EC Lab Manual

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Karnatak Law Society’s

VISHWANATHRAO DESHPANDE RURAL INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY, HALIYAL
ENERGY LABORATORY MANUAL
Sub Code: 15MEL58

TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.N. PARTICULARS Page No.
1 Vision and mission statement of Institution and Department ii
2 Syllabus as per University iii
3 List of Experiments in Part-A and Part-B iv
4 Course Learning Outcomes v
5 Experiment No. 1: Abel’s Flash Point Apparatus 1-3
6 Experiment No. 2: Pensky Marten’s Flash Point Apparatus 4-6
7 Experiment No. 3: Flash and fire point using Cleavaland apparatus 7-8
8 Experiment No.4 : Junkers gas calorimeter 9-11
9 Experiment No. 5: Bomb Calorimeter 12-13
10 Experiment No. 6: Redwood Viscometer 14-18
11 Experiment No. 7: Saybolt Viscometer 19-22
12 Experiment No. 8: Torsion viscometer 23-25
13 Experiment No. 9: Valve/port opening diagram 26-27
14 Experiment No. 10: Four stroke twin cylinder diesel engine 28-32
15 Experiment No. 11: Four stroke single cylinder diesel engine 33-37
16 Experiment 12: Performance test on Multi cylinder petrol engine 38-43
17 Experiment 13: Morse test on Multi cylinder petrol engine 44-46
18 Experiment 14:Two stroke petrol engine 47-51
19 Experiment 15: Variable Compression Ratio, 4 Stroke Petrol Engine 52-57
20 Experiment 16: Emission measurements of diesel engine 58-58
21 Experiment 17: Emission measurements of petrol engine 59-59
22 Bloom’s taxonomy 60-61
23 Viva Questions 62-64

i
KLS
VISHWANATHRAO DESHPANDE RURAL INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY, HALIYAL-581329
COLLEGE VISION
To grow beyond leaps and bounds as an institute of par excellence in the arena
of technical education developing human resources of high caliber with
character sound.
COLLEGE MISSION
To train students to emerge as outstanding skilled technocrats imbided with
professional ethics and managerial skills with commitment to the society and
nation at large.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEEERING
DEPARTMENT VISION
 To provide the human resources of high academic excellence in the field of
mechanical engineering by integrated education of global standards.
DEPARTMENT MISSION
 To develop faculty and resources to impart knowledge and skills that

enhances the education quality.
 To strengthen collaboration with industry, government and R&D institutes.
 To provide opportunities and develop abilities to face challenges of society
through scientific approach.
ii
SYLLABUS AS PER VTU
ENERGY LABORATORY
Subject Code : 15MEL58 IA Marks: 20

No. of Lecture Hrs/Week : 01 Exam Hours : 03
practical : 02 Exam Marks: 80
Part A Bloom’s
Taxonomy
levels.
Individual experiments:
1. Lab layout, calibration of instruments and standards to be discussed
2. Determination of Flash point and Fire point of lubricating oil using Abel
Pensky and Marten’s (closed) / Cleveland’s (Open Cup) Apparatus.
3. Determination of Calorific value of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. CLO1
4. Determination of Viscosity of a lubricating oil using Redwoods,
CLO2
Sayboltand ,Torsion Viscometers.
5. Analysis of moisture, volatile matter, ash content and fixed carbon of solid
and liquid fuel samples
6. Valve Timing/port opening diagram of an I.C. Engine.
Part B
Group experiments:
7.Performance Tests on I.C. Engines, Calculations of IP, BP, Thermal
efficiency, Volumetric efficiency, Mechanical efficiency, SFC, FP, A:F
Ratio, heat balance sheet for CLO3
a. Four stroke Diesel Engine CLO4
b. Four stroke Petrol Engine
c. Multi Cylinder Diesel/Petrol Engine, (Morse test)
CLO5
d. Two stroke Petrol Engine CLO6
e. Variable Compression Ratio I.C. Engine.
8. Measurements of Exhaust Emissions of Petrol engine.
9. Measurements of Exhaust Emissions of Diesel engine.
10. Measurement of pθ , pV plots using Computerized IC engine test rig
iii
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
PART-A
1) Determination of Flash point of liquid fuel using Abel flash point Apparatus
2) Determination of Flash point of a given fuel using Pensky Martins Apparatus
3) Determination of Flash point and Fire point of a given fuel using Cleavaland apparatus
4) Determination of Caloric value of gaseous fuel using JUNKER’S gas Calorimeter
5) Determination of Caloric value of solid and liquid fuel using Bomb calorimeter
6) Determination of Viscosity of lubricating oil using Redwoods Viscometer
7) Determination of Viscosity of lubricating oil using Saybolts Viscometer
8) Determination of Viscosity of lubricating oil using Torsion Viscometer
9) Valve Timing/port opening diagram of an I.C. Engine.
PART-B
10) Performance test on four strokes, twin cylinder diesel engine. Calculation of IP, BP,
Thermal efficiencies, SFC, FP and to put heat balance sheet.
11) Performance test on four strokes, single cylinder diesel engine. Calculation of IP, BP,
Thermal efficiencies, SFC, FP and to put heat balance sheet.
11) Performance Test on Multi-cylinder petrol engine. Calculation of IP, BP, Thermal
efficiencies, SFC, FP and to put heat balance sheet.
12) Morse test on Multi-cylinder petrol engine.
13) Performance Test on Two stroke Petrol Engine. Calculations of IP, BP, Thermal
efficiencies, SFC and to prepare heat balance sheet
14) Performance Test on Variable Compression Ratio, 4Stroke Petrol Engine.
Calculations of IP, BP, Thermal efficiencies, SFC, FP and to prepare heat balance sheet
15) Measurements of Exhaust Emissions of Petrol engine.
16) Measurements of Exhaust Emissions of Diesel engine.
17) Measurement of pθ , pV plots using Computerized IC engine test rig.
iv
CLO s -PO Mapping
Course Analysis on PO Implementation
Sem Course: Energy Lab
:V Code:
15MEL58
Individual and team work
technique and computing

hi l
Design/development of
Identify, analyze ,solve

Project management
modeling,simulation
Modern tool usage
complex problems
Life-long learning
technical problems
The engineer and
Environment and
Problem analysis
After completion of the course, students will be able to:
investigations of
Communication
i d ih
sustainability
Engineering
and finance
knowledge
Use modern
solutions
Conduct
society
Ethics
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2
CLOs CLO Description
Perform experiments to determine the properties of

1 fuels and oils. H M
Conduct experiments on engines and draw

2 H H M
characteristics.
Test basic performance parameters of I.C. Engine and
3 implement the knowledge in industry. H H L H
Identify exhaust emission, factors affecting them and

4 report the remedies. H H M H
Determine the energy flow pattern through the I C
5 Engine H H
Exhibit his competency towards preventive
6 maintenance of IC engines M
Energy Conversion Engineering Lab.
Experiment No. 1:
ABEL’S FLASH POINT APPARATUS

AIM: To determine the flash point of of a liquid fuel by Abel’s flash point apparatus.
APPARATUS: Abel’s flash point apparatus, Thermometers.
THEORY:
Flash point: The flash point is the lowest temperature, to which a lubricant must be heated
before its vapor, when mixed with air, will ignite but not continue to burn.
Fire point: The fire point is the temperature at which lubricant combustion will be sustained.
The flash and fire points are useful in determining a lubricant’s volatility and fire resistance.
The flash point can be used to determine the transportation and storage temperature
requirements for lubricants. Lubricant producers can also use the flash point to detect
potential product contamination. A lubricant exhibiting a flash point significantly lower than
normal will be suspected of contamination with a volatile product. Products with a flash point
o o
less than 38 C (100 F) will usually require special precautions for safe handling. The fire
point for a lubricant is usually 8 to 10 percent above the flash point. The flash point and fire
point should not be confused with the auto-ignition temperature of a lubricant, which is the
temperature at which a lubricant will ignite spontaneously without an external ignition
source.
Outline of the methods: The sample is placed in the cup of the Abel apparatus and heated at
a prescribed rate. A small test flame is directed into the cup at regular intervals and the flash
point is taken as the lowest temperature at which application of the test flame will cause the
vapour above the sample to ignite with a distinct flash inside the cup.
DESCRIPTION:
The Abel‟s flash point apparatus is mainly used to determine the flash point of fuel oils
0 0
flashing between 22 C to 49 C. It consists of a sealed water bath with a provision of an air
chamber to hold the oil cup and circulate cold water for below ambient determination and an
external heater for above ambient determinations. The oil cup is provided with a lid and
sliding ports for the introduction of test flame. Within the oil cup a circular marking to
indicate the level of oil to be taken for the test. The whole arrangement is mounted on a
cylindrical enclosed stand.
KLS, VDRIT, Haliyal Page 1

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
Fig.1. Able’s flash point apparatus.
PROCEDURE:
1) Clean the oil cup with any solvent and wipe it dry.
2) Fill water into the water jacket to its full level and insert into the cylindrical stand.
3) Pour water into the air chamber, which surrounds the oil cup to a depth of 38 mm.
4) Pour fuel oil to be tested into the oil cup up to the circular mark and place the oil cup into
the air chamber of the water bath.
5) Close it with the lid having sliding ports.
6) Insert the water and oil thermometers in their respective holders.
7) Keep the entire set up on a heater and heat the water at a very slow rate.
8) Maintain a low flame on the wick and apply the flame to the oil surface by sliding the
0
port at every 2 rise in temperature of the oil under test.
9) Record the temperature at which the first flash occurs and report as flash point.
10) To determine the flash point of fuel oils below room temperature, circulate cold water in
0
the water bath to at least 15 C below the expected flash point of the fuel oil sample and
follow steps 8 & 9.

OBSERVATION AND TABULAR COLUMN
Type of oil Used:..................
S.N. Temperature Observation (Yes or No)

Flash Point Fire Point
1
5
6
RESULTS:
o
The flash point of given oil is = C

Experiment No. 2:
PENSKY MARTEN’S FLASH POINT APPARATUS

AIM: To determine the flash point of given liquid fuel by Pensky Marten’s apparatus.
APPARATUS: Pensky Marten’s apparatus, thermometers.
THEORY:
In the Pensky-Marten’s closed cup flash point test, a brass test cup is filled with a test
specimen and fitted with a cover. The sample is heated and stirred at specified rates
depending on what it is that's being tested. An ignition source is directed into the cup at
regular intervals with simultaneous interruption of stirring until a flash that spreads
throughout the inside of the cup is seen. The corresponding temperature is its flash point.
Pensky-Martens closed cup is sealed with a lid through which the ignition source can
be introduced periodically. The vapour above the liquid is assumed to be in reasonable
equilibrium with the liquid. Closed cup testers give lower values for the flash point (typically
5-10 K) and are a better approximation to the temperature at which the vapour pressure
reaches the Lower Flammable Limit (LFL).
Outline of Method: the sample is heated in a test cup at a slow and constant rate with
continuous stirring. A small test flame is directed into the cup at regular intervals with
simultaneous interruption of stirring. The flash point is taken as the lowest temperature at
which the application of the test flame causes the vapour above the sample to ignite
momentarily.
DESCRIPTION:
This apparatus is used to determine the flash point of fuel oils and lubricating oils. It consists
of an oil cup with a circular marking for oil level indication. A lid to cover the oil cup with
sliding shutters with ports, oil stirring mechanism and dipping wick holder, cast iron oil cup
holder (air bath), electric heater with control.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
Fig.2: Pensky Martens apparatus
PROCEDURE:
1) Install the apparatus on a table near a 230V, 50Hz, 5amps single-phase power source.
2) Keep the electrical heater on the table.
3) Position the oil cup holder (air bath) on the heater. Insert the oil cup into the bath and
position it.
4) Pour oil to be tested into the oil cup up to the mark.
5) Close the lid.
0
6) Connect the heater to the electrical power source and heat the oil at a slow steady rate of 2 C
/min with the help of the regulator. Keep stirring the oil with the stirring mechanism.
7) Maintain a small flame on the wick.
8) Introduce the flame to the oil surface by operating the circular handle, which makes the
maintained flame to dip into the oil cup by opening the shutter. This is done at every half
0 0
minute, only after the sample oil reaches 15 to 17 C before the expected flash point.
9) Record the temperature at which first flash occurs and report as flash point of the
sample oil.
10) To stop the experiment, switch of the heater and allow it to cool.

OBSERVATION AND TABULAR COLUMN:

Type of oil Used:......................
Observation (Yes or No)

S.N. Temperature
1
RESULT:
o

Experiment No. 3:
CLEVELAND’S APPARATUS
AIM: To determine the flash and fire point of a given liquid fuel using Cleveland’s
apparatus.
APPARATUS: Cleveland’s apparatus, thermometers.
DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS:
The Cleveland open cup apparatus consists of a cylindrical cup of standard size. It is held in
position in the metallic holder which is placed on a wire gauge. It is heated by means of an
electric heater housed inside the metallic holder. A provision is made on the top of the cup to
hold the thermometer. A standing filling mark is done on the inner side of the cup and the
sample of oil is filled up to the mark. This apparatus will give more accurate results than the
pensky martens closed cup apparatus.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Thermometer
Flame holder
Heater
Fig.3: Open cup Cleveland’s apparatus
PROCIDURE:
1) Clean the cup and fill it with the given sample of oil up to the filling mark.
2) Insert the thermomet er in the holder. Make sure that the thermometer should not touch the
metallic cup.
3)Heat the oil by the means of electric heater so that the sample of oil gives out vapour at the
rate of 10°C per minute.

4)When the oil gives out vapour , introduce the test flame above the oil, without touching the
surface of the oil and watch for flash with flickering sound.
5)Introducing the test flame should not continued at regular intervals until the flash is observed
with peak flickering sound. The temperature corresponding to this flickering sound is noticed
and it is the flash point temperature of the given sample of oil.
6)Continue the process of heating and introducing the test flame until the oil will begins to burn
continuously and observe the temperature . This is the fire pint temper ature of the given sample
of oil.
7) Repeat the test twice or thrice with fresh sample of oil and observe the results.
8) The observations are tabulated .
OBSERVATION AND TABULAR COLUMN:

Type of oil Used:......................
Observation (Yes or No)

S.N. Temperature
1
RESULTS:
o
o
The fire point of given oil is = C

Experiment No. 4:
JUNKERS GAS CALORIMETER
AIM: To determine calorific value of gaseous fuel by Junkers gas calorimeter

APPARATUS: Junkers gas calorimeter, Gas geyser, LPG Gas
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
JUNKERS GAS CALORIMETER
Fig.1. Experimental setup of Junker’s gas calorimeter
DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus mainly consists of a cylindrical shell with copper coil arranged in two pass
configurations with water inlet and outlet to circulate through the copper coil, a pressure
regulator, a wet type gas flow meter & a gas Bunsen burner, temperature sensors for
measuring inlet, outlet water temperature, and for flue gas temperature, a 2000ml measuring
jar. Determination of calorific value (heat value) of combustible gases is essential to assess
the amount of heat given away by the gas while burning a known amount of gas to heat a
known amount of fluid (water) in a closed chamber.
PROCEDURE:
1. Install the equipment on a flat rigid platform near an uninterrupted continuous water
source of ½” size and a drain pipe.
2. Connect the gas source to the pressure regulator, gas flow meter and the burner
respectively in series

3. Insert the thermometer / temperature sensors, into their respective places to measure
water inlet and outlet temperatures and a thermometer to measure the flue gas
temperature at the flue gas outlet
4. Start the water flow through the calorimeter at a study constant flow rate and allow it
to drain through over flow.
5. Start the gas flow slowly and light the burner out side the calorimeter
6. Regulate the flow of gas at a steady rate to any designed flow (Volume)
7. Insert the burner into the calorimeter and allow the out let water temperature to attain
a steady state
8. Swing the out let to a 1000 ml jar and start. The stop watch simultaneously, record the
initial gas flow meter reading at the same time
9. Note down the time taken to fill 1000ml and at the same time the final gas flow
reading recorded by the gas flow meter
10. Tabulate all the reading and calculate the calorific valve of the gas under test
11. Repeat the experiment by varying the water flow rate or gas flow for different
conditions.
12. After the experiment is over stop the gas flow, water flow, and drain the water from
the calorimeter, keep the equipment clean & dry.
OBSERVATIONS:
Inlet temperature of water(T1).. 0C
Outlet temperature of water(T2).. 0C
Water collection per revelution(100ml) of gas indicator(mw)... ltr
Volume of gas supplied(Vgas)...ml
Density of gas= 2.35kg/m3
Density of water= 1000 kg/m3
TABULAR COLUMN:
Sl.No. Volume of water Volume of gas Water inlet Water outel Change in Cv of gas,
collected, Vw burned in ltr temperature temperature temperature kJ
Vgas T1 T2 ΔT=(T1-T2)

CALCULATION:
heat gained by gas= heat gained by water
CVgasx Vgasxρg = mwxCpwx∆T
RESULT:
Calorific value of given gaseous fuel is = ...............K J

EXPERIMENT NO 5:
BOMB CALORIMETER
AIM:
To determine the calorific value of solid and liquid fuels.
APPARATUS:
The Bomb Calorimeter mainly consists of the following:
1. Stainless steel Bomb
2. Calorimeter Vessel with Bomb support and insulating base
3. Water Jacket with outer body
4. Lid for water Jacket
5. Stirrer assembly with F.H.P. motor
6. Bomb firing unit with Electronic Digital Temperature Indicator
7. Pellet Press
8. Stand and dial pressure gauge
9. Connecting tubes(copper tubes O2 Cylinder to pressure gauge & pressure gauge to bomb)
10. Connecting electrical leads(Firing unit to water jacket & water jacket to bomb)
11. Crucible Stainless steel
12. Gas release valve
13. Oxygen cylinder valve
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

DISCRIPTION:
A Bomb Calorimeter is used to find out the calorific value of liquid and solid fuels. A known
amount of the sample is burnt in a sealed chamber (Bomb) with help of pure oxygen. The fuel
sample is ignited by electrically. As the sample burns, heat is generated. The rise in
temperature is determined since; barring heat loss the heat absorbed by calorimeter assembly
and the rise in temperature enables to calculate the heat of combustion of the sample.
CALCULATIONS:
W =Water equivalent of the calorimeter assembly in calories per degree centigrade

(2330 cal / 0C)
T= Rise in temperature (registered by a sensitive thermometer) in degree centigrade
H= Heat of combustion of material in calories per gram
M =Mass of sample burnt in grams
Then W T = HM
“H” is calculated easily since W, T and M are known.
H=WT/M

Experiment No. 6:
REDWOOD VISCOMETER
AIM: To determine the viscosity of given oil using redwood viscometer at different
temperatures.
APPARATUS: Redwood Viscometer, 50ml Receiving flask, thermometers and stopwatch
PRINCIPLE
The Sustainability of oil for its use as a lubricant depend on its viscosity. Its main fuction is to
reduce the friction between the moving parts. The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its
resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress. For liquids, it corresponds
to the informal concept of "thickness"; for example, honey has a much higher viscosity than
water.
Viscosity is a property arising from collisions between neighboring particles in a fluid that are
moving at different velocities. When the fluid is forced through a tube, the particles which
compose the fluid generally move more quickly near the tube's axis and more slowly near its
walls; therefore some stress (such as a pressure difference between the two ends of the tube)
is needed to overcome the friction between particle layers to keep the fluid moving. For a
given velocity pattern, the stress required is proportional to the fluid's viscosity.
Viscosity may be expressed as dynamic viscosity and kinematic viscosity.
Dynamic viscosity: It is the tangential force acting on unit area of flow parallel planes of fluid
separated by a unit distance when one plane moves relative to other with unit velocity.
According to Newton’s law of viscosity
……..N/m2
Where,
λ= Tangential stress in N/m2

µ= Dynamic viscosity in poise
du/dy= Velocity gradient
du= Relative velocity at adjacent layers, cm/s
dy= Distance between the layers, cm

Kinematic viscosity: It is defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity and its density at the same
temperature.
… m2/s
Where, ν= Kinematic viscosity, stokes

Ρ= Density of oil, kg/m3
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Fig.4: Redwood viscometer
DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS:

Redwood viscometer Consists of a cylindrical oil cup furnished with a gauge point,
agate / metallic Orifice jet at the bottom having a concave depression from inside to facilitate
a ball with stiff wire to act as a valve to start or stop oil flow. The outer side of the orifice jet
is convex, so that the oil under test does not creep over the lower face of the oil cup. The oil
cup is surrounded by a water bath with a circular electrical immersion heater and a stirring
device. Two thermometers are provided to measure water bath temp. & oil temperature under
test. The water bath with oil cup is supported on a tripod stand with leveling screws.

PROCEDURE:
1) Clean the oil cup with a solvent preferably C.T.C (Carbon Tetra chloride) and wipe it dry
thoroughly with a paper napkins or a soft cloth (do not use cotton waste) and the orifice
jet with a fine thread.
2) Keep the water bath with oil cup on the tripod stand and level it.
3) Pour water into the water bath up to 15 to 20mm below the top portion
4) Keep the ball (valve) in position and pour clean filtered oil sample (use strainer not
coarser than BS 100 mesh) to be tested into the oil cup up to the gauge point and cover it
with the lid.
5) Take a clean dry 50ml flask and place it under the orifice jet of the oil cup and center it.
6) Lift the ball (valve) and simultaneously start a stop watch and allow the oil into the
receiving flask.
7) Adjust the receiving flask (50ml) in such a way that the oil string coming out of the jet
strikes the neck of the flask to avoid foaming (formation of air bubbles) on the oil surface.
8) Wait till the oil level touches the 50 ml mark stop the watch and record the time in sec.
9) Repeat the experiment at different temperatures above ambient.
10) Plot the relevant graphs
OBSERVATIONS:
1. Type of oil used:………………….

2. Initial mass of the empty measuring jar (X): ……… gms
TABULATION:
Sl.No. Temperature of
Time for Mass of flask Kinematic Dynamic
oil in 0C viscosity , ν in
collecting X cc. with oil, Y in viscosity , µ in
of oil in sec (t ) grams centistokes centipoises

CALCULATIONS:
1. Kinematic viscosity (ν) :
……… Centistokes
Where, A and B are viscometer constants.

A= 0.26, B=171.5.
2. Density of oil (ρ):
….…… gm/cc
Where,
Y= mass of flask with oil, gm
X= Mask of empty flask in gm
x= Volume of oil collected in a beaker (cc)
3. Dynamic viscosity (µ):
µ= ν x ρ … Centipoise
Note: 1 centistoke = 1x10-6 m2/s; 1 stoke = 1cm2/sec (Kinematic

Viscosity) 1 poise = 0.1N S/m2 (Pa. S) (Absolute viscosity)
Plot the following graphs:

RESULTS:
3
1) Mass density of given oil is _________________Kg/m
2
2) Kinematic viscosity of given oil is _____________ m /S
2
3) Absolute viscosity of given oil is _______________ N S/m
CONCLUSION:
Kinematic and absolute viscosities were determined and relevant graphs were drawn.
Viscosity varies with temperature and has negative exponential trend.

Experiment No. 7:
SAYBOLT VISCOMETER
AIM: To determine viscosity of the given oil using Say Bolt Viscometer.
APPARATUS: Say Bolt Viscometer, 60ml receiving flask, thermometers & stopwatch.
PRINCIPLE:
A device used to measure the viscosity of a fluid. The saybolt viscometer controls the heat of
the fluid and the viscosity is the time is takes the fluid to fill a 60cc container. Efflux cup
viscometers are most commonly used for fieldwork to measure the viscosity of oils, syrups,
varnish, paints and Bitumen emulsions. The testing procedure is quite similar to the capillary-
tube viscometers where efflux time of a specified volume of fluid is measured through fixed
orifice at the bottom of a cup to represent the viscosity of the fluid. Since the viscosity of
Newtonian liquid are independent of dimensions of viscometer used, it is possible to convert
the efflux times to kinematic viscosities by conversion charts or by formulas suggested by the
equipment manufacturers.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
Fig.5: Saybolt viscometer

DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus mainly consists of a standard cylindrical oil cup surrounded with a
water bath with an immersion heater and a stirring device. A rubber cork stopper arrangement
is provided at the bottom to facilitate start and stop the oil flow from the Viscometer. Two
thermometers are provided to measure water bath temperature and oil temperature under test.
The oil cup with the water bath is supported on a stand with levelly screws.
PROCEDURE:
1. Clean the oil cup with a solvent preferably C.T.C (Carbon Tetra chloride) and wipe it
dry thoroughly with a paper napkins or a soft cloth (do not use cotton waste) and the
orifice jet with a fine thread.
2. Keep the water bath with oil cup on the tripod stand and level it.
3. Pour water into the water bath up to 15 to 20mm below the top portion.
4. Close the Orifice opening from bottom with the rubber cork provided. Pour oil to be
tested into the strainer by keeping the strainer on the oil cup until the oil fills up in the
oil cup as well as in side well. Withdraw the excess oil in the side well and position the
thermometers in water bath and oil cup.
5. Take a clean dry 60ml flask and place it under the orifice jet of the oil cup and center
it.
6. Pull the rubber cork open and simultaneously start a stopwatch and allow the oil into
the receiving flask.
7. Adjust the receiving flask (60ml) in such a way that the oil string coming out of the jet
strikes the neck of the flask to avoid foaming (formation of air bubbles) on the oil
surface.
8. Wait till the oil level touches the 60 ml mark, stop the watch and record the time in sec.
9. Repeat the experiment at different temperatures above ambient.
10. Use specific nozzle suitable for lubricant or oil.
OBSERVATIONS:
1. Type of oil used:………………….

2. Initial mass of the empty measuring jar (X): ……… gms

TABULATION:
Sl.No. Temperature of
Time for Mass of flask Kinematic Dynamic
oil in 0C viscosity , ν in
collecting X cc. with oil, Y in viscosity , µ in
of oil in sec (t ) grams centistokes centipoises
CALCULATIONS:
1. Kinematic viscosity (ν) :
……… Centistokes
Where, A and B are viscometer constants.
If 34< t <115 A= 0.244, B=185.
If 115< t <215 A= 0.233, B=115.
2. Density of oil (ρ):
….…… gm/cc
Where,
Y= mass of flask with oil, gm
X= Mask of empty flask in gm
x= Volume of oil collected in a beaker (cc)
3. Dynamic viscosity (µ):
µ= ν x ρ … Centipoise
Note: 1 centistoke = 1x10-6 m2/s; 1 stoke = 1cm2/sec (Kinematic

Viscosity) 1 poise = 0.1N S/m2 (Pa. S) (Absolute viscosity)

RESULTS:
3
1) Mass density of given oil is ___________________Kg/m
2
4) Kinematic viscosity of given oil is _____________ m /S
2
5) Absolute viscosity of given oil is _______________ N S/m
CONCLUSION:
Kinematic and absolute viscosities were determined and relevant graphs were drawn.
Viscosity varies with temperature and has negative exponential trend.

Experiment No. 8:
TORSION VISCOMETER
AIM: To determine the viscosity of given oil using torsion viscometer
APPARATUS: Torsion Viscometer, sample oil & thermometer
DESCRIPTION:
The torsion viscometer consists of a flywheel with a pointer suspended in horizontal position
by means of a torsion wire. The wire is fixed to the torsion head at the top. Adopters are used
to adjust the length of the wire. Surrounding the flywheel, there is a circular scale graduated
in degrees. A Cylinder is attached to the flywheel. The instrument is supported on a tripod
with leveling screws.
The apparatus consists of a device to hold a solid cylinder and a flywheel by means of
a Torsion wire with end connectors. A release pin is provided to hold the flywheel in
horizontal position. The flywheel is, surrounded by a graduated scale in degrees (00 to 3600).
A pointer is attached to the flywheel is to indicate the angular movement of the flywheel. Oil
is provided cup to hold the oil under test.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
Fig.6: Torsion viscometer

PROCEDURE:
1) Keep the apparatus on a plain flat table and level it with leveling screws.
2) Fix the one end of the torsion wire to the torsion head and other end to the cylinder.
3) Adjust the length of the wire so that fly wheel can rotate freely.
4) Pour clean filtered oil to be tested into the oil cup up to about 5mm to 10mm below the
top of the oil cup and place it on the platform provided and properly position it.
5) Slightly lift the top stationery head so that the flywheel along with torsion wire is free
to rotate horizontally and position the pointer of the flywheel exactly in front of the
release pin.
6) Adjust the pointer of the flywheel to zero degree by turning the stationary head either
way with absolutely no torsion in the wire and tighten the stationary head.
7) Manually give one full rotation to the flywheel and secure it in the release pin.
8) Now slowly pull the release pin back without disturbing the set up.
9) The flywheel starts rotating and completes one full rotation and moves beyond zero
purely by its momentum. This over swing is recorded and the viscosity of the oil under
test in Redwood seconds is obtained from the graph provided.
10) Repeat the experiments for different oil temperatures.
OBSERVATIONS:
Wire diameter: 36SWG
Size of the cylinder (In inches)
TABULATION:
Sl.No. Angle θ, over swing Time R(sec) Kinematic

viscosity
(Centistokes)

FORMULA REQUIRED:
…….. m
2
/s If 34 ≤ R ≤ 100
.… m2/s If 100 ≤ R ≤ 2000
GRAPH:
Plot the graph of temperature verses redwood seconds
RESULTS:
Kinematic viscosity of given oil in terms of redwood seconds is: ____________

Experiment No. 9:
VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM

AIM: To draw valve timing diagram for of a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine and
calculate different periods.
THEORY:
In a piston engine, the valve timing is the precise timing of the opening and closing of the
valves. In a four stroke engine opening and closing of valves and fuel injection do not take
place exactly at the end of dead centre positions. The valves open slightly earlier and close
after that respective dead centre position .The fuel injection also occurs prior to the end of
compression i.e., before the piston reaches the dead centre position. Both the valve operates at
some degree on either side in terms of crank angle from dead centre position. When an intake
valve opens before top dead center and the exhaust valve opens before bottom dead center, it
is called lead. When an intake valve closes after bottom dead center, and the exhaust valve
closes after top dead center, it is called lag. On the exhaust stroke, the intake and exhaust
valve are open at the same time for a few degrees around top dead center. This is called valve
overlap.
PROCEDURE:
1. Rotate flywheel clockwise freely by hand, fix a reference point on the body of the engine
near the flywheel.
2. Now while rotating, observe piston at TDC (Top dead centre) and mark with chalk on
flywheel with reference to the point of mark.

3. Similarly by rotating in clockwise, mark the position of bottom dead center (BDC) on the
flywheel.
4. Now identify inlet and exhaust valves.
5. Find out direction of rotation of flywheel (crank shaft)
6. Bring flywheel to TDC position (pointer).
7. Go on rotating the flywheel in clockwise direction slowly and observe position
(functioning) of both the valves.
8. Now observe when inlet valves about to open, mark it on flywheel (inlet valve open –
IVO) measure it from the tape with respect to TDC.
9. Slowly rotate flywheel, and observe when inlet valve closes –( IVC.)
10. Rotate further observe when exhaust valve opens (EVO )
11. Rotate further & observe when exhaust valve closes (EVC).
12. Using the protractor fixed on the flywheel, find out the angular position of the piston
13. Name the events IVO, IVC, EVO, EVC,
14.Measure the distances of IVO, IVC, EVO, EVC by measuring tape.
14. Then draw spiral diagram with data in marking on flywheel.
TABULAR COLUMN:
Sr.No. Event Distance TDC/BDC Angle in degree
1 IVO
2 IVC
3 FVO
4 EVO
5 EVC
Where:
BTDC – Before top dead centre, ABDC – After bottom dead centre
BBDC – Before bottom dead centre, ATDC – After top dead centre
IVO- Inlet valve open, IVC- Inlet valve close
EVO- Exhaust valve close, EVC- Exhaust valve close
RESULT: Plot the Valve Timing Diagram on graph sheet, show Angle of overlap

Experiment No. 10:
FOUR STROKE TWIN CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE
AIM: To conduct performance test on twin cylinder, 4 stroke diesel engine with A.C.
generator.
APPARATUS:
Twin cylinder four stroke diesel engine test rig, stopwatch.
DESCRIPTION:
The test rig consists of AC generator which is coupled with engine shaft and is
mounted on a frame. The panel board consists of burette to measure the fuel consumption,
digital rpm indicator, digital temperature indicator and U tube manometer.
INSTRUMENTATION:
1. Digital rpm indicator to measure the speed.
2. Digital temperature indicator to measure various temperature.
3. Differential manometer to measure the quantity of air sucked into cylinder.
4. Burette with manifold to measure the rate of fuel consumed during the test
5. Digital voltmeter 0-700V with selector switch.
6. Digital ammeter 0-20A with selector switch.
ENGINE SPECIFICATION:
Engine : Kirlosker
BHP : 14HP
Speed : 1500rpm
No. of cylinder :2
Compression ratio : 17.5:1
Bore : 87.5mm
Stroke : 110mm
Orifice diameter : 20mm
Type of ignition : compression ignition
Method of starting : cranking
Method of cooling : Water cooled
Method of loading : AC generator

OBSERVATION:
1. Calorific value of diesel, Cv= 42000kJ/kg.
2. Density of diesel, ρd= 0.81gm/cc
3. Co-efficient of discharge of orifice, Cd= 0.62
4. Density of air, ρa =1.2kg/m3
TABULATION:
Pressure Time taken for Voltage in volts Current in ampere

Sl.No. Load Speed drop across Xcc of fuel
(kW) N(rpm) orifice, consumption,
hw(mm) t(sec) RY YB BR V avg. R Y B I avg.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the panel instrumentation input line 230v, 50Hz, single phase power source.
2. Fill the fuel in the fuel tank.
3. Check the lubricating oil in the engine sump with the help of dipstick provided.
4. Start the engine by manual cranking and allow the engine to run at rated speed of
1500rpm.
5. Now load the engine by operating the rotary switches on the resistance load bank for
different range of resistance (3kW, 4.5kW and 7.5kW).
6. Note down the different parameters for different loading conditions like temperature,
speed, manometer reading, voltage and current.
7. Turn of the loading and fuel supply after the test.
8. Tabulate the readings and calculate the brake power, heat input, air-fuel ratio, specific
fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency.
9. Plot the graphs.

FORMULAE REQUIRED:
1. Brake power (BP):
Where, V= Voltage in volts

I= Current in ampere
Cosø= Power factor
2. Fuel consumption (mf):
…kg/s
Where,
Xcc= volume of fuel consumed
t= Time taken for Xcc of fuel consumption
ρd= Density of diesel gm/cc
3. Total fuel consumption (TFC):
TFC = mf x 3600… kg/h
4. Actual volume of air sucked (Qact):
= …… m3/s
Where, d0 = diameter of orifice meter

Cd= Co-efficient of discharge of orifice
5. Theoretical air sucked (Qth):
6. Volumetric efficiency (ηv):

7. Brake thermal efficiency (ηbth):
8. Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC):
Kg/kW-h
9. Mass of air sucked (ma):
10. Air fuel ratio:
11. Mechanical efficiency (ηmech):
12. Indicated power (IP):
IP=BP+FP…..kW
FP is found from the graph

ηbth BSFC
BP BP
RESULT TABLE:
Sl.No. Load BP mf TFC Qact Qth ηv ma ηbth BSFC IP ηmech

(kW) (kW) (kg/s) (kg/h) (m3/s) (m3/s) (%) (kg/s) (%) (kg/kW-h) (kW) (%)
CONCUSION:
Engine performance was conducted and graphs were plotted and analyzed.

Experiment No. 11:
FOUR STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE
AIM: To conduct performance test on single cylinder, 4 stroke diesel engine and to put heat
balance sheet.
APPARATUS:
Single cylinder four stroke diesel engine test rig, stopwatch.
DESCRIPTION:
The test rig consists of single cylinder diesel engine connected to eddy current
dynamometer. The panel board consists of burette to measure the fuel consumption, digital
rpm indicator, digital temperature indicator, potentiometer and U tube manometer.
INSTRUMENTATION:
2. Digital temperature indicator to measure various temperature.
4. Burette with manifold to measure the rate of fuel consumed during the test
5. Digital voltmeter 0-700V with selector switch.
6. Digital ammeter 0-20A with selector switch.
Engine : 4stroke single cylinder
BHP : 5HP
Speed : 1500rpm
No. of cylinder :1
Bore : 80mm
Stroke : 110mm
Method of loading : Eddy current dynamometer
OBSERVATION:
5. Diameter of orifice ,do=20mm

6. Length of arm,R=221mm
7. Specific heat of water, Cpw= 4.187kJ/kg.K
8. Specific heat of exhaust gas,Cpg= 1.2kJ/kg.k
9. Density of air, ρa= 1.2kg/m3
TABULATION:
Time taken for Xcc Temperature in 0C Water flow

Pressure drop Water flow
Sl.No. Load Speed across orifice, of fuel through engine through
(kg) N(rpm) consumption, calorimeter
hw(mm) t(sec) T1 T2 T3 T4 jack ate, cc/s cc/s
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the panel instrumentation input line 230v single phase power source.
3. Start the engine by manual cranking and allow the engine to run at rated speed.
4. Now load the engine by operating the potentiometer to the desired load.
speed, manometer reading.
8. Plot the graphs.
FORMULAE REQUIRED:
1. Torque (T):
Where, N= speed in rpm

T= Torque

Where,
ρd= Density of diesel gm/cc
= …… m3/s
Where, d0 = diameter of orifice meter(m)

Kg/kW-h

11. Air fuel ratio:
IP=BP+FP…..kW
ηbth BSFC
BP BP
RESULT TABLE:

(kW) (kW) (kg/s) (kg/h) (m /s) (m3/s)
3
(%) (kg/s) (%) (kg/kW-h) (kW) (%)

HEAT BALANCE SHEET:
I. Heat supplied by the combustion of fuel
Heat utilized by the system:
a. Heat to BP = BP 60…….kJ/min
b. Heat carried away by engine jacket cooling water
c. Heat carried away by exhaust gas cooling water( calorimeter)
d. Heat carried away by the exhaust gas
Where,
e. Unaccounted heat loss = I-(a+b+c+d)
Heat input kJ/min % Heat expenditure per minute kJ/min %

a. Heat to BP
BP= BP 60
b.Heat carried away by engine
I. Heat supplied by 100% jacket cooling water
combustion of fuel
c. Heat carried away by exhaust gas
cooling water( calorimeter)
d.Heat carried away by the exhaust

gas
e.Unaccounted heat loss

I-(a+b+c+d)
Total 100% Total 100%
CONCUSION:
Engine performance was conducted and graphs were plotted and heat balance sheet was
analyzed.

Experiment No. 12:
FOUR STROKE THREE CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE
AIM: To conduct performance test on three cylinder, 4 stroke petrol engine and to put heat
balance sheet.
APPARATUS:
Three cylinder four stroke petrol engine test rig and stopwatch.
DESCRIPTION:
The test rig consists of three cylinder four stroke petrol engine connected to hydraulic
dynamometer. The dynamometer is used is vane type having 24 vanes. The water impinges
on the vanes and hydraulic load is applied. The panel board consists of burette to measure the
fuel consumption, digital rpm indicator, digital temperature indicator and U tube manometer.
INSTRUMENTATION:
2. Digital temperature indicator to measure various temperatures.
4. Burette with manifold to measure the rate of fuel consumed during the test.
5. Spring balance to measure the load applied on the engine.
Engine : Maruti 800
BHP : 12HP
Speed : 2000rpm
No. of cylinder :3
Bore : 68.5mm
Stroke : 72mm
Type of ignition : Spark ignition
Method of starting : Self starter
Method of loading : Hydraulic dynamometer

OBSERVATION:
1. Calorific value of petrol, Cv= 44000kJ/kg.
2. Density of petrol, ρp= 0.72gm/cc
5. Length of arm,R=0.3m
TABULATION:
Temperature in 0C Rotameter
Pressure drop Time taken for Xcc of raeding, cc/s
Load Speed
Sl.No. across orifice, fuel consumption,
(kg) N(rpm) hw(mm) t(sec) T1 T2 T3 T4 Rt1 Rt2
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the panel instrument to the input line 230v single phase power source.
3. Start the engine by self starter and allow the engine to run at rated speed.
4. Now load the engine by operating the hydraulic dynamometer to the desired load.
speed, manometer reading and fuel consumption.
8. Plot the graphs.

FORMULAE REQUIRED:
1. Torque (T):

T= Torque
Where,
ρp= Density of petrol gm/cc
= …… m3/s
Where, d0 = diameter of orifice meter (m)


Kg/kW-h
11. Air fuel ratio:
IP=BP+FP…..kW

ηbth BSFC
BP BP
RESULT TABLE:

HEAT BALANCE SHEET:
II.Heat utilized by the system:
Where,


a. Heat to BP
BP= BP 60
combustion of fuel

gas

I-(a+b+c+d)
CONCUSION:
Engine performance was studied by applying different loads. The heat heat balance sheet was
analyzed.

Experiment No. 13:
MORSE TEST
AIM: To determine the IP of multicylinder engine by morse test and to put heat balance sheet.
APPARATUS:
Three cylinder four stroke petrol engine test rig and stopwatch.
DESCRIPTION:
The test rig (Maruti 800) consists of three cylinder four stroke petrol engine connected
to hydraulic dynamometer. The dynamometer is used is vane type having 24 vanes. The
water impinges on the vanes and hydraulic load is applied. The panel board consists of burette
to measure the fuel consumption, digital rpm indicator, digital temperature indicator and U
tube manometer.
INSTRUMENTATION:
Engine : Maruti 800
BHP : 12HP
Speed : 2000rpm
No. of cylinder :3
Bore : 68.5mm
Stroke : 72mm
Method of loading : Hydraulic dynamometer

OBSERVATION:
5. Length of arm,R=0.3m
TABULATION:
Cut off Load BP of running cylinder IP of running

Sl.No. Speed in rpm cylinder
cylinder Kg kW kW
1,2,3
2,3
1,2
PROCEDURE:
3. Start the engine by self starter and allow the engine to run at rated speed of 2500rpm.
4. Now load the engine 15kg by operating the hydraulic dynamometer to the desired load.
5. With all three cylinders running note down the different parameters like load applied
and speed.
6. Cutoff the first cylinder by knife’s switch, speed drops, so reduce the load on the
engine to bring it to same speed of 2500rpm and measure the power developed by
noting down the load on the engine.
7. Cutoff the second cylinder by knife’s switch (but turn on the first and third cylinder)
and measure the power developed by noting down the load on the engine.
8. Cutoff the third cylinders by knife’s switch (but turn on the first and second cylinder)
and measure the power developed by noting down the load on the engine.
9. Repeat the above procedure by cutting off the cylinders 2 and 3.
11. Tabulate the readings and calculate the brake power of all three cylinders and IP of
individual cylinder.

FORMULAE REQUIRED:
3. Frictional power (FP):
CONCUSION:
IP of multicylinder engine was calculated by morse test.

Experiment No. 14:
TWO STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE
AIM: To conduct performance test on single cylinder, 2 stroke petrol engine.
APPARATUS:
Single cylinder two stroke petrol engine test rig and stopwatch.
DESCRIPTION:
The test rig consists of single cylinder two stroke petrol engine connected to rope
brake drum. The engine is air cooled. The panel board consists of burette to measure the fuel
consumption, digital rpm indicator, digital temperature indicator and U tube manometer.
INSTRUMENTATION:
Engine : Bajaj
BHP : 2.5HP
Speed : 2800rpm
No. of cylinder :1
Bore : 56.7mm
Stroke : 56.7mm
Method of starting : kick starte
Method of cooling : Air cooled
Method of loading : belt brake laoding
OBSERVATION:
3. Thickness of the belt, t= 6mm
4. Diameter of the brake drum,d= 200mm

TABULATION:
Net load on brake Difference in

Sl.No. drum Speed in rpm manometer reading hw Time taken for Xcc of
fuel consumed, t in sec.
W=(w1-w2) in kg in mm
PROCEDURE:
3. Start the engine by self starter and allow the engine to run at rated speed of 2500rpm
by adjusting the accelerator.
4. Now load the engine by operating the hand wheels attached to the spring balance.
speed, manometer reading and fuel consumption.
6. Note down the various parameters like fuel supply, speed and manometer reading.
7. Again increase the load and note all the readings.
8. After the test Turn off the ignition by switch provided.
FORMULAE REQUIRED:
1. Torque (T):
…….Nm

T= Torque

Where,
= …… m3/s

Where, D= diameter of the bore (m)

L= stroke length (m)
N=speed, rpm
Kg/kW-h

11. Air fuel ratio:
IP=BP+FP…..kW
ηbth BSFC
BP BP

RESULT TABLE:

CONCLUSION:
Engine performance was conducted and graphs were drawn.

Experiment No. 15:
VARIABLE CPMRESSION RATIO IC ENGINE
AIM: To conduct performance test on variable compression ratio petrol engine for different
compression ratios.
APPARATUS:
Single cylinder four stroke petrol engine with arrangement to change the compression ratio
and stopwatch.
DESCRIPTION:
The test rig consists of single cylinder four stroke petrol engine connected to
resistance load bank. The auxiliary head is made of cast iron which is cooled externally and
ha an encounter piston in the main engine. The counter piston is actuated by a screw rod
mechanism to change the clearance volume for different compression ratios.
INSTRUMENTATION:
5. Load bank to apply the load in kW.
Engine : Greaves
BHP : 3HP
Speed : 3000rpm
No. of cylinder :1
Bore, D : 70mm
Stroke, L : 66.7mm
VRC head cooler : Air cooled

OBSERVATION:
8. Efficiency of generator, ηgen=0.8
TABULATION:
For compression ratio: 2.5:1, 3.5:1 and 8:1

Water flow through
Difference Time taken Temperature in 0C in cc/s
Load Speed of for Xcc of Voltage Current
Sl.No. manometer fuel I in Cooling
(kw) N(rpm) reading, consumption V in volts ampere T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 jacket calorimeter
hw(mm) , t(sec)
PROCEDURE:
3. Start the engine by self starter and allow the engine to run at rated speed of 1500rpm.
4. Now load the engine by operating the switches on the resistance load bank for
different range of resistance (3kW, 4.5kW and 7.5kW).
5. Note down the different parameters for different loading conditions and different
compression ratio of the engine like temperature, speed, manometer reading and fuel
consumption, voltage and current.
8. Plot the graphs.

FORMULAE REQUIRED:
Where,
= …… m3/s


Kg/kW-h
11. Air fuel ratio:
IP=BP+FP…..kW

ηbth BSFC
BP BP
RESULT TABLE:

HEAT BALANCE SHEET:
II.Heat utilized by the system:
Where,


a. Heat to BP
BP= BP 60
combustion of fuel

gas

I-(a+b+c+d)
CONCUSION:
Engine performance was studied by applying different loads and for different compression
ratios. The heat heat balance sheet was analyzed.

Experiment No. 16:
EMISSION MEASUREMENTS OF FOUR STROKE SINGLE

CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE
AIM: To conduct emission test on single cylinder, 4 stroke diesel engine.
APPARATUS:
Single cylinder four stroke diesel engine test rig, orsat apparatus/exhaust gas analyser.
BHP : 5HP
Speed : 1500rpm
No. of cylinder :1
Bore : 80mm
Stroke : 110mm
OBSERVATION:
TABULATION:
Carbon Nitrogen Carbon

Load Speed Hydrocarbons
Sl.No. (kw) N(rpm) monoxide HC oxides dioxide
CO NOx CO2
1
2
3

Experiment No. 17:
EMISSION MEASUREMENTS OF TWO STROKE SINGLE

CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE
AIM: To conduct emission test on single cylinder, 2 stroke petrol engine.
APPARATUS:
Single cylinder two stroke petrol engine test rig, orsat apparatus/exhaust gas analyser.
BHP : 5HP
Speed : 1500rpm
No. of cylinder :1
Bore : 80mm
Stroke : 110mm
OBSERVATION:
TABULATION:
Carbon Nitrogen Carbon

Load Speed Hydrocarbons
Sl.No. (kw) N(rpm) monoxide HC oxides dioxide
CO NOx CO2
1
2
3

Bloom's Taxonomy
1) Remembering: Recall or retrieve previous learned information.

Key Words: defines, describes, identifies, knows, labels, lists, matches, names,
outlines, recalls, recognizes, reproduces, selects, states
2) Understanding: Comprehending the meaning, translation, interpolation, and
interpretation of instructions and problems. State a problem in one's own words.
Key Words: comprehends, converts, defends, distinguishes, estimates, explains,
extends, generalizes, gives an example, infers, interprets, paraphrases, predicts,
rewrites, summarizes, translates.
3) Applying: Use a concept in a new situation or unprompted use of an abstraction.
Applies what was learned in the classroom into novel situations in the work place.
Key Words: applies, changes, computes, constructs, demonstrates, discovers,
manipulates, modifies, operates, predicts, prepares, produces, relates, shows, solves,
uses.
4) Analyzing: Separates material or concepts into component parts so that its
organizational structure may be understood. Distinguishes between facts and
inferences.
Key Words: analyzes, breaks down, compares, contrasts, diagrams, deconstructs,
differentiates, discriminates, distinguishes, identifies, illustrates, infers, outlines,
relates, selects, separates.
5) Evaluating: Make judgments about the value of ideas or materials.
Key Words: appraises, compares, concludes, contrasts, criticizes, critiques, defends,
describes, discriminates, evaluates, explains, interprets, justifies, relates, summarizes,
supports
6) Creating: Builds a structure or pattern from diverse elements. Put parts together to
form a whole, with emphasis on creating a new meaning or structure.
Key Words: categorizes, combines, compiles, composes, creates, devises, designs,
explains, generates, modifies, organizes, plans, rearranges, reconstructs, relates,
reorganizes, revises, rewrites, summarizes, tells, writes.

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (PO):
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an
engineering specialization for the solution of complex engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems
reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering
sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system
components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for public health and
safety, and cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods
including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide
valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and
IT tools, including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities, with an understanding of the
limitations.
6. The Engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health,
safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering
practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of t h e professional engineering solutions in

societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate t h e knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the
engineering practice.
9. Individual and teamwork: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams,
and in multidisciplinary settings.
10.Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering

community and with the society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and
design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
11.Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of t h e engineering and
management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage
projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12.Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent
and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES(PSO)

1: Identify, analyze and solve technical problems associated with mechanical engineers.
2: Use Modern modeling and simulation technique and computing tools.

VIVA QUESTIONS
1) What is combustion?
2) What are the types of fuel?
3) What is calorific value of the fuel?
4) What are lubricants?
5) Define flash and fire points.
6) What is the significance of flash point and fire point measurement?
7) List the flash point and fire points of different fuels.
8) List the flash point and fire points of lubricating oils
9) Define the flash point and fire point of a lubricating oil.
10) What should be the flash point of a good lubricant?
Ans. A flash point must be at least above the temperature at which the lubricant is to be
used to avoid the risk of a fire hazard.
11) What are the factors that affect the flash and fire points?
Ans. Moisture, vapor pressure, apparatus used, frequency of application of test flame, rate
of heating the test oil, and so on.
12) What is the significance of a flash point and fire point measurement?
13) What happens to the flash point of an oil if it is contaminated with moisture?
Ans. If moisture is present in the lubricating oil, it increases the flash point because steam
prevents vapor from igniting.
14) What are the units of viscosity?

15) What is the effect of temperature on the viscosity of liquid and gas?
16) What is kinematic viscosity?
17) What is the unit of kinematic viscosity?
18) Mention the names of other viscometers.
19) What is viscosity? Discuss its significance for a lubricant.
20) What is kinematic viscosity?
Ans: The coefficient of viscosity bv density is called the kinematic viscosity.
21) What is the unit of kinematic viscosity?
22) Mention the names of other viscometers.
Ans: Ostwald viscometer and Saybolt viscometer.
23) What is viscosity? Discuss its significance for a lubricant.
24) Define valve timing in four stroke petrol engine?
25) What is overlapping?
26) What is inlet valve?
25) What is exhaust valve?
26) What do you mean by ignition?

27) What are the various types of ignition systems that are commonly used?
28) Describe the working principle of 2-Stroke petrol Engine?
29) Describe the working principle of 4-Stroke petrol Engine?
30) What is Suction Stroke?
31) What is compression Stroke?
32) Describe Expansion / Power Stroke?
33) Describe Exhaust Stroke?
34) What are the construction details of a four stroke petrol Engine?
35) What is the main deference in 2-Stroke Petrol Engine and 4-Stroke Petrol Engine?
36) Describe the working principle of 2-Stroke Diesel Engine?
37) Describe the working principle of 4-Stroke Diesel Engine?
38) Explain the air-fuel ratio?
39) What is Injection Timing?
40) What are the methods of available for improving the performance of an engine?
41) Distinguish between power and specific output?
42) Define the morse test?
43) What is transmission dynamometer?
44) What is need of measurement of speed of an I.C. Engine?
45) What is a smoke and classify the measurement of a smoke?
46) What is the break power of I.C. Engines?
47) What is volumetric efficiency?
48) What is air fuel ratio in two stroke single cylinder petrol engine?
49) What is air delivery ratio in two stroke single cylinder petrol engine?
50) Explain an automatic fuel flow meter?
51) Define the friction power?
52) Define Willian‟s lines methods?
53) What is break power ?
54) Define speed performance test on a four-stroke single – Cylinder diesel engine?
55) What is Air rate and A/F ratio in a four-stroke single – Cylinder diesel engine?
56) What is combustion phenomenon?
57) What is indicated power ?
58) Mention the simplified various assumptions used in fuel Air-cycle Analysis
59) What are the different Air – Fuel Mixture on which an Engine can be operated?
60) Define the carbonation ?
Ans. It is the process of mixing air and petrol mixture and vaporize and atomize that
mixture.
61) What is clearance volume ?

Ans. When piston moves from B.D.C. to T.D.C. the volume left above in the cylinder is
called clearance volume.
62) What is swept volume?
Ans. The volume covered by piston while moving from B.D.C. to T.D.C. is known as
swept volume.
63) What is the compression ratio?
64) Explain the air-fuel ratio?
65) What is Injection Timing?
66) What are the methods of available for improving the performance of an engine?
67) Distinguish between power and specific output?
68) What is the importance of specific fuel consumption?
69) What is the torque of an engine?
70) Define the morse test?
71) What is transmission dynamometer?
72) What is need of measurement of speed of an I.C. Engine?
73) What is the break power of I.C. Engines?

EC Lab Manual

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

EC Lab Manual

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Karnatak Law Society’s

ENERGY LABORATORY MANUAL

Sub Code: 15MEL58

S.N. PARTICULARS Page No.

1 Vision and mission statement of Institution and Department ii

2 Syllabus as per University iii

3 List of Experiments in Part-A and Part-B iv

4 Course Learning Outcomes v

5 Experiment No. 1: Abel’s Flash Point Apparatus 1-3

6 Experiment No. 2: Pensky Marten’s Flash Point Apparatus 4-6

8 Experiment No.4 : Junkers gas calorimeter 9-11

9 Experiment No. 5: Bomb Calorimeter 12-13

10 Experiment No. 6: Redwood Viscometer 14-18

11 Experiment No. 7: Saybolt Viscometer 19-22

12 Experiment No. 8: Torsion viscometer 23-25

13 Experiment No. 9: Valve/port opening diagram 26-27

16 Experiment 12: Performance test on Multi cylinder petrol engine 38-43

17 Experiment 13: Morse test on Multi cylinder petrol engine 44-46

18 Experiment 14:Two stroke petrol engine 47-51

19 Experiment 15: Variable Compression Ratio, 4 Stroke Petrol Engine 52-57

20 Experiment 16: Emission measurements of diesel engine 58-58

21 Experiment 17: Emission measurements of petrol engine 59-59

22 Bloom’s taxonomy 60-61

23 Viva Questions 62-64

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEEERING

 To develop faculty and resources to impart knowledge and skills that

Subject Code : 15MEL58 IA Marks: 20

4) Determination of Caloric value of gaseous fuel using JUNKER’S gas Calorimeter

Individual and team work

technique and computing

Identify, analyze ,solve

Perform experiments to determine the properties of

Conduct experiments on engines and draw

Identify exhaust emission, factors affecting them and

ABEL’S FLASH POINT APPARATUS

APPARATUS: Abel’s flash point apparatus, Thermometers.

KLS, VDRIT, Haliyal Page 1

Fig.1. Able’s flash point apparatus.

KLS, VDRIT, Haliyal Page 2

OBSERVATION AND TABULAR COLUMN

Type of oil Used:..................

S.N. Temperature Observation (Yes or No)

KLS, VDRIT, Haliyal Page 3

PENSKY MARTEN’S FLASH POINT APPARATUS

APPARATUS: Pensky Marten’s apparatus, thermometers.

KLS, VDRIT, Haliyal Page 4

Fig.2: Pensky Martens apparatus

KLS, VDRIT, Haliyal Page 5

OBSERVATION AND TABULAR COLUMN:

Observation (Yes or No)

KLS, VDRIT, Haliyal Page 6

APPARATUS: Cleveland’s apparatus, thermometers.

DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS:

Fig.3: Open cup Cleveland’s apparatus

KLS, VDRIT, Haliyal Page 7

OBSERVATION AND TABULAR COLUMN:

Observation (Yes or No)

KLS, VDRIT, Haliyal Page 8

JUNKERS GAS CALORIMETER

AIM: To determine calorific value of gaseous fuel by Junkers gas calorimeter

JUNKERS GAS CALORIMETER

Fig.1. Experimental setup of Junker’s gas calorimeter

KLS, VDRIT, Haliyal Page 9