Fabric Science Assginment

“Explore The Pre-Requisite Of

Yarn Used For Knitting”

SUBMITTED TO- Dr.Abhijit Mukherjee

SUBMITTED BY- Ayesha sumreen

What is knitting…?
Knitting is a method by which yarn is manipulated to
create a textile or fabric; it is used in many types of
garments. ... Knitting creates stitches: loops of yarn in a
row, either flat or in the round (tubular). There are
usually many active stitches on the knitting needle at
one time.

Yarn requirement for knitting process….

Yarns used in knitting should be strong, resilient,
bulky, have good elasticity and the ability to absorb
moisture. These properties depend mostly on
the characteristics of the fibres used, as well as the
construction of the yarn (ie, twist, count, etc.).
Yarn Quality Parameters:
For the best knitting we have to choose the best yarn or
ideal yarn for knitting to fault free fabric or quality full
fabric. So we have to careful about the yarn
properties or for ideal yarn. The following yarn
properties should have to be said textile yarn as a ideal
yarn-
1. The yarn in circular in cross-section and is uniform
along its length.
2. Yarn is composed of concentric layers of different
radial.
3. Each fiber follows a uniform helical path around
one of the concentric cylinder so that its distance
from yarn axis remains constant.
4. A fiber at the centre will follow a straight line of
the axis.
5. The axis of circular cylinders coir sides with yarn
axis.
6. The number of filaments or fibers crossing the unit
area is constant; that is the density of packing. Fibers
in the yarn are constant throughout the model.
7. Every filament in the yarn will have the same
amount of twist per unit length.
8. The yarn consists of very large number of
filaments.

Yarn requirement in weft knitting….

1. Yarn count and machine gauge
The yarn count to be used on the circular knitting machine
dependsmainly upon pitch or machine gauge. For any given machine
gaugeit can lie within a larger range, because on the same machine
differentyarn count can be used, depending on the knitted
structure, thedesired fabric appearance and the fabric
properties.

2. Yarn twist
Twist in hosiery yarn should be less. Still in few cases, yarn
of higher twist being preferred on the ground that
it performs wellin knitting in terms of lesser yarn
breakages. The purpose of using low twist yarn is to
achieve this smooth curvature to loopsand high
resiliency to fabric.

3. Uniformity
For obtaining smooth curvature to loop and its uniformity,
theyarn should be uniform in thickness and imperfections
should beminimum. The thin place in yarn receives more twist
resulting incompact structure i.e. high torsional rigidity or sharp
bends inloop while thick place receives less twist and forms a
large curvatureat loop. The co-efficient of friction at thin places
might be higherdue to increased twist, which might be further
aggravated byprobable low wax pick-up. This variation in
bending, twisting andsurface friction can vary tension in yarn
during loop formation.
4. Co-efficient of friction
Waxing to cotton hosiery yarns is common. Co-efficient of
yarnfriction can be reduce by improvement in quality of
wax.

5. Flexural rigidity
Flexural rigidity is the resistance of the yarn to bending.
Formationof loop involves torsional, flexural and tensile
deformations. Theflexural rigidity is the result of fibre
properties and yarn structurewhich influences knitting tension
and loop dimension. Torsionalproperties of spun yarns depend
on torsional, tensile and bendingproperties of staple fibres,
twist in yarn, thickness of yarn,compactness and
strain energy stored in yarn. The loopdimensions
can, therefore, vary when yarns of different torsionalrigidity
are mixed or if the yarn has continuous variation in
itstorsional rigidity.

6. Tenacity and breaking extension

Tenacity is specific stress at rupture and breaking extension is
theextension registered at the highest strength. In contrast to
weavingthe tenacity of knitting yarn is secondary, as the
loading placedon the yarn during knitting is lower than
weaving. In staple fibreyarns the strength is mainly
proportional to the level of twistinserted. Higher twist leads to
harder or firmer yarns. This is notdesired in knitwear, which
one requires a soft twisted yarn.Extension in yarn is
necessary, so that it can resist bendingstrains or
neutralise them by getting extended in such a way thatit
does not break. The extension of staple yarn is
inverselyproportional to their twist level. As compared
to filament yarns,the extension of staple fibre yarns
considerably lower.

7. Yarn hairiness
Excessive yarn hairiness causes excessive yarn friction
betweenyarn and metal, which hinders proper loop
formation andparticularly with cotton yarn, generates
lots of fly. It spoils thefabric appearance and causes
excessive pilling. It also gives theimproper dyeing.

8. Elasticity
Elasticity is often confused with extension
or extensibility of ayarn or a fabric. In order to prevent,
or keep a permanent yarndeformation within
acceptable tolerance while producing acircular knit
fabric, the yarn should not be strained.
Yarn requirement in warp process….
Unlike weft knitting, in warp knitting, a wide range of
yarns areused. Today warp knitting is not only done with
rayon, nylonand polyester yarn but has expanded to
industrial fibres suchas carbon, glass, metals, aramide,
polypropylene, polyurethaneand polyolefins.The two
main types of yarn are supplied to the warp
knittingmachine in warp sheet form are•Continuous
filament yarn•Staple fibre yarns•Includes the
fancy yarns or•Yarn made from blends of
fibresContinuous filaments yarns are very popular in
warp knitting asit is regular and uniform, can easily pass
through the knittingelements which are precision set closely.
As the speed of knittingis high, the rate of lint formation
will also be high because of yarn to metal friction. Lint is
the big problem in knitting as it willobstruct the free running
of the yarn through knitting elements.Filament yarns do
not form lints which are common in staplefibre yarns.
Mechanical properties such as tenacity, elasticity,flexural
rigidity, bending modulus are more uniform
in continuousfilament yarn than staple fibre yarns.
Uniform continuity, knotfree yarn and pliability of
continuous filament yarn afford easylapping and loop
formation actions.
Work of rupture :
 Should be high
•Elongation :
 Should be good
•Tenacity:
 Minimum value should be determined
b y requirements of the wrapping process
•Bending and flexural rigidity :
 Should be low
•Torsional rigidity :
 Should be low
•Resiliency :
 Greater the resiliency the more resistance to rupture