a) Dry and moist backfill Now, Drawing stress diagram,

ii) Soil with multiple strata:

=
A Ф=30◦
12
γ = 18KN/m3 2m 14.61
B
Ф=25◦ Pa
γ = 20KN/m3 4m 1.916m
C
Soln: 47.096
For layer 1:
Ka1 =(1-SinФ)/(1+SinФ)= 0.33 2m 1
Thus, At level A,
v=0 ; pa=0 3
4m 2 4
Then, At level B,
v= γH=18x2=36KN/m2
12 2.61 32.486
pa= Ka1 xv=12KN/m2
For layer 2: Thus, Total thurst,
Ka2 =(1-SinФ)/(1+SinФ)= 0.406 Pa= x12x2+ 12x4+2.61x4+ x32.486x4
Thus, At level B, = 135.412 KN/m
v= γH=18x2=36 KN/m2 which acts at,
pa= Ka2 xv=14.61 KN/m2 y=
Then, At level C,
v=18x2+ 20x4=116 KN/m2 =
pa= Ka2 xv=47.096 KN/m2 =1.916m from the base.
b) Submerged backfill: Similarly, At level C,
A Ф=35◦ v=18x3+21x3=117 KN/m2
γ = 18KN/m3 u=γwH=10x3= 30 KN/m2
3m
B Effective stress(v’)= v-u = 87 KN/m2
Ф=30◦ (pa)soil= = Ka2 x v’=29 KN/m2
γsat = 21KN/m3 3m (pa)water=u= 30 KN/m2
C Note: K for water is 1.
Soln:
For layer 1: Finally, Drawing Stress Diagram,
Ka1 =(1-SinФ)/(1+SinФ)= 0.27
Thus, At level A, 3m
v=0 ; pa=0 1 14.58
18
Then, At level B,
2 3
v= γH=18x3=54KN/m2 3m 4 29
pa= Ka1 xv=14.58KN/m2 30

For layer 2: 14.58 3.42 11

Ka2 =(1-SinФ)/(1+SinФ)= 0.33
Thus, Total thrust,
Thus, At level B,
Pa= Psoil + Pwater
v= γH=18x3=54 KN/m2
u=0 = 137.37 KN/m
Effective stress(v’)= v-u = 54 KN/m2 which acts at,
(pa)soil= Ka2 x v’=18 KN/m2 y= 1.674m from the base.
(pa)water=u=0
c) Backfill with uniform surcharge:
q
A

Ф=30◦ H
γ = 17KN/m3

B
Ka q KaγH

At Level A,
v=q ; pa=Ka q
Then, At level B,
v= q+γH
pa= Ka x v
= Ka (q+γH)
d) Inclined back of wall

W
P
P=

H P1
H/3
e) Backfill with sloping surface:

 Vertical and lateral stress are

conjugate ( additional assumption) Surcharge angle

i bcosi
V =
V z
Force= γ(z x bcosi)x1
p
Area = bx1
V = γzcosi i

i
V
Drawing Mohr’s circle,  OA1=p D A2
OA2=  B
In triangle ODC, A1

Ф i 
O
3 1 C
Here, for active case, (1+3)/2 (1-3)/2
pa=OA1=OB-A1B
v= OA2= OB+BA2 Thus,
= OB+A1B
Then,
OB= OCcosi
If, i=0, i.e. straight backfill, Ka= (1-SinФ)/(1+SinФ)

Now, pressure distribution is given by,

Pa= xKaγH2

H i
i

H/3
Similarly, for passive case,

 OA2=p D A2
OA1=  B
A1

Ф i 
O
3 1 C
(1+3)/2 (1-3)/2

pp=OA2=OB+A1B
v= OA1= OB-BA2
= OB-A1B

Thus,