fine-grained
material obtained from a borrow area (i.e.,
excavation pit); Homogeneous Earthfill Dam – A
dam constructed of similar earth material
throughout, except for the possible inclusion of
internal drains or drainage blankets; distinguished
from a Zoned Earthfill Dam: §Ëp ®¾p lµ mét kÕt cÊu
x©y dùng tõ vËt liÖu ®¾p, th−êng b»ng ®Êt hoÆc ®¸,
thi c«ng cã c¸c m¸i dèc vµ th−êng cã chiÒu dµi lín
h¬n chiÒu cao cña nã. §Ëp ®Êt ®¾p lµ ®Ëp trong ®ã
h¬n 50% thÓ tÝch ®−îc t¹o thµnh tõ vËt liÖu h¹t mÞn
®Çm chÆt lÊy tõ má khai th¸c vËt liÖu. §Ëp ®Êt ®¾p
®ång nhÊt lµ ®Ëp x©y dùng b»ng cïng mét lo¹i vËt
liÖu trong kh¾p th©n ®Ëp, trõ nh÷ng bé phËn tho¸t
n−íc bªn trong hoÆc líp vËt liÖu ®Öm tho¸t n−íc;
ph©n biÖt víi mét ®Ëp ®Êt ®¾p theo tõng vïng.
zoning /'zouni–/ n sù ph©n vïng, sù quy vïng, sù
ph©n ®íi: Dividing an area into zones or sections
reserved for different purposes such as residence
and business and manufacturing etc: Lµ sù ph©n
chia mét vïng thµnh c¸c khu vùc hay bé phËn ®Ó
dµnh cho c¸c môc ®Ých kh¸c nhau nh− c− tró, kinh
doanh hay s¶n xuÊt v.v…
zoolith, zoolite /zu:liθ, 'zou”lait/ n ®¸ ®éng vËt,
zoolit: Fossilised Animal or Animal Substance. A
compound of the prefix "-zoo" and the suffix "-ite,"
meaning “mineral or rock”: Lµ ®éng vËt hãa th¹ch
hoÆc lµ chÊt hãa th¹ch. Tõ nµy ®−îc cÊu t¹o tõ tiÒn
tè “zoo” vµ hËu tè “-ite” hµm nghÜa lµ “kho¸ng vËt
hoÆc ®¸”.
zunyite /zjuniait/ n zuniit (kho¸ng vËt): This is a
classic area of Red Mountain type alteration, and
the type locality for the aluminosilicate mineral
zunyite is here at the old Zuny mine; zunyite is
characteristic of severe hydrothermal alteration of
the acid-sulfate type (Plumlee and others, 1995):
§©y lµ mét khu vùc cæ cã d¹ng biÕn ®æi kiÓu nói
Red, tÝnh ph©n bè ®Þa ph−¬ng cña kiÓu nµy cña
kho¸ng zuniit aluminosilicat ®−îc thÊy t¹i má Zuny
cò; zuniit ®Æc tr−ng cho sù biÕn ®æi thñy nhiÖt m¹nh
mÏ cña lo¹i sunphat-axit (Plumlee vµ nnk, 1995).
 365

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(short-listed)
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