RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Lecture 2 - Fundamentals

17 September 2015
RC14-1334: Concrete Structures 1

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 1

Lecture Goals
Concrete Properties
Steel Properties

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Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
In the design of concrete mixes, three principal
requirements for concrete are of importance:
Quality
Workability
Economical

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Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
Quality of concrete is measured by its
strength and durability. The principal factors
affecting the strength of concrete , assuming
a sound aggregates, W/C ratio, and the
extent to which hydration has progressed.
Durability of concrete is the ability of the
concrete to resist disintegration due to
freezing and thawing and chemical attack.

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Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
Workability of concrete may be defined as a
composite characteristic indicative of the ease
with which the mass of plastic material may
deposited in its final place without
segregation during placement, and its ability
to conform to fine forming detail.

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Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
Economical takes into account effective use
of materials, effective operation, and ease of
handling. The cost of producing good quality
concrete is an important consideration in the
overall cost of the construction project.

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Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
The influence of ingredients on properties
of concrete.

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Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
3. Workability
 Workability measured by slump test

slump
12”

1 2 3 4
1. Layer 1: Fill 1/3 full. 25 stokes
2. Layer 2: Fill 2/3 full. 25 stokes
3. Layer 3: Fill full. 25 stokes
4. Lift cone and measure slump (typically 2-6 in.)

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Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
Slump test - The measurement of the consistency of the
mix is done with the slump-cone test. The recommend
consistency for various classes of concrete structures .

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Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning

4. Admixtures
 Applications:
 Improve workability
 Accelerate or retard setting and
hardening
 Aid in curing
 Improve durability

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Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
4. Admixtures
 Air-Entrainment: Add air voids with bubbles
 Help with freeze/thaw cycles, workability,
etc.
 Decreases density: reduces strength, but
also decreases W/C
 Superplasticizers: increase workability by
chemically releasing water from fine
aggregates.

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Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
5. Types of Cement
 Type I: General Purpose
 Type II: Lower heat of hydration than
Type I
 Type III: High Early Strength
 Higher heat of hydration
quicker strength (7 days vs. 28 days for
Type I)

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Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
5. Types of Cement

 Type IV: Low Heat of Hydration

 Gradually heats up, less distortion
(massive structures).
 Type V: Sulfate Resisting
 For footings, basements, sewers, etc.
exposed to soils with sulfates.

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Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
Failure Mechanism of Concrete

Shrinkage
Microcracks are the
initial shrinkage cracks
due to carbonation
shrinkage, hydration
shrinkage, and drying
shrinkage.

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Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
Failure Mechanism of Concrete
Bond Microcracks
are extensions of
shrinkage microcracks,
as the compression
stress field increases,
the shrinkage
microcracks widen but
do not propagates into
the matrix. Occur at
15-20 % ultimate
strength of concrete.
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Concrete Mixing and

Proportioning
Failure Mechanism of Concrete
Matrix Microcracks - are
microcracks that occur in
the matrix. The propagate
from 20% fc. Occur up to
30-45 % ultimate strength
of concrete. Matrix
microcracks start bridge one
another at 75%. Aggregate
microcracks occur just
before failure (90%).
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Concrete Properties
1. Uniaxial Stress versus Strain Behavior in
Compression
fc Ec
f’c 12”

0.45f’c 6”

go gu gc
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Concrete Properties
The standard strength test generally uses a
cylindrical sample. It is tested after 28 days to test
for strength, fc. The concrete will continue to
harden with time and for a normal Portland cement
will increase with time as follows:

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Concrete Properties
 Compressive Strength, f’c
 Normally use 28-day strength for design
strength fc Ec
 Poisson’s Ratio,  f’ c

 ~ 0.15 to 0.20 0.45f’c

 Usually use  0.17
go gu gc

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Concrete Properties
 Modulus of Elasticity, Ec
 Corresponds to secant modulus at 0.45 f’c
 ACI 318-02 (Sec. 8.5.1):

where w = unit weight (pcf)

90 pcf < wc <155 pcf

For normal weight concrete

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RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Concrete Properties
Compute Ec for f’c = 4500 psi for normal
weight (145 pcf) concrete using both ACI
equations:

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Concrete Properties
 Concrete strain at max. compressive stress,
go
 For typical g curves in compression
 go varies between 0.0015-0.003
 For normal strength concrete, go ~ 0.002

fc Ec
f’c

0.45f’c

go gu
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RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Concrete Properties
 Maximum useable strain, gu
 ACI Code: gu = 0.003
 Used for flexural and axial compression
fc
Ec
f’c

0.45f’c

go gu

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Concrete Properties
Typical Concrete Stress-Strain Curves in
Compression

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Concrete Properties
Types of compression failure
There are three
modes of failure.
[a] Under axial
compression concrete
fails in shear.
[b] the separation of the specimen into columnar
pieces by what is known as splitting or columnar
fracture.
[c] Combination of shear and splitting failure.
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Concrete Properties
2. Tensile Strength
 Tensile strength ~ 8% to 15% of f’c
 Modulus of Rupture, fr
 For deflection calculations, use:

ACI Eq. 9-10

 Test:
P unreinforced
concrete beam

fr
Mmax = P/2*a

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Concrete Properties
2. Tensile Strength (cont.)
 Splitting Tensile Strength, fct
 Split Cylinder Test
P
Concrete Cylinder
Poisson’s
Effect

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Concrete Properties
2. Tensile Strength (cont.)

(Not given in
ACI Code)

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Concrete Properties
3. Shrinkage and Creep
 Shrinkage: Due to water loss to atmosphere
(volume loss).
 Plastic shrinkage occurs while concrete is still
“wet” (hot day, flat work, etc.)
 Drying shrinkage occurs after concrete has set
 Most shrinkage occurs in first few months (~80%
within one year).
 Cycles of shrinking and swelling may occur as
environment changes.
 Reinforcement restrains the development of
shrinkage.
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Concrete Properties
Shrinkage of an Unloaded Specimen

Fig. 3-21, MacGregor (1997)

* 80% of shrinkage occurs in first year

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RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Concrete Properties
Shrinkage is a function of
 W/C ratio (high water content reduces
amount of aggregate which restrains
shrinkage)
 Aggregate type & content (modulus of
Elasticity)
 Volume/Surface Ratio

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Concrete Properties
 Shrinkage is a function of
 Type of cement (finely ground…)
 Admixtures
 Relative humidity (largest for
relative humidity of 40% or
less).
 Typical magnitude of strain:
(200 to 600) * 10-6
or (200 to 600 microstrain)

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Concrete
Creep
Properties
 Deformations (strains) under sustained loads.
 Like shrinkage, creep is not completely
reversible.
P
L, elastic
L, creep
L

P
g=L/L

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Concrete Properties
 Magnitude of creep strain is a function of all
the above that affect shrinkage, plus
 magnitude of stress
 age at loading

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Concrete Properties

 Creep strain develops over time…

 Absorbed water layers tend to become
thinner between gel particles that are
transmitting compressive stresses
 Bonds form between gel particles in their
deformed position.

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Concrete Properties
 Tri-axial Compression
 Confined Cylinder
 Improved strength and ductility versus
uniaxial compression F1
 Example: spiral reinforced

F3
where,
F1 = longitudinal stress at failure
F1
F3 = lateral pressure

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Concrete Properties
 Tri-axial Compression

Fig. 3-15, MacGregor (1997)

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Steel Reinforcement
1. General
 Standard
Reinforcing Bar
Markings

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Steel Reinforcement
1. General
 Most common types for non-prestressed
members:
 hot-rolled deformed bars
 welded wire fabric

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Steel Reinforcement
 Areas, Weights, Dimensions

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Steel Reinforcement
2. Types
 ASTM A615 - Standard Specification for
Deformed and Plain-Billet Steel Bars
 Grade 60: fy = 60 ksi, #3 to #18
 most common in buildings and bridges

 Grade 40: fy = 40 ksi, #3 to #6

 most ductile

 Grade 75: fy = 75 ksi, #6 to #18

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Steel Reinforcement

2. Types

 ASTM A616 - Rail-Steel Bars

 ASTM A617 - Axle-Steel Bars
 ASTM A706 - Low-Alloy-Steel Bars
 more ductile GR60 steel
 min. length of yield plateau = sh/y = 5

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Steel Reinforcement
3. Stress versus Strain
 Stress-Strain curve
for various types of
steel reinforcement
bar.

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Steel Reinforcement
Es = Initial tangent GR 60 (less ductile)
modulus = 29,000
ksi (all grades) GR 40
Stress
Es
Note: 1
GR40 has a
0.20
longer yield
Strain
plateau

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Class of Structures

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Class of Structures

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Class of Structures

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Class of Structures
Retaining Wall Abutment

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Class of Structures
Deformed Frame Reinforced Frame

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