DUW10022/DUW10012

CHAPTER 5:
FIRE SAFETY
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLO):
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of the session, student
should be able to:
Show the basic of fire
Explain fire safety planning
Demonstrate escape route
 VIDEO: WHAT’S THE
PROCEDURE???? ARE YOU
READY FOR FIRE???

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g
O8N3L_aERg
 BASIC OF FIRE

Definition;
A chemical reaction that occurs when a
flammable material and oxygen comes into
contact with a heat source or ignition
 FIRE TRIANGLE

HA
)
2
(O

BA
EN

(H
YG

EA
CHEMICAL
OX

T)
REACTION

BAHAN API (FUEL)

 Fire will not occur in the absence one of element
 Fire will cease to exist if one of the elements is eliminated.
SOURCE OF IGNITION
 Fire
 Open burning
 Fire in oven, boiler and fire tower
 Small fires
 Hot works- welding, oxy-cutting, grinding
 Hot surface
 Oven
 Machine with excessive workings such as motor and
pumps
 Hot particles
 Abrasion and force
 Generations of sparks due to hotspots on the surface
 Example; Falling object on the floor, Abrasion of
steel and aluminum, concrete and steel
SOURCE OF IGNITION
 Chemical Energy
 Thermal reaction
 Instable and receptive materials
 Instrumentations that have stimulants
 Hot gas and materials
 Diesel engine- high exhaust temperature
 Vehicle
 Lightning
 Radio frequency signal
 Smoking
 International burning or arson
SOURCE OF IGNITION
 Self ignition
 Ignition compression (compression of mixture to
reach self ignition temperature)
 Self heating
 Due to slow heat oxidisation reactions
 Materials in processes, storage or transportations
 Examples
 Charcoal loads, waste from nuts
 CLASSES OF FIRE
Code BS EN2:1992
CLASS TYPE OF FIRE
Solid that cause fire

Liquid or solid that becomes liquid

Gas or vapour

Metals
 CLASSES OF FIRE
NFPA 10: 1984 CODE
CLASS TYPE OF FIRE
Wood, materials, paper, rubber, and
plastics
Flammable liquids,oil, grease, tar, paint
and gas
Electrical equipment with connected
electrical supply
Metals

NFPA 10
NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION CODE. (authority on fire electrical
and building safety) (10 standard for portable extinguisher.)
 CLASSES OF FIRE
 REQUIREMENT FOR FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT

TYPE OF FIRE NO OF EQUIPMENT

Extremely big >20 jets
Big 8-19 jets
Moderate 3-7 jets
Small 1-2 jets/ 3 hoses
Extremely small 1-2 hoses/ fire
extinguisher
 CLASSES OF FIRE
 According to industrial process
 Pool fire(liquid) or moving liquid
 Fireball
 Steam cloud fire
 Type 1- fire without explosion
 Type 2-fire due to explosion
 Type 3-fire causing explosion
 Jet fire (steam)
 Burning of solid
 Burning of solid materials
 Burning of powder
 Warehouse fire
 Fire involving oxygen
FIRE SAFETY PLANNING
 Step 1: Develop a statement of intent/Policy
 Step 2: Develop a fire safety task force committee
 Step 3: Assess all fire hazards such as material, procedures and
building design
 Step 4: Identify fire hazard controls (procedure, active system,
passive system
 Step 5: Develop safety procedure for fire hazard control
 Step 6: Develop a fire emergency exit and evacuation plan
 Step 7: Training/ Fire Drill
 Step 8: Evaluation/Audit/Report
 FIRE SAFETY PLANNING
 Hazards Identification through ;
 HAZOP- Hazard and operability studies
 Hazards checklist
 Fire and explosion index (Dow index)
 Chemical exposure index

 Safety plan ;
 Selection of safe technology
 Safety prevention system at starting and ending points
 Safety protection system
 Emergency response plan
 Medical treatment
 FIRE CONTROL METHOD
ADMINISTRATIVE ENGINEERING
On the job training programme Better equipment
Instructions and written procedure Improve layout to minimize work hazards
Signage Location of valve, switch and instruments
Labeling of equipment Design of equipment- more to user-friendly
Suitability of person to job Better manual handling method
Testing Decentralised computer control
Classroom teaching Design of equipment-able to prevent/control mistake
Warning Online analysis
Intensive and punishment Online parameter assessment
Persuasion methods to promote
safe work practice
Inspections
Review
 FIRE CONTROL
METHOD
 Fire prevention
 Avoid release of flammable into the atmosphere
 Release of heat
 Control of heat source ( ref; fire triangle)

 Fire prevention (during incident of fire)

 Release heat
 Close/stop supply of flammable
 Close/stop supply of oxygen
 FIRE CONTROL
METHOD
 Stop/control the source of the hazard as soon as the incident
happen
 Eliminate fire through;
 Cooling
 Reduce flammable through cooling,dilution,emulsion
and liquid
 Reduce oxygen content
 Disrupt fire reactions
Fire Protection Method
 Fire Protection Method
FIRE FIGHTING AGENTS

Fire class Material type Material type Agent

Normal Wood,paper,plastic, Water, dry
flammable fabric chemical, foam

Flammable Gasoline,oil,grease, Co2,foam, dry

liquids and gas LPG chemical,halon

Working Electric motor Co2,foam, dry

electrical items chemical,halon

Flammable Magnesium,sodium Dry chemical

Metals , potassium powder
 Types of Fire Extinguishers 23

A-type are probably the most common extinguisher. A fire extinguisher supplier like us
will advise these are best for homes and businesses. They are engineered for dealing with
fires under common circumstances, including consumables like wood, paper and cloth.

The B-type fire extinguisher is also found in businesses and homes. Any environment
that deals with combustible and flammable liquids should have a B-type extinguisher on
the premises. The category of liquids includes gasoline, grease, oil and oil-based paints.

C-type extinguisher should be at-the-ready in environments where electrical equipment

is heavily used. This includes large appliances, tools and heavy equipment that has to be
plugged in. Again, these are found in homes and businesses.
D-types are heavy duty devices used in factories, warehouses and
other environments where flammable metals are managed.
Finally, there’s the K-type. This is the product for high end
environments that use animal and vegetable oils, fats, and
industrial stoves and ovens. By law, commercial establishments
like cafeterias, restaurants and catering businesses are required to
have K-type fire extinguishers on their premises.

Some extinguishers could have multiple distinctions, such as A-

B-C or B-C. This means they are suitable for circumstances
covering the labeled types.
26
 Fire Protection Method

 Protection during fire

 Stop spread fire;
 Fire wall/barrier to air flow
 Fire resistant isolator-isolate fire
 Trap fire to prevent explosion
 Layout of tank and equipments
 STATUTORY
REQUIREMENTS
 FIRE SERVICE ACT 1988
 Provisions for administrative controls and eliminations of
fire hazards
 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT 1994
 Provisions on duty of employer
FIRE SAFETY
STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS
 UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAW 1984
 Detailed provisions on constructions of building, roads and
drains
Emergency Evacuation Plan
ESCAPE ROUTE
30
Assembly point
Fires are often high-stress situations, and some people
will respond with panic.

Therefore, it’s essential that people are guided to a

‘gathering place’ to prevent them from scattering.
Factors to Consider to choose the
assembly point

1. Size
assembly point must be big enough to accommodate all staff

2. Access
easily accessible and have an unobstructed pathway leading to
them.
consider any staff with mobility issues and assess how far they
should be expected to travel, and try to make the journey as quick
and convenient for them as possible.

3. Backup
If your assembly point is unable to be used on the day a fire
strikes, it is vital that there are backup options available
4. Location
should not be located where they may hinder the arrival of the emergency
services e.g. driveways or car parks.
Ensure that the assembly point is well-lit, well-signposted and with no dead
ends.

5. Distance
The assembly point should be a suitable safe distance away from the building,
far enough away to be clear of any possible smoke or heat being generated
from the building.
Too close to the building could mean your staff being affected by heat, smoke
and falling debris, they could also be in the collapse zone should the building
fall down.

6. Other dangers
Don’t automatically assume your are clear of danger once you have left the
afflicted building.
Check for any hazards outside of the premises, such as vehicular movements
and any other foreseeable risks, and make sure your staff are aware of these
potential hazards.
7.Inform and advise
your employees need to be fully aware of the fire evacuation
procedures, and also the locations of the assembly point and
backup assembly points.

8. Fire Wardens
appoint a suitable number of fire wardens for the size and type of
building that you occupy.
An example would be one per floor, with deputies to provide
resilience in times of absence.
Fire Wardens will be responsible for leading evacuation
procedures and liaising with the emergency services.
 VIDEO : FIRE DRILL

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LFzBpiVMAww
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