Perhitungan

Propagasi Sinyal Radio Seluler

1
 Outline

• Types of Waves
• Radio Frequency Bands
• Propagation Mechanisms
• Free-Space Propagation
• Land Propagation
• Path Loss
• Fading: Slow Fading / Fast Fading
• Doppler Shift/Delay Spread
• Intersymbol Interference
• Coherence Bandwidth/Co-Channel Interference

2
 Speed, Wavelength, Frequency
Light speed = Wavelength x Frequency
= 3 x 108 m/s = 300,000 km/s

System Frequency Wavelength

AC current 60 Hz 5,000 km

FM radio 100 MHz 3m

Cellular 800 MHz 37.5 cm

Ka band satellite 20 GHz 15 mm

Ultraviolet light 1015 Hz 10-7 m

3
 Types of Waves

Ionosphere
(80 - 720 km)
Sky wave
Mesosphere
(50 - 80 km)

Space wave Stratosphere

(12 - 50 km)
Ground wave
Troposphere
(0 - 12 km)
Earth
4
 Frequency bands and their common uses
Band Name Frequency Wavelength Applications
Extremely low 30 to 300 Hz 10000 to 1000 Km Powerline frequencies
frequency (ELF)
Voice Frequency (VF) 300 to 3000 Hz 1000 to 100 Km Telephone communications

Very low frequency 3 to 30 KHz 100 to 10 Km Marine communications

(VLF)
Low frequency (LF) 30 to 300 KHz 10 to 1 Km Marine communications
Medium frequency (MF) 300 to 3000 KHz 100 to 100 m AM broadcasting
High frequency (HF) 3 to 30 MHz 100 to 10 m Long-distance aircraft / ship
communications
Very high frequency 30 to 300 MHz 10 to 1 m FM broadcasting
(VHF)
Ultra high frequency 300 to 3000 MHz 100 to 10 cm Cellular telephone
(UHF)
Super high frequency 3 to 30 GHz 10 to 1 cm Satellite communications,
(SHF) microwave links

Extremely high 30 to 300 GHZ 10 to 1 mm Wireless local loop

frequency (EHF)
Infrared 300 GHz to 400 THz 1 mm to 400 nm Consumer electronics
Visible light 400 THz to 900 THz 770 nm to 330 um Optical communications
5
 Radio Frequency Bands
Classification Band Initials Frequency Range Characteristics
Extremely low ELF < 300 Hz
Infra low ILF 300 Hz - 3 kHz Ground wave
Very low VLF 3 kHz - 30 kHz
Low LF 30 kHz - 300 kHz
Medium MF 300 kHz - 3 MHz Ground/Sky wave
High HF 3 MHz - 30 MHz Sky wave
Very high VHF 30 MHz - 300 MHz
Ultra high UHF 300 MHz - 3 GHz
Super high SHF 3 GHz - 30 GHz Space wave

Extremely high EHF 30 GHz - 300 GHz

Tremendously high THF 300 GHz - 3000 GHz
6
 Propagation Mechanisms
• Reflection
– Propagation wave impinges on an object which is large as
compared to wavelength, e.g., the surface of the Earth, buildings,
walls, etc.
• Diffraction
– Radio path between transmitter and receiver obstructed by
surface with sharp irregular edges
– Waves bend around the obstacle, even when LOS (line of sight)
does not exist
• Scattering
– Objects smaller than the wavelength of the propagation wave
- e.g. foliage, street signs, lamp posts

7
 Radio Propagation Effects

Reflected Signal

Direct Signal Scattered Signal

Diffracted Signal Receiver

Transmitter
8
 Free-space Propagation

hb

hm

G = d
Distance r
Transmitter Receiver
• The received signal power Pr at distance d:

AeGtPt 4Ae Pr =
GrGtPt
Pr = , Gr = ,
4d 2
2 (4d /  )2
where Pt is transmitting power, Ae is effective area of an antenna, and Gt is
the transmitting antenna gain. Assuming that the radiated power is
uniformly distributed over the surface of the sphere.
9
 Antenna Gain
• Relationship between antenna gain and effective
area:
➢ Gain G = 4 Ae / 2 = 4 f 2Ae /c2,  = carrier wavelength,
f = carrier frequency, and c = speed of light

• Example:
➢ Antenna with Ae = 0.55  , frequency = 6 GHz,
wavelength = 0.05 m → G = 39.4 dB
➢ Frequency = 14 GHz, same diameter, wavelength =
0.021 m → G = 46.9 dB

➢ Higher the frequency, higher the gain for the same size
antenna
10
 Decibel- dB
• Decibel is the unit used to express relative
differences in signal strength
• It is expressed as the base 10 logarithm of the ratio
of the powers of two signals:
– dB = 10 log (P1/P2)
• Logarithms are useful as the unit of measurement
– signal power tends to span several orders of
magnitude
– signal attenuation losses and gains can be expressed
in terms of subtraction and addition

11
 Example

• Suppose that a signal passes through two

channels is first attenuated in the ratio of 20
and 7 on the second. The total signal
degradation is the ratio of 140 to 1. Expressed
in dB, this become 10 log 20 + 10 log 7 =
13.01 + 8.45 = 21.46 dB

12
 The Order of dB

▪ The following table helps to indicate the order of

magnitude associated with dB:
– 1 dB attenuation means that 0.79 of the input power
survives.
– 3 dB attenuation means that 0.5 of the input power
survives.
– 10 dB attenuation means that 0.1 of the input power
survives.
– 20 dB attenuation means that 0.01 of the input power
survives.
– 30 dB attenuation means that 0.001 of the input power
survives.
– 40 dB attenuation means that 0.0001 of the input power
survives.
13
 Land Propagation
• The received signal power:

Gt Gr Pt
Pr =
L
where L is the propagation loss in the channel, i.e.,
L = L P LS LF
Fast fading
Slow fading
Path loss

14
 Path Loss (Free-space)
◼ Path Loss: The signal strength decays exponentially
with distance d between transmitter and receiver;
The loss could be proportional to somewhere between d2
and d4 depending on the environment.
◼ The path loss LP is the average propagation loss over a
wide area.
P
LP = t
Pr

◼ Slow fading is long-term fading and fast fading is short-

term fading.

15
 Path Loss (Land Propagation)

◼ Simplest Formula:
Lp = A dα

where
A and α: propagation constants
d : distance between transmitter and receiver
α : value of 3 ~ 4 in typical urban area

16
Example of Path Loss (Free-space)

Path Loss in Free-space

130
Path Loss Lf (dB)

120 fc=150MHz
fc=200MHz
110
fc=400MHz
100
fc=800MHz
90
fc=1000MHz
80 fc=1500MHz
70
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Distance d (km)
17
 Path Loss

• Path loss in decreasing order:

– Urban area (large city)
– Urban area (medium and small city)
– Suburban area
– Open area

18
 Fading
Fast Fading
(Short-term fading)

Slow Fading
(Long-term fading)

Signal
Strength
(dB) Path Loss

Distance
19
 Slow Fading
• Slow fading is caused by the long-term spatial and
temporal variations over distances large enough to
produce gross variations in the overall path
between transmitter and receiver.

• The long-term variation in the mean level is known

as slow fading. Slow fading is also called
shadowing or log-normal fading.

20
 Shadowing
• Shadowing: Often there are millions of tiny
obstructions in the channel, such as water droplets if
it is raining or the individual leaves of trees. Because
it is too cumbersome to take into account all the
obstructions in the channel, these effects are typically
lumped together into a random power loss.

21
 Fast Fading
• The signal from the transmitter may be reflected from
objects such as hills, buildings, or vehicles. Fast
fading is due to scattering of the signal by object near
transmitter.
• Fast fading (short-term fading)
✓ Observe the distance of about half a wavelength
✓ Such as multipath propagation

22
23
 Doppler Shift (1/2)
◼ Doppler Effect: When a wave source and a receiver
are moving towards each other, the frequency of the
received signal will not be the same as the source.
➢ When they are moving toward each other, the frequency of
the received signal is higher than the source.
➢ When they are opposing each other, the frequency
decreases.
➢ Thus, the frequency of the received signal is
f R = fC − f D

where fC is the frequency of source carrier, fD is the Doppler

frequency.
24
 Doppler Shift (2/2)
• Doppler Shift in frequency:
v
fD = cos 

where v is the moving speed,  is the wavelength of
carrier.


MS
Moving
speed v

Signal

25
 Moving Speed Effect

V1 V2 V3 V4
Signal strength

Time
26
 Delay Spread

• When a signal propagates from a transmitter to a

receiver, signal suffers one or more reflections.
• This forces signal to follow different paths.
• Each path has different path length, so the time of
arrival for each path is different.
• This effect which spreads out the signal is called
“Delay Spread”.

27
 Delay Spread

The signals from

close by reflectors
Signal Strength

The signals from

intermediate reflectors

The signals from

far away reflectors

Delay

28
 Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)

• Caused by time delayed multipath signals

• Has impact on burst error rate of channel
• Second multipath is delayed and is received
during next symbol

29
 Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)
Transmission
signal 1 1
Time
0

Received signal
(short delay)
Time

Propagation time
Delayed signals
Received signal
(long delay)
Time

30
 Coherence Bandwidth

• Coherence bandwidth Bc:

– Represents correlation between 2 fading signal
envelopes at frequencies f1 and f2.
– Is a function of delay spread.
– Two frequencies that are larger than coherence
bandwidth fade independently.
– Concept useful in diversity reception
• Multiple copies of same message are sent using
different frequencies.

31
 Cochannel Interference

• Cells having the same frequency interfere with each other.

• rd is the desired signal
• ru is the interfering undesired signal
•  is the protection ratio for which
rd  ru (so that the signals interfere the least)
• If P(rd  ru ) is the probability that rd  ru ,
Cochannel probability Pco = P(rd  ru )

32