IMoT AGRI FORUM'S OCT 2019 / ISSUE #22

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THE AGRARIA
An Agricultural and Environmental e - Magazine

Why is it so important to
become ODF?

Reducing Emissions won’t help, Carbon

di-oxide removal is key to contain Global

Particularly vulnerable tribal groups (PVTG)

– An Ecological and Environmental perspective

ப�ோட்டியில்லாத அதிக இலாபத்தை தரும்

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 THE AGRARIA e - Magazine
Oct - 2019

Why is it so important to become ODF?

- Ashwin Kumar B
03

Tips to boost the yield of Tissue culture Banana variety

Grand Naine (G-9)
- Veeravalli Ashok Babu
07

Delhi Declaration And Other Outcomes Of UNCCD COP14

To Achieve Land Degradation Neutrality
09

Breaking the myths of Food fortification

- Nivendran S
11

UN Climate Action Summit 2019 to deliver new athways

and practical actions to tackle climate emergency
13

Reducing Emissions won’t help, Carbon di-oxide

removal is key to contain Global warming
- Sathes Kumar K
18

Particularly vulnerable tribal groups (PVTG) – An

Ecological and Environmental perspective
INSIDE

- Kudimetha Ganesh Kumar & GK Dinesh

23

ப�ோட்டியில்லாத அதிக இலாபத்தை தரும் உலர்மலர் த�ொழில்நுட்பம்

- க�ோகிலா .ப
27

வேளாண்மையில் உரங்கள் ஏன் ? எதற்கு ? எப்படி? பகுதி-4

- முனைவர். ச.பாபு & மு.ஜெயராஜ்
30

www.imotforum.com 2
 THE AGRARIA e - Magazine
Oct - 2019

LE T T E R
F RO M
THE
EDITOR

Why is it so important to
become ODF?
The day is finally here. Working as a consultant
in Swachh Bharat Mission from past two years, I
can’t control my happiness that the day when In-
dia will be declared Open Defecation Free(ODF)
is around the corner and I ponder about all the
efforts that have been put for realising this dream
of Mahatma Gandhi.
Why is it so important to become ODF?
What is the need to become one? Let us
know.
As per the United Nations, Sustainable De-
velopment Goal (SDG) number 6 mandates
providing Clean Water and Sanitation for
all. Thus by claiming India to be ODF, we
are telling the world that India has achieved
the massive feat of providing access to safe
sanitation to each and every 1.2 billion citi-
zens of the country. Thus we will be moving
one step closer towards Sustainable Devel-
opment.
This was neither done by a single person
nor in a single day. It took the commitment
and hard work of the union and the federal
governments along with the Panchayati Raj
Institutions, Urban Local bodies, the SHGs,
private entities, NGOs and the citizens for
5 long years. It is supposedly the world’s
largest behavioural change communication

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 THE AGRARIA e - Magazine
Oct - 2019

program which was essentially led by Toilets not only for households, but also
women. at schools, colleges, offices, hospitals,
Once upon a time, toilets were consid- community halls and all public places
ered a luxury by many. With the launch were stressed upon. Not only access
of Swachh Bharat Mission in 2014, this to toilet but also safe disposal of faeces
changed and a revolution started which through tried and tested technology
sensitised everyone that toilet was a has been stressed upon. Apart from
necessity for every household and one access to toilets, solid and liquid waste
must not shy away from demanding management and plastic ban have been
for it. stressed upon in order to make our vil-
lages and cities a cleaner place. Through
Earlier, women who didn’t have access
this mission India has set an example
to toilets at home had to wait for long
for developing countries on how to
hours until the sun set to relieve them-
achieve sustainable development goals.
selves. Not to forget the long distance
Proud to have been part of this mission.
they had to travel and the necessity to
hide themselves. If they had toilet at
The ideal village, according to the
home, the time and effort thus saved
Mahatma, “will be so constructed as to
could have been invested in education,
lend itself to perfect sanitation.”
employment which would improve
their family and social life. After the
launch of this scheme many women
especially from rural areas have found
employment opportunities as masons
to construct toilets, as manufacturers
and traders of construction material
and also as financiers. No doubt that
the government has empowered the
women by providing them access to toi-
lets and opportunities and also spurred
rural economy. Apart from this con-
struction of toilets has led to prevention
of fecal oral transmission which other-
wise would lead to umpteen number
of diseases such as diarrhoea, cholera,
anaemia, etc.

Author :
Ashwin Kumar B is an Environmental Engineer. He is also a budding travel photographer
who loves to explore India’s natural and cultural heritage and educate about them through
his photos and blogs.

www.imotforum.com 4

NEWS BITS
Environment
14th Session of the Conference of the
Parties (COP) of the United Nations
Convention to Combat Desertification
(UNCCD) held in Delhi from
September 2-13, 2019. India pledged
to convert degraded land of nearly
50 lakh hectares to fertile land in the
next 10 years by adopting “New Delhi
Declaration”.
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NEWS
# How dare You ? got trended
worldwide as a result of climate change
activist Greta thunberg’s speech on
world leaders at the UN Climate Action
Summit in New York,US.
India @ UN Climate Summit.
UN Climate Action Summit was
held in New York,US. India increases
its Non-fossil fuel target to 450 GW by
2022. 50 kilowatt ”Gandhi Solar Park”
inaugurated by PM at UN Headquarters
Exchange Trash For Free Food !!
India’s first ‘Garbage Café’ opened in
Ambikapur city in north Chhattisgarh
where people will be provided meals
in exchange of 1kg Plastic waste and
breakfast for ½ kg of plastic waste.
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 THE AGRARIA e - Magazine
Oct - 2019

Funeral for Glacier.

Iceland held funeral for Ok Jokull
glacier,1st glacier in country lost to
climate change.

Agriculture Telangana’s first food park - Smart Agro

Onions Mega Food Park (78 Acres) inaugurated
Heavy monsoons at Lakkampally village in Nizamabad
and low production district to uplift the Rural economic
have pushed onion status GOI under food ministry
prices to four year introduced the concept of food parks in
high of Rs. 80/Kg India earlier in 2012. Currently there are
in some places of 17 food parks in 14 states.
India.

Tomato
The Indian Institute of Horticultural Research,Bangalore has
developed two new tomato hybrids -Arka Vishesh and Arka
Apeksha exclusively meant for the processing industry.

“Ola and Uber type of service for Vegetarian Egg!!!

Farmers”
Agricultural ministry launched -
CHC (Custom Hiring Centres) farm
machinery app. It helps the farmers
to hire farm machinery including
tractors,tillers at an affordable price
through the app as people hire Ola
and Uber taxis over mobiles.
An Artificial Egg made entirely
from Moong Daal and five types of
lentils has been developed by Indian
Institute of Technology, Delhi. It is
priced the same as that of a brown
egg. Reachers claimed vegan eggs
are similar in taste and has similar
protein value to the original

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BANANA
Tips to boost the yield of Tissue culture
Banana variety Grand Naine (G-9)
The Grand Naine is a high yielding
Cavendish variety and is very popular.
It grows to a height of 6.5 to 7.5 Feet.
The plant bunches can be harvested
within 12 to 13n months from the date
of planting the tissue culture plants in
the main field adopting the improved
horticultural practices like drip irriga-
tion, fertilisers and manuring, integrat-
ed nutrient management and integrated
pest and disease management
Here are some tips to boost yields of
the variety.
- Practice crop rotation to maintain soil
fertility and to reduce the infestation
of pests and diseases (Ex-Sigatoka leaf
spot)
- Maintain planting distance of 6X6 ft in
the areas where Sigatoka leaf spot infes-
tation is endemic.
- Installation of drip system for
improved water and nutrient use
efficiency as tissue culture banana
responds adequately to nutrients.
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THE AGRARIA e - Magazine
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- Maintain only one healthy sucker per
plant for ratoon crop by desuckering.
Pour 2-3 drops of kerosene in the heart
of the suckers which were cut down to
ground level in order to prevent the re-
growth of suckers.
- Drip laterals have to be adjusted to
actively developing root zone at a dis-
tance of 45, 60 & 75cm in the 2nd, 4th
& 6Th months respectively for better
uptake of water and nutrients.
- Denavelling has to be done on time to
divert the nutrient flow to hands in the
bunch. In general denevalling can be
done a week after the emergence of 12th
hand from the bunch (Varies according
to growing area and soil type)
- Bottom one are two underdevel-
oped hands can be removed to bypass
the nutrient flow to other hands in
the bunch. It can be practiced in areas
where the buyers are uninterested to
pack the poor developed hands and in
turn they will be left as waste in the field
without fetching any returns.
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 THE AGRARIA e - Magazine
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- Post shooting nutrient spray with - Mattacking has to be done after the
potassium sulphate has to sprayed on harvesting of bunch to nourish the
bunches once after last hand opening daughter suckers until the mother
and second spray fifteen days thereafter stump withers and dries up.
to improve the fingers size in the bunch.
Care has to be taken as overdose will
lead to development of burn spots on
the fingers.

Denavelling Desuckering

Bunch covering & Propping Mother plant

Veeravalli Ashok Babu Postgraduate in Agriculture (Agronomy) from

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University working as an agriculture officer
in Karur Vysya Bank.
reachtoashokv@gmail.com

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UNCCD
Delhi Declaration And Other Outcomes Of UNCCD
COP14 To Achieve Land Degradation Neutrality
The Governments which are party
to the UN Convention to Combat
Desertification (UNCCD), met in the
Indian capital of New Delhi over ten
days for COP14, adopting a series of
breakthrough measures in the accord,
known as the Delhi Declaration.
Besides the LDN agreement – where-
by countries have pledged to halt the
degradation of land to the point where
ecosystems and land use can no longer
be supported – there was a landmark
decision to boost global efforts to miti-
gate and manage the risks of crippling
drought.
Countries will also now be expected
to address insecurity of land tenure,
including gender inequality; promote
land restoration to reduce land-related
carbon emissions; and mobilize inno-
vative sources of finance from public
and private sources to support the
implementation of these decisions at a
national level.
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“We have woken up to the fact that
we will see more frequent and severe
droughts, a phenomenon that will be
exacerbated by climate change”, said
Ibrahim Thiaw, Executive Secretary of
the UNCCD.
“To my mind, this was the COP where
we put people at the heart of what we do”,
he added, with Parties adopting a break-
through decision on land tenure rights and
drawing on the “unique voices, experiences
of youth and women.”
Mr. Thiaw also drew attention to the
contribution of COP 14 to the upcom-
ing Climate Action Summit in New
York, stressing that land restoration, at
scale, is one of the cheapest solutions to
address the global crises of climate and
biodiversity loss.
He said the key message to the
upcoming New York Summit was
clear, “investing in land, unlocks
multiple opportunities.”
9

The UN desertification chief also drew
attention to the role that the private
sector can play in land restoration go-
ing forward. He said it was important
for businesses to be incentivized to
help conserve land for sustainable use,
through national regulations that sup-
port sustainable land management, and
reward conservation, restoration and
innovation.
The Conference drew the interest of
nearly 9,000 participants. Delegates,
including ministers, heads of United
Nations and intergovernmental bod-
ies, youth, local governments, business
leaders and representatives of non-gov-
ernmental organizations
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Prakash Javadekar, India’s Minister for
Environment, Forest & Climate Change
and President of COP 14, reiterated the
country’s commitment to achieving
land degradation neutrality by the SDG
target year of 2030. He also promised to
provide effective leadership to the UN-
CCD during his two-year presidency.
The Environment Minister stated “Del-
hi Declaration is an ambitious state-
ment of global action by each country
on how to achieve Land Degradation
Neutrality”.
Originally published in UN NEWS
10

FOOD
Breaking the myths of Food fortification
The Vitamin and Mineral deficien-
cy is known as the “THE HIDDEN
HUNGER” as they are not produced in
our body, they need to be consumed in
minute quantities through diverse food
sources. These deficiencies contribute to
the vicious cycle of malnutrition, under
development and poverty.
Over the last twenty years the food
grain production in the country has in-
creased from 198 million tonnes to 269
million tonnes, despite this increase the
rate of malnutrition in India remains
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THE AGRARIA e - Magazine
Oct - 2019
very high. Further a study by the UN
World Food Programme, says that
Malnutrition is passed on from gener-
ation to generation, mothers who are
malnourished produce children who
are stunted and underweight. A World
Bank estimate indicates that reducing
stunting can raise India’s GDP by 4-11
per cent.
So, what is the solution to tackle this
problem? This is where the idea of food
fortification comes into the page.
Food Fortification refers to adding min-
ute quantities of Vitamins and Minerals
deficient in our diets to commonly con-
sumed foods like milk, wheat, rice, oil,
salt. Fortifying food staples with vita-
mins and minerals such as iron, iodine,
zinc, vitamin A; vitamin D is an easily
available, affordable and effective way
to combat nutritional deficiencies at
mass level.
In India the history of Food Fortifi-
cation dates back to the 1950’s when
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 THE AGRARIA e - Magazine
Oct - 2019

Vanaspati fortification with Vitamin A and synthetic nutrients also should be

was mandated, later salt was fortified avoided. To overcome this issue FSSAI
with Iodine. has come with a regulatory framework
Myhts of Food Fortification to regulate production of fortified foods
and has introduced “F+” Logo for iden-
In the present scenario, there are several
tification of fortified foods. The Food
myths revolving around food fortifica-
Safety and Standards Authority of
tion, many assume that for all fortifica-
India (FSSAI) has notified Food Fortifi-
tions demand genetic modification of
cation Regulations 2018, which provide
crops. Some think that these foods are
for minimum and maximum range of
costly and it creates a rivalry among the
fortification of staples like wheat,
food products, but they are relatively
maida, rice, salt, vegetable oil and milk.
cheap and have several nutritional
effects, and not all fortified products are The Government should also make
genetically modified. use of the well established Public Dis-
tribution System (PDS), Mid day meal
Recently there was an order from FS-
scheme and ICDS to reach the masses.
SAI for mandatory food fortification,
And it should explore approaches of
which drew opposition from several
bio-fortifications of food grains by en-
right wing organizations claiming that
abling Agri research ecosystem.
some micronutrients are sourced from
animals which is against cultural be- Food Fortification can help tackle mal-
liefs and some people also argue that nutrition only a part of the solution, for
the body can absorb only natural nutri- long term there should be awareness
ents present in the body rather than the among people to adapt a diversified
fortified one. and wholesome diet.
While several myths re-
garding this issue are
tossing up, which side
of the coin are we going
to choose? Fortification
is a low cost solution,
which benefits when the
fortified crops are taken
in adequate quantities.
There are several compa-
nies which add nutrients
above the prescribed lev-
els which are toxic and
usage of such overdose

Nivendran.S graduate in B.tech Horticulture from Tamil Nadu

Agricultural University, civil service aspirant , Yoga Teacher.

nivendran.s@gmail.com

www.imotforum.com 12

ENVIRONMENT
UN Climate Action Summit 2019 to deliver
new pathways and practical actions to tackle
climate emergency
Leaders from government, business,
and civil society are to announce po-
tentially far-reaching steps to confront
climate change at the United Nations
Secretary-General’s Climate Action
Summit in New York on September 23.
As carbon pollution, temperatures, and
climate destruction continue to rise, and
public backlash mounts, the Summit is
expected to offer a turning point from
inertia into momentum, action, and
global impact – if everyone gets on
board.
The UN estimates that the world would
need to increase its efforts between
three- and five-fold to contain climate
change to the levels dictated by science
– a 1.5°C rise at most – and avoid esca-
lating climate damage already taking
place around the world.
However, the Paris Agreement pro-
vides an open-door framework for
countries to continuously ratchet
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up their positive actions, and this Sum-
mit demonstrates how governments,
businesses, and civilians around the
world are rising to the challenge.
“The best science, according to the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change, tells us that any temperature
rise above 1.5 degrees will lead to ma-
jor and irreversible damage to the eco-
systems that support us,” said United
Nations Secretary-General António
Guterres. “Science tells us that on our
current path, we face at least 3-degrees
Celsius of global heating by the end of
the century.”
“The climate emergency is a race
we are losing, but it is a race
we can win.”
“This is not a climate talk summit. We
have had enough talk,” he added. “This
is not a climate negotiation summit.
13

You don’t negotiate with nature. This is
a climate action summit.”
He said, “Governments are here to
show you are serious about enhancing
Nationally Determined Contributions
under the Paris Agreement. Cities and
businesses are here showing what lead-
ership looks like, investing in a green
future. Financial actors are here to scale-
up action and deploy resources in fun-
damentally new and meaningful ways.
Coalitions are here with partnerships
and initiatives to move us closer to a re-
silient, carbon-neutral world by 2050.”
“And young people are here providing
solutions, insisting on accountability,
demanding urgent action.”
Greta Thunberg opened the United Nations Climate Action Summit
Increased Ambition, Accelerated
Action
The Summit is designed to showcase
government, business, and civil society
efforts to increase their commitments
under the Paris Agreement and work
toward reducing emissions to essen-
tially zero by mid-century. Many of
the more than 70 key announcements
showcase the concrete ways in which
countries can better adapt to climate
change and cut emissions while getting
the necessary technical and financial
support many of them need.
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The Summit participants recognize that
to limit climate change to 1.5°C, action
needs to start then.
Many countries used the Summit to
demonstrate next steps on how by 2020
they will update their Nationally Deter-
mined Contributions (NDCs) with the
aim to collectively reduce emissions by
at least 45 percent by 2030 and prepare
national strategies to achieve carbon
neutrality by mid-century.
The UN Global Compact demonstrated
that business is moving, as companies
with a combined market capitalization
of more than US$2.3 trillion and an-
nual direct emissions equivalent to 73
coal-fired power plants pledged to take
action to align their businesses
with science-based targets.
Getting out of coal is a prior-
ity. The Powering Past Coal
Alliance expanded to include
30 countries, 22 states or re-
gions, and 31 corporations
committed to stopping the
building of new coal power
plants in 2020 and rapidly
transitioning to renewable
energy.
Climate Finance
The Asset Owner Alliance, a group of
the world’s largest pension funds and
insurers, responsible for directing more
than US$2 trillion in investments, is
committed to transitioning to carbon-
neutral investment portfolios by 2050.
The members of the Alliance will imme-
diately start to engage with companies
in which they are investing to ensure
they decarbonize their business models.
The International Development Finance
Club (IDFC) – a leading group of 24
14

national and regional development
banks from all over the world, with a
majority active in emerging and devel-
oping countries – is to announce for the
first time a quantitative target of mobi-
lizing US$1 trillion by 2025, with at least
$100 million for adaptation. In addition,
IDFC will launch a partnership with
the Green Climate Fund to promote
direct access to international climate fi-
nance and a new US$10 million Climate
Facility to increase capacity to support
its members on climate finance.
Unlocking the Potential of Nature
in Climate Action
Several countries are to launch the
Global Campaign for Nature, which
aims to conserve 30 percent of the
Earth’s lands and oceans by 2030.
A new initiative by Central American
countries aims, by 2030, to establish
and manage 10 million hectares of “sus-
tainable productive landscapes that are
resilient to climate change,” with a goal
of no less than 40 percent reduction in
emissions from the baseline year of
2010. Launch of a High-Level Panel
for the Sustainable Ocean Economy,
representing 14 countries that cover
approximately 30 percent of the world’s
coastlines, 30 percent of the world’s ex-
clusive economic zones, 20 percent of
the world’s ocean catch, and 20 percent
of the world’s shipping fleet, including
a new initiative to build resilience for
the ocean and marine-protected areas.
The Central African Forest Initiative
(CAFI) will increase the climate am-
bition and maintain the forest cover
of Gabon, Cameroon, Central Afri-
can Republic, Republic of Congo,
the Democratic Republic of Congo,
and Equatorial Guinea, allowing the
Central African rainforest to continue
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Oct - 2019
to provide livelihoods of 60 million
people and maintain regional rainfall
patterns. The One Planet Business for
Biodiversity, led by the World Business
Council for Sustainable Development,
will protect and nurture biodiversi-
ty through commitments structured
around scaling up regenerative agricul-
ture practices, providing a more diver-
sified product portfolio to consumers,
and supporting the protection and
restoration of high-value ecosystems –
including forests.
Live, Work, and Move Green
The Zero Carbon Buildings for All Ini-
tiative pledges to make new buildings
100 percent net zero carbon by 2030 and
existing buildings by 2050. Multilateral
development banks and private finan-
cial institutions committed to aligning
their financing of buildings with the
Paris Agreement and national climate
policies—a move that could lead to a
potential US$1 trillion in “Paris Com-
pliant” buildings investment in devel-
oping countries by 2030. Two thousand
cities commit to strengthening their
capacities in project preparation by
2030, placing climate risk at the center
of decision making, planning, and in-
vestments. Specifically, they commit to
creating 1,000 bankable, climate-smart
urban projects, linking 1,000 of such
projects to finance by 2030 and creating
new, innovative financing mechanisms
that are utilized by 100 projects until
2025.
The “Action Towards Climate Friendly
Transport” initiative includes actions
to plan city development to avoid the
need to travel, shift from fossil-fueled
vehicles to non-motorized and public
transport, and improve existing modes
of transport through zero-emission
technologies.
15
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Assistance for the Least Cutting GHG Emissions Now

Developed Countries (LDCs) with Cooling and Energy
The Climate Investment Platform will The “Three Percent Club” – a coalition
seek to directly mobilize US$1 trillion of countries, businesses, and institu-
in clean energy investment by 2025 in tions – commit to putting in place more
20 least developed countries. The plat- ambitious energy efficiency policies
form will provide a menu of services to and working to drive a 3 percent annual
governments and private sector clients global increase in energy efficiency, a
in their efforts to scale-up energy transi- target necessary to meet global climate
tion and accelerate investments for low goals while enhancing economic pros-
carbon, climate-resilient development. perity in all countries.
It will also enable the delivery of ambi- The Cool Coalition will address cooling
tious NDCs. as a “major blind spot” by delivering
The LIFE-AR initiative, led by least up to 1 degree on the pathway to a 2050
developed countries, will strengthen net zero carbon world. With emissions
South-South cooperation, aim to mobi- from air conditioning and refrigeration
lize US$30-40 million, and deliver path- expected to rise 90 percent from 2017
ways to climate-resilient development levels by 2050, the collective platform
by 2030 and net zero emissions by 2050. will set ambitious cooling targets and
support cross-sectional national strate-
Small Island Developing States gies and policies such as National Cool-
ing Action Plans.
Small Island Developing States make a
collective commitment to raise the am-
bition of their NDCs by 2020 and move
to net zero emissions
by 2050, contingent
on assistance from the
international commu-
nity. They intend to
move to 100 percent
renewable energy by
2030 and provide sup-
port for initiatives that
aim to address imme-
diate adaptation needs
and the transition to
climate resilience.
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Toward a Resilient Future,
Making People Safer
A coalition led by the private sector –
representing more than 20 institutions
with US$8 trillion assets under manage-
ment – is to launch at the Summit with
the goal of developing and piloting
the first framework for the pricing of
physical climate risks in infrastructure
investing.
African Heads of State announce the
African Adaptation Initiative to ensure
the continent adapts to climate change
in the immediate and longer term and
supports regional cooperation. In an
effort to shield vulnerable populations
from the economic burden of climate
impacts, the InsuResilience Global Part-
nership Vision 2025 is to be announced.
This effort by governments, multilateral
organizations, the private sector, and
civil society will help ensure that 500
million poor people worldwide will
be covered against climate shocks by
pre-arranged risk finance by 2025.
Recognizing that traditional ways of life
have already shifted dramatically in a
changing climate, the Governments of
Norway, Germany, the Netherlands, and
the United Kingdom,as well as the World
Bank and the Gates Foundation, announced
a plan to support 300 million small- scale
farmers in enhancing their resilience to
climate shocks and extreme events, increase
household incomes and food security, and
reverse ecological decline.
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People Centered Action Now
The International Labor Organization
(ILO) and other members of the Sum-
mit’s Social and Political Drivers Ac-
tion Area, co-led by Spain and Peru,
launch the “Climate Action for Jobs”
initiative, with the goal of developing
a framework for countries that con-
siders job creation, social protection,
skills development, and technology
and knowledge transfer when taking
climate action.
The Safe Air Initiative will call on
governments—both national and at
the regional or state level—to commit
to achieving air quality that is safe for
populations and to align their climate
change and air pollution policies by
2030, backed up by commitments from
financial institutions and funds. Thir-
ty-two national governments commit
to implementing gender-responsive cli-
mate change action plans, policies, and
strategies and empowering women as
leaders of climate action.
The Economy Moving from Grey
to Green
A coalition of public and private en-
tities working on the heavy industry
transition towards net zero emissions
by mid-century set out pathways for
carbon intensive sectors to reach net
zero emissions by 2050. The shipping
industry is to launch the Getting to Zero
Coalition, bringing together decision
makers from across the shipping value
chain to reduce GHG emissions by at
least 50 percent by 2050 and make the
transition to full decarbonization pos-
sible. The coalition will develop and
deliver a roadmap with tangible steps
to accelerate the deployment of zero
emissions vehicles.
Source :www.un.org/climatechange
17

RESOURCES
Reducing Emissions won’t help, Carbon di-oxide
removal is key to contain Global warming
With each passing day, the hopes of
containing temperature rise to 2 de-
gree C rise (forget 1.5 deg C) is looking
increasingly bleak. Though we have
a range of Greenhouse gases such as
Carbon dioxide, Methane, SF6, HFCs
in the atmosphere, Carbon dioxide is
the most potent of all, due to its high
concentration and longer lifetime, de-
spite its low Global Warming Potential.
The Stockholm Resilience Centre which
designed the “Planetary Boundaries”
framework lists carbon dioxide con-
centration as one of the boundaries of
our Planetary system and has issued a
safe limit of 350 ppm, which we have
crossed comfortably in the past few
years. While scientists, administrators
and activists are looking at mitigation
measures to reduce emissions and
resilience & adaptation measures to
cope with the effects, IPCC reports re-
veal that just reducing emissions will
not save the Indonesian capital and
other coastal areas from drowning.
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THE AGRARIA e - Magazine
Oct - 2019
Therefore, Carbon dioxide removal is
seen as one of the measures to fight cli-
mate change through removing carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere. There
are numerous means of Carbon dioxide
removal which includes Sustainable ag-
riculture and soil carbon sequestration,
Natural solutions based on afforesta-
tion, Bio-energy with Carbon Capture
and Storage & Direct Air capture with
Carbon Storage. In these methods,
carbon dioxide removal through agri-
culture seems very much interesting
as farming and farmers are under im-
mense stress in all parts of the world.
IPCC recently sounded an alarm call on
land degradation where large parts of
land will lose soil fertility. Agriculture,
on a sparse land, is expected to feed
nearly 9 billion mouths by 2050 while
facing the challenges of drought, high
intensity rainfall and cyclones. Farmers
are also under severe economic dis-
tress due to reducing land fertility and
vagaries of the climate. At this crucial
18
 THE AGRARIA e - Magazine
Oct - 2019

juncture, Agri based carbon removal
solutions will kill two birds with one
stone – saving farmers from economic
distress while removing carbon from
the atmosphere. Techniques such as
conservation agriculture, in-situ incor-
poration of waste will maintain organic
content of soil, can ensure sequestration
while promoting farmer interests.
Afforestation is also adding another di-
mension to Carbon removal techniques.
Scientists fear the record number of fires
in the Amazon rainforest basin as it will
severely hamper the carbon sequester-
ing capacity of the Amazon basin while
emitting more Carbon through fires
and flora degradation. Afforestation
will also double up as an adaptation
measure and offer numerous eco-based
services to the community. One needs
to think locally to address global issues.
Afforestation and conservation farming
should be taken forth by regional and
national legislators as a means to alle-
viate the condition of farmers and com-
munity so that they readily welcome
the solution and will promote it in the
due course.
The auto-sector finds itself in untested
waters as there’s a pressure to move
away from carbon intensive fossil fuels
while electric vehicles arrive with their
own issue of scarce resources. Bioener-
gy and biofuels can help the transition
period through bio-ethanol, bio-diesel,
aviation fuel and bio-based electricity.
Various countries including Brazil have
successfully demonstrated the seamless
use of biofuels for vehicles. Perhaps, ad-
ditional research is required to advance
to next generation biofuels where algae
can be harvested instead of plants. With
requisite R&D, bioenergy sector will be
truly carbon capturing, with lesser re-
source footprint.
We need to make huge strides in devel-
oping Direct Air capture with Carbon
Storage systems as it is still in incipient
stage. Institute for Energy Economics
and Financial Analysis has pointed
out present failures in Carbon Capture
technologies and their high costs. But,
there should be no denying that Direct
Air capture of CO2 using chemicals and
other means is an absolute necessity to
contain the ecosystems within the tip-
ping points.
As discussed above, Carbon capture
techniques through various means will
help in a long way to achieve the tar-
get of limiting us to 1.5 degree C. The
Global North should lead the way in
Research and Development in the quest
for Carbon Neutrality to ensure a safe
future for the forthcoming generations.

K. Sathes Kumar is a Research Analyst in Climate Change & Sustain-

ability at the All India Institute of Local Self Government, New Delhi.
As a graduate of B.Tech. Energy & Environmental Engineering, he
is also into Green Buildings, Smart Cities,Renewable energy and any
mind boggling stuffs in any interesting field.
sathes1996@gmail.com

www.imotforum.com 19

AGRI EXTENSION
Role of ATMA in Agri extension
To shift from the old, ineffective cen-
tralised planning system and top down
approach to effective decentralized
decision making, farmer’s active par-
ticipation, Bottom-Up approach, Na-
tional Agricultural Technology Project
(NATP) established ATMA.
Agriculture Technology Management
Agency (ATMA) was established in
2004-05 initially on 7 States namely,
then it is extended to other states also.
The aim of ATMA is to provide exten-
sion services to deliver new innovative
ideas, transfer of technology, decen-
tralized decision making, farmers par-
ticipation for effective coordination
and integration, policies and resource
allocation based on needs of location
specific.i.e. at the block level.
How ATMA works ?
ATMA board at the district level is chaired
by District collector, who coordinate and
implement the policies. The funding pat-
tern of central and state government is vary
upon different states.
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THE AGRARIA e - Magazine
Oct - 2019
Under the ATMA, centre’s grants-in-
aid is released to the States/UTs with
an objective of enhancing the exten-
sion system and making available the
latest agricultural technologies in dif-
ferent areas through a Farmers Train-
ing, Demonstrations, Exposure Visits,
Kisan Mela, Mobilization of Farmers
Groups, Setting up of Farm School,
Innovative Technology Dissemination,
Research-Extension Linkages etc.
ATMA is bottom-up approach and
is planned by specific requirement
of farmers needs. Atma function as a
registered society at the district level.
The Beneficiaries including Individual,
Community and Gender concern is also
given by women’s participation in deci-
sion making and policy formulating at
block level.
ATMA provide exposure visit to farm-
ers, by which farmers get practical ex-
perience on live visit and discussion to
the experts, scientists, success farmers
based on crop specific. They arrange
20

visits for within the district, Intra-state
and Inter state
The farmers are selected based on cri-
teria by which the technology transfer
for each and every villages and end
farmers.
The farmers are selected based on
criteria by which the technology
transfer for each and every villages
and end farmers.
State Nodal Cell: The State Nodal Cell
will consist of State Nodal Officer, State
Coordinator and supporting staff. The
State Nodal Officer (SNO) shall be
designated by the State Government,
which will also provide requisite minis-
terial support. In order to carry out State
level activities, as specified in ATMA
cafeteria, and to ensure convergence
with various departments at State level
and to assist the State Nodal Officer (i.e.
Director / Commissioner of Agriculture
or equivalent) in overall management
of agricultural extension system with-
in the State, one State Coordinator has
been approved for each State/ Union
Territory.
District level: Each ATMA Unit con-
sisting of the following core staff of five
persons, under the overall supervision
of PD, ATMA, will be responsible for
the management of agricultural ex-
tension services within the District in-
cluding holding of regular meetings of
ATMA Management Committee (MC)
and ATMA Governing Board:
i) Project Director – 1;
ii) Deputy Project Directors – 2;
iii)Accountant-cum-Establishment
Clerk – 1;
iv) Computer Programmer/Operator–1
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THE AGRARIA e - Magazine
Oct - 2019
Block Level: One Block Technology
Manager (BTM) is being provided un-
der this Scheme in each Block to coordi-
nate the ATMA related activities of the
BTT and FAC. BTM will work under the
overall supervision of the BTT Conve-
ner for all ATMA related activities.
Farmer Friend: It is necessary to iden-
tify and groom progressive farmers to
act as focal points at village level. A
progressive farmer identified as Farmer
Friend (FF) will be placed at one FF per
two census inhabited villages. The FF
will help in activating the much-needed
village-based, bottom-up planning pro-
cess and serve as a vital link between
extension system and farmers at village
level.
Funding based on Region specific
plans
“Extension agents provide an action
plan for the year by consulting the farm-
ers - location or region specific in block
level by conducting meeting. The major
crops on block level is generally sug-
gested by the farmers. Later Govern-
ment approves the scheme, fixes the tar-
get for the year and allocate the funds
according to the region specific plans.”
explains Nirmal Kumar, Assistant
technology manager in Madathukulam
Block, Tamil Nadu.
21
 THE AGRARIA e - Magazine
Oct - 2019

He further said to Agademy.in that “We Research and Extension units within the
conduct Farm schools to train farmers project districts such as zonal research
the entire seed-to- seed process i.e., stations or substations, KVKs and De-
from seed sowing to seed harvest. In partments of Agriculture, Animal Hus-
our area (Dharapuram), we organised bandry, Horticulture and Fisheries etc.
demonstrations on Paddy cultivation, would become constituent members of
also took our farmers for exposure ATMA. Each Research-Extension (R-E)
visits to Uttar Pradesh to gain better unit would retain its institutional iden-
experience.” tity and affiliation but programmes and
“Demonstrations are conducted as one procedures concerning district-wise
day training by subject specialist, we R-E activities would be determined by
also provide incentives to farmers - 100 ATMA Governing Board to be imple-
rupees each with food - for a maximum mented by its Management Committee
of 40 farmers and we also provided (MC).
demonstrated products at subsidized Initiative’s like encouraging private sec-
price”. added Nirmal. tor involvement in technology transfer,
developing new Public-Private partner-
Farm Information and Advisory
ships, formation and strengthening of
Centre
farmers interest group are enhancing
In the ATMA model, FAIC (Farm Infor- the efforts of agricultural extension.
mation and advisory
centre) is another im-
portant institutional
innovation. It helps
to establish a demand
driven extension
system by providing
formal feedback and
in building better ac-
countability to exten-
sion services. FAIC
ensures bottom up
planning by preparing
block action plan and
submits to ATMA for
funding.

By

Yugendiran, Horticultural graduate,

He is a great planner and usually writes for Agademy.in

yugendhiran96@gmail.com

www.imotforum.com 22

POLICY
Particularly vulnerable tribal groups (PVTG) –
An Ecological and Environmental perspective
Who are PVTGs?
Particularly vulnerable tribal groups
(PVTG) were popularly known as Prim-
itive tribal group (PTG) in early times
after independence. Later in 2006, it was
renamed into Particularly vulnerable
tribal groups (PVTG) by Government
of India. They are more vulnerable to
westernization and modernization be-
cause of globalization, industrialization,
usage of cash money system, shrinking
forests and lesser rights on their forest
habitats. They are usually socially,
educationally and economically under-
developed when compared to other
tribes.
The way and background behind
PVTGs classification
In Clause (1) of Article 342 of the Con-
stitution of India, the notification of
STs is done by states based on Lokur
Committee proposed characteristics- 1.
primitive traits; 2. distinctive culture;
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THE AGRARIA e - Magazine
Oct - 2019
3. shyness of contact with the commu-
nity at large; 4. geographical isolation;
and 5. backwardness in social and eco-
nomic criteria.
Dhebar Commission during 1960-1961
revealed that among the Scheduled
Tribes (ST) there was bias and slow
development. The less development
in population, education and economy
was seen in some tribal communities.
At the later stage of 4th Five Year Plan,
in 1975, based on the Dhebar Commis-
sion report, identified 52 such groups
which are under developed low pop-
ulated people are recognized as sub
category in Scheduled Tribes named
as “Primitive tribal group”. In 1993, 23
more groups were added, so by 1993 it
was 75 tribal groups in PTGs.
In 2006, it was renamed into particu-
larly vulnerable tribal groups (PVTG).
Main characteristic of these PVTGs are
less population, negative or zero pop-
ulation growth, very low literacy rate
compared to other tribal groups.
23

List of PVTGs
In India, 75 tribal groups were classified un-
der PVTGs. Among the 75 classified PVTG’s
the highest number are found in Odisha
(13), which was followed by
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THE AGRARIA e - Magazine
Oct - 2019
Andhra Pradesh and Telangana (12), Bihar
and Jharkhand (9) Madhya Pradesh and
Chhattisgarh (7) Tamil Nadu (6) Kerala and
Gujarat having five groups each.
24
 THE AGRARIA e - Magazine
Oct - 2019

How PVTGs are linked with habitats are not having access to proper
electricity, transport connectivity and other
environment? basic needs. They still dependent on sun-
Next to African continent, India has the sec- light and fire as their light source and nat-
ond largest concentration of tribal popula- ural ponds, waterfall for their water source
tion. Tribals are recognized as guards of for- and forests and its produce for their food
ests they are often called “Adivasi”. Adivasi and economic purposes. They protect the
was coined from Tamil, which was base for environment as their responsibility. During
all dravidian languages and it is also one of the 2004 tsunami primitive tribes of Anda-
the oldest languages in the world. In Tamil, man were escaped by hearing the live warn-
“Adi” means “root birth or Original” and ing of some birds which shows the relation-
“Vaasi” means “inhabitants”. ship of PVTGs with nature. Many sacred
In the past, tribals were mostly hunters and grooves like peepal, mahua, neem, banyan
food gatherers, mostly dependent on Non are protected by PVTGs in their habitats.
Timber Forest Produce (NTFP), hunting, Forests play a vital role in the economic de-
livestock rearing, shifting cultivation and velopment of the forest dwelling tribes as
artisan works, even though they are hunt- they provide them with food in the form of
ing usually they won’t hunt or consume tubers, roots, leaves, fruits, flesh of animals
more than their daily needs. Moreover, they and birds and cures illnesses by supplying
collect various fibres, tubers, fruits, flowers, medicinal herbs. Skins, hides, horns of wild
honey, lac, resins, bark and vegetables from animals and minor forest produce are ex-
various places which are in depth and inac- ploited for commercial purposes. But, this
cessible areas of forests by which they are agro-forest based economy is subject to the
indirectly conserving and spreading biodi- behaviour of nature.
versity.
They usually wor-
ship five prime
elements and
powers of nature:
earth, water, fire,
air, and space.
we call them as
“Panchabootha”.
Pancha indicates
“five,” Bhoota
means “elements,”
and Sthala means
“place.” Besides,
Panchabhootha,
few tribal groups
worship the sun
and moon too.
Even today most
of the PVTG

www.imotforum.com 25

Issues with PVTGs
* Due to modern technologies, PVTGs are
suffering more by forgetting their valuable
millennium years old culture and tradition.
* Conversion of tribes into other religions
and sticking towards Hinduism and other
religions cause devastation of their own
meaningful rich rituals.
* Recently Sentinelese tribes killed one
American pastor in Sentinel island, group
of Andaman islands, which came into the
limelight. Still many tribes are treating other
civilized humans as their enemies.
THE AGRARIA e - Magazine
Oct - 2019
* Usually tribes do not have the habit of
saving money for the future, in the current
century it will make them more vulnerable
to economically unsustainable.
* Loss of forest and forest rights is the
major issue and Government also planning
to copy the same concept of foreign nations
i.e. Human-less forests, slowly Government
moving towards this concept and it makes
disaster in tribal livelihoods.
* Due to globalization and encroachment of
new non-tribal peoples into agency areas
leads to extinction of tribal languages and
non-tribal peoples are enjoying benefits and
reservation of tribes.

Kudimetha Ganesh Kumar, PhD Research Scholar in Environmental Sciences at IARI,

New Delhi. Interested in tribal rights, rich culture and meaningful tradition. He is also
belongs to PVTG (Thoti) of Telangana. He is the only PhD scholar from his tribal group.

ganeshkumar7200@gmail.com

GK Dinesh, PhD Research Scholar in Environmental Sciences at IARI, New Delhi. CEO at
Learn Agriculture memes page. Interested in social justice, Tribes, OBC and Dalit rights,
LGBTIQ+, democratic human rights, minorities, and feminism.

writergkdinesh@gmail.com

www.imotforum.com 26

த �ொ ழி ல் நு ட்ப ம்
ப�ோட்டியில்லாத அதிக இலாபத்தை தரும் உலர்மலர்
த�ொழில்நுட்பம்
நாம் அனைவருக்கும் ஏதாவது ஒரு துறையில்
சாதிக்க வேண்டும் என்ற அவா இருக்கும். பலரு-
க்கு பணம், சிலருக்கு பிரபலமாக வேண்டும் என்ற
எண்ணம், அதே ப�ோல் வேறு சிலருக்கு இயற்கை
சார்ந்த துறைகளில் எதாவது செய்ய வேண்டும்
என்ற எண்ணம் இருக்கும். அந்த வகையில் விவசா-
யம் மற்றும் அழிந்து வரும் கைவினை கலைகளை
மீட்டெடுப்பதில் ஆர்வம் இருக்கலாம்.
ஆனால் அதில் அதிக பலன்கள் கிடைக்காததால்தா-
ன் அந்த துறைகள் இன்னும் வளர்ச்சி பெறாமல்
இருக்கின்றன. அக்கலையையே வித்தியாசமாகவும்,
நவீன முறையிலும் செய்தால் அக்கலையை மீ-
ட்டெடுப்பதிலும் அதில் நல்ல இலாபமும் பார்க்க-
லாம். பலவகையான விவசாயம் சார்ந்த கலைகள்
இருக்கின்றன, அதில் நம்மில் பல பேருக்கு பிரபல-
மாகமல் இருக்கும் முக்கியமான ஒன்று தான் உல-
ர்மலர் த�ொழிநுட்பம் (Dried Flower Technology).
நம் நாட்டிலிருந்து ஏற்றுமதியாகும் மலர்களி-
ல் 60% உலர்மலர்கள். மேலும் இந்தியாவிலே
இந்த உலர்மலர் த�ொழில்நுட்பத்தில் அதிகம்
கவனம் செலுத்துபவை தூத்துக்குடி மற்றும்
கல்கத்தா. அதிலும் ஏற்றுமதி செய்யும் குறிப்பிட்ட
நிறுவங்கள் சில.
www.imotforum.com
THE AGRARIA e - Magazine
Oct - 2019
அவை முறையே..
1.Ramesh Flowers Pvt.Ltd
2.Floral Export Pvt.Ltd
3.Kolkatta Online Florist
4.Global Dried Flowers Pvt.Ltd
மிகக் குறைந்த நிறுவனங்களே இத்துறையில் உள்ளது
என்பதால் இதற்கு நல்ல வரவேற்பு இருக்கும் என்பதில்
ஐயமில்லை.
உலர் மலர் த�ொழில்நுட்பம் :
உலர்மலர் த�ொழில் என்பது மலர்களை மட்டுமல்லா-
மல் தாவரத்தின் தண்டு, இலைகளையும் உலர்த்தி
அதிலிருந்து கலைநயம் மிக்க ப�ொருட்களை உருவா-
க்குவதாகும்.
ஏன் இதைத் தேர்வு செய்யவேண்டும்?
- மிகவும் சுலபமாக கையாளும் த�ொழில்நுட்பம்.
- இயற்கையாய் கிடைக்கக்கூடியது.
- வருடம் முழுவதும் கிடைக்கக்கூடியது மலர்கள்.
- சிக்கனமானது.
எவ்வாறு மலர்களை உலரவைப்பது ?
மலர்களை உலர வைக்க பலமுறைகள் உள்ளன.
அவை அனைத்துமே வீட்டிலிருந்தே அனைவரும்
செய்யக்கூடிய வகையிலேயே இருக்கும்.
- காற்றில் உலரவைத்தல்
- அழுத்தமுறையில் உலரவைத்தல்
- கிளிசரின் மூலம் உலரவைத்தல்
27
 THE AGRARIA e - Magazine
Oct - 2019

- உலர்திகள் மூலம் உலரவைத்தல் பூச்செண்டு மட்டும் அல்ல இன்னும் பல கைவினை

- நீரில் உலர வைத்தல்
- சூரிய ஒளியில் உலரவைத்தல்
- நுண் அடுப்பு மூலம் உலரவைத்தல்
எனப் பல முறைகள் மூலம் உலர வைக்கலாம்,
அதில் உதாரணமாக ஒரு முறையை பார்க்கலாம்,
காற்றில் உலரவைத்தல்:
இது மிகவும் எளிமையான முறை. இம்முறையில்
மலர்களை சிறு க�ொத்துகளாக கட்டி தலைகீ-
ழான நிலையில் த�ொங்கவிட வேண்டும். இதற்கு
பெரிய அளவில் உபகரணங்கள் எதுவும் தேவை
இல்லை. மலரில் உள்ள ஈரப்பதத்தை ப�ொறுத்து
அது உலர்வதக்கான நேரம் அமையும். குறைந்தது
ஒரு வாரத்தில் இருந்து அதிகம் ஒருமாதம் வரை
ஆகலாம்.
ப�ொருட்களையும் செய்து அசத்தலாம்.
அவை என்னனென்ன ?
1. கட்டமைக்கப்பட்ட உலர்மலர் (Framed
pressed flower & Diy dried flower shadow box)
நாம் அனைவருக்கும் வீடுகளை அழகாக வைக்க
வேண்டும் என்ற எண்ணம் இருக்கும். இதற்காக பல
ரூபாய் விலைக�ொடுத்து அலங்கார ப�ொருட்களை
வாங்கி வைப்போம். இதற்கு மாற்றாக உலர்ம-
லர்களாலான ப�ொருட்களை பயன்படுத்தலாம்.
இவை வீட்டை மேலும் அழகூட்டும்.

2. மலர்செண்டு (Boquets)
உலர்த்திகள் மூலம் உலரவைத்தல்: நாம் அனைவருக்கும் வீடுகளை அழகாக வைக்க
இம்முறையில் மலர்களை உலரவைப்பதற்கு வேண்டும் என்ற எண்ணம் இருக்கும். இதற்காக பல
சிலிகா ப�ோன்ற உலர்த்திகளை பயன்படுத்தலாம். ரூபாய் விலைக�ொடுத்து அலங்கார ப�ொருட்களை
இம்முறையில் உலரவைப்பதன் மூலம் மலர்களின் வாங்கி வைப்போம். இதற்கு மாற்றாக உலர்ம-
வடிவம் மாறாமல் இருக்கும். லர்களாலான ப�ொருட்களை பயன்படுத்தலாம்.
இவை வீட்டை மேலும் அழகூட்டும்.
உலர வைத்தபின் மலர்களை அப்படியே கலை-
நயம் மிக்க ப�ொருட்களாக விற்பனை செய்யலாம்
அல்லது மலர்களுக்கு வர்ணப்பூச்சு க�ொடுப்பதன்
மூலம் உலர்மலர்கள் புதுப்பொழிவுடன் காட்சி-
யளிப்பதால் நுகர்வோரின் கவனத்தை அதிகமாக
ஈர்க்கும்.
உலர்மலர்களை வைத்து என்னென்ன செய்யலாம்
இன்று பாசத்திற்கும், பரஸ்பர நட்பிற்கும் அடை-
யாளமாக இருப்பது மலர்களாலான பூச்செண்டுக-
ளும், பூங்கொத்தும் தான். ஏன் இறந்தவர்களிடம்
உள்ள பாசத்தின் அடையாளமாக வைப்பதும் மல-
ர்வளையம் தான்.
இதையே உலர்மலர்களால் ஆன பூச்செண்டை
க�ொடுப்பதன் மூலம் நம் பாசத்தின் அடையாளம்
வித்தியாசமாக இருக்கும். உலர்மலர்களை வைத்து

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3. உலர்மலராலான கைபேசியின் பின்அட்டை:
(Pressed and dried flower phone case)
இன்றைய நவீன உலகில் கைபேசி நம்முடைய
ஆறாவது விரலாகவே மாறிவிட்டது என்றே
கூறலாம். அதிலும் பலர் நம் கைபேசியை அனை-
வரும் பார்க்கவேண்டும் என்பதற்காகவே அதிக
விலைக�ொடுத்து அதன் பின்புறத்தில் பல கூடுதல்
வேலைகளை செய்வர். ஆனால் உலர்மலரினா-
லான கைபேசியின் பின் அட்டை வித்தியாசமாக
இருப்பதால் எளிதாக அனைவரின் கவனத்தையும்
ஈர்க்கமுடியும்.
4. உலர் பூக்களின் உதிர்ந்த கதம்பம் /உதி-
ர்ப்பூக்களின் கலவை (Potpurri and Dried flower
scented sachets)
உலர்ப்பூக்களின் கலவையை வீடுகளில் வாசனை-
க்காக பயன்படுத்துவர். உலர்மலர்களின் உதிர்ந்த
கதம்பத்தினை பாக்கெட்டில் அடைத்து மகிழுந்து-
களிலும் (Cars) வாசனைக்காக பயன்படுத்தலாம்.
ஈர்க்கமுடியும்.
க�ோகிலா .ப
வேளாண்மை இளங்கலை முடித்தவர்
நவீன இயற்கை வேளாண்மை மற்றும் நில எழிலூட்டுதலில் ஆர்வம் உள்ளவர்.
விவசாயம் சார்ந்த புதிய த�ொழில்நுட்பம் பற்றிய செய்திகளை மக்களுக்கு தெரிவிப்பதில்
அதிக ஈடுபாடு உள்ளவர்.
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5. கதவு மாலை (Dried Flower Door Wreath)
வீடுகளின் முன் உள்ள கதவுகளில் அழகுக்கா-
கவும், மணப்பெண்களின் தலையில் வைக்கும்
கிரீடத்திற்கும் இம்மலர்களை வைத்து உருவா-
க்கலாம்.
மேலும் பல,
6.உலர்மலர் க�ோஸ்டெர்ஸ் (Dried Flower
Coasters)
7.உலர்மலர் ம�ோன�ோக்ராம் (Dried Flower
Monogram)
8.உலர்மலர் ப்ரூச் (Dried Flower Brooch)
9.உலர்மலர் துகள்கள் (Dried flower confetti)
10.உலர்மலர் வாழ்த்துமடல் (Dried flower
Greeting Card)
இப்படி மலர்களை உலர வைப்பதற்கு பயிற்சிகள்
தேவையா? எனப் பார்க்கும் ப�ோது, அடிப்படை-
யான சில செயல்முறைகள் யூடியூப் களிலேயே
இருக்கிறது. மேலும் முழு முயற்சியில் இதில்
இறங்குவதற்கு முன்பாக த�ோட்டக்கலைத் துறை
வல்லுனர்களிடம் பயிற்சி பெறுவது நல்லது.
இதை சிறிய அளவில் குடிசைத்தொழிலாகவும்
பெரியளவில் வணிக த�ொழிலாகவும் செய்யலாம்.
இப்படி வித்யாசமாக த�ொழிலினை ஆய்ந்து அதி-
லுள்ள இலாப நட்டங்களை தெரிந்து மேற்கொ-
ள்வதன் மூலம் நம்மையும், அது சார்ந்த விவசாய-
த்தையும் உயர்த்தலாமே…
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வே ளா ண ்மை

வேளாண்மையில் உரங்கள் ஏன் ? எதற்கு ? எப்படி?

பகுதி-4

இந்த 16 வகையான சத்துக்களிலும் முக்கிய- இச்சத்துக்களின் பணிகளைப் பற்றி தெரிந்து

மான சத்துக்கள் மூன்று. அவை தழை (N), மணி க�ொண்டால் தான் பயன்பாடுகள் புரியும். இச்ச-
(P) மற்றும் சாம்பல் (K). இவை மூன்றையும் த்துக்கள் கூடினால் என்னாகும்? குறைந்தால்
க�ொஞ்சம் விரிவாகப் பார்ப்போம். என்னாகும்? என்றெல்லாம் அறிந்து க�ொண்டால்
தான், குறைந்த உரத்தில் கூடுதல் மகசூல் பெற
முடியும்.
உரச்சத்துக்கள்-பணி பயன்கள் குறைந்தால் கூடினால்
I. தழைச்சத்து-நைட்ரஜன் (N) 1.செடி உயரமாக அட- * செடியின் உயரமும் வடிவமும் * பயிர் ர�ொம்ப உயரமாக,
1.தரைக்கு மேலே உள்ள ர்ந்து படர்ந்து வளர்வதாலும், சிறிதாகிப் ப�ோகும் பெரிய பெரிய இலைகள�ோடு,
தாவரப் பகுதியான தண்டு, இலைப்பரப்பில் பச்சையம் நி- கரும்பச்சையாக வளரும்.
இலை, பூ, காய், கனி றைந்திருப்பதாலும், பயிரானது * இலைகள் சின்னச் சின்ன-
ஆகயவை உருவத்தில் பெரிதாக சூரிய ஒளியிலிருந்து ஸ்டார்ச்சை தாக பசுமைநிறம் குறைந்து * செல்சுவர் மெலியும்,
வளர்க்கிறது. நிறைய தயாரிக்கிறது. காணப்படும். இதனால் பயிர் சாயும்.

2. இலைப்பரப்பு பசுமைநிறம் 2. பெரிய உருவம் + பசுமை- * ஸ்டார்ச் தயாரிக்கும் இலைப்
பெறுகிறது. நிறம் = நிறைய ஸ்டார்ச் பரப்பு க�ொஞ்சமாக இருப்பதால்
நிறைய ஸ்டார்ச்= நிறைய மகசூலும் குறைந்து ப�ோகிறது.
மகசூல்
* மண்ணில் நன்கு மக்கிய
எருவினை ப�ோடுவதன் மூல-
மாகவும், தழைச்சத்து உர-
ங்கள் மூலமாகவும், யூரியாவை
தெளிப்பதன் மூலமாகவும்
சரிகட்டலாம்.
* செல்சுவர்கள் மெலிவதாலும்
பச்சை- ஸ்டார்ச் நிறைந்தாலும்
பூச்சிகளும் ந�ோய்களும் ஏராள-
மாக தாக்கும்.
* பயிரின் வயது கூடும்,
அறுவடைத் தள்ளிப்போகும்.
ஆகவே, வயதைக் குறைக்க-
வும் செல்சுவர்களை கனமாக்கி
பயிர் சாய விடாமல் தடுக்கவும்
மணிச்சத்தையும் சேர்த்து இட
வேண்டும்.

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உரச்சத்துக்கள்-பணி பயன்கள் குறைந்தால் கூடினால்

II. மணிச்சத்து - பாஸ்பரஸ் (P)
1.வேர்பகுதி வளர்வதாலும், * பழைய இலைகள் கருநீல * முதிர்ந்த பழைய இலைகள்
1. தரைக்கு கீழேயுள்ள தாவரப்
செல்சுவர்கள் கனமடைவதாலு- சாம்பல் நிறத்தில் த�ோன்றும். அடர் பச்சை நிறத்தில்
பகுதியான வேர்ப்பகுதியினை
ம், பயிர் கீழே சாய்ந்து விடாமல் த�ோன்றும். இதனைத் தான்
வளர்க்கிறது. மண்ணிலே நிற்கிறது. * வேரினை பிடுங்கி பார்த்தா- “மறைக்கப்பட்ட பசி” (Hidden
ல் தவறான வடிவமைப்பில் Hunger) என்று அறிவியல்
2. பயிரின் செல்சுவர்களைக் 2.வேரானது ஆழமாகவும் பட- (Malformation) இருக்கும். ரீதியாக கூறுகின்றோம்.
கனமாக்குகிறது. ர்ந்தும் செல்வதால், ஆழமான
மண்ணிலிருந்தும் கூட நீரையும் * இலையினுடைய சுவாச * இதனால் பூச்சிகளும் ந�ோ-
3. இன விருத்தி உணர்வுகளை உரச் சத்துக்களையும் பயிர் செயல்பாடு குறையும். ய்களும் ஏராளமாக தாக்கும்
தூண்டிக் க�ொடுக்கிறது. எடுத்துக் க�ொள்கிறது. வாய்ப்புகள் அதிகரிக்கின்றது.
* தாவரமானது வளரும்
3.இனவிருத்தி உணர்வுகளா- பருவத்திலிருந்து இனப்பெரு-
ல் தூண்டப்பட்ட பயிரானது க்கப் பருவத்திற்கு மாறாது.
பூக்கிறது, காய்க்கிறது, அதாவது காய், கனிகளை
காய்க்குள் நிறைய மணிகள் தராமல் வெற்றுத் தவரமகவே
உருவாகின்றன. காணப்படும்.

4.பதர் இல்லாத மணிமணியான

விளைச்சல்களுக்கும் பயிரின்
வயதைக் குறைக்கவும் பயன்ப-
டுகிறது. நிறைய மணிச்சத்து
= நிறையவேர் + நிறைய பூ,
காய், கனி.

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 THE AGRARIA e - Magazine
Oct - 2019

உரச்சத்துக்கள்-பணி பயன்கள் குறைந்தால் கூடினால்

III.சாம்பல்சத்து-ப�ொட்டசியம்(K)
1. நாம் ப�ோட்ட உரமான-
து, பாசன நீரின் மூலமாகவே
பயிருக்குள் - பசுமையான
இலைக்குள் ப�ோகிறது. பகலில்
இலையில் தயாரிக்கப்பட்ட
ஸ்டார்ச் தினசரி இரவில் மற்ற
பாகங்களுக்கும் ப�ோகிறது.
இந்தப் ப�ோக்குவரத்துப்
பணியைச் செய்வது சாம்பல்
சத்தே.
2. இலைகளின் அடியில் உள்ள
இலைத் துளைகளை/ இலைத்
துளைகளின் ஓரத்தில் உள்ள
காப்பு செல்களை மூடித் திறந்து
இயக்குகிறது.
1. பகலில் உரமும் நீரும் பசு- * ப�ோக்குவரத்துப் பணித்திறன் * தென்னை ப�ோன்று உய-
மையான இலைக்குப் ப�ோவதா- உயரமான பயிர்களுக்கும், ரமாக வளரும் பயிர்களும்,
லும் இரவில் ஸ்டார்ச் பூ, காய், ஸ்டார்ச் (விளைச்சல்) நிறையக் வாழை, மரவள்ளி ப�ோன்ற
கனி, தண்டு, வேர் ப�ோன்ற இதர குவிக்கும் பயிர்களுக்கும் ஸ்டார்ச்சை நிறையச் சேமிக்கும்
பாகங்களுக்கும் ப�ோவதால் நிறையவே தேவைப்படுகிறது. பயிர்களும் நிறைய விளைச்ச-
தான் பயிருக்கு உணவு/சத்து குறைந்தால் மகசூலின் அளவும் ல்தரும்.
கிடைக்கிறது. பயிர் த�ொடர்ந்து தரமும் வெகுவாகக் குறைகிறது.
வாழ்கிறது: வளர்கிறது: தான் * ஸ்டார்ச் சேமிக்கும் பணி
உண்டது ப�ோக எஞ்சியதை * பயிர்களுக்கு தேவையான விரிவடைவதால், அறுவடை
விளைச்சலாக சேமிக்கிறது. சத்து / சக்தி கிடைக்கப் பெ- சீக்கிரமே நடக்கும். வயது
றாததால் பயிரின் ஆர�ோக்கியம் குறையும்.
2. பயிர் சுவாசிக்க இலைத் பாதிப்படைகிறது. பூச்சிகளும்
துவாரம் அவசியம். அதே ந�ோய்களும் எளிதில் தாக்கு- * பூச்சி, ந�ோய்களின் பாதிப்பு
சமயத்தில் துவாரம் திறந்தே கின்றன. குறையும். மகசூல் அதன்
இருந்தால், ஸ்டார்ச் தயாரி- தரமும் கூடும்.
க்க இலைவரை ப�ோன நீரும் * இலைத்துளைகள் திறந்திரு- * ப�ொதுவாக சாம்பல் சத்து
ஆவியாகிப் ப�ோகும். இலைத் ந்தால்..... கூடுவதால், பயிருக்கு பெரிய
துளையை பகலில் மூடி நீராவிப் 1.க�ோடைக்காலத்தில் நீராவிப் பிரச்சனை ஏதுமில்லை.
ப�ோக்கை தடுக்கவும். இரவில் ப�ோக்கு அதிகமாகி செடி வாடும்,
திறந்து வைத்து பயிர் சுவாசி- வறட்சியில் அழியும். * ஆனால், பயிரின் ஆரம்ப
க்கவும் உதவுகிறது. 2.மழைக்காலத்தில் நீர் இலை- காலத்திலேயே சாம்பல் சத்து
3. நிறைய ப�ோக்குவரத்து = க்குள் நிறைந்தது. நின்று நிறைய்ய இடுவதால், பயிரின்
நிறைய விளைச்சல் + நிறைய அழுகிப் ப�ோகும்: சுவாசமும் உயரம் குறைந்து ப�ோகிறது.
தரம், இலைத்துளை இயக்கம் = பாதிக்கப்படும்.
வறட்சிக்கு காப்பு. * அளவுக்கு மீறிய சாம்பல்
* சாம்பல் மற்றும் எருக்களைப் சத்தை உண்டு க�ொழுத்த
ப�ோடுவதாலும், ப�ொட்டாஷ் கிழங்கு, வாழைப்பழம், அரிசி
உரத்தை இடுவதாலும், ப�ோன்றவை பருத்து வெ-
ப�ொட்டாஷ் உரத்தை தெளிப்ப- டிக்கின்றன. அதனால் தரம்
தாலும் சரிக்கட்டலாம். குறைந்து ப�ோகலாம்.

விவசாயிகள் சுலபமாக புரிந்துக�ொள்ள, சத்துக்களை ஒரு அமைச்சகத்தோடு ஒப்பிடுகையில் * அளவுக்கு மீறினால் அமிர்த-
த�ொடரும்... மும் நஞ்சு!

முனைவர். ச.பாபு, இணைப் பேராசிரியர், உழவியல் துறை, வேளாண் புலம்,

அண்ணாமலைப் பல்கலைக்கழகம், சிதம்பரம்.

agribabu74@gmail.com

மு.ஜெயராஜ்., உதவிப் பேராசிரியர் (உழவியல் துறை), த�ொன் ப�ோஸ்கோ வேளாண்மைக்

கல்லூரி, சகாயத்தோட்டம், வேலூர் மாவட்டம்.

jayarajm96@gmail.com

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 THE AGRARIA e - Magazine
Oct - 2019

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qb5ihBsrQ1M

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qnTHOsMPyx4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kioh6dzKKzU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cR0clwJzZEU

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 THE AGRARIA e - Magazine
Oct - 2019

From the Agraria Team

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