RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Lecture 9 – Design
(T-Beams)
15 October 2015
RC14-1334: Concrete Structures 1

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 1

Lecture Goals
Finish Doubly Reinforced Beam Example
Design of T-Beams
 Known section dimensions

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 1

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Example Problem
Doubly reinforced beam with known dimensions,
fc = 6000 psi & fy = 60 ksi.
Max + Mu = 435.0 k-ft
Use a double layer at the bottom of the beam

Example Problem
Select a k factor (c/d), which will cause the tension
steel to yield.

Select c/d = 0.325

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 2

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Example Problem
Compute Ru

Example Problem
Compute bd2

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 3

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Example Problem
Assume that b =0.45d

Use d = 22.5 in. and b = 10 in.

Example Problem
Calculate the Atotal for a singly reinforce beam:

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 4

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Example Problem
Assume A’s=0.40Anet

Example Problem
Select the steel to meet the requirements. Chose 5#9
bars for the tension steel and 2 #8 in compression
steel.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 5

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Example: Doubly Reinforced

Section
Check the ’

Example: Doubly Reinforced

Section
Compute the effective reinforcement ratio and min

Compression steel has yielded.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 6

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Example Problem
Compute c for the new beam and assume compression
steel has yielded

Example Problem
Check to see if the compression steel has yielded

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 7

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Example Problem
Compute the actual c value

Example Problem
Compute the actual c value

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 8

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Example Problem
Compute a and f’s

Example: Doubly Reinforced

Section
Compute the nominal moment capacity of the beam

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 9

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Example: Doubly Reinforced

Section
Compute the moment capacity of the beam

Example: Doubly Reinforced

Section
Compute the effective reinforcement ratio and min

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 10

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Example: Doubly Reinforced

Section
The beam is over-designed by:

Using 5 #9 bars in a double layer configuration for the

tension steel and 2 #8 bars in the compression steel.

Design Procedure for section dimensions are

unknown (T- Reinforced Beams)
Assume that the material properties, loads, and span length
are all known. Estimate the dimensions of self-weight using
the following rules of thumb:
a. The depth, h, may be taken as approximate 8 to 10 %
of the span (1in deep per foot of span) and estimate
the width, b, as about one-half of h.
b. The weight of a rectangular beam will be about 15 %
of the superimposed loads (dead, live, etc.). Assume
b is about one-half of h.
Immediate values of h and b from these two procedures
should be selected. Calculate self-weight and Mu.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 11

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Design Procedure for Singly Reinforced

Flange Beams when flange is in
compression unknown dimensions

Calculate controlling value for the design

moment, Mu.

Assume that resulting section will be tension

controlled, t 0.005 so that can take  =
0.9.

Design Procedure for Singly Reinforced

Flange Beams when flange is in
compression unknown dimensions

Calculate d, since h is known

For one layer of reinforcement.

For two layers of reinforcement.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 12

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Design Procedure for Singly Reinforced

Flange Beams when flange is in
compression unknown dimensions

Determine the effective width of the flange, beff

Check whether the required nominal moment

capacity can be provided with compression in
the flange alone.

and

Design Procedure for Singly Reinforced

Flange Beams when flange is in
compression unknown dimensions

If Need to utilize web below

flanges. Go to step 4.

If Use design procedure for

rectangular beams with
b = beff , (d -a/2) = 0.95d
Note:  for flexure without axial load
(ACI 318-02 Sec. 9.3)

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 13

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Singly Reinforced Beams where flange is

in compression Design Procedure when
section dimensions are unknown

Find nominal moment capacity provided by

overhanging flanges alone (not including web
width)
For a T shaped section:

and

Singly Reinforced Beams where flange is

in compression Design Procedure when
section dimensions are unknown

Find nominal moment capacity that must be

provided by the web.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 14

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Singly Reinforced Beams where flange is

in compression Design Procedure when
section dimensions are unknown

Calculate depth of the compression block, by

solving the following equation for a.

Singly Reinforced Beams where flange is

in compression Design Procedure when
section dimensions are unknown

Find required reinforcement area, As (req’d)

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 15

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Singly Reinforced Beams where flange is

in compression Design Procedure when
section dimensions are unknown

Select reinforcing bars so As (provided) As (req’d).

Confirm that the bars will fit within the cross-
section. It may be necessary to change bar
sizes to fit the steel in one layer or even to go
to two layers of steel.

Singly Reinforced Beams where flange is

in compression Design Procedure when
section dimensions are unknown

Calculate the actual Mn for the section

dimensions and reinforcement selected. Check
strength  Mn Mu (keep over-design within
10 %)

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 16

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Singly Reinforced Beams where flange is

in compression Design Procedure when
section dimensions are unknown

Check whether As provided is within allowable

limits.

As (provided) As (min)

Minimum Area
Calculate the minimum amount of steel

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 17

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Additional Requirements for flanged

sections when flange is in tension

ACI 318 Section 10.6.6

Must distribute flexural tension steel over effective
flange width, be (tension)

Additional Requirements for flanged

sections when flange is in tension

ACI 318 Section 10.6.6

When be (comp) > l/10 some longitudinal

reinforcement shall be
provided in outer portions
of flange.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 18

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Additional Requirements for flanged

sections when flange is in tension

ACI 318 Section 10.6.6

For l use centerline dimensions when adjacent spans
for - M @ support are not equal, use average l to
calculate be (tension)

One scenario when beff (tension) < beff (compression)

Design Procedure for SR Beam

Unknown Dimension

Do a preliminary geometric size based on the following:

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 19

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Design Procedure for SR Beam

Unknown Dimension
Assume
1 A reasonable value for k in terms
2 Effective flange width based on ACI guidelines.
3 Desired ration of b and d. b = 0.5 – 0.65 d
4 Depth of the flange based on design of the slab.

Example Problem
T-Beam with unknown dimensions, hf = 6 in.(slab)
fc = 4500 psi & fy = 60 ksi.
Three spans continuous beam, simply supported on
walls. Spans are (25ft, 30 ft. and 25 ft.) The beam
spacing is 14 ft center to center

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 20

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Example Problem

Using estimated values h = 26 in. , b =16 in.

Max + Mu = 300 k-ft
Max - Mu = 435 k-ft

Example Problem –
Negative Moment
Calculate the – moment term, where the bottom
section is in compression. Max –Mu = 435 k-ft.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 21

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Example Problem-Value
Determine the 1 term for the concrete

Example Problem – k value

Calculate a desired k = c/d

Determine the Ru term for the concrete

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 22

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Example Problem – Design

From the design of the

Determine the Ru term for the concrete

Example Problem – Design

The nominal moment is defined as

The bd2 value will for design is

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 23

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Example Problem – Design

Assume that the b = 0.65d so that

Determine the value for b

Example Problem – Design

Determine h assuming a single layer of reinforcement

Check to see if the estimate will work

Over-designed by 10.9 % so it will work but we

would need to go back an recalculate the weight

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 24

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Example Problem – Design

Calculate the actual value for k

Use the quadratic formula

Example Problem – Check

Calculate the actual value for k’

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 25

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Example Problem – Check

Calculate the actual value for k

Calculate the As required for the beam

Example Problem – Check

Calculate the actual value for As

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 26

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Example Problem – Flange

The flange is in tension so the reinforcement, the
beff in tension must be computed according to ACI
10.6.6

Example Problem – Flange

The size of the flange in compression is from 8.10.2
of the ACI code, the beff in compression

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 27

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Example Problem – Flange

The size of the flange in compression is from 8.10.2
of the ACI code, the beff in compression

Use 82 in. for the compression flange.

Example Problem – Flange

The flange is in tension so the reinforcement, the beff
in tension must be computed according to ACI 10.6.6

Use 33 in. for beff in tension.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 28

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Example Problem – Steel

Select the steel for the reinforcement at least 0.5 As
needs to be in the beff of the beam. Use 3 #8 bars and
8 # 5 bars, (which will give you 4 on each side.)

The As = 4.85 in2 > 4.84 in2 OK!

Example Problem – Cover

Check to the value for d

The d will work.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 29

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Example Problem – a value

Calculate the new a using the equilibrium equations.

Example Problem – Strain

Check the strain condition for the beam

Use  = 0.9

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 30

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Example Problem – Mn
Calculate the moment capacity of the beam

Ultimate moment capacity of the beam.

Example Problem – Amin

Calculate the minimum amount of steel

Amin = 2.26 in2 < 4.85 in2 OK

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 31

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Example Problem –
Summary
Summary of the beam with M 435 k-ft.

Example Problem –
Positive Moment
Calculate the + moment term, where the bottom
section is in compression. Max +Mu = 300 k-ft.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 32

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Example Problem –
Capacity
Calculate the moment capacity of the beam with
d= 22.5 in. and hf = 6 in.

Example Problem – Amin

The minimum amount of steel is

Use As = 6.19 in2

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 33

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Example Problem – a value

So the beam can be designed as a singly reinforced
beam with the minimum amount of steel 5.91 in2.

Example Problem – Mn
Compute the moment capacity of the beam with the
minimum amount of steel 6.19 in2.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 34

RC14-1334 Concrete Structures 1

Example Problem –
Summary
Use 8 #8 bars As = 6.32 in2. Check to see that the
steel will fit. It will not be within 10% of the
ultimate moment capacity of the beam. However,
the minimum amount steel will preside.

Prof. Tavio, Ph.D 35