Fire System

Fire Detection and
Suppression Systems
Fire detection and alarming
Objectives
• Understanding Conditions of fire combustion
• Understand fire types and their symbols
• Discuss fire detection systems
- Types of fire detection system
- Fire detection system circuit types
- Fire detection system elements
• Discuss fire Alarm systems.
- Fire alarm circuit classes
- Fire alarm connection types
• Discuss fire suppression Systems.
- Fire alarm circuit classes
Three Conditions of Combustion
Inorganic combustible
matter (Na, K, Mg, C, P, S,
CO, etc.)
1. Combustible Matter
Organic combustible
matter (wood, coal, cotton,
petrol, etc.)
2. Oxidizer Oxygen is the most familiar oxidizer in

daily life.
It is a kind of energy which can cause

3. Ignition source matter burning, such as: open flame,
electric spark, friction, high temperature
surface, etc.
Basic fire prevention measure
Replace inflammable material with hard
combustible material or non-combustible,
1.Control combustible matter Change the combustion performance by
fireproofing painting.
Isolate the tinder and exploder by airproof environment

2.Isolate air
Temperature controlling, Earthing, Anti-explosive

3.Eliminate fire source lightning and switch, and set “no smoking” sign.
Fire intervals should be set between two buildings

4.Stop the fire spreading Set up fire wall, fire window, fire rolling shutter
Install fire resisting damper on the pipeline.
Classification of Fire
• Four classes of fires
– Class A
• Paper, wood, textiles and rubbish
– Class B
• Liquids, such as gas, alcohol, oil and grease
– Class C
• Electrical
– Class D
• Occur in certain metals like magnesium, sodium,
potassium, titanium or zirconium
Extinguishing Agents
• Class A
– Respond best to water or water type which
lower the fuel below it’s ignition point.
• Class B
– Respond to carbon dioxide, halogenated
hydocarbons (halons), and dry chemicals, all of
which displace the oxygen supply making
combustion impossible.
• Class C
– Respond best to carbon dioxide which displaces
the oxygen.
– Must have a non-metallic horn to prevent static
electricity and transmission of electricity to
operator from the fire.
• Class C cont.
– Halons or dry chemicals may be used but the
disadvantage of it the powder contamination
which can lead to further damage of electrical
components. The most recommended is
Gaseous suppression system.
• Class D
– Responds best to dry powder which prevents
oxidation and the resulting flame.
Information Network Security
Agency
Letter classification given an extinguisher to designate
the class or classes of fire on which it will be effective.
• Class A – ordinary combustibles (wood,
cloth, paper)
• Class B – flammable liquids, gases, greases
• Class C – energized electrical equipment
• Class D – combustible metals
Combustible
Ordinary Flammable Electrical
A B
Liquids
C
Equipment
D
Combustibles
Metals
Fire Detection and Alarm Systems
A key aspect of fire protection is to identify a developing fire emergency in a timely
manner, and to alert the building's occupants and fire emergency organizations.
This is the role of fire detection and alarm systems. Depending on the anticipated fire
scenario, building and use type, number and type of occupants and criticality of
contents and mission, these systems can provide several main functions:
First, they provide a means to identify a developing fire through either manual or
automatic methods.
Second, they alert building occupants to a fire condition and the need to evacuate.
Another common function is the transmission of an alarm notification signal to the fire
department or other emergency response organization.
They may also shut down electrical, air handling equipment or special process
operations, and they may be used to initiate automatic suppression systems.
Fire Detection Principles
Manual Fire Detection - Pull Stations
Manual fire detection is the oldest method of detection. In the
simplest form, a person yelling can provide fire warning. In
buildings, however, a person's voice may not always transmit
throughout the structure. For this reason, manual alarm
stations are installed. The general design philosophy is to
place stations within reach along paths of escape. It is for this
reason that they can usually be found near exit doors in
corridors and large rooms.
The advantage of manual alarm stations is that, upon

discovering the fire, they provide occupants with a readily
identifiable means to activate the building fire alarm system.
The alarm system can then serve in lieu of the shouting
person's voice. They are simple devices, and can be highly
reliable when the building is occupied. The key disadvantage
of manual stations is that they will not work when the building
is unoccupied. They may also be used for malicious alarm
activations.
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Automatic Detectors – Spot type
Spot Type Detector. A device in which the detecting Element is

concentrated at a particular location. Typical examples are
Bimetallic detectors, fusible alloy detectors, certain pneumatic rate-
of-rise Detectors, certain smoke detectors, and thermoelectric
detectors.
Automatic Smoke Detectors – Photoelectric
Light Scattering Smoke Detection. The principle of using a

light source and a photosensitive sensor arranged so that the
rays from the light source do not normally fall onto the
photosensitive sensor. When smoke particles inter the light
path, some of the light is scattered by reflection and refraction
onto the sensor. The light signal is processed and used to
convey an alarm condition when it meets preset criteria.
light scattering
In the normal case, the light from the light source on the left shoots straight across and misses
the sensor.
When smoke enters the chamber, however, the smoke particles scatter the light and some
amount of light hits the sensor.
A – Light Source
B – Photo Sensor
Automatic Detectors – Photoelectric
(Light obscuration)
Line-Type Detector. A device in which detection is continuous along a path. Typical examples are rate-of-rise
pneumatic tubing detectors, projected beam smoke detectors, and heat sensitive cable.
Projected Beam-Type Detector. A type of photoelectric light obscuration smoke detector where in the beam
spans the protected area.
Photoelectric Light Obscuration Detection. The principle of using a light source and a photosensitive sensor
onto which the principal portion of the source emission is focused. When smoke particles enter the light path,
some of the light is scattered and some of the light is absorbed, thereby reducing the light reaching the receiving
sensor. The light reduction signal is processed and used to convey an alarm condition when it meets preset
criteria.
(Light obscuration)
• In a projected Beam Detector, alarms are generated by diffusing the
projected light beam by a specified percentage of obscuration.
• Total beam blockage generally results in a trouble signal.
Automatic Smoke Detectors– Ionization
Ionization smoke detectors use an ionization chamber and a source of ionizing radiation to detect smoke. This
type of smoke detector is more common because it is inexpensive and better at detecting the smaller amounts of
smoke produced by flaming fires.
Inside the ionization detector is a small amount (perhaps 1/5000th of a gram) of Americium-241. The radioactive
element americium has a half-life of 432 years, and is a good source of alpha particles.
An ionization chamber is very simple. It consists of two plates with a voltage across them, along with a radioactive
source of ionizing radiation.
Ionization Smoke Detection. The principle of using a small amount of radioactive material to ionize the air
between two differentially charged electrodes to sense the presence of smoke particles. Smoke Particles
entering the ionization volume decrease the conductance of the air by reducing ion mobility. The reduced
conductance signal is processed and used to convey an alarm condition when it meets preset criteria.
Automatic Smoke Detectors– Ionization
Ionization Smoke detectors
The alpha particles generated by the americium have the following property: They ionize the
oxygen and nitrogen atoms of the air in the chamber. To "ionize" means to "knock an electron off
of." When you knock an electron off of an atom, you end up with a free electron (with a negative
charge) and an atom missing one electron (with a positive charge). The negative electron is
attracted to the plate with a positive voltage, and the positive atom is attracted to the plate with a
negative voltage (opposites attract, just like with magnets). The electronics in the smoke detector
sense the small amount of electrical current that these electrons and ions moving toward the
plates represent.
When smoke enters the ionization chamber, it disrupts this current -- the smoke
particles attach to the ions and neutralize them. The smoke detector senses the
drop in current between the plates and sets off the horn.
Automatic Detectors – Heat/Thermal
Heat detectors that only initiate an alarm and have no extinguishing function are
still in use. Although they have the lowest false alarm rate of all automatic fire
detector devices, they also are the slowest in fire detecting. A heat detector is
best situated for fire detection in a small confined space where rapidly building
high-output fires are expected, in areas where ambient conditions would not
allow the use of other fire detection devices, or when speed of detection is not a
prime consideration.
Heat detectors are generally located on or near the ceiling and respond to the
convicted thermal energy of a fire. They respond either when the detecting
element reaches a predetermined fixed temperature or to a specified rate of
temperature change. In general, heat detectors are designed to operate when
heat causes a prescribed change in a physical or electrical property of a
material or gas.
Heat Detector. A fire detector that detects either abnormally high temperature, or rate of temperature rise, or
both.
Heat detectors can be sub-divided by their operating principles :
Automatic Detectors – Fixed Temp.
Fixed-temperature heat detectors are designed to alarm when the temperature of the
operating elements reaches a specific point. The air temperature at the time of alarm
is usually considerably higher than the rated temperature because it takes time for
the air to raise the temperature of the operating element to its set point. This
condition is called thermal lag. Fixed-temperature heat detectors are available to
cover a wide range of operating temperatures - from about 135'F (57'C) and higher.
Higher temperatures detectors are also necessary so that detection can be provided
in areas normally subject to high ambient temperatures, or in areas zoned so that
only detectors in the immediate fire area operate.
Heat Detector
Fixed-Temperature Detector. A device that responds when its operating element becomes heated to a
predetermined level.
Automatic Detectors – Rate-of-Rise
One effect that flaming fire has on the surrounding area is to rapidly increase air temperature in the space
above the fire. Fixed-temperature heat detectors will not initiate an alarm until the air temperature near the
ceiling exceeds the design operating point. The rate-of-rise detector, however, will function when the rate of
temperature increase exceeds a predetermined value, typically around 12 to 15'F (7 to 8'C) per minute.
Rate-of-rise detectors are designed to compensate for the normal changes in ambient temperature that are
expected under non-fire conditions.
Rate-of-Rise Detector. A device that responds when the temperature rises at a rate exceeding a predetermined
value
Automatic Detectors – Combination
Combination detectors contain more than one element which responds to fire. These detectors may be
designed to respond from either element, or from the combined partial or complete response of both
elements. An example of the former is a heat detector that operates on both the rate-of-raise and fixed-
temperature principles. Its advantage is that the rate-of-rise element will respond quickly to rapidly
developing fire, while the fixed-temperature element will respond to a slowly developing fire when the
detecting element reaches its set point temperature. The most common combination detector uses a
vented air chamber and a flexible diaphragm for the rate-of-rise function, while the fixed-temperature
element is usually leaf-spring restrained by a eutectic metal. When the fixed-temperature element reaches
its designated operating temperature, the eutectic metal fuses and releases the spring, which closes the
contact.
Photoelectric/Heat Fixed Temp/Rate of Rise

Smoke Detector Heat Detector
Combination Detector. A device that either responds to more than one of the fire phenomena or employs
more than one operating principle to sense one of these phenomena. Typical examples are a combination
of a heat detector with a smoke detector or a combination of rate-of-rise and fixed temperature heat
detector. This device has listings for each sensing method employed.
Automatic Detectors – Flame
A flame detector responds either to radiant energy visible to the human eye (approx. 4000 to 7700 A) or
outside the range of human vision. Similar to the human eye, flame detectors have a 'cone of vision', or
viewing angle, that defines the effective detection capability of the detector.
With this constraint, the sensitivity increases as the angle of incidence decreases. Such a detector is
sensitive to glowing embers, coals, or flames which radiate energy of sufficient intensity and spectral quality
to actuate the alarm. Each type of fuel, when burning, produces a flame with specific radiation
characteristics. A flame detection system must be chosen for the type of fire that is probable. For example
an ultraviolet (UV) detector will respond to a hydrogen fire, but an infrared (IR) detector operating in the 4.4
micron sensitivity range will not. It is imperative therefore; that a qualified fire protection engineer is involved
in the design of these systems, along with assistance from the manufacturer's design staff.
Flame Detector. A radiant energy-sensing detector that detects the radiant energy emitted by a flame.
Radiant Energy-Sensing Fire Detector. A device that detects radiant energy, such as ultraviolet, visible,
or infrared, that is emitted as a product of combustion reaction and obeys the laws of optics.
Due to their fast detection capabilities, flame detectors are generally used only in
high-hazard areas, such as fuel-loading platforms, industrial process areas,
hyperbaric chambers, high-ceiling areas, and atmospheres in which explosions or
very rapid fires may occur. Because flame detectors must be able to 'see' the fire,
they must not be blocked by objects placed in front of them. The infrared-type
detector, however, has some capability for detecting radiation reflected from
walls.
UV flame detector IR flame detector
UV/IR combination flame detector

Automatic Detectors – Air Sampling
Air Sampling-Type Detector. A detector that consists of a piping or tubing distribution network
that runs from the detector to the area(s) to be protected. An aspiration fan in the detector
draws air form the protected area back to the detector through air sampling ports, piping, or
tubing. At the detector, the air is analyzed for fire products.
Fire Alarm Principles
Notification Appliances
Notification Appliance. A fire alarm system component such as a bell, horn, speaker, light
or text display that provides audible, tactile, or visible outputs, or any combination thereof.
Audible Notification Appliance. A notification appliance that alerts by the sense of hearing.
Visible Notification Appliance. A notification appliance that alerts by the sense of sight.
Fire Alarm Circuit Classes
Class. Initiating device circuits, notification appliance circuits, and signaling line circuits shall
be permitted to be designated as either Class A or Class B, depending on their performance
during no simultaneous single circuit fault conditions as specified by the following:
(1) Initiating device circuits and signaling line circuits that transmit an alarm or
supervisory signal, or notification appliance circuits that allow all connected devices
to operate during a single open or a no simultaneous single ground fault on any
circuit conductor, shall be designated as Class A
(2) Initiating device circuits and signaling line circuits that do not transmit an alarm or
supervisory signal, or notification appliance circuits that do not allow all connected
devices to operate beyond the location of a single open on any circuit conductor, shall
be designated as Class B
Class B Circuits
Class B Initiating Device Circuit

4.7K
EOLR
Class B Notification Appliance Circuit

4.7K
EOLR
End of line supervision resistors are

required to supervise the integrity
of the loop.
Class B Circuits
Class B Initiating Device Circuit

4.7K
4.7K
EOLR
EOLR
4.7K
EOLR
Class B Notification Appliance Circuit
Single open circuit condition causes a

trouble on the panel and renders all devices
beyond the fault inoperative.
Class A Circuits
Class A Initiating Device Circuit
Class A Notification Appliance Circuit

Class A Circuits
Class A Initiating Device Circuit
Class A Notification Appliance Circuit
Single open circuit condition causes a

trouble on the panel. All devices on the
loop remain operative.
Additional Fire Alarm Terminology
Addressable Device - A fire alarm system component with discreet identification that can
have its status individually identified or that is used to individually control other functions.
Analog Addressable Sensor - An initiating device that transmits a signal indicating varying
degrees of condition as contrasted with a conventional or addressable initiating device,
which can only indicate an off/on condition.
Signaling Line Circuit (SLC) - A circuit or path between any combination of circuit
interfaces, control units, or transmitters over which multiple system input signals or out put
signals or both are carried.
SLC Interface - A system component that connects a signaling line circuit to any combination
of initiating devices, initiating device circuits, notification appliances, notification appliance
circuits, system control outputs and other signaling line circuits.
Protocol - A language for communicating between control panels and their proprietary devices.
Fire alarm System Types
To better understand today’s newer technology, a firm understanding of the types of systems available is
necessary. The three most popular types of systems installed today are:
•Conventional
•Addressable
•Analog Addressable
Conventional Systems
 Conventional control panels range in size from 1 zone to
over 100 zones.
 Zones typically consist of some or all of the initiating
devices in an area or floor of a building.
 Some control panels zone capacity is expandable while
others are not, limiting its usefulness if a facility adds
additional buildings or rooms.
Zone 1
4.7K
EOLR
Zone 2
NAC 1 4.7K
EOLR
Multiple devices are combined into a

single zone. Zones can contain 30 or
more devices.
Zone 1
4.7K
EOLR
Zone 2
NAC 1 4.7K
EOLR
Care must be taken when laying out

zones to comply with code
requirements.
Zone #1
4.7K
EOLR
Zone #2
FIRE!
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
Alarm conditions are annunciated by

zone only. Inspection is required to
determine the device.
Zone #1
4.7K
EOLR
Zone #2
4.7K
EOLR
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
Trouble conditions are annunciated by

zone only. Inspection is required to
determine the cause.
Zone #1
4.7K
EOLR
Zone #2
RJ RJ
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
Information transmitted to the central

station is by zone at best. Many panels
send Alarm, Supv, Trbl only.
Addressable Systems
• An addressable systems point capacity is
determined by the amount of SLC “Signaling
Line Circuits” it contains.
• Each SLC circuit provides power,
FACP
communication, & supervision for all of the
devices connected to it.
• Each SLC can accommodate over 100
addressable devices, depending upon the
manufacturer.
Addressable Systems
Addressable
Addressable Addressable Input Module Addressable Addressable
Heat Detector Smoke Detector (Waterflow) Pull Station Smoke Detector
FIRE FIRE
SILENT KNIGHT
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown)
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
Each SLC loop can contain a variety of addressable

devices. Non-addressable devices are connected via
addressable module.
Addressable Systems
Addressable
FIRE FIRE
004
001 002 SILENT KNIGHT
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
Each point on the SLC loop is given a

unique address when installed.
Addressable Systems
Addressable
FIRE FIRE
004
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
Supervision is accomplished from the

panel by polling the devices on the SLC
loop.
Addressable Systems Addressable
FIRE FIRE
004
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR

loop.
FIRE FIRE
004
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR

loop.
FIRE FIRE
004
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR

loop.
FIRE FIRE
004
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR

loop.
FIRE FIRE
004
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR

loop.
FIRE FIRE
004
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR

loop.
FIRE FIRE
004
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR

loop.
FIRE FIRE
004
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR

loop.
FIRE FIRE
004
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR

loop.
FIRE FIRE
004
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR

loop.
FIRE FIRE
004
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR

loop.
FIRE FIRE
004
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR

< Replay loop.
FIRE FIRE
004
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003 FIRE!
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
ALARM POINT 006 Alarm conditions are annunciated by

LOBBY SMOKE DETECTOR
point allowing responding personnel
to quickly find the fire.
FIRE FIRE
004
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
TRBL POINT 006 Trouble conditions can be located

DISCONNECTED
LOBBY SMOKE DETECTOR more quickly by analyzing the
affected points.
FIRE FIRE
004
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
RJ RJ
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
More detailed information can be sent

to the central station aiding in a quick
resolution to the problem.
FIRE FIRE
004
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
Since supervision is accomplished

through polling, t-tapped wiring is
permitted. (Class B wiring)
FIRE FIRE
004
006
005
Addressable
FACP Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown) 003 FIRE!
NAC #1
4.7K
EOLR
Many systems support flexible

input/output programming to link
initiating devices to outputs.
Comparison
• Conventional • Addressable
– Lower initial – Easier to install.
equipment costs. – More system status
– Wide range of information at the
compatible devices. panel and central
– Can be easier to station.
program. – Input/Output
– Limited expansion programming much
capability. more flexible.
– Usually much more
room available to
expand.
Analog Addressable Systems
• Detectors in an analog addressable systems
become “sensors” relaying information to the
control panel corresponding to how much
smoke or heat that detector is sensing.
• The control panel makes the decisions based
on this information when to alarm etc.
Analog Addressable Systems Addressable
Heat Sensor Smoke Sensor (Waterflow) Pull Station Smoke Sensor
004
001 002 006
005
Addressable
Relay Module 003
(Fan Shutdown)
10K
EOLR
NAC #1
HEAT DETECTOR Supervision is still checked by
MECHANICAL ROOM polling. In addition an analog
POINT 001 A=062 value is transmitted to the panel
NORMAL F=190 for processing.
Heat Sensor Smoke Sensor (Waterflow) Pull Station Smoke Detector
004
001 002 006
005
Addressable
Relay Module 003
(Fan Shutdown)
10K
EOLR
NAC #1
SMOKE DETECTOR Supervision is still checked by
LOBBY NORTH polling. In addition an analog
004
001 002 006
005
Addressable
Relay Module 003
(Fan Shutdown)
10K
EOLR
NAC #1
RELAY MODULE Supervision is still checked by
FAN SHUTDOWN polling. In addition an analog
POINT 003 A=N/A value is transmitted to the panel
NORMAL F=N/A for processing.
004
001 002 006
005
Addressable
Relay Module 003
(Fan Shutdown)
10K
EOLR
NAC #1
INPUT MODULE Supervision is still checked by
WATERFLOW polling. In addition an analog
004
001 002 006
005
Addressable
Relay Module 003
(Fan Shutdown)
10K
EOLR
NAC #1
MANUAL PULL polling. In addition an analog
004
001 002 006
005
Addressable
Relay Module 003
(Fan Shutdown)
10K
EOLR
NAC #1
FRONT DESK polling. In addition an analog
004
001 002 006
005
Addressable
Relay Module 003
(Fan Shutdown)
10K
EOLR
NAC #1
HEAT DETECTOR Supervision is still checked by
MECHANICAL ROOM polling. In addition an analog
004
001 002 006
005
Addressable
Relay Module 003
(Fan Shutdown)
10K
EOLR
NAC #1
LOBBY NORTH polling. In addition an analog
004
001 002 006
005
Addressable
Relay Module 003
(Fan Shutdown)
10K
EOLR
NAC #1
RELAY MODULE Supervision is still checked by
FAN SHUTDOWN polling. In addition an analog
004
001 002 006
005
Addressable
Relay Module 003
(Fan Shutdown)
10K
EOLR
NAC #1
WATERFLOW polling. In addition an analog
004
001 002 006
005
Addressable
Relay Module 003
(Fan Shutdown)
10K
EOLR
NAC #1
MANUAL PULL polling. In addition an analog
004
001 002 006
005
Addressable
Relay Module 003
(Fan Shutdown)
10K
EOLR
NAC #1
SMOKE DETECTOR
FRONT DESK
POINT 006 A=061 < Replay
NORMAL F=189
004
001 002 006
005
Addressable
Relay Module 003
(Fan Shutdown)
10K
EOLR
NAC #1
HEAT DETECTOR This analog value corresponds to
MECHANICAL ROOM the amount of heat or smoke in
POINT 001 A=062 that detectors area of coverage.
NORMAL F=190 Higher = more.
004
001 002 006
005
Addressable
Relay Module 003
(Fan Shutdown)
10K
EOLR
NAC #1
HEAT DETECTOR If the analog value exceeds the
MECHANICAL ROOM alarm threshold, an alarm occurs.
POINT 001 A=062 This alarm threshold is calculated
NORMAL F=190 by the panel.
004
001 002 006
005
Addressable
Relay Module 003
(Fan Shutdown)
10K
EOLR
NAC #1
INPUT MODULE Input/output modules do not relay
WATERFLOW analog values to the panel as they
POINT 004 A=N/A are monitoring or controlling
NORMAL F=N/A on/off devices.
Analog Addressable
Features
• An analog addressable control panel is capable of

several enhanced features not available on conventional,
and some addressable systems.
– Drift Compensation / Maintenance Alert
– Adjustable Detector Sensitivity
– Day/Night Detector Sensitivity Adjustment
– U.L. Calibrated Sensitivity Test Instrument
Communication Protocols
• Each manufacturer of (analog) addressable fire alarm systems

utilize a unique communications protocol on the SLC loop to
communicate between the control panel and the addressable
devices.
• Most protocols are developed by detector manufacturers.
• Many manufacturers subtly modify standard protocols, developed by

detector manufacturers, to provide a proprietary environment for
their equipment & distributors.
Communication Protocols
• Many of the panels installation requirements and
operational parameters are based on the communication
protocol used.
– SLC Loop Length
– SLC Loop Wire Type
– SLC Loop Communications Speed
– SLC Loop Alarm Response Time
• Communication protocols can be broken down into two

categories.
– Non-Digital
– Digital
Comparing Protocols Addressable
004
001 002 006
005
003
Addressable
Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown)
To take a closer look at

communication protocols we can
look at non-digital and digital
SLC Loops through an
oscilloscope.
Non-Digital Protocol
Each detector when polled

responds to the panel with
square wave pulses.
The panel reads these square

wave pulses and determines
the values by measuring the
length (time) of each.
Various sources of
interference can cause these
square wave pulses to round
? off. This makes an accurate
reading very difficult.
Most manufacturers that
utilize a non-digital protocol
will specify special
? requirements such as twisted
or shielded wire to
counteract this problem.
Digital Protocol
Using a digital protocol the
panel looks for for a series
of “1” or “on” bits that are
detected by looking for
1 1 1 1
24v
voltage rather than the
length of a pulse.
0 0 0
Digital Protocol
Even if a source of
interference causes rounding
off of the digital pulses the
voltage is still present for the
1 1 1 1
24v
panel to determine the
digital value.
0 0 0
Digital Protocol
Digital protocol panels do
not typically require special
cabling since interference
does not pose any
1 1 1 1
24v
substantial signal problems.
0 0 0
Retrofits can be done using
existing cable.
Non-digital Loop Response
• When an alarm occurs on many non-digital protocol
systems, some panels must continue polling until it
reaches the alarming device, before an alarm is
initiated.
– Larger systems with hundreds of points can cause
delays initiating an alarm.
Non-Digital Loop Response
Addressable
FIRE FIRE
004
006
005
003
Addressable
Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown)
ABC FIRE SYSTEMS
ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL

15-Jan-00 3:10 PM
Addressable
FIRE FIRE
004
006
005
FIRE! 003
Addressable
Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown)
ABC FIRE SYSTEMS A fire erupts at the Heat Detector

(Point 001) while the system is
ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL polling the Smoke Detector
15-Jan-00 3:10 PM (Point 002).
Addressable
FIRE FIRE
004
006
005
FIRE! 003
Addressable
Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown)
ABC FIRE SYSTEMS An alarm is not initiated. The

system continues polling until it
ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL reaches the point in alarm.
15-Jan-00 3:10 PM
Addressable
FIRE FIRE
004
006
005
FIRE! 003
Addressable
Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown)

15-Jan-00 3:10 PM
Addressable
FIRE FIRE
004
006
005
FIRE! 003
Addressable
Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown)

15-Jan-00 3:10 PM
Addressable
FIRE FIRE
004
006
005
FIRE! 003
Addressable
Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown)

15-Jan-00 3:10 PM
Addressable
FIRE FIRE
004
006
005
FIRE! 003
Addressable
Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown)
ALARM
POINT 001 ALARM!
HEAT DETECTOR
15-Jan-00 3:10 PM
Addressable
FIRE FIRE
004
006
005
FIRE! 003
Addressable
Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown)
ALARM Systems with hundreds of points

POINT 001 can take 15 -20 seconds or longer
HEAT DETECTOR to respond to alarm conditions.
15-Jan-00 3:10 PM
Digital Loop Response
• When an alarm occurs on most digital protocol systems,
an interrupt request from the device sensing the alarm
interrupts the polling sequence to immediately handle
the alarm.
– Systems with hundreds of points will respond to
alarms in the same amount of time that they would to
smaller systems with very few points.
Digital Loop Response Addressable
004
001 002 006
005
003
Addressable
Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown)
ABC FIRE SYSTEMS
ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL

15-Jan-00 3:10 PM
004
001 002 006
005
FIRE! 003
Addressable
Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown)
ABC FIRE SYSTEMS A fire erupts at the Heat sensor

(Point 001) while the system is
ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL polling the Smoke Detector
15-Jan-00 3:10 PM (Point 002).
004
001 002 006
005
FIRE! 003
Addressable
Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown)
ABC FIRE SYSTEMS The Heat Sensor (Point 001)

interrupts the polling process to
ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL handle the alarm immediately.
15-Jan-00 3:10 PM
004
001 002 006
005
FIRE! 003
Addressable
Relay Module
(Fan Shutdown)
ALARM
POINT 001 ALARM!
HEAT SENSOR
15-Jan-00 3:10 PM
FIRE SUPPRESSION
SYSTEM
• WATER BASE SYSTEM

• POWDER BASE SYSTEM
• GAS BASE SYSTEM
WATER BASE SYSTEM
• HYDRANT
• SPRINKLER
• SPRAY
• FOAM
HYDRANT SYSTEM
Fire Hydrant System, the oldest and still one of the most effective and dependable
one, consists of the following components:
 Sufficiently large water reservoir
 Fire pumpsets (Main and Standby)
Object
 Jockey pumpset
1
 Hydrant valves Object 2
 Fire fighting hoses with coupling
 Branch pipe with nozzles
This is a semi-automatic system. A network of pipes is laid out depending upon

the risk with hydrant valves placed at strategic places. The spacing/distance
between yard hydrants are guided by norms viz.
 NFPA
Pump
 Tariff Advisory Committee
 OISD
house
WATER BASE SYSTEM
HYDRANT
SPRINKLER
SPRAY
FOAM
SPRINKLER SYSTEM
A sprinkler system consists of a water supply (or supplies) and
one or more sprinkler installations, each installation consist of
a set of installation control valves and a pipe array fitted with
sprinkler heads. The sprinkler heads are fitted at specified
locations at the roof or ceiling, and where necessary between
racks, below shelves, inside ovens or stoves or below
obstructions.
A sprinkler has two functions to perform. It must first sense the
heat, and must then provide an adequate distribution of water
to control or extinguish the fire. Each function is performed
separately and one is independent of the other except insofar
as early detection makes extinction easier because the fire
has not grown large. The classic use of the sprinkler is in the
hot gas layer which forms beneath the ceiling of an enclosure
in which a fire is developing.
WATER BASE SYSTEM
HYDRANT
SPRINKLER
SPRAY
FOAM
A special fixed pipe system connected to a reliable source of fire protection water supply
and equipped with water spray nozzles for specific water discharge and distribution over
the surface or area to be protected. The piping system is connected to the water supply
through an automatically actuated Deluge Valve which initiates flow of water. Automatic
actuation is achieved by operation of automatic detecting equipment installed along with
water spray nozzles. There are two types of systems namely High Velocity Water Spray
System and Medium Velocity Water Spray System.
I) High Velocity Water Spray System
High Velocity Water spray systems are installed to extinguish fires involving liquids with
flash points of 65 deg. C (150 deg. F) or higher.
It was found however that water applied in the form of the finely broken needles to
create an emulsion possessed a high resistance to electric current. This equipment is
now more or less standard for live oil filled electrical gear and is quite commonly
installed for the protection of electrical equipment carrying voltage of 400 KV or more
I) Medium Velocity Water Spray System
Advance in technology have brought about much wider usage in industry of highly
inflammable liquids, gases and solids. The fire problems so produced have required new
thinking and development of new technologies. With fire risks involving the lighter oils,
liquefied petroleum gases and other flammable liquids with flash points below 65 deg.C it
may not be possible or even desirable to extinguish the fire completely. Under such
circumstances the aim is to achieve controlled burning. Adequate control of such fires and
also protection of vessels and plant exposed to surrounding fire can be achieved by properly
designed medium velocity water spray system. Cooling smothering and dilution play apart in
varying degrees with such a system This type of system utilizes sprayers which produce a
medium velocity water discharged with directional properties operating at a minimum water
pressure of approximate 1.5 bar sprayers can be arranged for individual automatic operation
or for automatic and manual operation in groups to command the plant or fire area
concerned. Here again, the essence of the design is proper discharged pattern, careful
hydraulic calculation and balance of flow and pressure. All systems are fitted with alarm
equipment and monitoring devices as required.
General Information
Medium velocity water spray system has been developed and extensively installed for the
following applications.
For the protection of vessels, plant, and structures exposed to heat from adjacent and
surrounding fires.
Transformer
Transformer
WATER BASE SYSTEM
HYDRANT
SPRINKLER
SPRAY
FOAM
Foam for fire protection purposes is an aggregate of air-filled
bubbles formed from aqueous solutions and is lower density than
the lightest flammable liquids. It is principally used to form a
coherent floating blanket on flammable and combustible liquid
lighter than water and prevents or extinguishes fire by excluding air
and cooling the fuel. It also prevents re-ignition by suppressing
formation of flammable vapors. It has the property of adhering to
surfaces, providing a degree of exposure protection from adjacent
fires.
Foam may be used as a fire prevention, control or extinguishments
agent for flammable liquid tanks or processing areas. Foam
solution for these hazards may be supplied by fixed piped systems
or portable foam generating systems. Foam may be applied by
foam discharge outlets, which allow it to fall gently on the surface
of burning fuel or it may be introduced by other means. Foam may
also be applied to these hazards by portable hose streams using
foam nozzles, portable towers or large capacity monitor nozzles.
DRY CHEMICAL POWDER TOTAL FLOODING SYSTEM
Description
Dry chemical fixed pipe fire suppression systems are
self contained units, designed by factory trained
personnel, consisting of a pressure vessel
constructed to ASME standards, nitrogen cylinders ,
automatic detection devices and electric/pneumatic
manual actuation devices.
Gaseous Fire Suppression Systems
• Currently, there are 14 known Clean Agents

that are available.
• Only about 4 Clean Agents that widely
used.
– FM-200
– Inergen
– Novec-1230
– Ecaro-25
FM-200(HFC-277ea)
heptafluoropropane CF3CHFCF3
• Extinguishes Class A, B, and C fires by

interrupting the chemical chain reaction.
• Absorbs heat, thus accelerating the suppression
process.
• Gas is safe to use in occupied spaces at
concentrations up to 9% by volume.
• FM 200 will not deplete stratospheric ozone and it
has a relatively short atmospheric life time of 31-
42 years.
Typical FM-200 Installation
FM-200 Installation
INERGEN(IG-541)
Nitrogen 40%,Argon 8%, N2ArCO2
• Extinguishers Class A, B and C fires by removing

enough oxygen from the air to break the fire chain,
yet still allowing people to breathe comfortably.
• Inergen is environmentally friendly. It is
composed of naturally occurring gases already
found in the air we breathe.
• It has zero ozone depletion, zero global warming,
and zero atmospheric lifetime potential.
• Design concentration at 37.8% minimum.
Typical Inergen Installation
Novec 1230 (FK-5-1-12)
Fluoroketone, CF3CF2C(O)CF(CF3)2
• Novec 1230 fluid is a high molecular weight

material, compared with the first generation
halocarbon clean agents. Although it is a liquid at
room temperature it gasifies immediately after
being discharged in a total flooding system.
• The product is ideal for use in total flooding
applications, localized flooding systems and
directional spray type applications.
• Design concentration at 4%-6%.
• It has zero ozone depletion, zero global warming,
and 5 day atmospheric lifetime potential.
Typical Novec 1230 Installation
Ecaro-25 (HFC-125)
pentafluoroethane, CHF2-CF3
• The ECARO-25™ System is the easiest

and most cost effective replacement
solution to existing Halon installations
• Total Flooding of Class-A Hazards
FE-25™ can be used in occupied spaces for
Class-A fire assets with percent
concentration not to exceed 9% (max. for
NOAEL*)
FM200 Gas Extinguishing
FM-200® Fire Suppression agent was the first environmentally
acceptable replacement for Halon 1301. FM-200® has zero ozone
depleting potential, a low global warming potential and a short
atmospheric lifetime. It is particularly useful where an environmentally
acceptable agent is essential, where clean up of other media presents a
problem, where weight versus suppression potential is a factor, where an
electrically non-conductive medium is needed, and people compatibility
an overriding factor.
FM-200® is a colourless, liquefied compressed gas. It is stored as a
liquid and dispensed into the hazard as a colourless, eclectically non-
conductive vapour that is clear and does not obscure vision. It leaves no
Carbon Dioxide Gas Extinguishing
Carbon Dioxide as an extinguishing agent is swift and thorough. Within seconds, it smothers
a fire and holds damage to a minimum. Stored under pressure as a liquid, carbon dioxide
quickly expands to vapour and a state of fine particles of dry ice, much like snow. This
"snow" absorbs heat rapidly changes to a vapour under normal temperature conditions, and
even faster in the presence of fire. The carbon dioxide vapour chokes of combustion, and
the snow effect reduces the ambient temperature to help prevent re-ignition. Moreover,
carbon dioxide is a three dimensional agent, enabling it to penetrate the entire hazard area,
including electrical cabinets. Low-pressure and high-pressure carbon dioxide systems have
equal extinguishing capabilities when each is designed to handle a specific hazard. Carbon
dioxide is normally harmless to equipment, materials and property. It leaves no residue to be
cleaned up, mopped up or scraped off. Production downtime is held to a minimum.
Carbon dioxide is a colourless, odourless, electrically non-conductive agent for the protection
of vital services. In many instances, water is not a suitable extinguishing medium, for
example, where electrical equipment is concerned or clean up time is vital, gaseous
extinguishing agent is the only option.
CO2 Systems are installed in unoccupied applications, as the agent is hazardous to humans
due to the concentrations required to extinguish fires.
THE END
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Fire Detection and

2. Oxidizer Oxygen is the most familiar oxidizer in

It is a kind of energy which can cause

Isolate the tinder and exploder by airproof environment

Temperature controlling, Earthing, Anti-explosive

Fire intervals should be set between two buildings

The advantage of manual alarm stations is that, upon

Spot Type Detector. A device in which the detecting Element is

Light Scattering Smoke Detection. The principle of using a

Photoelectric/Heat Fixed Temp/Rate of Rise

UV flame detector IR flame detector

UV/IR combination flame detector

Class B Initiating Device Circuit

Class B Notification Appliance Circuit

End of line supervision resistors are

Class B Initiating Device Circuit

Class B Notification Appliance Circuit

Single open circuit condition causes a

Class A Initiating Device Circuit

Class A Notification Appliance Circuit

Class A Notification Appliance Circuit

Single open circuit condition causes a

Multiple devices are combined into a

Care must be taken when laying out

Alarm conditions are annunciated by

Trouble conditions are annunciated by

Information transmitted to the central

Each SLC loop can contain a variety of addressable

Each point on the SLC loop is given a

Supervision is accomplished from the

Supervision is accomplished from the

Supervision is accomplished from the

Supervision is accomplished from the

Supervision is accomplished from the

Supervision is accomplished from the

Supervision is accomplished from the

Supervision is accomplished from the

Supervision is accomplished from the

Supervision is accomplished from the

Supervision is accomplished from the

Supervision is accomplished from the

Supervision is accomplished from the

ALARM POINT 006 Alarm conditions are annunciated by

TRBL POINT 006 Trouble conditions can be located

More detailed information can be sent

Since supervision is accomplished

Many systems support flexible

• An analog addressable control panel is capable of

• Each manufacturer of (analog) addressable fire alarm systems

• Most protocols are developed by detector manufacturers.

• Many manufacturers subtly modify standard protocols, developed by

• Communication protocols can be broken down into two

To take a closer look at

Each detector when polled

The panel reads these square

ABC FIRE SYSTEMS

ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL

ABC FIRE SYSTEMS A fire erupts at the Heat Detector

ABC FIRE SYSTEMS An alarm is not initiated. The

ABC FIRE SYSTEMS An alarm is not initiated. The

ABC FIRE SYSTEMS An alarm is not initiated. The

ABC FIRE SYSTEMS An alarm is not initiated. The

ALARM Systems with hundreds of points

ABC FIRE SYSTEMS