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Fibre reinforced concrete - A state-of-the-art review

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 ACSGE-2009, Oct 25-27, BITS Pilani, India

FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE – A STATE-OF-

THE-ART REVIEW

GOURI MOHAN L1, NAZEER M2, NIZAD A2 and SURESH S2

1
Post Graduate student, Department of Civil Engineering, TKM College of Engineering,
Kollam, Kerala
2
Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering, TKM College of Engineering, Kollam, Kerala

Abstract: Concrete is presently the most widely used manufactured construction

material in the world. This superiority of concrete over other construction materials is
due to its high compressive strength along with other advantages such as water
resistance, low maintenance cost, ease in mouldability to required size and shape, low
cost, less energy input in manufacture, and so on. However, lower tensile strength and
brittle behaviour are considered as the major disadvantage of this material. Reinforcing
concrete is the best way to prevent the cracking of concrete subjected to tensile stress.
Reinforcing concrete using discrete fibres, randomly arranged, is an acceptable solution
to improve the ductility of concrete. Addition of fibres in concrete affects most of the
properties both in wet and set stages. By reviewing many of the recent literature on fibre
reinforced concrete, it is very clear that its structural performance is superior to non-
fibrous reinforced concrete structures. These enhancements in material properties have
paved the way for more research in this area to explore its advancement into unused
areas. Experimental results quantitatively reveal its improvement in various parameters
like tensile strength, flexural strength, toughness, ductility, resistance to corrosion,
resistance to cyclic and dynamic loads, cracking resistance, etc which highlight its better
material behaviour. But the effective structural use of steel fibre reinforced concrete
(SFRC) depends on the assumption of uniform fibre dispersion within the elements. Thus
fibre dispersion related issues stand as a cutting edge between research and technology
development topic. A solution to this problem was obtained through the use of self
compacting concrete which has led to the elimination of compaction by vibration which is
helpful in guarantying a uniform dispersion of fibres. From this peripheral study it is
evident that investigation on fibre dispersion and the performance of the composite in
set and wet stages should be thoroughly assessed which should be aimed at promoting
its wider use for full load bearing structural applications.
Keywords : Fibre reinforced concrete; composite; strength; durability; structural
performance.

Introduction the present construction industry, the

The author brings out a consolidated
form of the various enhanced properties
of concrete by the addition of steel fibres
based on the experimental results
brought out by experts in this field.
Hence these results are reliable and
reflect the true behaviour of the material
for achieving an optimum structural
design. This paper can thus be referred
to as a state-of-the-art review of fibre
reinforced concrete. Even though FRC is
a commonly used building material in
author stresses on the importance of
conducting more researches in this area
to explore its advancement into many
more unused areas promoting its wider
use for full load bearing structural
applications. Recent researches on
hybrid fibre reinforced concrete may
even broaden its use to other
unexplored areas. The huge
consumption of this material also
demands the need for standardization of
FRC based on the Indian scenario which

1
 ACSGE-2009, Oct 25-27, BITS Pilani, India
will naturally be a guideline for the
practicing engineers.
The material behaviour of concrete
showed a tremendous improvement in
the various parameters like tensile
strength, flexural strength, toughness,
ductility, resistance to corrosion,
resistance to cyclic and dynamic loads,
cracking resistance, etc due to the
addition of steel fibres. The use of SFRC
is particularly suitable for structures
when they are subjected to loads over
the serviceability limit state in bending
and shear and when exposed to impact
and dynamic forces, as they occur under
seismic or dynamic action. This is mainly
because the de-bonding and pulling out
of the fibres require more energy
absorption resulting in a substantial
increase in the toughness and fracture
resistance of the material to cyclic and
dynamic loads. It increases elastic
modulus, decreases brittleness; controls
crack initiation and its subsequent
growth and propagation. The behaviour
of a composite material is influenced by
the characteristic of each component,
their synergistic interaction and by their
proportion in the mixture. When fibres
are added to a concrete mix, fibre
characteristics such as their type, shape,
Lf
aspect ratio and volume content
Df
Vf play an important role in modifying
the behaviour of the material. In
addition to this, it also needs to be
emphasized that variation in specimen
geometry, loading versus casting
direction, loading rate and maximum
aggregate size also modify the
mechanical behaviour of fibre concrete.
From a structural point of view, concrete
is assumed to be a no-tension material
with some softening post-peak
behaviour in compression due essentially
to the limited transverse strain capability
of the material. This characteristic
influences the structural performances of
reinforced concrete structures because
the mechanical behaviour of concrete is
essentially brittle. The negative effects
of the brittle behaviour of the material
can be reduced by improving the post-
peak behaviour of the concrete with the
2
addition of fibres. Moreover, good
structural design demands high quality
experimental data and reliable modeling
of the mechanical properties of the
constituent materials and hence all the
factors that affect and enhance the
material properties have to be clearly
analyzed and noted. Thus it is very
essential that the steel fibres should be
added only in optimum quantity based
on the area of application in order to
improve the structural strength of
concrete. This paper focuses on the set
and wet enhanced properties of FRC.
Fresh State Properties of FRC
An exhaustive test was conducted by
Ozyurt et al. (2007) to investigate the
effect of fibre dispersion on the rheology
of FRC using a custom designed parallel
plate rheometer to determine the yield
stress and viscosity of cement paste and
mortar. The result showed that, the
viscosity and yield stress increased with
the addition of viscosity modifying
admixture while self compacting
concrete mix was found to have lower
yield stress and higher viscosity.
Four concrete mixes with different mix
proportions were investigated for
workability by Tantary et al. (2008),
considering aspect ratio, fibre dosage
and super plasticizer dosage as
variables. In the study authors
established a correlation between
various parameters of different mixes. A
general trend of reduction in slump
value for a given mix with increase in
fibre content was established
irrespective of the aspect ratio and the
super plasticizer dosage. Also an
analytical model (straight line equation)
to predict the reduction in slump was
also established from their investigation.
Mohammadi et al. (2008) investigated
workability properties of mixed fibre
(containing fibres of two aspect ratios)
reinforced concrete mixes. The inverted
slump cone test was used to measure
the workability of the steel fibre
reinforced concrete. This test has been
specifically developed to obtain the
workability of fibre reinforced concrete
and measures its mobility or fluidity
under internal vibrations. The results
 ACSGE-2009, Oct 25-27, BITS Pilani, India

indicate that the workability of concrete 100

decreased uniformly with the increase in

Compressive Strength, MPa

98
fibre content. 96
The introduction of steel fibres results in
an apparent increase in the stiffness of 94

the mix. The fibre aspect ratio has 92

significant influence on the workability of 90
the fresh mix. Lower aspect ratio of
fibres resulted in higher compaction 88

factors or lower inverted slump cone 86

time and Ve-Be time. The tendency of 84
fibres to clump together is markedly 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
reduced in case of concrete with fibres of Fibre Volume Fraction, %
lower aspect ratio compared to concrete
with fibres of higher aspect ratio.
Further, more uniform dispersion of Fig. 1 Relation between
smaller fibres was obtained in the compressive strength and fibre
concrete mix as compared to larger volume fraction.
fibres. Excessive fibre balling, even at 16

higher volume fractions, was reduced 14

resulting in better workability of the 12

concrete mix containing shorter fibres.
Strength, MPa

10
From the observations, it can also be
concluded that a linear relationship 8

exists between the VeBe time and the 6

inverted slump cone time irrespective of 4 Split strength
the fibre content. Mod. Of Rupture
2

Strength Parameters of FRC 0

Song and Hwang, (2004) investigated
the mechanical properties of high-
strength steel fibre reinforced concrete
with varying fibre content (volume
fraction 0 – 2%). Various relations were
proposed by investigators from test
results to predict the compressive
strength, splitting tensile strength and
modulus of rupture of high strength
steel fibre reinforced concrete knowing
the values of high strength concrete and
the volume of fibre added. It was seen
that the compressive strength increased
with the fibre content up to Vf=1.5% as
indicated in Fig.1. The variation of split
tensile strength and modulus of rupture
followed a linear relation with the fibre
volume fraction. Both the strength
parameters increased with the fibre
content (Fig.2).
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Fibre Volume Fraction, %
Fig. 2 Relation between split tensile
strength, modulus of rupture and
fibre volume fraction
A series of experiments were conducted
by Balendran et al. (2002) to
investigate the effectiveness of fibre
inclusion in the improvement of
mechanical performance of concrete with
regard to concrete type and specimen
size. Lightweight aggregate concrete and
limestone aggregate concrete with and
without steel fibres were used in the
study.
It was seen that low volume of steel
fibre increased cylinder splitting tensile
strength and modulus of rupture,
although it had little effect on
compressive strength. The effectiveness
of fibre reinforcement depends on the
properties of the concerned concrete
matrix. With the same type and volume
of fibre, the improvement in splitting
tensile strength and flexural strength

3
 ACSGE-2009, Oct 25-27, BITS Pilani, India
was much more for lightweight concrete
than for normal weight concrete. There
was no size effect on prism splitting
tensile strength of normal weight and
lightweight aggregate plain concrete. In
the case of fibre-reinforced concrete
(both normal and lightweight), size
effect was not significant when the size
of specimen exceeded a critical
(transition) size of 150 mm. Toughness
indices of lightweight fibre-reinforced
concrete are not very sensitive to the
specimen size. On the other hand, for
fibre-reinforced normal weight concrete,
toughness indices became smaller when
the specimen size increased. Hence the
size effect on toughness need to be
considered while designing ductile
behaviour of fibre-reinforced structures.
Further research is needed to examine
size effect on toughness.
Bencardino et al. (2008) presented
the compression test results on cubes
and cylindrical specimens of plain and
steel fibre-reinforced concrete with fibre
volume of 1%, 1.6%, and 3%.
Compressive strengths were evaluated
by experiment and suitable stress-strain
curves on cylindrical specimens were
also recorded to highlight the role of the
fibres in the post-peak response.
The strength test results show that the
compressive strength value is affected
by the shape of the test specimen. The
experimental results also emphasized
that, through correct mix design,
consistent quality of fibre concrete can
be produced and placed in the field.
Therefore the results confirm that the
most significant contribution of fibres in
concrete is to enhance the post-peak
behaviour very substantially both in
compression and tension. This is mainly
because fibres continue to resist crack
growth and crack propagation after the
first crack, and allow concrete to sustain
very high strains, of the order of five to
six times the value of plain concrete
crushing. The graph indicates the
variation in the post peak response of
concrete with the addition of fibres.
The increase in fibre content improves
the post peak behaviour and a more
extended softening branch is observed
(Fig.3). SFRC specimens with fibre
4
content of 1.6 and 3% show, at 0.01
strain, a residual stress of about 74 and
78% of their respective peak stresses.
At these fibre volumes, the ultimate
strain at failure reaches values of
three to five times the ultimate strain
values.
Fig. 3 Typical stress-strain curves of
cylindrical specimens without and
with fibres
Job Thomas and Ananth
Ramaswamy (2007) presented their
results through an experimental
program and an analytical assessment of
the influence of addition of fibres on
mechanical properties of concrete. The
models derived were based on the
regression analysis of 60 test data for
various mechanical properties of steel
fibre-reinforced concrete. The various
strength properties that they studied
were cube and cylinder compressive
strength, split tensile strength, modulus
of rupture, post cracking performance,
modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio,
and strain corresponding to peak
compressive stress. The strength of steel
fibre-reinforced concrete predicted using
the proposed models have been
compared with the test data from the
present study and with various other
test data. The proposed models
predicted the test data quite accurately.
The study indicated that the fibre matrix
interaction contributes significantly to
enhancement of mechanical properties
caused by the introduction of fibers.
Thus the following conclusions were
made from their study. There was only a
small increase in the compressive
strength, modulus of elasticity, and
Poisson’s ratio (less than 10%) in
various grades of concrete due to the
 ACSGE-2009, Oct 25-27, BITS Pilani, India
addition of steel fibres. The maximum
increase in the tensile strength, namely,
split tensile strength and modulus of
rupture due to the addition of steel
fibres, was found to be about 40% in
various grades of concrete and is the
primary justification for using fibres in
concrete. The post-cracking response is
significantly enhanced with fibre dosages
across the different concrete grades.
The maximum increase in the strain
corresponding to the peak compressive
strength was found to be about 30% in
various grades of concrete. Enhanced
peak strain capacity is another
significant benefit derived from the use
of fibres. The proposed strength
prediction models can be used for the
assessment of the strength properties of
SFRC based on the grade of concrete
and fibre reinforcing index (RI=VfLf /φf).
Bischoff, (2003) investigated the post
cracking response of reinforced concrete
tension members made with both plain
and steel fibre-reinforced concrete at a
moderate dosage of 60 kg/m3. Tension
stiffening reflects the ability of concrete
to carry tension between cracks, which
increases member rigidity of a reinforced
concrete member before the
reinforcement yields. Changes to
member rigidity affect deflection and
crack widths under service loads. While
plain concrete is assumed to carry
tension between the cracks only, FRC is
able to carry significant tensile forces at
a crack in addition to the tension
between cracks. This effectively
increases tension stiffening, improves
crack control and permits use of higher-
strength reinforcing steels by still
maintaining control of crack widths and
can provide a reinforced concrete
member with additional strength after
yielding of the reinforcement depending
on the type and dosage of fibres used.
Tension stiffening in FRC is a presence of fibres proves to be more
combination of behaviour between the
cracks and at the cracks.
Unlike plain concrete, SFRC exhibits
tension stiffening after yielding of the
reinforcing steel because of the ability to
carry tensile stresses across the cracks.
Also, the uni-axial post-cracking tensile
strength immediately after cracking
5
governs serviceability behaviour, while
the post-cracking strength at the larger
deformations associated with failure
governs for strength design.
FRC in Shear and Torsion
Cucchiara et al. (2004) investigated
that the inclusion of fibres in adequate
percentage can change the brittle mode
of failure characterizing shear collapse
into a ductile flexural mechanism thus
allowing Fig. 4 Classification of
beams based on Kani’s valley
larger dissipation of energy. It also
confirmed the possibility of achieving
analogous performance by using
reinforcing fibres instead of increasing
the amount of transverse reinforcement
in the form of stirrups. The investigation
was done for two shear span to effective
depth ratios to study the behaviour in
two different modes of failure as shown
in Fig.4.
In FRC beams a more progressive
cracking process was observed with
reduced crack widths. It was also
possible to compare the ultimate
strength by using steel fibres as shear
reinforcement in an adequate dosage
instead of stirrups, although a coupled
use is more suitable because stirrups
allow a greater deformation capacity
beyond the elastic limit. Moreover the
effective in beams in which the failure in
the absence of adequate reinforcement
is governed by beam effect.
Rao and Rama Sheshu, (2006) tried
to explore the beneficial prospects of
steel fibres in reinforced concrete
members with either longitudinal
 ACSGE-2009, Oct 25-27, BITS Pilani, India
reinforcement or transverse
reinforcement and also the potential of
these fibres in concrete to act as
longitudinal reinforcement or transverse
reinforcement in a beam where any one
of the reinforcements were absent. They
conducted tests on the torsional
behaviour of RC members as torsional
rigidity; torsional stiffness and torsional
toughness of the members play a vital
role in the analysis of structures
subjected to seismic loads and wind
loads. The pure state of shearing
stresses due to torsional load induces
the principal diagonal tensile stress
which is principally responsible for the
failure of the plain concrete member
under pure torsion.
It was seen that the addition of steel
fibres of about 1.2% improved the
torsional toughness of the non-fibrous
beam by about 200% and torsional
stiffness by 148%. This indicates that
the single type of reinforcement does
not help in improving the torsional
strength of beams beyond the first
visible cracking torque. Thus, it can be
inferred that the ultimate torsional
strength of the beams with single type
of reinforcement may be limited to the
torsional strength of un-reinforced
fibrous or non-fibrous members. The
presence of fibres makes the beam to
behave in a ductile manner to some
extent by delaying the progress of the
crack. However, fibres present in the
matrix improve the torsional toughness
and torsional stiffness of the members.
Steel fibres thereby improve the
cracking torque of the members to a
noticeable extent, which improves the
performance of the member in
aggressive environments.
Rao and Rama Seshu, (2005)
developed an analytical model for
predicting the torque–twist response of
SFRC members subjected to pure
torsional loads considering the softening
effect of concrete. The addition of steel
fibres improves the ultimate torque
carrying capacity only marginally but
improves the cracking torque and
torsional toughness to a larger extent.
Durability of FRC
6
Granju et al. (2005) confirmed from
experiments that the corrosion in SFRC
was less, compared to steel bars. This
was due to the fact that the durability of
the material in the cracked section
depends upon the performance of the
bridging capacity of the fibres embedded
in the concrete. The study clearly
indicated that the major factor
facilitating corrosion was the breaking of
the tight fibre-cement matrix bond which
was due to the slipping of the fibres
accompanying the crack opening. The
flexural strength of the cracked samples
were also found to increase due to
corrosion as the surface roughness
cause difficulty in slipping which
ultimately result in strength gain.
Rapoport et al, (2002) explored the
relationship between permeability and
crack width in cracked, steel fibre-
reinforced concrete. They also inspected
the influence of steel fibre reinforcement
on concrete permeability. This indicates
that the fibre-reinforced concrete
undergoes more inelastic
(unrecoverable) deformation than the
un-reinforced concrete. From the test
results it is seen that at higher levels of
cracking, steel reinforcing fibres clearly
reduce permeability which is most likely
due to the stitching and multiple
cracking effect that the steel fibres have.
It is possible that a higher fibre volume
will further reduce the permeability of
cracked concrete. However, at some
fibre volume, an optimum might be
reached, above which more fibres will
increase permeability.
Fatigue and Impact Strength of FRC
Nataraja et al, (2005) investigated the
impact resistance of OPC and SFRC at
the comparable compressive strength for
relative comparison of response of these
mixtures. It showed that the addition of
steel fibres significantly improved the
impact resistance of concrete and thus it
is a suitable material for structures
subjected to impact loads. Drop weight
impact test, also known as repeated
impact test, was conducted for
evaluating the impact resistance (Fig.5).
In this method the specimens were
 ACSGE-2009, Oct 25-27, BITS Pilani, India
broken by known weight (4.5 kg)
dropped from a known height (45 cm).
The load is transferred from the hammer
to the specimen through a 64 mm
diameter steel ball placed at the centre
of the disc. This is the simplest test for
evaluating impact resistance. The test
method cannot be used to determine
basic properties of composites. Rather,
the method is designed to obtain the
relative performance of plain and SFRC’s
containing different volume fractions of
fibres.
Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of impact
test set-up
The number of blows for first crack as
well as the number of blows to ultimate
failure increased with the increase in
volume fraction of fibre for all mixes.
Plain concrete specimens failed in brittle
manner as it does not have considerable
post crack resistance, as it resisted only
few additional blows after the crack. In
the case of 30 MPa plain concrete mixes,
specimens failed immediately after the
formation of first crack and the broken
pieces touched the positioning lugs of
the apparatus with the addition of few
blows. In the case of 50 MPa mix,
specimens resisted few more additional
blows before touching the lugs.
1800
1600
1400
Number of Blows
FCR
1200
1000
800
600
400 291
214
200 76 79
0
Fig. 6 FCR and UR with increase in
fibre content
Figure 6 clearly indicates the increase in
the toughness of concrete with the
addition of fibres. It is observed from
the tables that the increase in post crack
resistance is negligible in case of plain
concrete. However, in case of SFRC, this
increase in post crack resistance is of
the order of 40% to 60% depending on
fibre content. The increase in number of
blows for the first crack is significantly
higher in case of SFRC.
Singh and Kaushik, (2003) presented
a study on the fatigue strength of steel
fibre reinforced concrete. The studies on
steel fibre reinforced concrete were
mainly confined to the determination of
its flexural fatigue endurance limit for
different type/volume fraction/ aspect
ratio of fibres. A fatigue equation
obtained can be used for obtaining the
flexural fatigue strength of steel fibre
reinforced concrete for the desired level
of survival probability. However, more
investigation is needed to determine as
to how the fibre type and aspect ratio
affect the results.
Song et al., (2005) investigated the
variations in the impact resistance of
high-strength steel fibre-reinforced
concrete (HSFRC) and those of high-
strength concrete (HSC). It is already
seen from studies that hooked end steel
fibres have a good potential for enabling
the concretes to withstand more impact
loads and that the fibres provide at least
a fivefold increase in the impact
resistance, compared with straight steel
1600 fibers. It is also reported that the steel
fibrous concrete is six times better in
receiving impact loads than the non
UR
1083 fibrous concrete.
555
7
300
 ACSGE-2009, Oct 25-27, BITS Pilani, India
FRC in Structural Elements
Khaloo and Afshari, (2005)
investigated the influence of length and
volumetric percentage of steel fibres on
energy absorption of concrete slabs of
various concrete strengths by testing 28
small steel fibre reinforced concrete
(SFRC) slabs under flexure. Presence of
steel fibres in concrete did not
significantly influence the ultimate
strength of slabs which corresponds to
initiation of major cracks. The fibres did
not considerably influence flexural
characteristics of slabs prior to cracking.
Steel fibres increased energy absorption
capacity which can be measured by the
area under load–deflection curve. Also,
increase in fibre content decreased the
growth rate of total energy absorption.
The slabs did not show any visible cracks
prior to ultimate strength. The plain
slabs failed suddenly at cracking load
without any appreciable deflection
warning. Addition of fibres does not
significantly increase the ultimate
flexural strength of SFRC slabs.
However, it improved the energy
absorption capacity of slabs. The energy
absorption of slabs with fibre volume of
0.5% was about 12 times that of plain
concrete slabs. The slabs with fibre
volume of 1.0% experienced energy
absorption of about 2 times that of slabs
with 0.5% fibres. Hence from
experiments it is recommended to use
fibre volumetric percentages in the
range of 0.75 – 1.75. Longer fibres (i.e.,
fibres with higher aspect ratio) provided
higher energy absorption. The energy
absorption of 35mm fibres was about
1.2 times that of 25mm fibres. Increase
in strength of fibre reinforced concrete
enhances the energy absorption
capacity. The test also concludes that
fibres have similar effects on behaviour
of slabs with different concrete
strengths.
Altun et al. (2007) investigated the
effect of steel fibre on different classes
of concrete. Browsing through the
relevant literature, it can be observed
that the optimum SF dosage for SFARC
beams should be within the range of 1 –
2.5% by absolute volume. A SF dosage
smaller than 1% becomes ineffective
8
and dosages beyond 2.5% become also
ineffective mainly due to the physical
difficulties in providing a homogeneous
distribution of the fibres within the
concrete causing an appreciable drop in
the compressive strength as compared
to the plain concrete of the same class.
It is believed herein that SFARC beams
having steel fibres at a dosage about 30
kg/m3 should be favoured or even
should be common practice, because
firstly the crack formation, crack size,
and crack propagation in beams against
bending moments are appreciably
better, secondly the ultimate bending-
moment-carrying capacity is a little
better, and thirdly and most importantly
the toughness is much higher than those
of the RC beams having the same
conventional reinforcement but no steel
fibres. Thus we can clearly say that a
steel fibres dosage of 30 kg/m3 is
advisable.
Conclusions
From this literature search the following
conclusions are deduced:
the addition of steel fibres
enhance the material properties
to a great extent both in set and
wet stages and hence proves to
be a promising material in many
more unused areas
the post-peak behaviour of fibre
reinforced concrete indicates the
suitability of this material in the
construction seismic resistant
structures.
References
[1] Altun, Fatih, Tefaruk Haktanir and Kamura
Ari., (2007), Effects of steel fiber addition
on mechanical properties of concrete and
RC beams, Construction and Building
Materials, Vol. 21, pp654–661.
[2] Balendran, R.V., F.P. Zhou, A. Nadeem
and A.Y.T. Leung., (2002), Influence of
steel fibres on strength and ductility of
normal and lightweight high strength
concrete, Building and Environment, Vol.
37, pp1361 – 1367.
[3] Bencardino, Francesco, Lidia Rizzuti,
Giuseppe Spadea, and Ramnath
N.Swamy., (2008) Stress-Strain Behavior
of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete in
 ACSGE-2009, Oct 25-27, BITS Pilani, India
Compression, Journal of Materials in Civil
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[4] Bischoff, Peter, H., (2003), Tension
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408.
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149.
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