CIVL311: STRUCTURAL DESIGN 1

CIVL911: STRUCTURAL DESIGN BASED ON Important Notes

AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS

AUTUMN 2020 (WEEK 3): ANALYSIS AND These lecture notes do not substitute recommended text
DESIGN OF BEAMS FOR FLEXURAL books.
STRENGTH
These lecture notes are not peer-reviewed. They may
A/Prof. Neaz Sheikh contain errors.
Room 4.127
The lecturer is not responsible for the learning of
Email: msheikh@uow.edu.au students who rely exclusively on the lecture notes

It is highly recommended that students review the

Consultation time:
Tuesday 11:30 – 13:30
lecture materials using the recommended textbooks.
Friday 11:30 – 13:30 (Moodle Discussion Forum)
Lecture notes are based on Foster et al. (2010)
1 2

Week 3 Essential Reading

Agenda for today
Foster et al. (2010)
Chapter 3: Beams
References
Loo and Chowdhury (2018)
Part 1- Chapter 3 Analysis and design of rectangular beams for Recap on week 2
bending
Chapter 4: T-beams and irregular-shaped sections Topics for Today:
Moment capacity of singly reinforced beams
Moment capacity of doubly reinforced beams
AS 3600
Moment capacity of flanged beams
Section 8: Design of Beams for Strength and Serviceability
Proportioning of beams

3 4
 RECAP ON WEEK 2

 Qualitative description of the behaviour of

beams under increasing load

 Properties of cross-section

 Deflection calculation

5 6
Foster et al. (2010)

Tutorial Feedback: Week 2 Tutorial Feedback: Week 2

Modular Ratio Method

A. Determine the neutral axis depth dn= 129.95 mm

and the concrete and steel stresses Icr= 9.84x108 mm4
induced by positive bending moment of
80 kN.m. Adopt modular ratio method Equilibrium and Compatibility Method
and consider that the section is
cracked under bending a moment of 80
dn= 128.82 mm
kN.m.

B. Determine the neutral axis depth

and the concrete and steel stresses by
adopting equilibrium and compatibility
method.
C. Explain the reason for the
differences between the two methods
f’c= 40 MPa, Ec= 32,800 MPa, Es= 200 x103 MPa; *cs = 670 x 10-6
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO METHODS
Tutorial The difference is due to different ways the holes for reinforcement are
Assessment considered. In modular ratio method, the holes are deducted in the
conversion of steel to an equivalent area. In the equilibrium and compatibility
method holes for reinforcement are usually ignored. However, the relative
error induced by this assumption is small.
7 8
Foster et al. (2010) Foster et al. (2010)
 Beam Reinforcement

Motivation for Week 3 Lecture Foster et al. (2010)

 What is the difference between singly reinforced

beam and doubly reinforced beam?
 How can I calculate the moment capacity of a singly
reinforce beam? Is there any approximate method to
quickly check the moment capacity of a beam cross-
section?
 How can I calculate the moment capacity of a doubly
reinforced beam? Can I calculate the moment capacity of
a T-beam or an L-beam?
 I know how to calculate the moment capacity of beam
cross-section? But, how can I design a beam?
9 10
Concrete Institute of Australia. Reinforcement Detailing Handbook (2010)

Beam Reinforcement dsc

Foster et al. (2010)

D do d bef dn

bw

D= Overall depth of a member

d= The effective depth (from extreme fibre in compression to the resultant tensile
force T, of a cross-section in bending)
dn= depth of the neutral axis (from the extreme compression fibre)
dsc= The depth from the extreme fibre in compression to the centroid of compression
steel reinforcement
do= The depth from the extreme fibre in compression to the centroid of the outermost
layer of longitudinal tensile reinforcement but not less than 0.8D
b= The width of a rectangular cross-section
bef= The effective width of the flange of a T- or L- section
bw= The web width of a T- or L- section
11 c= the cover of concrete to a reinforcing bar 12
Concrete Institute of Australia. Reinforcement Detailing Handbook (2010) Foster et al. (2010)
 dsc

D
d do
MOMENT CAPACITY OF
D do d

SINGLY REINFORCED BEAMS

b bw
clear cover (c)

D= Overall depth of a member

d= The effective depth (from extreme fibre in compression to the resultant tensile
force T, of a cross-section in bending)
dsc= The depth from the extreme fibre in compression to the compression steel
reinforcement
do= The depth from the extreme fibre in compression to the centroid of the outermost
layer of longitudinal tensile reinforcement but not less than 0.8D
b= The width of a rectangular cross-section
bef= The effective width of the flange of a T- or L- section
bw= The web width of a T- or L- section
Cross-section Strains
c= the cover of concrete to a reinforcing bar (from the outside of a spiral or tie to the
surface of concrete member) 13 14
Foster et al. (2010)

extreme compressive fibre stain is

cu=0.003
greater than strain corresponding Calculation of Moment Capacity Mu
to fcp (compressive strength)

d z=d-dc d
z=d-dc Mu= Astfsyz
T= Astfsy
stres s

C=T T=Astfsy
strain stresses Forces
M=Tz = Cz
 Need to locate accurately the line of action of compressive force C
steel has already T= Astfsy Strain e
yielded (st>sy)  Can be done by integrating the stress-strain curve up to failure
M= Astfsyz
strain
Ultimate moment condition
 Most beams are designed to be under reinforced (Mu>My) Complicated for routine design
 Steel reinforcement is assumed to behave as pure elastic-plastic
15 16
Foster et al. (2010) Foster et al. (2010)
 AS 3600: Equivalent rectangular stress-block
Alternative Approach: Equivalent
rectangular stress-block
width of equivalent
cu=0.003 rectangular stress Depth of equivalent Compressive force = stress x area
block 2f’c rectangular stress
block dn C= 2f’c (dn x b)

Neutral axis
AS 3600
Equivalent rectangular
stress block Section 8.1.3

Neutral axis
2=0.85-0.0015f’c 2 ≥0.67
strain True stress Equivalent rectangular
block stress block
=0.97-0.0025 f’c  ≥0.67
Two conditions
The total volume of the “equivalent” stress block equals that of the
Note: for circular section 2 shall be reduced by 5% and for any other sections where
“true” stress block (force equilibrium)
the width reduces from the neutral axis towards the compression face, 2 shall be
The centroid of the “equivalent” and “true” stress blocks are located at reduced by 10%
the same height in the cross-section (Moment equilibrium) 17 18
Foster et al. (2010) Foster et al. (2010)

Moment Capacity: Simplified Formula for

Under-reinforced Beams Reinforcement
Failures of beam under bending action
stres s

Primary tension failure (under reinforced beam):

C C= 2f’c (dn x b) Strain e

Neutral axis depth My<Mu

parameter Ku=dn/d
Primary compression failure (over-reinforced beam):
Mu=Tz
T= Astfsy
=(Astfsy) (d-dn/2) My>Mu
=Astfsyd(1-ku/2)
(1-ku/2)=0.85 Balanced failure:
Mu=0.85Astfsyd
My=Mu
In an under-reinforced beam neutral axis is high in the section and hence z is
not much smaller than effective depth d. Both balanced failure and primary compression failure are brittle
z=0.85d is a reasonable value. The result will be within 10% of more accurate and hence undesirable
19 20
calculations
Foster et al. (2010)
 Neutral axis depth parameter Ku
Tutorial Question 1: Calculation of Mu for a
singly reinforced beam

In Foster
et al. (2010)
it is written
as Ku<0.36
but in code
it is
Kuo<0.36

At balanced failure condition: concrete crushing+ reinforcement yielding

dn o dn  cu 0.003
K  K ub     0.545 Data: f’c=32MPa; fsy=500 MPa
d  o   st d  cu   sy 0.003  0.0025
i) Calculate properties of rectangular stress block
dn  cu d nb  0.545d cu=0.003
K ub   sy=0.0025
ii) Calculate neutral axis depth
d  cu   sy iii) Calculate the capacity (Mu) of the section
AS 3600 (Section 8.1.5) requires kuo<0.36 to ensure iv) Check whether the section is under-reinforced (Kuo<0.36)
21 22
sufficient ductility Foster et al. (2010) Foster et al. (2010)

Calculation of Mu for a singly reinforced beam Calculation of Mu for a singly reinforced beam

Mu=Tz
z=(d-dn/2) z=390-(0.89x131.35)/2=331.55
z=(d-dn/2) mm
Mu=Tz Mu=Tz=900x.33155=298.4 kN.m
Check the ductility of the section

Kuo= dn/do Kuo= dn/do=131.35/390=0.337

Data: f’c=32MPa; fsy=500 MPa
Kuo<0.36 Hence the section is ductile AS3600 Section 8.1.5
2=0.85-0.0015f’c 2 ≥0.67 AS 3600 Section 8.1.3
=0.97-0.0025 f’c  ≥0.67 2=0.802 Compare Mu obtained with approximate formula
=0.89
Mu=Astfsy(0.85d)
T=Astfsy T=1800x500=900x103 N T=C
T=C Mu=1800x500x0.85x390x10-6=298.35 kN-m
6852 dn=900x103
C= 2f’c (dn x b) dn=131.35 mm
23 24
C= (0.802x32)(0.89xdnx300)=6852 dn
Foster et al. (2010)
 MOMENT CAPACITY OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

Most beams have some compressive

reinforcement

MOMENT CAPACITY OF This has the effect of raising the neutral

axis higher
DOUBLY REINFORCED
BEAMS The total tension force is fixed by the
amount of Ast
Csc

The compressive force has two components

Cc in the concrete and Csc in the steel

25 26
Foster et al. (2010)

Tutorial Question 2: Calculation of Mu for a

Condition of Mu in a doubly reinforced concrete section doubly reinforced beam

Csc
Csc
sc

Reinforcement
stres s

Cross-section strain stresses forces Strain e Data: f’c=32MPa; fsy=500 MPa

Irrespective of the location of the compressive steel, T=Astfsy T=1800x500=900 kN 2=0.85-0.0015f’c 2 ≥0.67

it is reasonable to apply the stress block parameter Assume compressive steel not yielded
=0.97-0.0025 f’c  ≥0.67
2=0.802 AS 3600
Csc= EsscAsc =200x103x900 x10-3 kN =0.89 Section 8.1.3
Cc= 2f’c (dn x b) acting at dc=dn/2 sc

sc=cux(dn-dsc)/dn=0.003(dn-60)/dn Cc= 2f’c (dn x b)

Mu=Cc(d-dc) +Csc(d-dsc)
Cc= (0.802x32)(0.89xdnx300)x10-3
The value of Csc depends on strain (yielded or not) Csc= scEsAsc=540 (dn-60)/dn
27 =6.852dn 28
Foster et al. (2010) Foster et al. (2010)
 Calculation of Mu for a doubly reinforced beam Calculation of Mu for a doubly reinforced beam

Check whether compressive steel is at yield

Csc sc=cux(dn-dsc)/dn=0.003(dn-60)/dn
sc=0.003(99.88-60)/99.88=0.001198<sy
Hence, the assumption is OK
Cc= 2f’c (dn x b)

Cc+Csc=T Find out dn Cc= (0.802x32)(0.89x99.88x300)x10-3 Cc= 684.4 kN

Cc+Csc-T=0
6.852dn2-360dn-32400=0 dn=99.88 mm
Csc= EsscAsc=200x103xscx900X10-3 KN
Find Kuo to Check ductility capacity Kuo= dn/do T=Astfsy
Csc= 215.6 kN
Kuo= 99.88/390=0.256 <0.36
Cc+Csc=T T=1800x500=900 kN
AS3600 Section 8.1.5
Mu=Cc(d-dc) +Csc(d-dsc) dc= dn /2= 44.45 mm
Hence, the section is ductile
29 30
Foster et al. (2010) Mu=684.4x (390-44.45)+ 215.6x(390-60) Mu=307.6 kN.m

Compressive reinforcement

Without compressive reinforcement Mu=298.4 kN.m

With compressive reinforcement Mu=307.6 kN.m

 Does not significantly increase bending MOMENT CAPACITY OF

strength of under-reinforced beams
FLANGED BEAMS
 It does increase bending strength of over-
reinforced beams
 Can considerably increase the ductility of
beams (compare dn values)
 Helps with creep and shrinkage
kcs = 2 -1.2x(Asc/Ast) ≥ 0.8
31 32
 MOMENT CAPACITY OF FLANGED BEAMS Effective flange widths

Beams are cast monolithically

with slab AS 3600
A portion of the slab can be
taken to be effective in the section
bef=bw+0.2a for
transmission of stress resultant T and I sections
The amount depends on the

Simply supported beams

Bending moment diagram

bef=bw+0.1a for

Continuous beams
stresses already in the floor slab
due to its bending L sections
It also depends on the proximity a is the distance
of the portion to the beam in between points of
question contra-flexure
33 34
Foster et al. (2010) Foster et al. (2010)

Compressive stress block in Flange: Simplified Analysis

Moment capacity of a flanged section
Check for rectangular stress block is on web
Two Possibilities:
Neutral axis is in the flange Assuming tensile reinforcement
-treated like a rectangular beam as is at yield
wide as flange
Rectangular stress block depth
As a practical simplification it is reasonable to treat the section as ( dn) will be in flange if:
rectangular, with full width bf, provided rectangular stress block
depth dn is less then the flange thickness t

Ast f sy
Neutral axis is in the web t
- A little complicated 35
 2 f 'c b 36
Foster et al. (2010) Foster et al. (2010)
 Moment capacity of flanged beam: Compressive
Stress Block in web Tutorial Question 3: Calculation of Moment
Rectangular stress block in web: Detailed Analysis of Compressive Stress Capacity of a Flanged Beam
Distribution in Web and Flange

T= Cf+Cw
AS 3600
Section 8.1.3
strain stresses forces 2=0.8125
Compressive force in the flange outstand Cf=2f’ct(b-bw) Data: f’c=25 MPa; fsy=500 MPa =0.9075
The force Cf acts at the half depth of the flange i.e. df=t/2
Check whether compressive stress block extends into the web
Compressive force in the web portion Cw= 2f’cbwdn
tAstfsy/2f’cb t6400x500/(0.8125x25x1100)=143.2 mm
This force Cw acts at the half depth dn/2 from the extreme compression face

dn=(T-Cf)/2f’cbw Stress block extends into the web

Mu=Cf(d-0.5t)+Cw(d-0.5dn) 37 38
Foster et al. (2010) Foster et al. (2010)

Calculate neutral axis depth T=Cf+Cw Check ductility requirements Kuo=dn/do=196/682=0.29 <0.36 OK
(Calculate kuo)
( assuming do= 650+ 32/2 (half spacing
Cf=2f’ct(b-bw) Cf=0.8125x25x120 (1100-400)= 1706.25x103 N between bars+ 32/2 ( half bar diameter) =
Calculate MU 682 mm)
Cw=2f’cbwdn Cw=0.8125x25x400x0.9075dn=7373 dn N AS3600 Table 2.2.2

Mu=Cf(d-0.5t)+Cw(d-0.5dn)
T=Astfsy T=6400 x500= 3200 x103 N
Mu=1840 kN.m
Calculate dn dn=202.6 mm 39 Design Strength Mu=0.85x1839= 1564 kN.m 40
Foster et al. (2010) Foster et al. (2010)
 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

 Mu ≥ M*
M* is the maximum moment from the
ultimate limit state load case.
DISCUSSION: DESIGN OF
There is also a requirement to check that BEAMS FOR FLEXURE
a minimum amount of steel has been
provided to make sure the cracked
strength exceeds the uncracked
Mu ≥ 1.2 Mcro
Mcro is the moment when stress in concrete at the extreme tension fibre
exceeds the characteristic flexural tensile strength of the concrete
41 42

BEAM DESIGN: DISCUSSION

There are two design approaches:
(i) Free design (ii) restricted design
Free Design: Applied moment and material properties are given. Designer
will select dimensions (b, d, D) and amount of reinforcement (reinforcement
ratio)
Restricted Design: b,d and D are specified. Design process would lead to
required steel ratio
While the input data for the analysis of sections differ from the data
needed for design, every design is essentially an analysis. One assumes
the geometric properties of a section in a design and proceeds to analyse
Reinforced Concrete Design Sizing Heuristics
Reinforced concrete beam spans are often limited to 8-10 m (to restrict self
weight deflections) and slab spans to 6-8 m on a rectangular grid. Span to
depth ratios adopted for conceptual design will vary depending on support
conditions and assumed characteristic live load ( typically ranging from 3 kPa
for schools and 7.5 kPa for public assembly areas)
Simply supported beam Ln/d = 12-15
Continuously supported beam Ln/d= 18-22
Cantilever beam Ln/d = 6
One way slab Ln/d= 25-35
Two way slab Ln/d= 30-40
Cantilever slab Ln/d= 8
Rectangular beam b/d= 0.5-0.67 (b≥ 300 mm)
Adopted from Fundamental Structural Analysis for Design by Brett Lemass and Anne Gardner (ISBN 0-7339-6987-9)

such a section to determine if it can safely carry the required external

load. Hence, a good understanding of the fundamental principles in the b/d varies from 0.3- 0.6 in usual practice ( Reinforced Concrete: A Fundametnal
analysis procedure significantly simplifies the task of designing. Appraoch by Edward G. Nawy)

43 44
 Proportioning of a Beam
Proportioning of a Beam
Deemed to comply span-to-depth ratios for RC beams
Deemed to comply span-to-depth ratios for RC beams
 k1  / Lef bef Ec 
1/ 3

Beams subject to uniform distributed load only and live Lef / d   

load does not exceed the dead load  k 2 Fd .ef 

k1= Ief/bd3, which may be taken as

 k1  / Lef bef Ec 
1/ 3

Lef / d    Section 8.5.4 AS 3600 =(5-0.04f’c)p+ 0.002 ≤ 0.1/2/3 when p 0.001(f’c)1/3/2/3

 k 2 Fd .ef 
=0.055 (f’c)1/3/2/3-50p≤0.06/2/3 when p <0.001(f’c)1/3/2/3
/Lef= deflection limit (Section 2.3.2. AS 3600) Where =bef/bw 1 and p=Ast/befd at mid-span
Lef = effective span of a member, taken as the lesser of (Ln + D) and L k2= deflection constant, taken as-
for a beam or slab; or
a) for simply supported beams, 3/584, or
= Ln + D/2 for a cantilever
b) for continuous beams, where in adjacent spans the ratio of
Fd.ef= the effective design load per unit length the longer span to shorter span does not exceed 1.2 and where no end
(a) (1.0+kcs)wG+(s+kcsl)wQ for total deflection span is longer than an interior span-

(b) kcswG+(s+kcs l)wQ for incremental deflection i) 2.4/384 in and end span
45 46
ii) 1.5/384 in interior span

Table C.1 Trial Depths for T- and L-Beams

Minimum D for: Proportioning of a Beam
Superimposed Total Deflection Incremental Deflection Approximate dimensions based on bending strength
service load
(dead+ Live) = Span/250 = Span/500 = Span/1000
2 kPa 6kPa 2 kPa 6kPa 2 kPa 6kPa
Moment capacity of a ductile rectangular
section without compression reinforcement
Simply Supported Ln/10 Ln/8 Ln/9 Ln/7 Ln/8 6
M= Cz
One end continuous Ln/12 Ln/9 Ln/10 Ln/9 Ln/9 Ln/7
C= 2f’c (dn x b); z=d-dn/2;
Both end continuous Ln/13 Ln/10 Ln/12 Ln/10 Ln/10 Ln/8
Kuo=dn/do

For shorter span, strength is likely to determine the beam depth. In Mu=2f’cbd2Ku(1-kuo/2)
such a situation a trail value of the depth D can be chosen such that
both the following equations are satisfied * MuM*
1600V
D  5550 M *
/b
max
D bd2 M*/[2f’cKuo(1-Kuo/2)]
max w
w 0.8b  500
M*max is the absolute value of the maximum design bending moment in span (in kN-m), V*max This expression is applicable to flanged section only when neutral axis
is the maximum design shear force in span (in kN) and bw is the web width (in mm) 47 at Mu lies in the flange 48
Foster et al. (2010)
 Proportioning of a Beam for flexure

Section sizing is normally determined by the serviceability requirements,

although other consideration such as architectural limitations must also be

Kuo≤ 0.36 met.

Covers and concrete strengths are determined by durability and fire

This limits maximum reinforcement you can provide
In design you may assume Kuo> 2/3*x 0.36=0.24 for economy
requirements, as well as by locally available materials and costs
Once the preliminary sizing has been done, equilibrium is used together
with compressive strain limit. Finally to proportion the steel reinforcement
to meet the strength limit requirement, we need to satisfy the inequality.

Mu ≥ M*
Mu M*
 Mu ≥ 1.2 Mcro
bd2 M*/[2f’cKuo(1-Kuo/2)]

49 50

Mu ≥ 1.2 Mcro Summary

Mcro is the moment when stress in concrete at the extreme tension fibre
exceeds the characteristic flexural tensile strength of the concrete Moment Capacity of a singly reinforced beam
For reinforced concrete section, this requirement shall be deemed to be - Equivalent stress block
satisfied for the direction of bending considered if tensile reinforcement
Ast is provided such that:
-Approximate formula
Moment capacity of a doubly reinforced beam
-role of compression reinforcement
-balanced failure and neutral axis depth limit
Moment Capacity of flanged beam
-Effective flange width
-Two cases: neutral axis in flange and neutral axis in web
Proportioning of reinforced concrete beam

51 52
Foster et al. (2010)
 Design
Workshop
Assessment Tutorial Question 4 Design Workshop Assignment Feedback
Figure below shows the elevation of a reinforced concrete cantilever beam and
the cross-section showing the steel reinforcement at its support. The beam is
loaded with uniformly distributed permanent load (including self weight), FG, and
live load, FQ. If the permanent load, FG, is 20 kN/m, calculate the uniformly
Brief Solution of the Design Workshop
distributed live load, FQ, which the beam can carry safely. Consider that the Assignment will be uploaded on MOODLE
concrete cover at the top and the bottom is 30 mm.
as feedback
[Hints: (i) Calculate the design moment capacity (Mu) of the cantilever beam
(ii) Calculate applied bending moment (M*) due to factored loads (iii) compare
Mu with M* to calculate safe uniformly distributed live load, FQ] 400 mm
5-N24
The Design Workshop assignment will be
Data: Compressive strength of concrete, f’c = 40 MPa
Yield strength of steel reinforcement, fsy = 500 MPa N12 Stirrup
150 mm assessed mostly based on the effort to
Modulus of elasticity of steel reinforcement Es= 200 GPA 450 mm solve the assignment together with the
accuracy of calculations
A

2-N24

Q.4b. cross-section with reinforcement

A details at support (section A-A)
53 54
Q.4a. Elevation of the beam

Tutorial Question 5
Except the Design Workshop FG=30kN/m
Simply supported beam
assignment, no other tutorial FQ=35kN/m
f’c= 32 MPa
question solution is available with UDL
fsy= 500 MPa
the lecturer or the tutor. Es= 200 GPa
1250

150
Students are encouraged to solve Span = 7.5m
Calculate
the tutorial questions and discuss in 700 (a)Mu
780
groups or post the solutions to the (b)M*
MOODLE discussion space. (c)compare M* to Mu
400 6N28
55 56
 Tutorial Question 6 Tutorial Question 7
Proportioning a Rectangular Beam for Deflection
Design a two span beam shown below. The beam dimension has been
Example 3.5 in Foster et al. (2010)
approximated as b=400 mm D=700 mm, based on the negotiated long-
Determine a preliminary section for the two-span beam shown in the figure term deflection limit of /L≤1/250
below. The beam is pinned at its outside supports and continuous over its Cross-sectional
centre support. Each span is 7 metres and the section is to be rectangular. dimension of the
The long term deflection limit for the beam is /L ≤1/250 beam has been
chosen based on
Example 3.5 of
Foster et al.
MM=wL2/16 MR=-wL2/8 (2010)
Based on
Week 2
MM=wL2/16
Lecture Data:
MR=-wL2/8

Loading: FG= 62 kN/m (including self weight) FQ= 40 kN/m

Data: Materials: f’c= 32 MPa fsy= 500 MPa
Materials: f’c= 32 MPa fsy= 500 MPa Concrete cover= 30 mm

57 Use N32 bars for main reinforcement and N10 bars for stirrups 58

Tutorial Question 8 Additional Practice Question 1: Moment Capacity Calculation- Singly

Reinforced Beam
Design of a Doubly Reinforced Section For as singly supported rectangular section with b= 250 mm and d= 500
Example 3.10 in Foster et al. (2010) mm f’c= 50 Mpa and fsy= 500 MPa, determine the reliable moment
capacity for the following

The T-section shown in Figure has (i)Ast= 1500 mm2; Ast= 4500 mm2; Ast= 9000 mm2
been designed to carry positive in
span moments, but is also required
Additional Practice Question 2: Design of Singly Reinforced Beam-Free
to resist negative moment of M*=
Design
9000 kN.m at an interior support.
It is undesirable to increase the
Using the relevant clauses of AS 3600 design a simply supported beam of 6
section dimensions. Design the
m span to carry a live load of 3 kN/m and a superimposed dead load of 2
section for the negative moment. kN/m plus self weight. Given: f’c=32 MPa, fsy= 500 MPa. Assume maximum
aggregate size as 20 mm; stirrups are made of N10 bars, and exposure
Data: compressive strength of classifcation A2 applies.
concrete, f’c= 32 MPa; Yield
strength of steel under tension, fsy=
500 Mpa.
59 60
Loo and Chowdhury (2010)
 Additional Practice Question 5: Design of a doubly reinforced section
Additional Practice Question 3:
Given b= 200 mm, D= 400 mm, M*= 250 kN.m, f’c=25 MPa, and fsy= 500 MPa.
Exposure classification A1 applies. Determine Ast and Asc (as necessary) using
Figure shows a doubly-reinforced section with f’c= 32 only N28 bars. Assume N10 bars for stirrup.
MPa and fsy= 500 MPa. Compute Mu. Additional Practice Question 6: Moment Capacity of a T-beam

Figure APQ6 details a typical T-beam

unit in a beam and slab floor with a span
Additional Practice Question 4: of L = 10 m. Determine the reliable
A doubly reinforced beam section is detailed in Figure APQ 4 moment capacity M′ for the T-section
(a) Compute M′, assuming f’c= 40 MPa. shown. Take f’c =32 MPa.
Practice Questions based on
(b) If the beam is simply supported over a span of 12 m, what is the maximum ‘Reinforced Concrete Analysis and
Design’ by Loo and Chowdhury (2013) Figure APQ 6
superimposed (uniformly distributed) working load permissible?
Additional Practice Question 7: Design of a T-beam
Design and detail the reinforcement for the T-section
shown in Figure APQ 7 for M* = 3700 kN-m. Use N32
Practice Quetions based on
‘Reinforced Concrete Analysis and bars only; centre to centre spacing of steel layers is
Design’ by Loo and Chowdhury (2013) set at 75 mm.
Assume f’c= 20 MPa and an A1 exposure classification.
Figure APQ 7
61
A final check must be made on your design for 62
Figure APQ 4 adequacy.
Loo and Chowdhury (2010) Loo and Chowdhury (2013)

Additional Practice Question 8: The cantilever beam detailed in Figure Additional Practice Question 9: The overhang of continuous T-beam,
forms part of a loading platform. In addition to self-weight, the beam carries illustrated in Figure PQ9(a) can be treated as a cantilever beam. In addition
a uniform dead load of 10 kN/m and a concentrated live load (q), positioned as to its own weight, the cantilever is to carry a concentrated live load of 75 kN
shown in Figure. Assuming f’c= 32 MPa, what is the maximum allowable q? at the tip.

Figure PQ9(b) shows the dimensions of the T-section. Design and detail the
reinforcement for the support section. Use compression steel if necessary.
Consider f’c= 25 MPa; the exposure classification is A2 and the maximum
aggregate size = 20 mm. Use only N28 bars, noting that reinforcing bars may
be spread over the width of the flange. Practice Questions based on
‘Reinforced Concrete Analysis and
Design’ by Loo and Chowdhury (2013)

Figure APQ 8a
Figure APQ 8b
Practice Questions based on
‘Reinforced Concrete Analysis and Figure APQ 9b
Design’ by Loo and Chowdhury (2013) 63 Figure APQ 9a 64
Loo and Chowdhury (2013) Loo and Chowdhury (2013)
 Properties of standard grade concrete Properties of reinforcement

Standard Mean in Mean Flexural Uniaxial Modular Details of normal ductility reinforcement
strength situe insitue tensile tensile ratio (n=
grade f’c com. elastic strength strength Es/Ec) Designation and Nominal area Calculated Calculated
(MPa) Strength modulus f’ct.f f’ct (MPa) diameter (mm) (mm2) area (mm2) mass
fcmi (MPa) Ec (MPa) (MPa)
(kg/m)
20 22 24000 2.7 1.6 8.3 N10 80 79 0.617
25 28 26700 3.0 1.8 7.5
N12 110 113 0.888
32 35 30100 3.4 2.0 6.6
N16 200 201 1.58
40 43 32800 3.8 2.3 6.1
N20 310 314 2.47
50 53 34800 4.2 2.5 5.7
N24 450 452 3.55
65 68 37400 4.8 2.9 5.3
80 82 39600 5.3 3.2 5.0 N28 620 616 4.83
100 99 42200 6.0 3.6 4.7 N32 800 804 6.31
Es= 200 GPa N36 1020 1018 7.99
Poisson’s ratio  = 0.2 (AS 3600 Section 3.1.5)
N40 1260 1257 9.86
Coefficient of thermal expansion 10x10-6/°C ± 20% (AS 3600 Section 3.1.6)
65 66

Capacity Reduction Factor

Properties of reinforcement
Design areas of various numbers of reinforcing bars
No of Area (mm2)
bars
N10 N12 N16 N20 N24 N28 N32 N36

1 80 110 200 310 450 620 800 1020

2 160 220 400 620 900 1240 1600 2040

3 240 330 600 930 1350 1860 2400 3060

4 320 440 800 1240 1800 2480 3200 4080

5 400 550 1000 1550 2250 3100 4000 5100

6 480 660 1200 1860 2700 3720 4800 6120

7 560 770 1400 2170 3150 4340 5600 7140

8 640 880 1600 2480 3600 4960 6400 8160

9 720 990 1800 2790 4050 5580 7200 9180

10 800 1100 2000 3100 4500 6200 8000 10200

67 68