FIRE TECHNOLOGY

SYSTEM
JULAIDA KALIWON
 Standard Definition = A process of
combustion by means of heat
emission , followed by smoke or
flame.
DEFINIT Common Definition = Uncontrolled
ION OF development of fire. I.e. not
controlled fire as in a furnace.
FIRE
Effect of Fire = Often unwanted,
unexpected, disastrous & costly to
human life & business cost.
SOURCES
OF FIRE
Fire Triangle = An
interrelationship between
heat, fuel & oxygen.
Fire = The result of chemical
reaction between fuel &
oxygen.
Action Objective Application
Thus, fire cannot occur if 1 of Drench with To remove Sprinkler, wet rise
the component in fire triangle water heat & hose reel
is missing. Smother with To remove Portable fire
inert material oxygen extinguisher
This principle is being used to (e.g. powder,
CO2,foam)
fight fire.
Separate To remove Compartmentation
burning fuel
material from
others
HOW MATERIALS
CATCH FIRE
Heat/thermal energy transferred from
hot to cooler materials by:
 Radiation (sinaran)
 Conduction (transmission of
heat/pengaliran)
 Convection (pemanasan/perolakan)
RADIATION
Radiant heat is transmitted to all bldgs
or mtls that is adjecent to & not the fire.
It is the transfer of heat energy as
electromagnetic waves.
Radiation passes through normal glass
windows easily & bldgs with manys or
large windows are more likely to spread
fire to other bldgs.
CONDUCTI
ON
The movement of heat through mtls
via excitation of molecules. Eg:
metals are better conductors of heat
than stones.
Conducted heat can travel through
partitions, floors, ceiling, walls, to
adjecent rooms, esp through metal
piping, metal frames & joints.
Combustible mtls or internal linings
of adjecent rooms can be heated to
their ignition tempt by conducted
heat.
CONVECTION

> 75% of the combustion products of a fire.

Eg: Smoke, burning particles, toxic gases are
dissipated in rising convection currents of hot
gases at tempt of 800-1000 oC.
It will create a ‘mushroom effect’, when the rising
convection current is blocked;eg. By underside of
the floor or ceiling.
It can also smokelog escape routes & prevent
escape.
HOW Fire spread quickly in 90% of cases.

QUICK Fire development is exponential:

• Fire tends to double its size at regular interval.

LY A • E.g. as quickly as within minutes.

Fire development in building:

FIRE • Differs from outdoor (e.g. bonfire).

• The speed of its spread usually surprise people.

SPREA • E.g. average living room with equipment (TV, CD/DVR

player, sofa,etc) will be totally alight in about 4 minutes!
Thus, public usually fail to comprehend the

D speed of fire development.

• They do not believe they have to evacuate/do anything
for their safety.
DIAGRAM ON STAGES OF FIRE
DEVELOPMENT
WHY BUILDING
COLLAPSES IN FIRE

During fire development in a building:

 Walls, floors & ceiling will be subjected to radiation
heat at temperatures of hundreds oC.
 They have to withstand this heat, support loading &
prevent passage of heat & gases.
 Large metal beam-Can buckle(fold/twist) & lose
their bearing capacity.
 Other materials-Burn to ashes & fail to support load.
 Thus, structural integrity of building during fire is
very important in fire protection.
 Without this, the building will be vulnerable & easily
collapse.
CLASSIFICATI
ON OF FIRE
Class Application Red-coloured cylinder & content
H2O Foam CO2 Powder Vapoured
liquid
A Paper,     
Wood,
textiles
•Colour coding according to Medium to B Flammable    
MS1539:Part 1:2002 liquids,
gases, paints,
•Fires are classified so that suitability of greases

different extinguishing agents can be

C Electrical    
determined. hazards

•The classification depends on actual D Machinery,

plant,
   

type of combustible material involved in vehicles

the fire.
 Faulty electrical equipment

MAJOR Smoking & smoking materials

CAUSE Frying pan

S OF Refuse & rubbish

accumulations
FIRE Flammable materials

Arson
 1. Definition of Fire Protection
2. Types of Fire Protection System in a Building
3. Legislation on Fire Protection
4. Passive Fire Protection
a) Elements of Passive Fire Protection
5. Means of escape
a) Unsuitable as means of escape
b) Why lift is unsuitable as means of escape
c) Principles in design of means of escape

FIRE 6.
7.
Fire lift
Place of safety

PROTECT 8.
9.
Place of relative safety
Travel distance

ION
a) Single storey building
b) Multi storey building
10. Access room & inner room
a) 3 stages of escape
11. Protected staircase & protected lobby
12. Protected route
a) Application of Travel Distance, Protected Staircase &
Inner Room
13. Fire Door
a) Fire Door on Escape Corridor
 14. Active Fire Protection
a) Elements of Active Fire Protection
15. Emergency Lighting (EL)
a) Location of EL
16. Fire Detection System
FIRE a) Types of Fire Detection System
17. Fire Alarm System

PROTECTI 18. Sprinkler System

a) Sprinkler Head

ON 19. Fire Extinguisher (FE)

a) Requirement for FE
b) Location of FE
20. Hose Reel (HR)
21. Argonite & Wet Chemical System
DEFINITI Protection measures & other
procedures which are taken
ON OF to protect/safe guard
occupants & properties from

FIRE consequences of fire.

 E.g.: employers have duties to

PROTECT protect their employees &

others from the hazards & risks
generated from their business
ION activities.
 Fire protection/fire
TYPES OF precaution/fire fighting system
in a building can be categorised
FIRE into 2 broad types:

PROTECT
ION Passive fire fighting system
SYSTEM
IN A
BUILDIN
Active five fighting system
G
 The legal & design requirement for
installation of both passive & active fire
fighting systems are described intensively in
Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 (UBBL 1984).

LEGISLATI Below are the related content as depicted

ON ON from UBBL:

FIRE • Fire requirement (Part VII)

PROTECTI • Fire alarms, fire detections, fire extinguishment & fire

fighting access (Part VIII)

ON • Relevant schedules on fire protection system; e.g.:

• Maximum travel distances (7th schedule)
• Limits of compartments & minim periods of fire
resistance for elements of structure (9th schedule)
• Table of requirement for fire extinguishment alarm
systems & emergency lighting (10th schedule)
PASSIVE FIRE
PROTECTION
Definition: Is basically a planning matter & must be considered at the planning stage in
the building design; in terms of mitigating of fire hazard & fire risk.

Objective: Basic precaution at the planning stage; i.e.

 To contain an outbreak of fire & spread of smoke heat & toxic fume.
 To slow down or prevent fire spread in the building or to the neighbouring lot.

•The selection of fire

Examples: resistanting materials; and Both vertically &
•Sub-division of the bldg into horizontally
fire-tight cells or compartments
 Description Ref. in Clause
UBBL
Means of escape
Fire lift

ELEMENT Place of safety

Relative place of safety
S OF Travel distance

PASSIVE Access room & inner room

Escape door
PROTECT Protected/fire staircase & lobby

ION Fire door

Compartmentation
Place of assembly
Horizontal & vertical barrier
Smoke & heat vent
 The main & most
important fire protection
in any building ,
premises or outdoor
arena - Means Of Escape

MEAN
(MOE).

The requirement is

S OF
described in UBBL: Fire
requirement (Part VII).
They were unable to

ESCAP
escape the fire, or
MOE is important
because many people

E
die in fires because:
Smoke & fumes has
contaminated the MOE,
thus preventing them
from using it.
Bomba will check the
MOE during their
statutory inspection.
 Definitions:

• The means which are provided in a building for

MEANS
occupants to leave the building in an
emergency, quickly & safely without
unnecessary assistance.
• Alternative exits from a building which have

OF been designed to be accessed quickly from an

occupied area.

ESCAP Fundamental principles in MOE:

• Lead occupant to a place of safety

E
• Easy to identify
• Safe to use
• Allow escape from a building in > 1 direction
& in a direction opposite of the main entrance.
• People able to turn their back from fire &
leave building.
UNSUITABL
E AS MOE
Any escape route which could be
hazardous to use.
Lifts
Portable ladders
Long spiral staircase
Escalators
Throw out device or escape ropes
 DESCRIPTION E.G. REFERENCE IN UBBL CLAUSE
Medium & large building should have > 2 MOE (exception for small Exits to be accessible at all times 166
building).

To avoid dead end in corridor so that occupant will not have to turn back •Exits to be accessible at all times 166
towards the fire.

MOE route should be wide enough for occupants & not causing crushing & •Exit route 169
overcrowding during fire •Computing storey exit width 176
•Width of means of egress 181

Exits from areas of building should be separated, independent & not close Arrangement of storey exits 174
together so that they present alternative routes.

Exit routes from upper floor may not initially lead to outside POS. Thus, it Egress through unenclosed openings 170
should lead to place of relative safety 1st before discharging to outside POS.

PRINCIPLES IN THE DESIGN OF MOE

 Definition: Special lifts to be used in a
fire.

FIRE They were designed to run completely on

LIFT separate power supply system.

Objective: To be used by Bomba so that

they can get to the fire scene quickly in a
highrise building.
FIRE LIFT
 Definition: A place in which a person
is no longer at risk from a fire(heat,

PLACE fumes, smoke, collapsing structure) .

OF The location must

be:
Open air
Away from the building

SAFET
Y MOE take people to a place of safety.

(POS) Unsuitable POS:

Adjoining alleyway, small
yard, inner courtyard, rear
garden, ect. which are risky
for occupants
Assembly point
ASSEMBL
Y POINT
The area of assembly point and the
assembly point signage
PLACE Definition: An intermediate POS when there
is a considerable distance between an exit
route & outside POS.
OF Location: People can rest for a few seconds,
gather their bearing & prepare themselves

RELATI for the final descent to the final exit.

E.g.: multi-story buildings have long distance

VE
from upper floors to ground exits t=routes.
Thus, place of relative safety are provided on
the protected staircase.

SAFET It is relatively safe to wait in the staircase

before exiting.

Y (Relative=Allied,associated,comparative,conti
gent)
 ROUTE TO ASSEMBLY
POINT
Fire Evacuation Procedure: 6 Things to
Consider
Consequently, it’s vital that you have a well
thought out fire evacuation procedure in
place, in addition to considering several
other important points.

Here are 6 things to consider about your fire

evacuation procedure:

1. Identify potential dangers

2. Assign responsibility
3. Perform regular fire drills
4. Ensure escape routes are unobstructed
5. Choose appropriate fire assembly points
6. Keep everyone informed
 The distance to be travelled from any part of the
building to the nearest:
• Final exit route & outdoor POS i.e. away from the building.

TRAVEL
• Door to a protected staircase or other place of relative safety
• Door to an outdoor escape route

The distance of travel in a building depends on the

DISTAN design, building use & fire assessment risk.

CE Travel Distance calculation depends on the how easy

the premise catch fire i.e. fire risk.

E.g.: High fire risk means necessity to evacuate people

from building asap.

Thus requires shorter travel distance to POS or relative

POS.
EXAMPLES OF INCREASED TRAVEL DISTANCE
DUE TO LOW FIRE RISK
SINGLE STOREY
BUILDING
Nos. of Distance between Building
exit door exit door function
2 < 45m Offices,
1. General Requirement:
<30m factories
Shops
1 < 18m Offices,
<25m shops
Factories
REQUIREME
NT FOR EXIT:
1. The exits should not be too close together
2. Recommended angle between 2 exit doors
> 45o
3. Requirement when a floor is subdivided
into offices , other rooms, corridors, etc:
Travel distance from room to room < 12m
Overall travel distance to final exit:
< 45m for offices & factories
< 30m for shops
 Nos. of From - To Max. travel distance
staircas Protected Unprotected
e Staircase Staircase

Further point on that < 18m

MULTI- 1 floor –
Ent of protected
staircase
(Offices,shops)
< 25m (Factories)

STOREY
Further point on that < 18m
floor – Final exit on (Offices,shops)
ground floor < 25m (Factories)

BUILDI >2
<
45m(Offices,shops
)

NG Further point on that

floor – Final exit on
< 30m (Factories)

<
45m(Offices,shops
ground floor )
< 30m (Factories)
ACCES Access room (AR)=Another
room that is used as MOE
for another room.
S
ROOM Inner room(IR)=A room
entered via an
& outer/access room.

INNER The occupant of access

ROOM room must be able to
control the inner room.
EXAMPLE OF UNACCEPTABLE ROOM
LAYOUT
 • Objective: Travel within a room.

3
• Question asked: How do I get out from this
Stage room & where will I find myself?
1
STAGE • Objective: Horizontal travel to a storey exit
or final exit.

S OF
• Question asked: How do I get out from this
Stage floor or main area & where will I find
2 myself?

ESCAP • Objective: Vertical travel within a stairway

to a final exit.

E
• Question asked: Where are the staircase,
Stage where do they lead to & where will I find
3 myself?
 Protected Staircase & lobby = Staircase &
PROTECT lobby which are enclosed by fire-resisting
construction materials.
ED Fire-resisting materials = Construction
STAIRCA material which will withstand the onslaught
(violent attract) of fire of > 30 mins.
SE &
PROTECT Requirements:

ED • The adjoining accommodation is also protected from

fire.

LOBBY • Discharge to final exit or lead to another protected

staircase before discharging to final exit.
• Fire door leafs should be closed at all times except for
purpose to access to toilet or lift provided there.
Exit route and the pressurized emergency
staircase
 Protected Route = A route inside a building which
has a degree of protection from fire on its walls,
floors, doors, partition, ceiling & floors separating
the route from the remainder of the building.

PROTECT Pressurization fan system

ED ROUTE • install at enclose staircase

Smoke spill fan system

• install at high level ceiling

APPLICATI Alteration & refurbishment works on
existing building must take note of the

ON OF
fire safety requirements of the
alterations.

TRAVEL
DISTANCE, E.g.: Erecting internal partition will create
inner room leading off access room.
PROTECTE Partition will obstruct MOE by increasing
travel distance (refer to Example of

D Unacceptable Room Layout).

STAIRCAS
E & INNER Thus, refurbishment consultants need to
consider existing MOE & submit to
ROOMS Bomba for the fire safety approval.
 Definition= Doors which are fire-
resisting & self-closing.

Objective: To hold back fire & smoke.

FIRE Functions:

DOOR • To protect the integrity of a structural fire

compartment by holding back fire & smoke.
• To protect the MOE for the building users for a
sufficient period of time in order to allow them
to escape from the building.
Period of protection: 30 mins – 4
hours.
FIRE RATED
DOOR
Provided are one (1) hours
fire rated door
It can restrict fire from enter
the emergency staircases
area in one (1) hours
duration of time.
 REQUIREMENT
S OF FIRE DOOR
1. Must be close fitting.
2. Constructed of materials
that withstand heat & flame
for a specified time period.
3. Must be kept shut at all
times.
4. Can incorporate with auto
door release system which
allows them to remain in
the open position until an
alarm/sensor triggers them
to shut automatically.
APPLICATION
OF FIRE DOOR

 On all fire escape routes.

 To rooms which has a high fire
rating. E.g.: plant room,
electrical DB, server room.
Note: It is a good practice to
have all doors designed to
be fire doors, but it will be
costly.
 1. Thicker & heavier than normal door.
2. Has intumescent (brush/fuzzy) strip around its
edge or within its door frame. Functions as a
smoke seal which expands in heat to fill the
gaps between the door & door frame.
IDENTIFICAT 3. Door stops at < 25mm.
ION OF FIRE 4. Bear mandatory sign:
– Fire door –keep shut.
DOOR – Fire door – Keep locked ( for cabinet,
elect plant room, ect.

Note: Building users must be able to identify fire

door so that can assist to keep them closed.
FIRE DOOR
ON ESCAPE Fire door on Building
CORRIDOR every corridor function
Purpose: To prevent free travel of smoke,
distance
heat & toxic fumes.
< 30m Shops
<45m Offices,
factories
ACTIVE FIRE Fire alarms CO2 fixed
PROTECTION Detectors (heat &
installation
Automatic
smoke) rising sprinkler
Definition: Is basically the manual or mains
automatic fire protection systems.
Hose reels Smoke spills
Objective:
system
 To give a warning of an outbreak of fire &
the containment & extinguishment of a Fire telephones Fire
fire. extinguisher
 To assist passive system putting out fire
by removing one of the fire triangle
elements (heat, fuel & oxygen).
 Description Ref. in UBBL Clause

ELEMENT Emergency lighting

S OF Fire detection
ACTIVE equipment
FIRE Fire alarm system
PROTECT Sprinkler system

ION Fire extinguisher

Hose reel
 Definition: EL is a form of fire precaution, not
fire protection.

Objective: to provide sufficient lighting for

15. people to see their way out safely.

EMERGE Requirement for installation of EL:

NCY • EL to be installed on all internal & external escape route

LIGHTIN
when natural lighting is insufficient.
• EL must auto lighted when the main lighting circuit fail in
order to allow people to evacuate from the building.
G (EL) Thus, EL must be received supply from genset.
• Located approx 2 m from floor & can bee seen.
• Bomba will specify & give approval on:
• Type of EL system
• Location of light fitting
• Illuminated signs to
 By exit & safety signs through the building
Within lift car

LOCATI Near fire fighting equipment

Near each fire alarm call point
ON OF Intersection of corridors

EL Near each staircase

At each exit door
On each flight of stairs
Close to a change in floor level
Outside each final exit
 FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM

1 2 3 4
All workplace must Fire – during Fire – on remote Fire detection
have arrangement working hours – area (e.g. plant system must be
for fire detection detected through room) –difficult to effective, but not
system. observation. detected by necessarily
observation. complex.
 Currently, most fire detection system are
integrated with fire alarm system.

FIRE These systems are then integrated with a

control panel which displays where a

DETECTI detector has been activated, i.e in what zone.

• E.g.: When heat/smoke/flame have been detected, the

ON
fire alarm will be activated.

Smoke detectors should be interlinked &

SYSTEM operate on both mains & battery supply.

In small building, smoke detector will be an

effective early warning system.
 Smoke detector
TYPES
OF FIRE Heat detector
DETECTI
ON Beam detector
SYSTEM
Flame detector
SMOKE AND
HEAT
DETECTOR
BEAM
DETECTOR
BEAM
DETECTOR
•It's a new smoke detection technology,
similar to traditional infrared barriers,
but with substantial differences:
•The receiver is optical, more like a video
camera to a traditional barrier receiver,
able to identify up to 7 emitters in its
field of view, thus forming several
detection lines as horizontal or vertical
fans that allow wider range of
applications than traditional barriers.
FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
(FAS)
All premises (i.e public resort) must have an alarm
which can be raised in the event of fire.
Objective of raising alarm:
1. To warn people that fire has broke out.
2. To encourage user to evacuate from building
during fire.
Requirement for FAS:
 Must be appropriate & effective to everyone.
 Must be heard in all parts of the building.
 Must be different to any other audible system in
the building.
 MANUAL CALL POINT

ALARM BELL

Break glass system

ALARM SOUNDER
  Must be appropriate & effective to
everyone.
 Must be heard in all parts of the
building i.e. 65 dB (for offices,
commercials) – 75 dB (for apart,
condos).
REQUIREME
 Must be different to any other
NT FOR FAS: audible system in the building.
 Alarm call points should be located
on fire exit routes, staircase & final
exit routes.
 Travel distance for building user to a
call point < 30m.
 TYPE OF BUILDING TYPE OF FAS

Large building (e.g. office tower) Electrically operated break glass call point system.

Normal building Manual break glass call point (glass is broken & button pushed).
This will set out a the alarm sounder, continuous bell/siren.

Modern commercial building Integrated fire detection & alarm system ; or automatic fire
detection & alarm system.
How it works:
a) Identify smoke or heat in an area.
b) When predetermined temperatures are reached or smoke is
detected.
c) The fire alarm will activate.
But, this auto system must also be supplemented by manual alarm
call system.

Modern public building (e.g. shops, shopping malls, Integrated fire alarm system & public address system (PAS).
entertainment complexes) Function: To allow verbal instructions to evacuate the building.
Requirement for PAS: Must be connected to genset in case e of
power failure.
BOMBA
REQUIREMENT Type of FAS Type of building users

FAS Users with learning

1. Type of FAS provided in a incorporated disabilities & hearing
with flashing impairment (deaf)
work place.
light
 Is it sufficient?
FAS Users with visual
2. Suitability of FAS with incorporated impairment (blind)
the building users: with PAS
FIREMAN INTERCOM SYSTEM
 Simple definition = A fixed fire extinguishing
system installed in many commercial buildings.

SPRINKL Detail definition (Source:British Auto Sprinkler

Assoc) = A grid of pipes with sprinkler heads

ER fitted into them at regular intervals that protect &

cover all areas of the building. The water is

SYSTEM
supplied by a pumped water tank or main water
supply.

Function: For general fire protection throughout

the building i.e. protect its contents, fabric &
structure from fire by drenching the fire with
water.
FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM
SPRINKLER SYSTEM TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWING
WET RISER SYSTEM
 Each SH has a sensor which will open when it reaches a
E.g.:spec.
Heattempt.
& hot&gas
sprayfrom
waterthe
out fire
ontois
the fire.
sufficient
to activate the sensors of sprinkler.

SPRINKL
ER Only activated sprinkler will discharge water. Others will

HEAD
remainsTo
Purpose: closed until triggered
minim. Damagebyon spec. tempt.
unaffected
area.

(SH)
The design of sprinkler system (incldg. spacing bet.
sprinkler head, size, length of pipes & vol. of water) must
work effectively & this is the job of fire engineer.
  Closed roof voids
 Ducts (tube, pipe channel)
 Lift shaft

LOCATION  Any area which fire could start

without being detected.

OF SH SH can be isolated by various

valves to allow easy
maintenance & repair.
FIRE
EXTINGUISHER Class Application
H2 O
Red coloured cylinder & content
Foam CO2 Powder Vapoured

(FE) A Paper,    
liquid

Wood,
textiles
B Flammable    
liquids,
•Fire Risk Assessment should identify type of gases,
fire is likely to occur &suggest the suitable paints,
greases
FE for diff. part of bldg.
C Electrical    
•FE can lasts for 20 years & need not be hazards

changed, except regularly maintained (by D Machinery,    

plant,
yearly). vehicles
 Every FE should be attached with a fire cert. to indicate
its expiry date & type of extinguishing agent.
This is to ensure that every FE will be in good
working order by regularly maintenance (annually).

REQUIREME
NT FOR
FIRE All FE will be in red colour body/casing. (Since 1997 &
In order to reduce
accdg toconfusion, every FE must
European Std).
EXTINGUIS display wall-mounted sign indicating the type of
fire.
HER

5% of the extl area of FE casing must indicate

instructions for use.
 1. Visible locations on escape
routes, esp exit doors.
• For FE which is not clearly visible, it must
be indicated by an adequate FE sign &
suitable safety sign.

LOCATI 2. Any room/work area identified

as having fire risk. E.g.:

ON OF • Photocopy room—Type CO2,

• General office –Type H2O.

FE Note:

• FE should be grouped together to form Fire

Point (FP).
• FP must be easily identified & indicated on
Fire Plan.
LOCATION
OF FE
Type of FE Location
Small size FE > 1m above floor
(Type CO2) level
FE should be placed on wall Medium size FE 1 m above floor
(Type H2O, foam & level
bracket for practicality.
powder)
Purpose: To ensure visibility,
Large size FE Firmly fixed on a
not easily removed & easier (Type H2O) base plate/stand
to lift (as placed at waist on the floor.
height).
 Definition = A length of tubing with a shut off valve
connected to a permanent pressurised water supply.
Hose reel tank

HOSE Function: To be used by Bomba as a quicker method of

fighting fire rather than dragging their own hoses up
several flight of stairs.

REEL
(HR) cert.
Applications:
Buildings that requires Bomba Multi-story buildings (e.g.
hotel, apart,office tower)

HR should only be used by trained & competent people

i.e. Bomba; not the building users.

Duty pump Stand-by pump

 ARGONITE & WET CHEMICAL SYSTEM

TYPE OF FFS LOCATION FUNCTION REQ

Argonite system Server room. To smother flame The room to be vacant

involving elec fire. once the alarm
activated.

Wet chemical system Commercial kitchen To smother flame

area. involving fire from
cooking activity.
 Definition of Fire Prevention

Main Causes of Fire

Fire can be Avoided

FIRE • Methods to Avoid Fire

PREVENT Steps to Prevent Arson

ION • Checklist to Prevent Arson
• Summary on Arson Prevention
3 Sources of Electrical Fire
• Regulation on Electrical Installation &
Wiring
• Steps to Prevent Electrical Fire
 Common sense steps of
DEFINITI preventing fires.
ON OF
FIRE
Practical measures & other
PREVENT procedures aimed at
ION preventing outbreaks of fire
& reducing the spread
flames, smoke & toxic fumes.
 Good fire prevention policy

METHO • Reduce/eliminate Of fire starting.

DS TO Pro-active risk mgmt approach

AVOID • Reduce risk.

• Reduce insurance premium.
FIRE Eliminate 1 of the fire triangle
component: (Heat, Fuel, O2)
• Prevent fire from starting.
 Guide to Fire Protection in Malaysia
‾ Editor: Dato’ Hamzah bin Abu Bakar
‾ Published by: The Institution of Fire Engineers (UK)
Malaysia Branch (IFEM), 2006

REFERENC Fire safety Questions & Answers: a Practical Approach

ES  Author: Pat Perry

 Publisher: Thomas Telford, 2003

Uniform Building By-Laws 1984

 Publisher: MDC, 2022 edition
THANK
YOU