Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LITERATURE &
CULTURE
2015
COURSE OUTLINE
Course Name: American Culture
No. of Credits: 2
Course Length: 30 periods/ 15 classes/ 15 weeks
Course Prerequisites: None
Course Objectives:
This course aims to provide learners with general knowledge of American culture in
terms of geography, people, language, media, entertainment and milestone events in
the country’s history. This course also enhances learners’ competence in comparing
and contrasting American’s culture to their own culture, while exposing students more
intensively with experience for improved independent and collaborative learning
through pair and group assignments.
Course Assessment
On-going Assessment 50%
o Attendance and In-class participation 10%
o Role-play 10%
o Presentation (Group Project) 30%
End-of-term Assessment (Final Written Test) 50%
CONTENTS
1. THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA...................................................................1
2. THE AMERICAN PEOPLE....................................................................................16
3. LANGUAGESIN THE UNITED STATES.............................................................27
4. OVERVIEW OF U.S. HISTORY............................................................................27
5. THE U.S. CONSTITUTION...................................................................................38
6. EDUCATION..........................................................................................................75
7. RELIGION..............................................................................................................85
8. THE AMERICAN WAY
FAMILY LIFE......................................................................................................81
FOOD.................................................................................................................... 84
HOUSES IN THE US...........................................................................................86
MEDIA.................................................................................................................. 88
9. SPORTSAND ENTERTIAMNENT
BASEBALL..........................................................................................................95
TWO KINDS OF FOOTBALL.............................................................................97
JAZZ................................................................................................................... 100
WHAT IS POP...................................................................................................104
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
The United States of America is called by several different names, both by people
who live there and by people in other countries, These names include the USA, the
United States, the US, the States and America. The official name, the United States of
America, first appears in the Declaration of Independence of 1776, when the country
was called 'the thirteen United States of America.
Capital Washington, D.C,
The map of the next page shows the geography of the United States. The two
main mountain ranges run north and south - the Appalachian Mountains in the eastern
part of the United States and the Rocky Mountains in the west. Between them are the
Great Plains. There is another mountain chain west of the Rockies ~ the Sierra Nevada
and the Cascade ranges.
The longest river in the United States is the Mississippi. The Missouri and Ohio
Rivers flow into the Mississippi, and the Mississippi flows south into the Gulf of
Mexico. The major rivers in the western part of the United States are Colorado and the
Rio Grande. The highest mountains of the Rockies form the Continental Divide.
Rivers to the east of the divide flow east, and rivers to the west .of if flow into the
Pacific Ocean.
The Great Lakes on the northern border of the country are Lake Superior, Lake
Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario. The Great Salt Lake is in a
desert area in the western part of the United States. The Mojave, the Gila, and the
Painted Deserts are in the southwestern part of the country.
AL MO RJ CT HI
CA NH SC GA IL
CO NJ OK ID KY
FL NM TX IA MT
MA NY UT OH NV
ICS NC TN WA VT
MD ND SD VA MS
ME AR WI WV MI
LA OR WY AZ IN
HE AK PA DE MN
WORD SEARCH PUZZLE
Find the names of 20 states in the puzzle. They can be horizontal or vertical
A L A S K A A N E R L A N V
L R L R A R R K E I K T O E
A S N C S B I A M F S E S R
B L I I T A Z N T L S L P M
A V S 0 N R O S E 0 H I O O
M I Y W L I N A O R E G 0 N
A R K A N S A S R I H N R T
I G E D L E H A I D A H O W
N I N E B K A S K A W T N Y
D N T N E M G L T S A E E O
I I U F A A J A E R I X V M
A A C A L I P O R N I A A I
N A K E T N J T W I V S D N
A X Y N L E G E 0 R G I A G
* CLOZE
Read the following information about the United States. Try to fill in the blanks
with the correct words. After you have filled in as much as you can, listen to the
cassette and fill all blanks.
The country in the center of this map is the United States of America. It is
located on the continent of North America. Let’s look at the borders of the country
first. The United States has borders with just (1)………… other countries. The country
to the north of the United States is (2)………… Mexico is to the (3) …………
Many important bodies of water are located in and around the United States. The
Atlantic Ocean is to the (4) . ………… of the United States, and the (5) …………
Ocean is to the west. To the south, next to Mexico, is the Gulf of Mexico. The largest
group of (6). ………… in the world is located on the border between the United States
and Canada, in ¡he eastern half of the country. These are called the (7) …………
Lakes, and there are five of them: Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, In die
southwestern part of the United States is the Rio Grande River, it forms part of the (8)
………… with Mexico. The most important river in the country, the Mississippi
River, flows through the (9) ………… of the country, from near the Great Lakes to the
Gulf of Mexico. It is part of a large river system including the (10) ………… River,
which flows in from the west, and the Ohio River, which flows in from the (11)
…………
While the center of the United States is quite flat, there are (12) …………
mountain ranges in the west and in the (13) ………… In the West are the (14)
………… mountains. They are a younger, higher range with many sharp, snowcapped
peaks. The Appalachian (15) …………are in the east. They are an older, lower range,
and they look rounded and very green.
The United States is divided into (16) ………… states. Forty-eight states are on the
map here. The two (17) ………… states, Alaska and Hawaii, are separated from these
forty-eight Alaska, the (18) ………… state, is to the northwest, bordering on Canada,
Hawaii is a group of islands in the (19) ………… Ocean, to the southwest of the
continental United States. Some of the important cities in the United States are marked
on the map. Look for the star. The star represents Washington, D.C., the (20)
………… of the United States. Washington, D.C is a federal district, located (21)
………… the states of Maryland and Virginia in the middle of the East Coast. Other
important cities are represented on the map by circles. They include New York, in the
Northeast, (22) …………, in the Southeast, Houston, in Texas near the Gulf of
Mexico, Los Angeles, on the West Coast in California, and (23) ………… in the
North, on the Lake Michigan, one of the Great Lakes.
The government of the United States counts the population every ten years in a
census, According to the 1990 census, the population of the United States is about
249,000,000.
(from Talking about the USA, Janet Giannotti & Suzanne Male Szwarcewicz)
* The Regions of the United States
The fifty states in the United States can be divided into nine regions, plus Alaska and
Hawaii, which are separate.
The text below provides the information about the regions. Work with your
classmates to fill in the spaces on the map with the names of the regions as well as
their resources and products.
The first region on the map is New England, in the Northeast. In New England,
the winters are generally cold and snowy. Summers have a few hot days. You can see
green mountains and maple trees in New England, You can eat lobsters and cod fish,
especially in Maine and New Hampshire.
Next, moving to the south and west, is the Mid-Atlantic Region. This region is
the financial center of the United States. There are large cities in the region, such as
New York and Philadelphia. There are many historic places in the Mid-Atlantic
Region.
The third region on the map is the Appalachian Highland Region. In the
Appalachian Highland, you can find coal mines and horse farms. The mountains in the
west gradually lead into a coastal plain in the east. Winters are cold, and summers are
cool in the mountains. The coastal plain has a moderate climate.
Fourth in Southeast, a center of cotton and peanut farming. The Southeast Region
has a lot of natural pine forests. Summers are very hot, and winters, generally, are not
very cold.
Moving back to the north, the fifth region is the Great Lakes Region. It contains
the industrial center of the country and also produces a lot of dairy products. Much of
the land in this region is very flat. Winters are cold and summers are hot.
The Heartland, the flat land just to the east of the Rockies, is the sixth region on
the map. It is also called the nation's Bread Basket because of the wheat, corn, and oats
grown on large farms there. Winters can be very cold in this region.
The seventh region is called the Southwest, It is a fiats dry area where you can
find cactus, cattle, and oil. The weather is generally hot, except in the mountains.
There is a lot of mining in the Mountain Region, named for the Rocky
Mountains. There are also large ranches for cattle and sheep in this region. Winters are
very cold in the mountains, and it snows well into the spring months.
Continuing west, the ninth region is the Pacific Coast, the center of the movie
and television industry. It has a lot of fruit fanning and is cool and rainy in the northern
part.
The last two regions are made up of just one state each. Alaska is cold and
snowy. Oil and fishing are the major industries. Hawaii has palm trees, sugar cane, and
pineapples.
(from Talking about the USA, Janet Giannotti &, Suzanne Mete
Szwarcewicz)
ECONOMY
The economic system of the United States can be described as a capitalist mixed
economy, in which corporations, other private firms, and individuals make most
microeconomic decisions, and governments prefer to take a smaller role in the
domestic economy, although the combined role of all levels of government is
relatively large, at 36% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The U.S. has a small
social safety net, and regulation of businesses is slightly less than the average of
developed countries. The United States' median household income in 2005 was
$43,318.
Economic activity varies greatly across the country. For example, New York City is
the center of the American financial, publishing, broadcasting, and advertising
industries, while Los Angeles is the most important center for film and television
production. The San Francisco Bay Area and the Pacific Northwest are major centers
for technology. The Midwest is known for its reliance on manufacturing an
heavy industry, with Detroit serving as the historic center of the American
automotive industry, and Chicago serving as the business and financial capital of the
region. The Southeast is a major area for agriculture, tourism, and the lumber industry,
and, because of wages and costs below the national average, it continues to attract
manufacturing.
The largest sector in the United States economy is services, which employs
roughly three quarters of the work force
The economy is fueled by abundance in natural resources such as coal,
petroleum, and precious metals. However, the country still depends for much of its
energy on foreign countries. In agriculture, the country is a top producer of corn, soy
beans, rice, and wheat, with the Great Plains labeled as the "breadbasket of the world"
for its tremendous agricultural output. The U.S, has a large tourist industry, ranking
third in the world, and is also a major exporter in goods such as airplanes, steel,
weapons, and electronics, Canada accounts for 19% (more than any other nation) of
the United States’ foreign trade, followed by China, Mexico, and Japan.
While the per capita income of the United States is among the highest in the world,
the wealth is comparatively concentrated, with approximately 40% of the population
earning less than an average resident of western Europe and the top 20% earning
substantially more, Since 1975, the U.S. has a "two-tier" labor market in which
virtually all the real income gains have gone to the top 20% of households. This
polarization is the result of a relatively high level of economic freedom
The social mobility of U.S. residents relative to that of other countries is the
subject of much debate, Some analysts have found that social mobility in the United
States is low relative io other OECD states, specifically compared to Western Europe,
Scandinavia and Canada. Low social mobility may stem in part from the U.S.
educational system. Public education in. the United States is funded mainly by local
property taxes supplemented by state revenues. This frequently results in a wide
difference in funding between poor districts or poor states and more affluent
jurisdictions, in addition, the practice of legacy preference at elite universities gives
preference to the children of alumni, who are often wealthy. This practice reduces
available spaces for better-qualified lower income students. Some analysts argue that
relative social mobility in the U.S. peaked in the 1960s and declined rapidly beginning
in the 1980s. Former Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan has also
suggested that that the growing income inequality and low class mobility of the U.S.
economy may eventually thr eaten the entire system in the near future.
(from Wikipedia - The free Encyclopedia)
Sources
About the USA, Elian Kim, the Office Of English Language Programs, Bureau
of Educational and Cultural Affairs, The United States Department of State,
Washington DC 20547, 1989
Talking about the USA: an Active Introduction to an Culture, Janet Giannotti and
Suzanne Mele Szwarcewics, Prentice Hall Regents, 1996
Wikipedia - The free Encyclopedia: http://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/United States
United States Map
http://travel.yahoo.com/p-travelguide-577984-map of united states-i
Suggested reading
Portrait of the USA, published by the United States Information Agency, 1979
http://iisinfo.state.gov/iisa/infousa/facts/factover/homepafie.htm
CIA - The World Factbook Entry for United States
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/us.htlm
Country profile: United States of America
http://news.bbc,co.uk/l/hi/world/Americas/country_profiles/1217752.stm
The United States has the third-largest population in the world (after China and
India), in 1990, the population in the United States passed the 250,060,000 mark. Who
are the American people?
The most distinctive characteristic of the United States is its people. As
nineteenth- century poet Walt Whitman said, the United States “is not merely a nation
but a nation of nations”. People from around the world have come to the United States
and influenced its history and culture.
The Native Americans
The first people on the American continent came from Asia. They came across
the Bering Strait from Siberia to Alaska at various times when the sea level dropped.
The first migration might have been as early as 40,000 years ago. Once in America,
these people migrated east across North America and south through Central and South
America. When Columbus arrived in the Fifteenth century, there were perhaps 10
million people in North America alone. They had developed many different kinds of
societies. There were people, that Columbus called “Indians”, in the mistaken belief
that he had reached the East Indies.
The story of the westward growth of the United States was also the story of the
destruction of the Native Americans, or Indians. Today there are about 1,5 million
Indians in the United States, Western states-especially California, Oklahoma, Arizona
and New Mexico-have the largest Indian populations. About one-third of the Native
Americans live on reservations, land that was set aside for them. Most of the others
live in cities. Poverty and unemployment are major problems, especially on the
reservations.
The British
Beginning in the 1600s, the British settled the eastern part of North America. By
the time of the American Revolution (1776), the culture of the American colonists
(their religion, language, government, etc.) was thoroughly British-with an American
“twist.” In a sense, then, the British culture was the foundation on which America was
built. Also, over the years, many immigrants to the United States have come from the
United Kingdom and Ireland.
African-Americans
From 1620 to 1820 by far the largest group of people to come to the United
States came, not as willing immigrants, but against their will. These people were West
Africans brought to work as slaves, especially on the plantations, or large farms,, of
the South. In all, about 8 million people were brought from Africa.
The Civil War, in the 1860s, ended slavery and established equal rights for black
Americans. But many states, especially in the South, passed laws, segregating
(separating) and discriminating against black Americans, The Civil rights movement,
in the 1950s and 1960s, helped get rid of these laws.
However, the effects of 200 years of slavery, 100 years of segregation, and
continued prejudice are not as easy to get rid of. Despite many changes, black
Americans are still much more likely than white Americans to be poor and to suffer
the bad effects that poverty brings. Today about 12 percent of America’s population is
black. Many black Americans live in the South and in the cities of the Northeast and
Midwest.
Immigrants from Northern and Western Europe
Beginning in the 1820s, the number of immigrants coming to the United States
began to increase rapidly. Faced with problems in Europe-poverty, war,
discrimination-immigrants hoped for, and often found, better opportunities in the
United States. For the first half-century, most immigrants were from northwestern
Europe-from Germany, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Sweden, and Norway. In the late
1840s, for example, widespread hunger resulting from the failure of the potato crop
Sed many Irish people to emigrate United States.
During these years, the .United States was expanding into what is now the
Midwest. There was a lot of and available for farming. Many new immigrants became
farmers, in the Midwest. To this day, German and Scandinavian influence is obvious
in Midwestern foods and festivals.
Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe
Although immigration from northwestern Europe continued, from the 1870s to
the 1930s even more people came from the countries of southern and eastern Europe-
for example, Italy, Greece, Poland, and Russia. Like the earlier immigrants, they came
to escape poverty and discrimination. From 1900 to 1910 alone, almost 9 million
people arrived from these and other countries.
During this period, the United States was changing from a mainly agricultural to
a mainly industrial country. The new immigrants helped make this change possible.
Many settled in cities and worked in factories, often under conditions that were quite
bad.
In the 1920s discrimination and prejudice in the United States led to laws
limiting immigration, immigration showed down until the 1960s when these laws were
changed,
Hispanics Americans
Hispanics are people of Spanish or Spanish-American origin, Some Hispanics
lived in areas that later became part of the United States (for example, in what are now
the states of California add New Mexico). Many others immigrated to the United
States. Hispanic immigration has increased greatly in. recent decades.
Hispánica come from many different countries. Three especially Urge groups are
Mexican-Americans (who, make up about two-thirds of the total Hispanic population),
Puerto Ricans, and Cuban-Americans, (Puerto Rico was a U,S, territory and since
1952 has been a self-governing, Commonwealth.) While the groups have much in
common (especially the Spanish language), there are also many differences, The
groups are also concentrated in different areas-Mexican-Americans in Texas and
California, Puerto Ricans in New York, and Cuban-Americans in Florida. Many recent
immigrants are from Central American countries.
Hispanics are one of the largest, growing groups, in the United States population.
Within 25 years, they will be the largest minority group.
Asian -Americans
In the nineteenth century, laws limited Asian immigration. Also, Asians in the
United States, such as the Chinese and Japanese who had come to California, met with
widespread discrimination.
Since the mid-1960s, with changes in immigration laws and with conflicts in
Southeast Asia, Asians have been a major immigrant group. In the 1980s, for example,
almost half of all immigrants were Asian. Countries that. Asian-Americans have come
from include China and Taiwan, Japan, the Philippines, Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia,
Laos, Thailand, and India. Many have settled in California, Hawaii, New York, and
Texas.
Melting Pots and Mosaics
For years, .it was thought that the United States was and should be a “melting
pot” -in other words, that people from all over the world would come and adopt tire
American culture as their own. More recently, some people have compared the United
States to a mosaic-a picture made of many different pieces. America’s strength, they
argue, lies in its diversity and in the contributions made by people of many different
cultures. America needs to preserve and encourage this diversity, while making sure
that everyone has equal opportunity to succeed.
(from Spotlight on the USA, Ran dee Falk)
Complete the chart with the information from the text above.
…………………. Africa ………………........ ….…………
…………………. (slaves) ………………........ ….………… Asia
1 1 1 1
1600 1700 1800 1900
Discussion points
What do ‘melting pot’ and ‘mosaic’ refer to?
What do you think are some of the advantages and disadvantages of each?
POPULATION GROWTH: THE GREAT IMMIGRATION
In 1850 the population of United States was about 23,000,000. In 1930 it was
123,000,000. What was the average increase per year for that 80-year period? Much of
the great increase in population was due to a great immigration from abroad, mostly
from Europe, Today, many people in the United States have ancestors who came
during that time,
• The chart, below shows some of the years in the period of great immigration,
the number of immigrants who arrived in those years, and an example of the number
who arrived from the specific countries:.
Listen to the information on the cassette and fill in-the years, numbers, and
countries in the chart,
Total number of Number of
Year Country
immigrants that year immigrants
1851 221,000
428,000 215,000
1870 Great Britain
1873 20,000
789,000 Scandinavia
1,285,000 The former Soviet Union
1914 28-4,000
1921 805,0.00
Written English is more or less the same in both Britain and the USA, and hi
everyday speech the two peoples have little difficulty in understanding one another. In
fact, the Americans have exported a large number of their words and phrases to
British.
Britain - through literature, the movies, TV, American soldiers during both
world wars, and tourists. The following words and phrases, among countless
others are of American origin: teenager, boyfriend, radio, commuter,
(football) fan, aisle (way down the middle of a church, train or theater), hold-
up (robbery), right away (at once), slip up (make a mistake), heat up (give
someone a beating), let’s face it (let's admit), be in the red (in debt to your
bank), way of life.
Some of the words that Americans now use come from the languages of
their immigrants, particularly from the Germans, who make up a large
proportion of the country’s-population. The basic-meaning-of "dumb” in both
British and American English, is “unable to speaks”. In the USA it acquired a
second meaning, “stupid,” straight from the German “dumm" (stupid), and
this second meaning has now crossed the Atlantic to Britain. As the German
immigrants learned English, they sometimes translated literally from their
own language. For example, “ausfullen” became “to fill out" (a form, etc,),
and-the Americans have-adopted “fill out” instead of the British. English
“fill in” though some Britons now use “fill out.”
Of course, there are some .American words that are peculiar to the USA
and are quite different from their equivalents in the rest of the English-speaking
world. Here is a list of some of the most important.
Am. English Brit. English
elevator lift
faucet tap
bathtub bath
drapes curtains
apartment flat
apartment house block of flats
antenna (radio) aerial
sidewalk pavement
pavement roadway (surface)
truck lorry (also truck)
garbage, trash rubbish
garbage can dustbin
check (restaurant, store etc.) bill
to line up to queue sweets
candy Co. (Company)
Inc. (Incorporated) hire a car
rent a car lounge or
living room sitting room or
front-room or
drawing room
or living room
presently at the moment
Hudson, Ohio River etc. River Thames, Tyne etc.
in the fall in autumn
cookie sweet biscuit
President (in business) Managing Director
subway underground railway
first floor ground floor
To those who speak, or learn American English "to wash up” means to
wash one’s hands, but in British English it means to wash the dishes.
The words for the toilet can also cause confusion, although the word toilet
itself is common to both languages
Am. English Brit. English
comfort station public convenience
restroom ladies/gents
bathroom lavatory
little boy’s room w.c.
little/girl’s room loo
the join lav
There are complications, too, with
There are complications, too, with the time, the date and with numbers.
3. The American colonists won the war, and the colonies became the 1783
United States of America. The Constitution became the highest law of 1787
the land, and George Washington became the first President. 1789
5. Americans fought against one another in the Civil War between the
1861
North and the South. President Abraham Lincoln freed the slaves in the
1863
Emancipation Proclamation. The northern states wop the war, and the
1865
period of Reconstruction (rebuilding) began.
6. The United States grew to be one of the great powers in the world. The
1917
nation fought in the First World War. After the war women got the right
1920
to vote for the first time.
7. The Great Depression began with the stock market crash. Banks,
factories, and farms shut down, and many Americans were unemployed. 1929
President Franklin Roosevelt helped end the Depression with the New
Deal government. 1933
8. The United States entered the Second World War when Japan attacked
the Hawaiian Islands. The war ended when the United States dropped 1941
the first atomic bombs, and the world entered the Nuclear Age. 1945
9. Because of its distrust of and competition with the Soviet Union and
other Communist nations, the United States entered a time of Cold 1950’s
War. Americans fought in the Korean War. The Civil Rights Movement
began, and black and white Americans fought against segregation
(separation of the races).
10.The Space Age began. Americans fought in the Vietnam War. The
United States put the first men on the moon in the Apollo Program. The
1960’s
Women’s Liberation Movement became strong. Computers began to
1970’s
change the nation faster than ever before.
1980’s
1929 1853 1776 1955 1863 1919 1482 1941 1787 1969
*CLOZE
Read the following information about the independence of the United States. Try
to fill in the blanks with the correct words. After you have filled in as much as you can,
listen to the cassette and fill all blanks,
In the 1700s, or the 18th century, there were 13 British colonies on the East coast
of North America. They were .from north to south, New Hampshire, Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York-, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware,
Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.
The people who lived in the colonies, the (1)…………….., were generally happy
being part of Great Britain from thé time the colonies were first settled in the 17 th (2)
…………….. until the middle of the IS**1 century. Then, in 1765, Britain decided to
collect (3). …………….. from the colonist.
They called the tax the (4) “ …………….. Act”. It was a tax on (5)
…………….. and other papers. The colonists did not want to (6) …………….. the tax
because they were not permitted to vote in British elections. They called
it…………….. “taxation (7) …………….. representation”. They did not want to pay a
tax if they did not have a voice in the government. The colonists (8) …………….. the
tax, and in 1766, the British stopped charging it.
After that, Britain tried to charge other taxes, but the colonists protested until the
British removed all of the taxes except a tax on (9) …………….. The tax on tea led to
a famous protest in 1773 called the (10) …………….. Tea Party. The colonists did not
want to pay tax on British tea which was arriving on ships in Boston (11)
…………….. They went on the (12) …………….. and destroyed all of the lea by
throwing it into the harbor.
When Britain tried to punish the Massachusetts (13) …………….. for the Boston
Tea Party, colonists from other colonies came together to support them. They called
themselves the (14) …………….. Congress. They met for the first time in (15)
…………….. in 1774. The Continental Congress governed the country throughout the
Revolutionary War. The Revolutionary war (16) …………….. with the Battle of
Lexington and Concord, in Massachusetts, on April 19, 1775. The Continental
Congress chose George (17) …………… to lead the Continental Army.
One year after the war started, the Continental Congress officially declared (18)
………. from Great Britain. Thomas Jefferson wrote the (19) ……….of Independence,
and the members of the Continental Congress signed it in Philadelphia on (20) ……….
(21) ………., in 1776.
Revolutionary War battles were fought throughout the colonies and in the
territory to the West of the colonies. The war lasted (22) ………. years, it ended
with the Battle of Yorktown, in (23) ………… in 1781.
From 1781 to 1789, the country was governed under the Articles of
Confederation. The Articles of Confederation set up a (24)…………… federal
government.
In 1789, the (25)……………. of the United States went into effect. That gave foe
country a (26) ……………. federal government. In that year, George Washington was
elected as the first (27)…………..
(from Talking about the USA, Janet Giannotti and Suzanne Mele Szwarcewics)
* Draw line to connect the events in [A] with the information in [B]
A B
Maryland A town in Virginia
The Stamp Act The country’s first president, elected in 1789
The Continental Congress The first battle of the Revolutionary War
Georgia A tax on newspapers and other papers
The Boston Tea Party In Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War
Lexington and Concord One of the thirteen colonies
The Battle of Lexington and Signed in Philadelphia by the members of
Concord Continental Congress on July 4,- 1776
The Declaration of Independence Weak under the Articles of Confederation
Yorktown One of the thirteen colonies
The Battle of Yorktown Towns near Boston
The United States government The last battle in the Revolutionary War
George Washington A protest against tax on tea
1861
……………………..…………………………………
1863
……………………..…………………………………
……………………..…………………………………
1865
……………………..…………………………………
……………………..…………………………………
*Write T for true and F for false. Correct the false statements
1. ….....The South depended on agriculture for its economy.
2. ….....Their main crop was cotton.
3. ….....People in the South needed slave to make money.
4. ….....The North lived from industry.
5. ….....Lincoln’s party opposed the abolition of slavery.
6. …..... The South seceded from the Union by creating the Confederate Sates of
America.
7. …..... The North opposed the election of Lincoln and chose Jefferson Davis
President
8. ….....Richmond was the capital of America
* Questions for discussion
1What are the main causes of the war?
2Why did the slaves play an important part in the war?
3What did the slaves gain from the war?
4What are the effects of the war?
Sources
About the USA, Elain Kirn, the Office Of English Language Programs, Bureau
of Educational and Cultural Affairs, The United States Department of State,
Washington DC 20547, 1989.
Oxford Guide to British and American Culture, OUP 1999.
Talking about the USA: an Active Introduction to American Culture, Janet
Giannotti and Suzanne Mele Szwarcewics, Prentice Hail Regents, 1996
Background to the USA, Richard Musman, Macmillan Publishers, 1990
Suggested reading
Toward the city on a Hill, Portrait of the USA, published by the United States
Information Agency, 1979.
http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/factover/homepage.htm
Words of Lincoln console nation
http://news.bbc.co.uk/l/hi/world/americas/2250665.stm
Timeline: United States of America
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1230058.stm
The Civil War, Oxford Guide to British and American Culture, Jonathan
Crowther, OUP 1999
The Constitution, Oxford Guide to British and American Culture, Jonathan
Crowther, OUP 1999
The History of the US, Oxford Guide to British and American Culture, Jonathan
Crowther, OUP 1999USA
http://www.theusaonline.com
Wikipedia - The free Encyclopedia
http://en.wikikipedia.org/wiki/United_States
THE U.S. CONSTITUTION
Article Four defined the relationship among the states and the relationship of the
states to the Federal government. It included these principles:
1. U.S, residents have the same rights in all states
2. All states have a republican form of government.
3. Congress may admit new states and make laws for U.S. territories.
Article Six declared that Constitution the Supreme Law of the Land.
1. No state constitution or law or judge may contradict (state the opposite of) the
Constitution.
2. All public officials must promise to support the Constitution in an official
oath.
Article Seven declared that nine states must ratify the Constitution for it to
become law.
* In the parentheses, write the number of the Article of the Constitution that
contains the answer to each question. Then write the answer in a few words on the
line.
1. (6) What is the Supreme Law of the land? The Constitution
2. ( ) What is the highest court of the land? ____________
3. ( ) What branch of government makes the laws of the nation? ___________
4. ( ) How many Senators and Representatives does each state have in Congress?
5. ( ) Do U.S. residents have the same rights in all states? ____________
6. ( ) Who is the chief executive of the nation and Commander in Chief of the
armed forces? ____________
7. ( ) What are two ways to propose a Constitutional Amendment?
____________
8. ( ) What are some of the duties and powers of the President?
_____________________
9. ( ) What is one important responsibility of the Supreme Court? ____________
10.( ) What form of government do the states have?
11.( ) May a state constitution or judge contradict the U.S., Constitution?
12. ( ) How are new states admitted to the Union? ____________
13.( ) Who has to approve a proposed amendment? ____________
14.( ) What must public officials promise in an official oath?
______________________
15.( ) How many states had to ratify the Constitution before it became law?__
16.( ) How many states had to ratify the Constitution before it became law?____
The Amendments
The U.S; Constitution is “a living document” because Americans can change it
with amendments. The existing amendments protect individual rights or have solved
other national problems.
Amendment Ratified What does the amendment say?
1-10 1791 The first ten amendments are the “Bill of Rights”
11 1798 Citizens of a state or foreign country may not take
another state to court.
12 1804 Electors vote for the President and Vice President on
separate ballots.
13 1865 Slavery is illegal.
14 1868 All people in the United States or naturalized are
citizens.
15 1870 Black men have the right to vote.
16 1913 Congress has the right to tax income.
17 1913 Congress has the right to tax income
18 1919 It is illegal to make or sell liquor.
19 1920 Women citizens have the right to vote.
20 1933 A new president takes office on January 20.
21 1933 The Eighteenth Amendment was repealed.
22 1951 Presidents may serve no more than two terms.
23 1961 Citizens living in Washington D.C. may vote in
Presidential elections.
24 1964 It is illegal to require voting taxes.
25 1967 The Vice President becomes President if the President
can’t carry out his duties.
26 1971 All citizens eighteen years and older may vote.
THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
Political Parties
The U.S. Constitution does not talk about political parties, but they began during
George Washington's term office. On one side were the Federalists. They wanted a
strong federal government. On the other side, the democratic-Republicans wanted to
limit the power of the national government. Their leader was Thomas Jefferson, and
their group later became the Democratic Party.
Some of the early political parties, such as the Federalists and the Whigs, no
longer exist. Since 1854, the two major parties have been the Democrats and the
Republicans. Smaller parties have lasted for only a short time, “Third parties” have
won in local elections, but their candidates have never won a Presidential election.
Many people say that there is not much difference between the Republican and
Democratic Parties. “Liberal” politicians usually favor reform (change) and progress.
“Conservative” politicians usually oppose change. But both liberal and conservative
members belong to the two major political parties, and their ideas often change with
the times and the issues.
Democratic and Republican parties
The Democratic Party is the oldest party in the
United States. In 1829, Andrew Jackson became the first Democratic President. Since
that time, the issues of the nation and the ideas of the party have changed. Both the
major parties have liberal and conservative members, but in general people consider
the Democrats today more liberal than the Republicans, Democrats often want the
government Jo establish social programs for people need, such as the poor, the
unemployed, and the elderly. They usually say they believe in equal rights for women
and minorities and they oppose nuclear weapons and too much military spending. The
symbol of the Democratic Party (from political cartoons) is the donkey.
* Make sentences about the information above with these sentence patterns.
1. The Senate has __________ members.
House of Representatives (number)
2. The number of Senators for each state is ___________
Representatives
3. Each Senator serves in Congress for _____ years.
Representatives (number)
4. There is ____________ on the number of terms for each Senator
Representatives
5. To run for Congress, a Senator must be at least _______
Representatives (number)
years old and a U.S. citizen for at least ________ years.
(number)
6. A regular session of the Senate is from ________ to ________
House (date)
* Fill in the gaps with words from the chart on the next page.
1. To begin the law-making process, either a __________or a __________ can
write a __________
2. The bill then goes to a __________ of the same house.
3. The committee can call __________ (postpone) the bill, send it back to the full
house without a__________, or__________ (change) the bill.
4. If the Senate or House__________ the bill, it does not become law.
5. If the Senate or House __________ the bill, it goes to the other house of
Congress and its committee.
6. If the second house passes the bill, it goes to __________
7. If the President signs the bill, it__________.
8. If the President. _______ (rejects) the bill, Congress can__________ the veto,
and it becomes law anyway.
HOW CONGRESS MAKES LAW
1. A Senator or Representative
writes a bill.1
5. The second house debates the The Senate or House defeats the bill.
bill.
The Senate or House passes the bill.
6. The bill goes to the President.5 The President signs the bill, and it
becomes law.
The President vetoes (rejects) the
bill.
7. Congress oven-ides the veto The bill does not become law.
(passes the bill)
Many federal agencies provide special services and may be temporary. Some
well-known agencies are the Civil Rights Commission, the Environmental Protection
Agency, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, the United States. Postal Service, and the Veterans Administration (V
A)
* Write T for true and F far false. Correct the false sentences.
1 …………… The executive branch makes laws but does not enforce them.
2 …………… The Vice President, the Chief Executive of government, chooses
the members of the Cabinet with the approval of the voters,
3 …………… There are fourteen government departments, and their heads are
usually called Secretaries.
4 …………… The State Department, the Department of the Treasury, and the
Department of Commerce are federal agencies.
The Judicial Branch
* Discuss these questions about the judicial branch of the federal government
and decide on the answers
1. What is the highest court of the land?
a. the Supreme Court
b. the Presidential Tribunal
2. The Supreme Court is the “Last Court of Appeal.” What does this mean?
a. No other court has higher decision-making power,
b. Citizens can appeal its decision (take the same case) to lower courts.
3. What does the Supreme Court do?
a. It approves or overturns decisions of lower courts and explains and interprets
laws.
b. It hears cases from individual citizens without lawyers.
4. In the system of checks and balances, how does the judicial branch have power
over the other two branches of government?
a. The Supreme Court appoints all judges.
b. The Supreme Court can decide on the constitutionality of laws and
Presidential actions.
5. Where is the Supreme Court?
a. in every state capitol
b. in Washington, D.C. (the nation's capital)
6. Who choose the justices of the Supreme Court?
a. The voters elect them.
b. The President appoints them, but the Senate must approve them.1
7. Who chooses the Chief Justice (head judge) of the Supreme Court?
a. the President and the Cabinet
b. The nine justices of the Supreme Court elect him or her.
8. Has there ever been a woman Supreme Court justice?
a. Yes. Sandra Day O’Connor became the first woman justice in 1981
b. No, because the Constitution states that all supreme. Court justices must be
1 As an example, in 1987 the Senate rejected President Reagan’s candidate, Robert H. Boric, because the Democrats (the
majority party) thought hs was too conservative.
men.
9. How long do Supreme Court justices serve?
a. for the same length of time as senators from their states
b. for life
10. Must the Supreme Court hear all appeals from lower courts?
a. Yes, because hearing appeals is its only responsibility.
b. No. It takes only the more important cases (especially cases concerning
individual rights and the constitutionality of laws or actions).
11. Can the President or Congress abolish the Supreme Court?
a. Yes, with a two-thirds majority of both houses.
b. No. Only a Constitutional Amendment could abolish it.
12. What other kinds of courts and how many of them are there in the federal
system?
a. eleven Circuit Courts of Appeal and ninety-four District Courts
b. two Executive Courts and three Legislative Courts
13. Are there any special federal courts?
a. Yes. There are a. Court of Claims., a Court of Customs, a Court of Customs
and Patent Appeals, and a Court of Military Appeals.
b. No. All courts must accept all kinds of cases.
14. What do the Circuit Courts of Appeals do?
a. They hear appeals (requests to hear the case again) from lower courts.
b. They overturn decisions of the Supreme Court.
15. What are the District Courts and what happens in them?
a. They are state courts. All cases concerning state laws begin there.
b. They are the lowest level of federal courts. Federal cases begin there.
16. How do federal courts differ from other courts?
a. Federal courts take only cases concerning federal law. Other courts hear cases
about state or local law.
b. There is no difference. All courts take the same kinds of cases.
Facts about the Federal government
1. The federal government is in the form of a democratic republic, which means
that the people elect representatives.
2. It is a representative democracy because the people have the power through
their elected representatives.
3. The government follows the principles of a constitution with its bill of rights.
4. The government has three branches with different responsibilities and powers:
5. The legislative branch has two houses that make laws.
6. The upper house in the Senate, and the lower house in the House of
Representatives.
7. The leaders of the executive branch are the U.S. President and Vice President.
8. The President appoints the members of the Cabinet. These advisors
(‘'Secretaries”) are the heads of federal departments.
9. The judicial branch of the federal government judges cases of federal law.
10. The highest court is the U.S. Supreme Court. There are also circuit courts of
appeals and district courts.
* From the information above, write the missing words in the boxes.
U.S. Constitution
Federal Government
legislative
House of
Representation
State Constitution
State Government
executive
senate
"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution nor
prohibited by it to the states ore reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.
“The Tenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.
* Answer the following questions.
Example: Which government declares war and makes treaties?
The Federal government.
Which government...... ?
1. ... declares war and makes treaties? ,
2. ... maintains a police force and state militia?
3. ... regulates trade and transportation in the state1? .
4. ... coins money and maintains post offices?
5. ... establishes and maintains schools?
6. ... regulates banks and supports business?
7. ... oversees local government and grants city charters?.
8. ... funds public projects;, like dams and highways?
9. ... maintains court systems?
10. … issues copyrights and patents?
11. ... provides public assistance and health care for people in need?
12. ... provides funding for the protection of natural resources?
13. … distributes money through programs to improve living and working
conditions?
The Separation of Powers in States Government
State governments are similar in structure to each other and to the federal,
government. Under the principle of separation of powers, the government of each state
has three branches-the legislative, the executive, and the judicial. In the system of
checks and balances, each branch has some control over the other two branches.
The governor may veto bills from the legislature (the senate and the house or
assembly). In some states, the governor uses a ‘line-item veto?’ This way, he or she
does not have to reject an entire law in order to veto parts of it. The governor also
appoints judges in the judicial branch. With enough votes in both houses, the
legislature can override the governor’s veto.
Like the federal courts, state courts also explain and interpret laws. They can
declare state laws unconstitutional (contradictory to the state constitution).
State government includes a system of direct democracy. Through the initiative
process, citizens may put proposed laws on the ballot for the people to vote on. They
may decide on proposed constitutional amendments or important state issues in a
referendum. Through a recall, they can sometimes remove an elected government
official from office.
The federal government also has power over state governments. For example, a
state constitution or court may not contradict the U.S. Constitution, and the U.S.
Supreme Court may overrule the decision of a state supreme court. Also, the U.S.
President may withhold money from a state if the state refuses to obey federal, laws.
* Write T for true and F for false. Correct the fake sentences.
1. ______All state governments are similar to one another, but they are different
in structure from the federal government.
2. ______The principles of separation of powers and checks and balances apply
to state as well as the federal government
3. ______In a ‘‘line- item veto,” the governor can reject parts of initiatives,
referendums, or recalls.
4. ______Like in the federal government, state legislatures can override vetos,
and state courts can declare laws unconstitutional.
5. ______Citizens may propose laws, vote on constitutional amendments, and
recall elected officials in the federal system of direct democracy but not in a state
system.
6. ______The U.S. Supreme Court and the U.S. President have some direct
power over state governments.
Source
About the USA, Elain Kirn, the Office Of English Language Programs, Bureau
of Educational and Cultural Affairs, The United States Department of State,
Washington DC 20547, 1989
Suggested reading
Background to die USA, Richard Musman, Macmillan Publishers, 1990 A Responsive
Government, Portrait of the ỤSA, published by the United States Information Agency,
1979
http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/factover/homepage.htm
http://www.firstgov.gov
USA
http://www.theusaonline.com
The Bill of Rights, The Constitution, Election ill the US, Oxford Guide to British
and American Culture, OUP 1999
Wikipedia - The free Encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States
EDUCATION
The governments and education
Although in general Americans prefer to limit the influence of government, this
is not so where education is concerned. All levels of government are involved in
education and it is considered to be one of their most important responsibilities.
The federal government provides some money for education through the
Department of Education. But state and local governments have direct control and are
responsible for the education of students between the ages of 5 and 18, or the years .of
school called -kindergarten, first grade, second grade, etc. to twelfth grade. These
years are together referred to as K-12. Individual states have their own Boards of
Education, which decide the curriculum and what students must have achieved before
they can graduate from high school at the age of 18. States are also concerned with
certification standards, general standards of education including the qualifications
needed by teachers.
Most of the money for education comes from taxes that people pay to their local
government. Local governments appoint school boards, which have control over how
individual schools are run. A school board hires a superintendent, the person in charge
of all the schools in a school district, principals for each school, and teachers. It also
decides how the rest of thé money available should be spent. School boards are usually
made up of people who live, in the area, often parents of children in the schools,
At the primary and secondary levels, most school districts have a Parent- Teacher
Association (PTA) which gives all parents a chance to take part in making decisions
about how the school is run. Parents regularly visit schools to meet their children’s
teachers and discuss their progress. Many volunteer in their children’s schools to teach
the children a skill, take them on trips, or work in the school library.
The school system
Although many Americans attend nursery school, day care or pre-school from an
early age, formal education is usually considered to begin at the age of 5 when
children go to kindergarten, the first step in the K-32 education. Kindergarten and the
next five or six years of education, first grade, second grade, etc., are together usually
called elementary school (the term primary school is less common in the US than in
Britain). Grades seven to twelve are part of secondary school, and may be divided in
different ways. In some places grades seven and eight are called junior high school.
Other school systems have middle school, which lasts for three years. High school
usually covers four years, from the ninth to the twelfth grades.
Post-secondary education, after twelfth grade, is not free though state
governments which run most of the educational institutions subsidize the cost for
people who live in the state.
The quality of education
By some standards, American education seems very successful. Although young
people must attend school until they are 56, over 80% continue until they are 18.
About 45% of Americans have some post-secondary or further education, and over
20% graduate from a college or university.
However, 20% of adults, about 40 million people, have very limited skills in
reading and writing, and 4%, about 8 million, are illiterate (= cannot read or write).
Since control over education is mostly at local level, its quality varies greatly from
place to place. There are many reasons for this but the most important is money. In
general, the people who live in city centres tend to be very poor. Those with more
money prefer to live in the suburbs. People in the suburbs pay higher taxes, and so the
schools there have more money to spend. Crime arid violence Eire also serious
problems in the inner cities, with some students taking weapons to school, in such a
situation it is hard to create a good atmosphere for learning.
Public or private education
Most educational institutions in the US are public (=run by the government) but
there are some private schools which students pay a lot of money to attend. Many
private schools have a high reputation and parents send their children there so that they
will have advantages later in life. Opposition to private schools is not as strong as it is
in Britain: individual choice is important in the US, and so the right of people to buy a
different education for their children is not questioned. Public or private education is
much less of an issue than the difference in quality between inner city and suburban
schools. Most parents who have money are likely to spend it not by sending their
children to private schools but by moving to a suburb where the public schools are
good.
Points of conflict
Americans agree on the importance of education being available to all, but there
is disagreement about what should be taught. The greatest area of conflict, is the place
of religious or moral education. Commonly debated topics include whether teachers
should be allowed to say prayers, whether students should learn about sex, and
whether it is right to hit students as a punishment. Sometimes the debate ends up in
court, and courts usually say that no student should be forced to do something that is
against his or her beliefs.
Education for people who come to the US from other countries is also much
discussed. In states like California where there are many people whose first language
is not English, there is debate over what language should be used in schools. Some
people believe that children have the right to an education in their own language;
others say that people who come to the US have a responsibility to learn English and
cannot expect special treatment. At university level some people object to the high
numbers of foreign students, especially in science and related fields. But since
relatively few Americans study these subjects the universities are glad to take
international students.
In spite of occasional conflict, most Americans agree final a good education
gives people the best chance of getting a good job and of improving their social
position,
* Define the following words, using a dictionary if necessary
school board
superintendent
principal
PTA
further education
* Write T for true and F for false. Correct the false statements
1. ………. Education is a federal responsibility.
2 ………. The state pays for a K-12 education.
3. ………. The Boards of Education decide standards of certification and
teacher’s qualifications.
4. ………. Boards of .education employ principals and teachers .
5. ………. The PTA runs the school.
6. ………. Compulsory education starts with first .grade.
7. ……….Students may leave school at the age of sixteen.
8. ………. The quality of education varies from place to place.
9. ………. The difference in quality between city and-suburban schools is a big
issue
10. ………. Public schools in the city centers are better than those in the
suburban areas.
* School grades
You are to fill in the (able with information from the text above.
LEVEL GRADE AGE
Elementary ………………… 5-12
………………… 7-8 …………………
………………… ………………… …………………
Sources
Oxford Guide to British and American Culture, OUP 1999
Wikipedia - The free Encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States
Suggested reading
A Diverse Educational System, Portrait of the USA, published by the United
States Information Agency, 1979
http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/factover/homepage.htm
RELIGION
The US is well known for its many traditional churches and less formal religions,
though almost all are Christian. Freedom of worship is a result of the separation of
Church and State that is written into the First Amendment of tire Constitution. This
happened because many people, including the Pilgrim Fathers, went to America to
avoid religious persecution in Europe,
American Protestants are very religious, though the Catholic Church has more
members than any one Protestant group, Religious beliefs are strong: it is said that
96% of Americans believe in God, 90% pray and 41% go to church regularly.
Churches are centers of social events and business activities, as well as places of
worship. Prayers are said at football games, and some teams kneel together on the field
before a game.
Church and State
There is no established religion in the US but Christianity is built into some
important aspects of American life. The Pledge of Allegiance includes the phrase ‘one
nation under God’, and the official US motto is ‘In God We Trust’, US presidents
always attend church regularly, but they may come from any denomination.
Since the 1960s some Americans have tried to stop government support of
religion. In 1963 the Supreme Court decided it was ‘unconstitutional’ for students to
say the Lord’s Prayer or to read the Bible in class. Many schools have ignored this
ruling. In 1997 a judge in Alabama was ordered to remove a list of the Ten
Commandments from the wall of his court, but he refused.
Christian churches
In the US the Catholic Church has over 60 million members. The largest
Protestant group is the Baptists, with nearly 37 million members. Other Protestant
groups include Methodists, Lutherans and Presbyterians. Episcopalians, .who are part
of the Anglican Communion, number only 2.5 million. Part of the Deep South is called
the Bible Belt because Protestants there are fundamentalists. Their preaching is
sometimes rudely called ‘Bible-bashing’
People who have not found spiritual satisfaction within the traditional churches
may join a sect such as the Jehovah’s Witnesses, the Christian Scientists, the Mormons
or the Seventh-Day Adventists. Others join a charismatic church, such as the
Pentecostal Church, where emotions are freely expressed and spiritual healing is
practised. In the US there are over 10 million Pentecostalists. Smaller churches in the
US include the Shakers, the Amish, the Mennonites and the Hutterites. America also
has strong religious groups that are not churches, for example the Promise Keepers.
The US has many evangelical churches, which believe that Christians should
help others fmd God. Evangelists such as Billy Sunday, Aimee Semple McPherson
and Billy Graham have gathered groups of followers through the strength of their
personalities. But some, including televangelists Jim Bakker and Jimmy Swaggert,
have shown that they care more about money and other pleasures than about God.
America also has many religious cults. They include the Moonies and the large and
financially successful Scientology organisation. Other groups have shown themselves
to be fanatical and dangerous, as seen in the violent deaths in 1993 of more than 70
people at the Branch Davidians’ house in Waco, Texas.
Other faiths
The main non-Christian faiths in the US are Judaism and Islam. The US has
about 6 million Jews and there are synagogues in many towns and cities. Jewish men
may be recognized in the street if they are wearing a skullcap. Men from some
branches of Judaism wear long black coats and black hats,
(from Oxford Guide to British and American Culture)
* MATCHING
Match the words with their-meanings.
1. denomination a/ Protestant members who believe the
2. fundamentalists exact words of the Bible
3. preaching b/ buildings where Jews worship
4. synagogues c/ religious group
5. Islam d/ the Muslim religion
e/ teaching
* Write T for true mid F for false. Correct the false statements.
1. ..... It is stated in the Constitution that religion and government are separate;
2 ….. Most Americans believe in God
3 ….. The Catholic church is the largest religion.
4 ….. The official church in the US is Christianity.
5. ..... American Presidents go to church regularly
6. …..Football players and students are requested to read the Bible. :
7 ….. The majority of American population belong to Protestant churches.
8 ….. Tire largest group of Protestant Christians in the US is Methodist.
9. ….. The Mormons is one of the traditional religious groups
10. ….. Religious cults may be dangerous
* Define these terms, using a dictionary if necessary.
Pilgim fathers
scientology
sect
cult
• CLOZE
Choose one appropriate word from the box below to complete each blank
space.
denominations largest government Moslem worship
religion group tribal Christians divided
NEWSPAPERS
The US has only one national newspaper, USA Today. The rest are local. A few
newspapers from large cities, such as the New York Times and The Washington Post,
are read all over the country. The International Herald-Tribune is published outside the
US and is read by Americans abroad. Many Americans subscribe to a newspaper
which is delivered to their house. This costs less than buying it in a shop. Papers can
also be bought in bookshops and supermarkets. Large cities have newsstands, small
covered areas on the street, and smaller towns have vending machines from which
people take a paper after putting in money.
Many newspapers are now available on the Internet. This is useful for checking
the headlines, but most people prefer to read the printed version,
A. daily newspaper from a medium-sized US city has between 50 and 75 pages,
divided into different sections. The most important stories, whether international,
national or local, arc printed on the front page, which usually has the beginnings of
four or five articles, and colour photographs. The articles continue inside. The rest of
the first section contains news stories, an opinion page with editorials, and letters to
the editor, written by people who read the paper. Another section contains local news.
The sport section is near the end of the-paper, with the features section. This contains
comics and also advice columns, such as Dear Abby. There are advertisements
throughout the paper.
Tabloids contain articles about famous people but do not report the news. They
are displayed in supermarkets, and many people read them while they are waiting to
pay but do not buy them.
On Sundays newspapers are thicker. There are usually fewer news stories but
more articles analysing the news of the past week and many more features, including a
colour section of comics.
America has many papers in languages other than English for people from
various ethnic backgrounds.
(from Oxford Guide to British and American Culture)
* Write T for true and F for false. Correct the false statements,
1 …… The New York Times and the Washington Post are national newspapers.
2 …… People prefer to read newspapers on the Internet.
3 …… A daily newspaper has 75 pages.
4 …… Tabloids are given at supermarkets,
5 …… Sunday newspapers have many more pages.
RADIO
In the US there are more than 10.000 radio stations. Many people listen to the
radio during (1)………… time, the time when they are travelling to or from work.
There are no national radio stations, but there are (2) ………… groups of stations that
are associated with each other. The network affiliates stations in the group) use some
of the same (3) …………
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC), a part, of the US government,
issues (4) ………… to radio stations and says what frequency they can use. The FCC
also gives a station its call letters, the letters that it uses to identity itself. Many stations
make their (5) …………., from their call letters or frequency, e.g. Sunny 95. Each
station has a specific (6) ………… (= style of programmes), which it hopes will be
popular with its (7) …………. Some stations play a particular kind of music, such as
‘top 40' (= popular songs), country (8) ………… or golden oldies. Other stations have
talk radio and phone-in programmes, in which radio presenters (9) ………… an issue
and invite people listening to (10). ………… the station and take part in the
discussion. Ethnic radio stations operated by people from particular (11) …………
groups offer programmes in languages other than (12) …………Some stations
broadcast religious programming.
Many towns also have a public radio station, which is part of the National Public
Radio network. Public radio stations often have public (13) …………programming
and classical music, which is not common on (14). ………… radio. The United States
Information Agency, part of the US (15) ………… operates the Voice of America,
which brings information about the US, its culture and (16) …………to people around
the world.
Sources
Oxford Guide to British and American Culture, OUP 1999 Story from BBC
NEWS:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/fr/-/l/hi/world/americas/country_profdes/1217752.stm
Published: 2006/08/01 16:02:07 GMT
BASEBALL
Baseball is America’s national sport, played mainly by men. It developed in the
mid I9th century from the British, games of rounders and cricket. Baseball is also
popular in Japan and several Latin American countries, and has been an Olympic sport
since 1992. Softball is similar but uses a larger, softer ball and is popular with women.
Many Americans play baseball for fun because players do not have to be 1 strong
like football players or tail like basketball players. Some people think baseball is too
slow, but the team managers often change their players and plans during the game, and
there are many exciting plays. Many American families enjoy going to a Sunday
afternoon double-header (= two games between the same two teams in one day),
The game
Baseball is played with long wooden bats and a small, hard ball, by two teams of
nine players each. The infield has three bases (= bags filled with sand) and a home
plate, also called home, arranged in a diamond. The distance between each base is 90
feet (27.4 metres). The pitcher, who throws the ball to the batter at the home plate,
stands in the centre of the diamond. The distance from the pitcher’s mound to the
home plate is 60.5 feet (18.4 metres). The team that scores the most runs as its players
move round the bases is the winner.
Each game lasts nine innings, in each inning the visiting team is first to bat (- hit
the ball), while the home team plays defense, Flayers bat in turn but when a team has
three outs, it must let the other side bat. If a batter hits the ball and it is not caught in
the air for an out, he runs to first base. If the ball is thrown to first base before the
baiter gets there, he is out. If not, he then tries to advance to second base, third base
and back to home for a run while other, players bat. A base runner is out if another
player in his team hits the ball and it is thrown to second or third base before he gets
there. The most exciting play is when the batter hits a ball very far and can go round
all the bases for a home run, also called a homer.
An umpire judges the throws. If a pitch (= ball that is thrown) is not hit, the ball
is caught by the catcher behind the batter and returned to the pitcher. A batter strikes
out (=is out) if the pitcher throws three balls within the strike zone (= the area between
the batter’s shoulders and knees) and he misses them or does not try to hit them. A
batter can go to first base on a walk if the pitcher throws four balls outside the strike
zone. As well as the pitcher and the catcher, the defense has four other players in the
infield and three in the outfield.
Competitions
The professional season lasts from April to October. Major league baseball is
organized into the American League and the National League. At the end of the season
the four best, teams in each league play to decide which two will go forward to the
World Series: The team that wins four games in this competition are the World
Champions. The New York Yankees have won the World Series the most times. Other
well-known teams include the Boston Red Sox, the Cleveland Indians, the Detroit
Tigers, the Chicago Cubs, the St Louis Cardinals and the Los Angeles Dodgers. There
are also several minor leagues around the country.
Amateur competitions include the NCAA College World Series, won most often
by the University of Southern California. Both American and foreign teams play in the
Little League, and young people play in the Little League or Babe Ruth League,
Famous baseball players have included Ty Cobb, ‘Cy’ Young, "Babe’ Ruth, Lou
Gehrig, Jackie Robinson, Joe DiMaggio, Mickey Mantle, Willie Mays, Ted Williams,
and Hank Aaron. All have been chosen for the Baseball Hall of Fame.
Language and culture
Baseball has its own colourful language, such as an Annie Oakley (a free walk to
first base), a Texas Leaguer (a weak hit just over the infield) and a grand slam (a home
rim with three runners on bases). Some expressions are more widely used. To strike
out means to fail, to throw somebody a curve means to trick them (because a curve
ball deceives the batter), not get to first base means to get nothing done, and to take a
rain check is to delay an event (a free rain check to a later game is given if a game is
stopped by rain).
Baseball has entered the national culture in other ways. It is the subject of an old
popular song, Take Me Out to the Ballgame, novels such as Shoeless Joe (1982) which
became the film Field of Dreams (1989), and other films tike The Pride of the Yankees
(1942) and The Babe (1992), Baseball caps and shirts are fashionable hi many
countries.
(from Oxford Guide to British and American Culture)
* Define the following terms, using a dictionary if necessary
pitcher
batter
catcher
umpire
to throw someone, a curve
to take a rain check
* Write T for true and F for false. Correct the false statements.
1. ………… Baseball is imported from Britain.
2. ………… It is more popular in Japan than in America.
3. ………… It is an Olympic sport and popular with both men and women.
4. ………… It can be played by people of average height and weight
5. …………People think baseball is not exciting.
6. ………… American families enjoy watching baseball games.
* Complete the following sentences
1. Baseball is played with ......…….and
2. A baseball team consists of: …………..
3. The baseball season is from ...............
4. The teams are divided into ...................
5. The World Champions are ...............
6. Professional World Series have been won most often by..........
TWO KINDS OF FOOTBALL
American football, not to be confused with the football called soccer, is the
American national sport. It developed from the British game of rugby and, although it
is played in no other country in the world (except Canada), it excites tremendous
enthusiasm. Intercollegiate games (games between universities) are great social
occasions. More than 100 thousand mothers and fathers, brothers and sisters, students
and football fans from the general public, crowd into the huge, luxurious stadiums.
During a recent, college final in the Rose Bowl at Pasadena, California, there were
severe earthquake tremors, but nobody noticed!
Then there is the razzamatazz - the splendidly-trained brass bands, the teams of
pretty' girls twirling batons and dressed in fancy costumes who march like well- drilled
soldiers during the half-time show, the cheerleaders urging the .fans to shout
encouragement or applaud good play.
The method of scoring in American football is the same as in rugby. Players try
to carry the ball over the opponents’ line, and then to earn more points by kicking the
ball between the upright goal posts above the bar. But that is where the likeness
between the two games ends.
American football has a reputation for being a brutal and dangerous game. This
reputation is not really deserved. The players hurl themselves at each other fiercely,
but today their uniforms and helmets (fitted with visors to protect their faces) are so
skillful padded that there are few serious injuries. By comparison, the rugby player is
almost naked, having only a thin jersey and a pair of shorts to protect him from his
opponents’ boots and tackling.
The football coach is a very important member of the college staff - more
important than the professors, some says! The coach picks promising football players
from the high schools, and recommends that they be given scholarships. This is the
only way some boys from poor families with no intellectual background can get to
college. Quite a few of these students go on to become professional football players.
The names of professional soccer clubs are as well known to Americans as
professional soccer clubs are to, Europeans and South Americans.
The Americans are addicted to crazes. When they take something up, they do so
wholeheartedly, and often the rest of the world follows their lead. Jogging is an
example of this. The Americans now have another craze, a game which most other
countries call ‘football,’ but which they call soccer. Soccer is spreading like wildfire
through all the States and gaining in popularity on baseball. It is being run by big
business and TV advertisers, who are doing everything they can to sell it to the public.
They are employing famous fashion designers to design novel uniforms for the
players. They have introduced a musical background to the games, and there is
happening. Most important, they have hired, at enormous expense, famous coaches
and players from Europe and South America. They have also changed some of the
rules, including the offside rules to make the game more exciting.
Soccer games can now draw crowds of over 70 thousand in cities where baseball
attracts a mere 20 thousand spectators. The soccer stadiums are much more luxurious
than the vast majority of European and South American league grounds. There is a
seat for everyone and a parking lot for 25 thousand cars. Soccer is being brilliantly
promoted, like any other promising American product.
(from Background to the USA, Richard Musman)
* Write T for 'true and F for false, Correct the false statements.
1. …….. American football developed from British soccer.
2. …….. Both football and soccer players wear uniforms and helmets.
3. …….. The football coach can give players scholarships
4. …….. The Americans are crazy about soccer.
5. …….. Soccer is more popular than baseball.
6. …….. Many things have been done to make soccer more exciting.
* Answer the following questions
1 In what way is American football different from most other games in the
world?
2 In what ways are Rigby and American football alike?
3 In what ways do rugby players and American football players look different?
4 Why has American football become much less dangerous in recent years?
5 How can some students from poor homes manage to get to a university?
6 How does big business “sell" soccer to the public?
7 Some American spectators do not know much about soccer. How do they
learn what is going on?
Sources
Oxford Guide to British and American Culture, OUP 1999
Background to the USA, Richard Musman, Macmillan Publishers, 1990
JAZZ
Jazz is one of the greatest forms of music originating in the US, The names of its
stars, who are mostly African Americans, are known around the world. Most people
have heard of stars like Ella Fitzgerald, ‘Count’ Basie, ‘Duke’ Ellington and Louis
Armstrong. Wynton Marsalis, who plays in the traditional style, is the best- known
jazz musician today
Jazz was begun in the South by African Americans. Many of its rhythms came
from the work songs and spirituals religious songs) of black slaves. New Orleans street
bands first made jazz popular, Earl) forms of jazz created at the beginning of the 20th
century were ragtime and the blues. Ragtime musicians included the singer 'Jelly Roll 5
Morton and the composer and piano player Scott Joplin. Famous blues singers
included Bessie Smith and later Billie Holiday. Dixieland developed from ragtime and
the blues and made a feature of improvisation (= making up the music as it is being
played), especially on the trumpet and saxophone. Dixieland stars included Louis
Armstrong and Sidney Bechet.
In the 1920s many African Americans moved north, taking jazz with them, and
Chicago and New York became centres for the music. This was the beginning of the
big band era. In the 1930s swing music came into fashion and people danced to jazz.
Radio and the new recording industry helped to make it even more popular. The big
bands were led by Basle, Ellington, Woody Herman, Glenn Miller and ‘the King of
Swing’s Benny Goodman. In the 1940s there were new styles such as bebop,
developed by ‘Dizzy’ Gillespie, Charlie ‘Bird’ Parker and Thelonious Monk. Freer
forms like progressive jazz developed in the 1950s with stars including Stan Getz and
Dave Brubeck. Cool jazz followed in the 1960s, led by Getz and, Miles Davis. More
recent styles have included funky jazz, jazz-rock and hip-hop jazz. Many jazz clubs,
like the Cotton Club, have now closed but others, like Preservation Hail in New
Orleans, and Birdland in Manhattan, remain.
(from Oxford Guide to British and American Culture)
* Complete the following sentences to obtain a summary of the text,
1. Jazz originated...
2. Black Jazz stars are...
3. Jazz was created in................by.................
4. Its rhythms came from...
5. Jazz was first popular in,.,
6. Ragtime and blue arc ...
7. Louts Armstrong is
8. In the 1920s Jazz ...
9. In the 1930s swing music...
10. News style of Jazz include...
■
I WHAT IS POP?
In 1956, a young man from the south of the United States made a .record called
Heartbreak Hotel. The young man was Elvis Presley. Eight million people bought his
record arid it went straight to number one in the US charts. It was the first of many hits
for Elvis and it was also one of the first modern pop records.
‘Pop’ is popular music: the music of the people. There has always been popular
music, but pop was born around the time that Elvis began singing - more than forty
years ago. Pop songs are about girls and boys, going out, dancing, having a good time,
being in love and being out of love. Pop is for the young. It is about growing up and
about not growing up. It is about feeling different. Pop tells you it is OK to feel the
way you do. Pop can be happy or sad. It can be strange, it can be fun, it can, be
dangerous. For the people who work in the pop business, it is usually about making
money. For most people, it is about having a good time. Pop is for now.
The sixties
Some people call the sixties a golden time for pop. Pop became a voice for
millions of young people and it became big business. And many different kinds of pop
came front the rock and roll of the fifties.
One new kind, from California, was the surfing sound of the Beach Boys; the
most successful American group of the sixties. Brian Wilson wrote most of their songs
(God Only Knows, Sloop John B. Good Vibrations): He was always trying to do new
things with his music. In 1995, a British pop magazine asked a group of (older) British
pop music writers to name the best pop album of ail time: their number one? -Brian
Wilson’s Pet Sounds,
In Detroit (Motown, the city of the motor car), there was the black soul music of
Marvin Gaye and Otis Redding; here too, the record producer, Phil Specter, was
building something he called the Wail of Sound with mainly black singers, like Ike
and Tina Turner {River Deep, Mountain High) and girl groups like the Ronettes.
And there was also the completely different voice of Bob Dylan, who started as a
folk singer, then changed to an. electric guitar in 1966. HP wrote some of the best
songs in modem music like All along the Watchtower, Mr. Tambourine Man and A
Hard Rain's A-Gonna Fall. Dylan showed that pop music can be exciting and serious.
The 1960s was a time when many young people believed that sex and drugs and
■
I rock music (the kind of music which came straight from the rock and roll and rhythm
and blues of the fifties) would give love and peace to the world. They listened to the
psychedelic music of groups like The Grateful dead and of Jimi Hendrix, one of the
great guitarists of rock. More than 300,000 people went to the Woodstock Festival In
1969 to listen to this kind of music. But this was the year that Brian Jones of the
Rolling Stones died because of drugs. One year later, Hendrix also died from drugs.
And a young man was killed while The Rolling Stones played at a concert in
Altamont, California. It was the end of the dream.
Pop today - and tomorrow
Today, pop is for everyone. When Elvis made Heartbreak Hotel and Jailhouse
Rock, pop did not have a past and pop was for the young. Forty years later, the ,
grandfathers of pop - the Rolling Stones, Bob Dylan, Erie Clapton, Elton John are now
the first old people to make pop music: and old people as well as young listen to it.
Today, pop is everywhere. It is in the street, in the big shops, at the airport. You
can get pop twenty-four hours a day on your radio, from your Walkman, from the TV.
MTV (Music Television) goes to more than 250 million homes in 60 countries, ail
watching pop videos of all kinds of music. But MTV has not made pop the same
everywhere. MTV Asia is not the same as MTV in Latin America. Today, more than
ever, you can choose your own kind of music from many different kinds.
Today pop is big business. People spend 35 billion dollars on records every year.
Two in every three records in the world come from just five companies. These
companies are very rich. They help the bands whose records they can sell, but not
always the bands whose music is good. They can decide who will be a star.
Today you can get pop from your computer. You can buy a CD-ROM which
gives you the words of 550 of Bob Dylan’s songs; you can see him play and hear him
sing - on your computer. On pop CD-ROMs, you can listen to the music and you can
change it: rnake.it faster or slower, happier or sadder, use the sounds of different
musical instruments.
Today you can get pop through your computer on the Internet. You can read the
latest news about some bands, ask for and pay for a new record, and get the music
through the Internet into your computer.
And next time you go dancing, not just the music, but the pictures on the .walls,
■
I moving in time with the music, could come from computers. The technoartist works at
the side of the music DJ.
These are some of the new things in pop. But many things stay the same.
Reading about pop is fine, bụt now, why don’t you put on a record or go to a concert
and listen to some of the great sounds of pop for yourself. Or pick up a guitar and
make some. .
(from Forty Years of Pop, Steve Flinders)
* Define these terms.
hit
chart
DJ (disc jockeys)
psychedelic music
* Complete the following sentences.
1. Heartbreak hotel is Elvis’s..
2. Pop is about.....
3. For people of pop business pop is about…
4. The sixties was
5,.The Beach Boys was.....
6. Bob Dylan was ...
7. Jimi Henđrỉx is ... ..
8. Hundreds of thousands of people attended ...
9. Today pop is for…
10. MTV goes…
11. People spend...
12. On pop CD-ROMs you can ...
13. On the Internet you can…
14. When you go dancing, not just the music...
Sources
Oxford Guide to British and American Culture, OUP 1999
Forty Years of Pop, Steve Flinders, OUP 1996
Background to the USA, Richard -Musman, Macmillan Publishers, 1990
■
HOLIDAYS
* Holiday Calendar
Lisien to the cassette for the description of the holiday calendar, in the chart
below, write in the ordinal numbers you hear. Note that same holidays are celebrated
on the same date every year, and others are always celebrated on the same day of the
month
JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL
New Year’s Valentine’s St. Patrick’s April Fools’
Day: the _____ Day: the ________ Day: the ______ Day: the_______
Martin Luther President’s
King, Jr., Day: Day: the_______
the ____Monday Monday
MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST
Mother's Day: Father’s Day: the Independence Day:
the______Sunday ______Sunday the______
Memorial Day:
the ______Monday
• CLOZE
Read the lecture below about the types of American Holidays. Try to fill in the
blanks with the correct words.
Americans love holidays and celebrate a variety of days all through the
(1) ………… They observe federal holidays, which give them a (2) ………… off
from school or work, arid other celebration days without a day off.
■
I The government of the United States has declared ten (3) ………….holidays. On
these holidays, ah federal government offices, banks, and post offices are (4)
………… Since the American states have .their own governments, each (5) …………
has a right to decide which of the federal holydays it will (6) …………. Private
businesses can decide which of these federal holidays their employees will observe
with a (7) …………
day. As it happens, most states and businesses (8) ………… at least nine of the
federal holidays so everyone can have at least nine days off from (9) ……… or (10)
………… every year.
There are several different (11) ………… of federal holidays. Some are (12)
………… holidays, which remember important (13) …………in the history of the
United States. For instance, Thanksgiving is a day to remember the very beginnings of
the (14) and the first people that came and (15) ………… in America. Another
holiday, Independence Day, celebrates the American colonies’ Declaration of
Independence from (16) ………… and the birth of the United States. Veterans Day
and (17)………… Day honor Americans who have fought and died in Wars.
Other federal holidays are patriotic in a different way. They remember important
(18) ………… in the country’s history. For example,Columbus Day (19) …………
Christopher Columbus, the (20) ………… explorer financed by.Spain who opened
America to European exploration.
Two presidents, George (21) ………… and Abraham Lincoln, are honored in the
month of their birth on Presidents' Day. Finally, Martin Luther King, Jr., Day honors a
(22) ………… African American civil rights leader.
Some federal holidays are special days that are also (23) ……in other countries,
but perhaps in different ways and at different times of the year, New (24) …………
Day is one of these spécial days. Labor Day, a holiday which honors all (25) …………
people, is another Most (26) ………… holidays are not federal holidays because the
American constitution separates the government from the church.
However, there is one religious holiday that is also a federal holiday, and that is
(27)…………
There are also many (28) ………… days of celebration in the United States that
are not observed with (29) ………… from school or work. 'These days are celebrated
■
I with their own special (30) ………… either by all Americans or by specific (31)
…………or religious groups.
Some different types of these celebration days are religious holidays and ethnic
holidays.
Religious holidays are celebrated by Americans of different religious (32)
………… For example, Easter is a day celebrated by Christians, and Hanukkah and
Passover are examples of (33) ………… holidays.
Ethnic holidays; are celebrated with special traditions brought to this country by
the many (34)………. who came to the United States from all over the world. For
example, St. Patrick’s Day is a holiday that celebrates the (35) ………… background
of many Americans.
Americans also have a number of special celebrations just for fun, (36) …………
and family, such as (37). ………… a special day on which children dress up in (38)
………… and eat lots of candy. April Fools’ Day is celebrated by playing little (39).
………… on friends. There are also holidays to (40) …………parents, such as
Mother’s Day and Father’s Day, and a holiday just for (41) ………… Valentine’s
Day.
As time goes on, other days become part of the American holiday (42) …………
One example of this is Earth Day, a special day in April that honors (43) …………
This day is observed by more and more Americans each year who are interested in
(44) ………… the earth.
Although it is difficult to get the Congress to agree to add a new federal holiday
to tho American calendar, there is always room for new celebrations.
(from Talking about the USA, Janet Giannotil and Suzanne Mele Szwarcewics)
* Write T for true and F for false. Correct the false statements
1. ______ All states celebrate ten federal holidays.
2. ______ Thanksgiving is a dạy to remember the first people who came and
settled in America.
3. ______ Independence Day is an example of a patriotic holiday.
4. ______ Columbus Day honors an American president.
5. ______ Martin Luther King, Jr., Day remembers an event in American history.
6. ______ Most religious holidays are also federal holidays.
■
Patriotic Thanksgiving
(Events) _____________
Veterans Day
_____________
Columbus Day
FEDERAL Patriotic _______________
HOLIFAYS (People)
Martin Luther King,
Religious Christmas
_______________
Special
Days
Labor Day
Religious _____________
Hanukhah
Passover
Other _______________
■
I • THANKSGIVING HISTORY
Listen to the lecture and fill in the missing information in the chart below.
Dates What Happened?
The Pilgrims left England.
November 1620
Winter, 1620- 1621
Spring and summer, 1621
The Pilgrims had a great harvest,
After the harvest, 1621
1941
* Choose the best answer.
1. Why did the Pilgrims leave England?
a. for health reasons
b. for religious reasons
c. for economic reasons
2. Where is Plymouth Rock?
a. in England
b. in Mayflower
c. in Massachusetts
3. What is one type of crop that the Pilgrims learned to grow in the new land?
a. corn
b. rice
c. turkey
4. How did the Native Americans help the Pilgrims to survive the first year?
a. They taught them to hunt,
b. They taught them to sail.
c. They .taught them to pray,
5. For most the Americans what is the most important part of the Thanksgiving
celebrations?
a. the parades
b. the football games
c. the meal
6. Where does the famous Thanksgiving Day parade take place?
a. in New York
b. in Massachusetts
■
I c. in Washington, D.C.
7. Where do Americans often volunteer to work on Thanksgiving?
a. in schools
b. in stores
c. in soup kitchens
8. How long has Thanksgiving been celebrated?
a. over 100 years
b. over 200 years
c. over 300 years
* Christmas carols
Listen to a few verses from these popular Christmas carols and fill in the missing
words he low.
Silent Night
Silent night, (1)……………….. night.
All is (2) ……………….. , all is bright
Round you virgin (3) ……………….. and child.
Holy (4) ………………..so tender and mild.
Sleep in heavenly (5) ……………….. .
Sleep in heavenly (6) ………………..
Jingle Bells
1. Dashing through the……………….. 2. Bells on bobtails………..
On a one-horse………………..sleigh; Making spirits………………..
O’er the fields we……………….. What fun it is to ride and ……..
Laughing all the ……………….. A sleighing song ………………..
3. Jingle bells, jingle bells,
Jingle all the ………………..
Oh, what fun it is to………………..
In a one-horse open………………..
(Repeat)
Source
Talking about the USA: an Active Introduction to American Culture. Janet
Giannotti and Suzanne Mete Szwarcewics, Prentice Hall Regents, 1996
■
I Suggested reading
Portrait, of the USA, published by the United States Information Agency, 1979
http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/factover/homepage.htm
About the USA, Elain Kirn, the Office Of English Language Programs, Bureau
of Educational and-Cultural Affairs; -The United States Department of State,
Washington DC 20547, 1989
Sources of Information
The sources of information, maps and photos used in the compilation of this
book include:
About the USA, Elain Kirn, the Office Of English Language Programs, Bureau
of Educational and Cultural Affairs, The United States Department of State,
Washington DC 20547, 1989
Background to the USA, Richard Musman, Macmillan Publishers, 1990
Forty Years of Pop, Steve Flinders, OUP 1996
Lifelines Student’s book Pre- intermediate, Tom Hutchinson, OUP 1997, pp. 34-
35 Oxford Guide to British and American Culture, OUP 1999.
Spotlight on the USA, Randee Falk, OUP, 1993
Talking about the USA: an Active Introduction to m Culture, Janet Giannotti and
Suzanne Mele Szwarcewics, Prentice Hall Regents, 1996
Wikipedia - The free Encyclopedia
http://en.wikipsclia.org/wiki/United_States
United States Map
http://travelyahoo.com/p-travelguide-577984-map_of_united_states-i
Story from BBC NEWS:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1217752.stm
Published: 2006/08/01 16:02:07 GMT