Lecture 13 - Deflections: 29 October 2015 RC14-1334: Concrete Structures 1

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1
Lecture 13 - Deflections
29 October 2015
RC14-1334: Concrete Structures 1
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 1
Lecture Goals
Deflection Control of Beams and Slabs

Deflection Calculation of Beams and Slabs
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 1

Code’s General Considerations

• The SNI 2847 provisions for control of
deflections are concerned only with
deflections that occur at service load levels
under static conditions and may not apply to
loads with strong dynamic characteristics
such as those due to earthquakes, transient
winds, and vibration of machinery.
Code’s General Considerations

•Because of the variability of concrete
structural deformations, designers must not
place undue reliance on computed estimates
of deflections.
•In most cases, the use of relatively simple
procedures for estimating deflections is
justified.
•In-depth treatments of the subject of
deflection control, including more refined
methods for computing deformations, may
be found elsewhere.
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 2

Permissible Deflections
•Permissible deflections in a structural system are
governed primarily by the amount that can be
sustained by the interacting components of a
structure without loss of esthetic appearance and
without detriment to the deflecting member.
•The level of acceptability of deflections values is
a function of such factors as the type of building,
the use or nonuse of partitions, the presence of
plastered ceilings, or the sensitivity of equipment
or vehicular systems that are being supported by
the floor.
Permissible Deflections
•Since deflection limitations have to be placed at
service load levels, structures designed
conservatively for low concrete and steel stresses
would normally have no deflection problems.
•Present-day structures, however, are designed by
ultimate load procedures efficiently utilizing high-
strength concretes and steels. More slender
members resulting from such design would have
to be better controlled for serviceability deflection
performance, both immediate and long term.
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 3

Control of Deflections
•Two methods are given in the SNI Code for
controlling deflections of one-way and two-way
flexural members.
•Deflections may be controlled directly by limiting
computed deflections or indirectly by means of
minimum thickness.
Minimum Thickness for Beams and

One-Way Slabs
•The SNI Code recommends in Table 8 minimum
thickness for beams as a function of the span
length, where no deflection computations are
necessary if the member is not supporting or
attached to construction likely to be damaged by
large deflections.
•Deflections of beams and one-way slabs
supporting loads commonly experienced in
buildings will normally be satisfactory when the
minimum thickness from Table 8 are met or
exceeded.
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 4

Minimum Thickness…….
TABLE 8
mm.
wc = 2400 kg/m3 BJTD 40
1500-2400
kg/m3 (1.65 – 0.0003wc)
wc kg/m3.
fy 400 MPa (0.4 + fy /700).

One-Way Slabs
•The designer should especially note that this
minimum thickness requirement is intended only
for members not supporting or attached to
partitions or other construction likely to be
damaged by large deflections. For all other
members, deflections need to be computed.
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 5


One-Way Slabs
•Other deflections would have to be calculated
and controlled. If the total beam thickness is less
than required by the table, the designer should
verify the deflection serviceability performance of
the beam through detailed computations of the
immediate and long-term deflections.
Permissible Limits of Calculated

Deflections
•The SNI Code requires that the calculated
deflection for a beam or one-way slab has to
satisfy the serviceability requirement of minimum
permissible deflection for the various structural
conditions listed in Table 9 if Table 8 is not used.
•The commentary gives information for the
correct application of these limits, including
consideration of deflections occurring prior to
installation of partitions.
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 6


Deflections
TABLE 9
11.5.2.5 11.5.4.2

Deflections
•However, long-term effects (discussed later)
cause measurable increases in deflection with
time and result sometimes in excessive overstress
in the steel and concrete. Hence it is always
advisable to calculate the total time-dependent
deflection LT and design the beam size based on
the permissible span/deflection ratios of Table 9.
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 7

Immediate Deflection of Beams and

One-Way Slabs
•Initial or short-term deflections of beams and
one-way slabs occur immediately on the
application of load to a structural member. The
principle factors that affect the immediate
deflection of a member are:
a. magnitude and distribution of load,
b. span and restraint condition,
c. section properties and steel percentage,
d. material properties, and
e. amount and extent of flexural cracking.

One-Way Slabs
•The following concrete properties strongly
influence the behavior of reinforced flexural
members under short-time loads: compressive
strength (fc), modulus of Elasticity (Ec) and
modulus of rupture (fr).
•The modulus of elasticity particularly shows more
variation with concrete quality, concrete age,
stress level, and rate or duration of load.
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 8


One-Way Slabs
•The idealized short-
term deflection of a
typical reinforced
concrete beam is
shown in the figure.
There are two
distinct phases of
behavior:
Bilinear Moment-Deflection Relationship

One-Way Slabs
(i) uncracked behavior,
when the applied
moment (Ma) is less than
the cracking moment
(Mcr); and
(ii) cracked behavior,
when the applied
moment (Ma) is greater
than the cracking Bilinear Moment-Deflection Relationship
moment (Mcr).
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 9


One-Way Slabs
•Two different values for the moment of inertia
would therefore be used for calculating the
deflections: the gross moment of inertia (Ig) for
the uncracked section, and the reduced moment
of inertia for the cracked section (Icr).
Cracked Transformed
Section of Singly
Reinforced Beam

One-Way Slabs
•For the uncracked rectangular beam shown in
the figure, the gross moment of inertia is used (Ig
= bh3/12). The moment of inertia of a cracked
beam with tension reinforcement (Icr) is computed
in the following manner:
Taking moment of areas about the neutral axis
Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 10


One-Way Slabs
Use
Moment of inertia of cracked section about neutral

axis,

One-Way Slabs
•Expressions for computing the cracked moment
of inertia for sections with compression
reinforcement and flanged sections, which are
determined in a similar manner.


One-Way Slabs

One-Way Slabs

Effective Moment of Inertia for

Beams and One-Way Slabs
•The flexural rigidity EI of a beam may not be
constant along its length because of varying
amounts of steel and cracking at different sections
along the beam. This, and other material related
sources of variability, makes the exact prediction
of deflection difficult in practice.
•The effective moment of inertia of cantilevers,
simple beams, and continuous beams between
inflection points is given by

[SNI 11.5.2.3]
where:
Ma = maximum service load moment

(unfactored) at the stage for which
deflections are being considered
For lightweight concrete, fr is
modified according to SNI 11.5.2.3.


•The effective moment of inertia Ie provides a
transition between the well-defined upper and
lower bounds of Ig and Icr as a function of the
level of cracking represented by Ma /Mcr.
•The equation empirically accounts for the effect
of tension stiffening—the contribution of
uncracked concrete between cracks in regions of
low tensile stress.

•For each load combination being considered,
such as dead load or dead plus live load,
deflections should be calculated using an effective
moment of inertia computed with the appropriate
service load moment, Ma.
•The incremental deflection caused by the
addition of load, such as live load, is then
computed as the difference between deflections
computed for any two load combinations.

Computation of Deflections
•Deflection of structural members is a function of
the span length, support, or end conditions, such
as simple support or restraint due to continuity,
the type of loading, such as concentrated or
distributed load, and the flexural stiffness EI of
the member.
•The general expression for the maximum
deflection max in an elastic member can be
expressed from basic principles of mechanics as:
where: W = total load on the span

L = span length [SNI 10.7]
E = modulus of elasticity of concrete
Ic = moment of inertia of the section
K = a factor depending on support fixity
and load conditions

•The initial or short-term deflection (i) at any
point in a cantilever, simple or continuous beam
may also be computed in terms of moment using
the following elastic equation:
where: Ma = support moment for cantilevers and

midspan moment for simple and
continuous beams
Ie = effective moment of inertia
•For uniformly
distributed
loading w, the
theoretical
values of the
deflection
coefficient K are
the subsequent table can be used
shown in the
following table.

•Since deflections are logically computed for a
given continuous span based on the same loading
pattern as for maximum positive moment,
equation above is thought to be the most
convenient form for a deflection equation.
•The following table can also be used, gives the
maximum elastic deflection values in terms of the
gravity load for typical beams loaded with uniform
or concentrated load.



Long-Term Deflection
•Beams and one-way slabs subjected to sustained
loads experience long-term deflections. These
deflections may be two to three times as large as
the immediate elastic deflection that occurs when
the sustained load is applied.
•The long-term deflection is caused by the effects
of shrinkage and creep, the formation of new
cracks and the widening of earlier cracks.
•Time-dependent factors magnify the magnitude
of deflection with time. Consequently, the design
engineer has to evaluate immediate as well as
long-term deflection in order to ensure that their
values satisfy the maximum permissible criteria for
the particular structure and its particular use.
•Time-dependent effects are caused by the
superimposed creep, shrinkage, and temperature
strains.

•The principal factors that affect long-term
deflections are:
a. stresses in concrete
b. amount of tensile & compressive reinforcement
c. member size
d. curing conditions
e. temperature
f. relative humidity
g. age of concrete at the time of loading
h. duration of loading
•The effects of shrinkage and creep must be
approximated because the strain and stress
distribution varies across the depth and along the
span of the beam.
•The concrete properties (strength, modulus of
elasticity, shrinkage and creep) also vary with mix
composition, curing conditions and time.

•The calculation of creep and shrinkage strains at
a given time is a complex process. One has to
consider how these time-dependent concrete
strains affect the stress in the steel and the
curvature of the concrete element.
•In addition, consideration has to be given to the
effect of progressive cracking on the change in
stiffness factors, considerably complicating the
analysis and design process.
•Consequently, an empirical approach to evaluate
deflection under sustained loading is, in many
cases, more practical.
•Two approximate methods for estimating long-
term deflection appear below.

ACI Method
•According to SNI 11.5.2.5, additional long-term
deflections due to the combined effects of
shrinkage and creep from sustained loads (cp+sh)
may be estimated by multiplying the immediate
deflection caused by the sustained load (i )sus by
the factor ; i.e.
ACI Method
•The additional deflection under sustained loading
and long-term shrinkage in accordance with the
SNI procedure can be calculated using a
multiplying factor:
[SNI 11.5.2.5]
where  is the compression reinforcement ratio

calculated at midspan for simple and continuous
beams, and at support for cantilevers.

ACI Method
 is a time-dependent factor for sustained loads
that is taken as:
• 2.0 for loading time duration of 5 years or more
• 1.4 for 12 months
ACI Method
•If the instantaneous deflection is i , the
additional time-dependent deflection becomes i ,
and the total long-term deflection would be
(1+)i . Since live loads are not present at all
times, only part of the live load in addition to the
more permanent dead load is considered as the
sustained load.
•The relationship between the load duration in
months and the multiplier  is shown in the figure
to follow.

ACI Method
•It is seen from this plot that the maximum

multiplier value  = 2.0 represents a nominal
limiting time-dependent factor for 5 years’ duration
of loading.
ACI Method
•In effect, the expression for the long-term factor
 has similar characteristics as the stiffness EI of a
section in that it is a function of the material
property  and the section property (1+50).
•The total long-term deflection is:
LT = L + D + t LS
where L = initial live-load deflection
D = initial dead-load deflection
LS = initial sustained live-load deflection

ACI Method
(a percentage of the immediate L
determined by expected duration of
sustained load)
 = time-dependent multiplier for infinite
duration of sustained load
t = time-dependent multiplier for limited
load duration
•The value of the multiplier  is the same for
normal-weight or lightweight concrete.
Alternate Method
•Alternatively, creep and shrinkage deflections may
be computed separately using the following
expressions:
where:

Alternate Method
•For average conditions, ultimate values for Ct and
sh may be taken as Cu = 1.6 & (sh)u = 40010-6.
Ash may be taken from the figure below. Values for
the shrinkage deflection coefficient Ksh are given in
the table, assuming equal positive and negative
shrinkage curvatures with an inflection point at the
quarter-point of continuous spans, which is
generally satisfactory for deflection computation.
Alternate Method
Values of Ash for Calculating Shrinkage Deflection

Alternate Method
Shrinkage Deflection Coefficient Ksh
Alternate Method
•The reinforcement ratios  and  used in
determining Ash from the above figure, refer to the
support section of cantilevers and the midspan
section of simple and continuous beams.
•For T-beams, use  = 100( + w)/2 and asimilar
calculation for any compression steel  in
determining Ash, where w = As /bwd.

Alternate Method
•As to the choice of computing creep and

shrinkage deflections by ACI Method or separately
by Alternate Method, the combined ACI calculation
is simpler but provides only a rough
approximation, since shrinkage deflections are only
indirectly related to the loading (primarily by
means of the steel content).
Alternate Method
•One case in which the separate calculation of
creep and shrinkage deflections may be preferable
is when part of the live load is considered as a
sustained load.
•All procedures and properties for computing creep
and shrinkage deflections apply equally to normal
weight and lightweight concrete.
•Deflections computed using the preceding
methods are compared to the limits given in Table
9.

A simply supported uniformly loaded beam has a

clear span Ln = 8.25 m, a width b = 250 mm, and
a total depth h = 400 mm, d = 330 mm, and As =
852 mm2. It is subjected to a service dead-load
moment MD = 24 kN-m, and a service live-load
moment ML = 28 kN-m. Determine if the beam
Example 3 various deflection criteria for short- and
satisfy the
long-term loading. Assume that 60% of the live
load is continuously applied for 24 months.
Given: fc = 35 MPa, normal-weight concrete

wc = unit weight of reinforced concrete
= 2400 kg/m3
fy = 420 MPa
Solution:
Example 3

Maximum required depth (from Table 8):
Hence deflection calculations have to be made.

Example 3
Effective moment of inertia Ie:
Depth of neutral axis c:
Example 3
To get c = 102 mm.

Dead Load
Example 3
Use Mcr = Ma and Ie = Ig since the dead-load
moment is smaller than the cracking moment
(the beam will not crack at the dead-load level).
Dead Load + 60% Live Load
Dead Load + Live Load
Example 3

Dead Load
Dead Load + 60% Live Load
Example 3
Dead Load + Live Load
Short-Term Deflection
Initial Live-Load Deflection

Example 3

Initial Dead-Load Deflection
Initial Live-Load Deflection
Example 3
From the curve, we get
Example 3
where  = 0 for singly-
reinforced beam

Example 3
Deflection Requirements (Table 9)
Example 3
Hence the use of this beam is limited to floors or
roofs not supporting or attached to non-structural
elements such as partitions.

Lecture 13 - Deflections: 29 October 2015 RC14-1334: Concrete Structures 1

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Lecture 13 - Deflections: 29 October 2015 RC14-1334: Concrete Structures 1

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RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 1

Deflection Control of Beams and Slabs

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 1

Code’s General Considerations

Code’s General Considerations

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 2

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 3

Minimum Thickness for Beams and

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 4

wc = 2400 kg/m3 BJTD 40

Minimum Thickness for Beams and

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 5

Minimum Thickness for Beams and

Permissible Limits of Calculated

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 6

Permissible Limits of Calculated

Permissible Limits of Calculated

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 7

Immediate Deflection of Beams and

Immediate Deflection of Beams and

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 8

Immediate Deflection of Beams and

Bilinear Moment-Deflection Relationship

Immediate Deflection of Beams and

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 9

Immediate Deflection of Beams and

Immediate Deflection of Beams and

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 10

Immediate Deflection of Beams and

Moment of inertia of cracked section about neutral

Immediate Deflection of Beams and

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 11

Immediate Deflection of Beams and

Immediate Deflection of Beams and

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 12

Effective Moment of Inertia for

Effective Moment of Inertia for

Ma = maximum service load moment

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 13

Effective Moment of Inertia for

Effective Moment of Inertia for

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 14

where: W = total load on the span

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 15

where: Ma = support moment for cantilevers and

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 16

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 17

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 18

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 19

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 20

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 21

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 22

where  is the compression reinforcement ratio

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 23

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 24

•It is seen from this plot that the maximum

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 25

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 26

Values of Ash for Calculating Shrinkage Deflection

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 27

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 28