Ways of preventing exceptional conditions:

The ways exceptional condition can be prevented are;

The major way exceptional condition can be prevented is to first of all know the various cause of

the exceptional condition. After knowing the various causes of the condition one can mapped out

for its preventions.

Firstly, to prevent or reduces the probability of having a child with chromosomal abnormalities,

it is important the maternal age should be considered that is to say mothers below the age of

eighteen and above thirty should be carefully monitored when they are pregnant. They may be

made to have certain tests like Amniocentesis and chorionic villi sampling. This can help detect

chromosomal abnormalities and other birth defect. Armed with this information can help one

decide whether to terminate the pregnancy or not to terminate the pregnancy.

Secondly, genetic counselling can also be encouraged for couples who want to get married and

this will help them detect if they have any genetic abnormality that might have an effect on their

future children for instances sickle cell anemia. In the case of blood incompatibility or rhesus

factor normally the first pregnancy is not affected rather subsequent pregnancies may be

affected. In such situation the mother has to be given an anti RH serum RhoGram injection

within seventy-two hours after delivery of the first child to prevent subsequent pregnancies from

being affected.
Thirdly, in the situation where we are preventing environmental causes, expectant mother would

have to be educated to attend the hospital regularly and to take only drugs that have been

prescribed by qualified medical practitioners. They should also be advice to avoid the intake of

alcohol, cocaine, marijuana and other high drugs when they are pregnant.

Additionally, parent should be given education on the impact of harmful substances like lead,

radiation and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB). This therefore means that expectant mothers

should be extra careful that they are not expose to these substances.

Furthermore, they should also be advised to make their wives happy during the period of

pregnancy to avoid emotional stress of any kind. Again they should make sure they take in food

high in vitamin c before they make their wives pregnant so that babies born would not be prone

to cancer or any other disorder associated with lack of this vitamin in their bodies.

In a nutshell, it should be stressed that exceptionality may occur with no apparent organic or

physical cause discernible. If causes are identifiable, they are varied and numerous. They can be

congenital acquire, hereditary, or accidental. The onset can be prenatal that is before birth,

prenatal that is during the process of birth, or postnatal that is after birth. A very common and

apparently not serious illness, rubella (German measles) if not treated in good time can lead to

almost all handicapping conditions such as mental retardation, deafness, blindness and many
more. This especially so if the expectant mother contracts Rubella in the first three months of

pregnancy.

These are some general causes of exceptionality.

1. Prenatal

A. Genetic factor where different types of error in the genetic materials are passed on

from parent to child. The most prevalent causes of inherited mental retardation are

chromosomal anomalies present in Trisomy21 that is Down syndrome and fragile X

syndrome.

B. Health and nutritional condition of the mother during the period of pregnancy.

C. Blood incompatibility between mother and neonate.

D. Drug used by mother during pregnancy that is drug abuse and excessive alcoholism.

E. Sexually transmitted diseases that is STD.

F. Age of the mother that is been too young or too old.

G. Development disorders of brain formation

H. Diseases and infections of the expectant mother, measles, diabetes, anemia, thyroid

condition.

2. Perinatal

A. Damage to the young brain due to anoxia, pelvic or forceps pressure during birth.
 B. Prematurity.

C. Low birth weight causes by many factors like smoking, health and nutritional status

of the mother during pregnancy.

3. Postnatal

A. Nutritional status of the child during the first four years.

B. Infections causing fever and convulsions such as malaria, encephalitis, meningitis,

rubella, measles and scarlet fever.

C. Environmental factor such as pollution (lead and mercury poisoning), poor water,

noises and radioactivity.

D. Head injuries and accidents to various parts of the body including limbs, ear and eyes.

E. River blindness.

F. Accidental ingestion of poisonous substances.

G. Injuries.

Ways of preventing the above mentioned exceptional conditions.

When the cause of a condition is known it is prevented by removing the cause.

Sometimes impairment can occur when no cause can be traced. Exceptionality due to

genetic errors may not be preventable although genetic counselling based on the

history of the family and genetic test is done more frequently. Even though we cannot
completely prevent impairment but we can reduce the incidence. To do so the

following is necessary.

A. There should be good accessible medical care (prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal)

for the expectant mother.

B. The pregnant mother should have a balanced, nutritional diet.

C. The pregnant mother should avoid the used of all drugs, excess exposure to

radiation, smoke and alcohol.

D. Too many children from one mother, old or too young mothers should be

encouraged.

E. Stress during pregnancy should be avoided.

F. Breast feed the child for the first two years if possible.

G. Good medical care should be available for the child.

H. Care should be taking to avoid accidents.

I. Avoid dehydration.
 UNIVERSITY FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

FACULTY OF EDUCATION

DEPARTMENT OF BASIC EDUCATION

COURSE TITLE; PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION OF EXCEPTIONAL INDIVIDUAL

COURSE CODE; BES 301

GROUP NUMBER 8

GROUP MEMBERS

BALIK MOSOURLOU ERNEST BES/0061/18

AYITEY SINAAH ELYON BES/0056/18

UMAR USAMA BES/0045/18

MALIK SEINU FAUZ RAHMAN BES/0009/18

MUSAH ABDUL RAZAK BES/0039/18

SAAKA SALA ABDULAI AYISHA BES/0018/18