RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Lecture 18 – Slender Column

RC14-1334: Concrete Structures 1

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 1

Lecture Goals

Slender Column Design

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 1

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Columns
Slenderness ratio =

Long with a relatively high slenderness ratio where

lateral or shear walls are required
Long with a medium slenderness ratio that will
cause a reduction in strength
Short where the slenderness ratio is small

“Long” Columns
Slender Columns

Slender = Column with a significant reduction in

Column axial load capacity due to moments
resulting from lateral deflections of the
column (SNI Code: significant
reduction  5%)

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RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

“Long” Columns
Less than 10 % of columns in “braced” or “non-sway”
frames and less than half of columns in “unbraced” or
“sway” frames would be classified as “slender”
following SNI Code Procedure.

Effective Length
The effective length - klu
lu - It measures the clear distance between floors.
k - a factor, which represents the ratio of the distance
between points of zero moments in the columns

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 3

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

K Factor

A and B are the top and bottom factors of the

column. For a hinged end  is infinite (max. 10) and
for a fixed end  is zero (min. 1)

K Factor
For a Braced Frame: (Non-sway)

A and B are the top and bottom factors of the

column.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 4

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

K Factor
For a Sway Frame:
a) Restrained @both ends

b) One hinged or free end

Non-sway frames:
Sway frames:

K Factor
The general assumptions are
- Structure consists of symmetric rectangular frames
- The girder moment at a joint is distributed to columns
according to their relative stiffness
- All columns reach their critical loads at the same time

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 5

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

General Formulation

Modulus of Elasticity

Reduced Moment of Inertia (SNI 12.11.1)

General Formulation

Area

Moment of inertia shall be divided by (1 + d)

with sustain lateral loads

Max. factored sustain lateral load

d =
Max. factored axial load

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 6

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

K Factor
Use the  values to
obtain the K factors
for the columns.

Nonsway Frames Sway Frames

“Long” Column
Eccentrically loaded pin-ended column.
P P

Lateral deflection -
increases moment

M = P ( e + ) M = P(e + )

P
Free-body diagram

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 7

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

“Long” Column
Eccentrically loaded pin-ended column.

o = first-order deflection due to Mo

a = second-order deflection due to Po

“Long” Column
Eccentrically loaded pin-ended column.

OA - curve for end moment

OB - curve for maximum
column moment @ mid-
height)
Axial capacity is reduced
from A to B due to increase
in maximum moment due to
’s (slenderness effects)

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 8

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

“Long” Columns
From SNI Sec. 12.12.2 , the slenderness effects may
be neglected if

Slenderness Ratio

k = effective length factor (function of end restraints)

Non-sway frames
Sway frames

“Long” Column - Slenderness Ratio

Slenderness Ratio for
columns

(a) Pinned-Pinned
Connection
(b) Fixed-Fixed
Connection

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RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

“Long” Column - Slenderness Ratio

Slenderness Ratio for
columns

(c) Fixed-Pinned
Connection
(d) Partial restrained
Connection

“Long” Column - Slenderness Ratio

Slenderness Ratio for columns in frames

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 10

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

“Long” Column - Slenderness Ratio

Slenderness Ratio for columns in frames

“Long” Column

lu = Unsupported height of column from top of

floor to bottom of beams or slab in floor

r = Radius of gyration

= 0.3  overall depth of rectangular columns

= 0.25  overall depth of circular columns

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 11

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

“Long” Column
M1/M2 = Ratio of moments at two column ends, where
M2 > M1 (-1 to 1 range)

single curvature double curvature

“Long” Column

Note: Code 12.12.2 (non-sway frames)

Possible range of = 22 to 40

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RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Moment Magnification in Non-sway

Frames
If the slenderness effects need to be considered. The
non-sway magnification factor, ns, will cause an
increase in the magnitude of the design moment.

where

Moment Magnification in Non-sway

Frames
The components of the equation for an Euler buckling
load

and the stiffness, EI is taken as

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RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Moment Magnification in Non-sway

Frames
A coefficient factor relating the actual moment diagram
to the equivalent uniform moment diagram. For
members without transverse loads

For other conditions, such as members with transverse

loads between supports, Cm = 1.0

Moment Magnification in Non-sway

Frames
The minimum allowable value of M2 is

The sway frame uses a similar technique, see the text

on the components.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 14

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Moment Magnification in Sway

Frames
The effective length factor k shall be determined using
E and I values in accordance with SNI 12.11.1 and shall
not be less than 1.0.
The effect of slenderness can be neglected when

Moment Magnification in Sway

Frames
The moments M1 and M2 at the ends of column shall be
taken as

where sM1s and sM2s shall be computed according to

SNI 12.13.4.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 15

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Moment Magnification in Sway

Frames
The magnified sway moments sMs shall be taken as the
column end moments calculated using a second-order
elastic analysis based on member stiffnesses given in
SNI 12.11.1 (SNI 12.13.4.1).
Alternatively, sMs can be calculated as (SNI 12.13.4.2)

If s calculated in this way exceeds 1.5, sMs shall be

calculated using SNI 12.13.4.1 or 12.13.4.3.

Moment Magnification in Sway

Frames
Alternatively, the magnified sway moment sMs can be
calculated as (SNI 12.13.4.3)

where Pu is the summation for all vertical loads in a

story and Pc is the summation for all sway resisting
columns in a story. Pc is calculated using SNI Eq. (32)
using k from SNI 12.13.1 and EI from SNI Eq. (33) or
(34).

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 16

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Moment Magnification in Sway

Frames
If an individual column has (SNI 12.13.5)

It shall be designed for the factored axial load Pu and

the moment Mc calculated using SNI 12.12.3 in which
M1 and M2 are computed in accordance with SNI
12.13.3, d as defined for the load combination under
consideration, and k as defined in SNI 12.12.1.

Moment Magnification in Sway

Frames
In addition to load cases involving lateral loads, the
strength and stability of the structure as a whole under
factored gravity loads shall be considered.
(a) When sMs is computed from SNI 12.13.4.1, the
ratio of second-order lateral deflections to first-order
lateral deflections for 1.2D + 1.6L plus lateral load
applied to the structure shall not exceed 2.5.
(b) When sMs is computed according to SNI 12.13.4.2,
the value of Q (SNI Eq. (28)) computed using Pu for
1.2D + 1.6L shall not exceed 0.60.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 17

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Moment Magnification in Sway

Frames
(c) When sMs is computed from SNI 12.13.4.3, s
computed using Pu and Pc corresponding to the
factored dead and live loads shall be positive and shall
not exceed 2.5.
In cases (a), (b), and (c) above, d shall be taken as the
ratio of the maximum factored sustained axial load to
the maximum factored axial load.
In sway frames, flexural members shall be designed for
the total magnified end moments of columns at the
joint.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 18