RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Lecture 10 – Bar
Development
20 October 2015
RC14-1334: Concrete Structures 1

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 1

Lecture Goals
Slab design reinforcement
Bar Development
Hook development

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 1

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Flexural Reinforcement in
Slabs
For a 1 ft strip of slab is designed like a beam
As (req’d) is in units of (in2/ft)

The table will allow

to determine the
amount of steel per
each foot of slab.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 2

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Flexural Reinforcement in
Slabs
The minimum spacing of the bars is given as:

Also, check crack control - important for exterior

exposure (large cover dimensions) - The spacing S of
reinforcement closest to the surface in tension ACI
Sec. 10.6.4

Flexural Reinforcement in Slabs

Maximum & Minimum reinforcement requirements
Thin slabs shrink more rapidly than deeper beams.

Temperature & shrinkage (T&S) steel is provided

perpendicular to restrain cracks parallel to span.
(Flexural steel restrains cracks perpendicular to
span)

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 3

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Flexural Reinforcement in Slabs

Maximum & Minimum reinforcement requirements
T&S Reinforcement (perpendicular to span)
ACI Sec 7.12.2

Flexural Reinforcement in Slabs

T&S Reinforcement (perpendicular to span)
ACI Sec 7.12.2.2

t – thickness of the slab

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 4

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Flexural Reinforcement in Slabs

Flexural Reinforcement (parallel to span)
ACI Sec 10.5.4

Smax from reinforced spacing

Reinforcement Development Lengths, Bar

Cutoffs, and Continuity Requirements
A. Concept of Bond Stress and Rebar Anchorage
Internal Forces in a beam
Forces developed in the beam by loading.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 5

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Reinforcement Development Lengths, Bar

Cutoffs, and Continuity Requirements
A. Concept of Bond Stress and Rebar Anchorage
Forces in Rebar
Bond stresses provide mechanism of force transfer
between concrete and reinforcement.

Reinforcement Development Lengths, Bar

Cutoffs, and Continuity Requirements
Equilibrium Condition for Rebar
 = bond stress
(coefficient of
friction)

Note: Bond stress is zero at cracks

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 6

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Reinforcement Development Lengths, Bar

Cutoffs, and Continuity Requirements
Sources of Bond Transfer
(1) Adhesion between concrete & reinforcement.
(2) Friction
Note: These properties are quickly lost for tension.

Reinforcement Development Lengths, Bar

Cutoffs, and Continuity Requirements
(3)Mechanical Interlock.
The edge stress concentration causes
cracking to occur.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 7

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Reinforcement Development Lengths, Bar

Cutoffs, and Continuity Requirements
(3) Mechanical Interlock (cont).
Force interaction between the steel and concrete.

Reinforcement Development Lengths, Bar

Cutoffs, and Continuity Requirements

Splitting cracks result in loss of bond transfer.

Reinforcement can be used to restrain these
cracks.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 8

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Reinforcement Development Lengths, Bar

Cutoffs, and Continuity Requirements
Splitting Load is Affected by:
1. Minimum edge distance and spacing of bars
( smaller distance = smaller load )
2. Tensile strength of concrete.
3. Average bond stress along bar. ( Increase in
bond stress larger wedging forces. )

Reinforcement Development Lengths, Bar

Cutoffs, and Continuity Requirements
Typical Splitting Failure Surfaces.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 9

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Reinforcement Development Lengths, Bar

Cutoffs, and Continuity Requirements
Typical Splitting Failure Surfaces.

Reinforcement Development Lengths, Bar

Cutoffs, and Continuity Requirements
General splitting of
concrete along the
bars,either in vertical
planes as in figure (a) or
in horizontal plane as in
figure (b). Such splitting
comes largely from
wedging action when the
ribs of the deformed bar
bear against the concrete.
The horizontal type of splitting frequently begins at a diagonal
crack. The dowel action increases the tendency toward splitting.
This indicates that shear and bond failure are often intricately
interrelated.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 10

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Reinforcement Development Lengths

B. ACI Code expression for development length for

bars in tension/in compression.
Development Length, ld
Shortest length of bar in which the bar stress can
increase from zero to the yield strength, fy.
( ld used since bond stresses,  vary along a bar in
a tension zone)

Reinforcement Development
Lengths
Development Length, ld

( ld used since bond

stresses,  vary along a
bar in a tension zone)

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 11

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Development Length for Bars in Tension

Development length, ld 12” ACI 12.2.1

fc 10000 psi for Ch. 12 provisions for development length in ACI Codes.

Development length, ld (simplified expression from ACI 12.2.2)

No. 6 and smaller No. 7 and larger
bars and deformed bars
wires
Clear spacing of bars being developed or
spliced not less than db, clear cover not less
than db, and stirrups or ties throughout ld not
less than the code minimum
or
Clear spacing of bars being developed or
spliced not less than 2db and clear cover not 38 47.5
less than db.

Development Length for Bars in Tension

Development length, ld 12” ACI 12.2.1
fc 10000 psi for Ch. 12 provisions for development length in ACI Codes.

Development length, ld (simplified expression from ACI 12.2.2)

No. 6 and smaller No. 7 and larger
bars and deformed bars
wires
Other cases

57 71

fc = 4 ksi fy = 60 ksi , 

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 12

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Development Length for Bars in Tension

Development length, ld ACI 12.2.3

2.5 limit to safeguard against pullout type failure.

Factors used in expressions for

Development Length (ACI 12.2.4)

reinforcement location factor where < 1.7

Horizontal reinforcement so placed that

more than 12 in of fresh concrete is cast 1.3
in the member below the development
length or splice
Other reinforcement 1.0

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 13

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Factors used in expressions for

Development Length (ACI 12.2.4)
coating factor (epoxy prevents adhesion &
friction between bar and concrete.)

Epoxy-coated bars or wires with cover less 1.5

than 3db or clear spacing less than 6db
All other epoxy-coated bars or wires 1.2
Uncoated reinforcement 1.0

where < 1.7

Factors used in expressions for

Development Length (ACI 12.2.4)
reinforcement size factor (Reflects more favorable
performance of smaller 
bars)
No.6 and smaller bars and deformed wire 0.8
No. 7 and larger bars 1.0

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 14

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Factors used in expressions for

Development Length (ACI 12.2.4)
 lightweight aggregate concrete factor (Reflects
lower tensile strength of lightweight concrete, &
resulting reduction in splitting resistance.)

When lightweight aggregate concrete is used. 1.3

However, when fct is specified, shall be 1.0
permitted to be taken as but not
less than
When normal weight concrete is used 1.0

Factors used in expressions for

Development Length (ACI 12.2.4)
c = spacing or cover dimension, in.
Use the smaller of either
(a) the distance from the center of the bar or wire to
the nearest concrete surface.
or
(b) one-half the center-to-center spacing of the bar or
wires being developed.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 15

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Factors used in expressions for

Development Length (ACI 12.2.4)

Ktr = transverse reinforcement index (Represents the

contribution of confining reinforcement across
potential splitting planes.)

The transverse reinforcement is the development

length in a column.

Factors used in expressions for

Development Length (ACI 12.2.4)
Atr = Total cross-section area of all transverse
reinforcement within the spacing s, which
crosses the potential plane of splitting along
the reinforcement being developed with in the
development length, in2.
fyt = Specified yield strength of transverse
reinforcement, psi.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 16

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Factors used in expressions for

Development Length (ACI 12.2.4)
s = maximum center-to-center spacing of
transverse reinforcement within ld in.
n = number of bars or wires being developed
along the plane of splitting.

Note: It is permitted to use Ktr = 0 as a design

simplification even if transverse reinforcement
is present.

Excess Flexural Reinforcement

Reduction (ACI 12.2.5)
Reduction = (As req’d ) / (As provided )
- Except as required for seismic design (see ACI
21.2.1.4)
- Good practice to ignore this provision, since use
of structure may change over time.
- final ld 12 in.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 17

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Development Length for Bars in

Compression (ACI 12.3)
Compression development length,
ldc = ldbc * applicable reduction factors 8 in.
Basic Development Length for Compression, ldbc

Development Length for Bars in

Compression (ACI 12.3)
Reduction Factors (ACI 12.3.3)
- Excessive Reinforcement Factor
= A(s req’d ) / A(s provided)
- Spiral and Ties
If reinforcement is enclosed with spiral
reinforcement 0.25 in. diameter and
4 in. pitch or within No. 4 ties
according to 7.10.5 and spaced 4 in.
on center. Factor = 0.75

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 18

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Example - Development
For the cross section of a simply
supported beam reinforced with
4 #8 bars that are confined with
#3 stirrup spaced at 6 in.
Determine the development
length of the bars if the beam is
made of normal weight concrete
fc = 3 ksi and fy= 60 ksi

Example - Development
Check if conditions for spacing and concrete
cover are met:
For #8 bars, db = 1.0 in.
Clear cover = 2.5 in - 0.5 in.= 2.0 in. > db
Clear spacing
between bars

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 19

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Example - Development
Bars are confined with #3 stirrups. The conditions are
met.

Determine the factors; = 1.0 (bottom bars),  =1.0

(no coating) and  = 1.0 (normal weight concrete) and
54.8 psi < 100 psi

Example - Development

So ld = 54.8(1.0 in.) = 54.8 in. 55 in. Using the

more general formula Ktr = 0.0

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 20

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Example - Development
 =  =  =  = 1.0. Also

c = smaller of distance from center of bar to the nearest

concrete surface c1 or one-half the center-to-center
of bars spacing c2

c = 1.17 in. controls

Example - Development
If < 1.5 use 1.5. 1.17/1.0 = 1.17 1.5

So ld = 55 in.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 21

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Example - Development
If the same beam is made of light
weight aggregate concrete and
the bars are epoxy coated and As
required for analysis is 2.79 in2

Example - Development
The conditions are met.

Determine the factors; = 1.0 (bottom bars),  =1.5

(epoxy coating) and  = 1.3 (lightweight aggregate
concrete) and Rs = (As(req) / As(provided) ) = 2.79/3.16 = 0.89.
The value of  is 1.5 because the concrete cover is less
than 3db = 3 in.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 22

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Example - Development
Check that  =1.0(1.5) = 1.5 < 1.7

So ld = 95.1(1.0 in.) = 95.1 in. 96 in.

Critical Sections in Flexural

Members
The critical sections for development of reinforcement in
flexural members are:

1. At points of maximum stress;

2. At points where tension bars within span are
terminated or bent;
3. At the face of the support;
4. At points of inflection at which moment
changes sign.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 23

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Critical Sections in Negative

Moment Reinforcement

Three sections are critical for

the negative moment
reinforcement:
Section 1 is at the face of the
support, where the negative
moment as well as stress are at
maximum value. Two
development lengths, x1 and x2
must be checked.

Critical Sections in Negative

Moment Reinforcement
Section 2 is the section where
part of the negative reinforcement
bar can be terminated. To
develop full tensile force, the bars
should extend a distance x2
before they can be terminated
Once part of the bars are
terminated the remaining bars
develop maximum stress.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 24

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Critical Sections in Negative

Moment Reinforcement
Section 3 is a point of inflection
The bars shall extend a distance x3
beyond section 3: x3 must be
equal to or greater than the
effective depth d, 12db or 1/16 the
span, which ever is greater. At
least 1/3 of the total reinforcement
provided for negative moment at
support shall extend a distance x3
beyond the point of inflection.

Critical Sections in Positive

Moment Reinforcement
Section 4 is that of maximum
positive moment and maximum
stresses. Two development
lengths x1 and x2 have to be
checked. The length x1 is the
development length ld specified by
the ACI Code Section 12.11. The
length x2 is equal to or greater
than the effective depth d, 12db .

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 25

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Critical Sections in Positive

Moment Reinforcement
Section 5 is where part of the positive
reinforcement bars may be terminated.
To develop full tensile force, the bars
should extend a distance x2. The
remaining bars will have a maximum
stress due to the termination of part of the
bars. At the face of the support section 1,
at least 1/4 of the positive moment
reinforcement in continuous members shall expend along the
same face of the member into the support, according to ACI
12.11.1. For simple members at least 1/3 of the reinforcement
shall extend into the support

Critical Sections in Positive

Moment Reinforcement
Section 6 is at the points of
inflection limits are according to
section 12.11.3 of the ACI Code.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 26