Small Animal

Dental Scaling
Dito Anggoro

Department of Surgery and Radiology

Prof. Soeparwi Veterinary Teaching Hospital
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Universitas Gadjah Mada
Overview

01 Dental disease

02 Armamentarium

03 Procedure
Dental disease

Plaque Gingivitis Calculus

Tooth loose

Periodontal Bone
ligament support
(PDL)
Progressive
and irreversible
Severe complications
Predisposing factors
Age Chewing
behaviors

2 5
1 4 7 Oral Hygiene
Breed
3 6
Disease Diet Developmental defects
Clinical signs
1 4
Ptyalism
Halitosis

2
5
Gingivitis / 3 Calculus
facial swelling Plaque
Dental scaling armamentarium

Mouth gag Dental mirror Retractor Periodontal probe Scaler Curette

Tartar removing Extraction forceps Explorer Ultrasonic scaler Polisher Suction

forceps
Mouth gag
Hold the animals mouth open during dental procedures.
A B C

Notes: A) spring loaded, B) spring less, C) posterior rubber.

(https://www.im3vet.com/mouth-gag-set)
Dental mirror
Reflect the lingual or palatal surface of tooth.
A B C

Notes: A) mouth mirror, B) LED light, C) placement.

(https://www.im3vet.com.au/hand-instruments/canine-and-feline/dental-mirror/im3-ergo-perio-dental-mirror)
Lip retractor
Removes the need for hold the lip out of the way.
A B C

Notes: A and B) lip retractor, C) placement.

(https://www.im3vet.eu/lip-retractor)
Minnesota retractor
Holding and retracting the lip or cheek during oral procedure.
A B

(https://www.im3vet.eu/lip-retractor)
Periodontal probe
Measure pocket depths around a tooth.
Notes:
A) Marquis,
B) North Carolina
C) Michigan “O” probe
D) Michigan “O” probe 3, 6, 8 mm
E) WHO.

(https://pocketdentistry.com/46-scaling-and-root-planing/)
Scaler
Remove supragingival plaque and calculus.
C
A B

Notes: A) Sickle, B) Jaquette, and E) placement. (https://pocketdentistry.com/46-scaling-and-root-planing/)

(Bellow. 2019. Small Animal Dental Equipment, Materials, and Techniques, 2nd Ed, Willey Blackwell)
Curette
Removal of subgingival plaque and calculus.
Two types: universal (A) and Gracey (B) curette.
A B

(https://www.slideshare.net/friendsofhufriedy/curettes-clinical-application-guide)
Tartar removing forceps
Allow for easy removal of heavy calculus from the tooth surface, decreasing the
chance of fracturing the tooth.

(https://www.im3vet.com/product/tartar-removing-forceps)
Extraction forceps
To grasp the tooth and remove from the socket after it is loosened.

A B

Notes: A) extraction forceps, B) small breed right angle extraction forceps.

(https://www.im3vet.com/hand-instruments/canine-and-feline/extraction-forceps)
Explorer
Confirmation the level of tooth cleanliness based on the irregularities that may
indicate residual calculus.

A B

Notes: A) explorer, B) expro.

(Niemic. 2013. Veterinary periodontology. Willey Blackwell)
Powered dental scaling
Three categories:

Sonic Ultrasonic Rotary

3.000 – 18.000 cps ⇢ 18.000 - 50.000 cps ⇢ Iatrogenic damage to
not suitable for chronic calculus. suitable for chronic calculus. the gingiva and pulp.
Magenetostrictive (ferromagnetic/ferrite rod)
Piezoelectric
Powered dental scaling
A B

Notes: A) magnetostrictive, B) piezoelectric. (https://www.ebay.com/p/632306512)

(http://www.stethoscopeworld.com/bonart-piper-piezoelectric-compact-scaler/)
Powered dental scaling
A B

Notes: C and D) piezoelectric.

(http://cobradental.co.id/product-category/equipments/page/4)
Powered dental scaling
Dental unit:
Notes:
A B C A) dental unit
B) instrument tray
C) air and water syringe
D) high speed handpiece
E) oscillating prophy angle

D E

(https://www.im3vet.com/product/im3-gs-deluxe-dental-unit-with-oilfree-compressor)
Polisher
Use to apply prophy paste to a patient's teeth after periodontal treatment.

A B

C D

Notes: A) oscillating prophy angle, B) micromotor, C) prophy paste, D) spin 3600.

(https://www.im3vet.com/accessories-and-consumables)
Suction
Provide appropriate visualization and condition during the dental procedure.

A B C

Notes: A, B, and C) portable suction.

(https://www.gearbest.com/monitoring---testing/pp_3008051705763206.html)
Dental scaling procedure
Removal of plaque and calculus from tooth surface (supragingival and subgingival).

1 Protection
2 Dental chart
3 CHG lavage
4 Probing
5 Scaling (supragingival and subgingival)
6 Check residual plaque and calculus
7 Polishing
Protection

Scrubs Mask

Gloves Goggles (Bellow. 2019. Small Animal Dental Equipment, Materials, and Techniques, 2nd Ed, Willey Blackwell)
Dental chart
Dental chart
Dental chart

(https://e-vds.vet/)
Dental chart - scoring
Plaque Index (PI):
A B

Notes: A) no plaque, B) thin film along gingival margin covering <1/3 of buccal tooth surface / PI 1.
(Bellow. 2019. Small Animal Dental Equipment, Materials, and Techniques, 2nd Ed, Willey Blackwell)
Dental chart - scoring
Plaque Index (PI):
C D

Notes: C) moderate accumulation of plaque covering 1/3–2/3 of buccal tooth surface / PI 2.

D) abundant soft plaque covering >2/3 buccal tooth surface / PI 3.
(Bellow. 2019. Small Animal Dental Equipment, Materials, and Techniques, 2nd Ed, Willey Blackwell)
Dental chart - scoring
Gingival Index (GI):
A B

Notes: A) normal gingiva, B) marginal gingivitis, mild swelling, some color change, no bleeding on probing / GI 1.
(Bellow. 2019. Small Animal Dental Equipment, Materials, and Techniques, 2nd Ed, Willey Blackwell)
Dental chart - scoring
Gingival Index (GI):
C D

Notes: C) moderate swelling and inflammation of gingiva, delayed bleeding on probing / GI 2.

D) marked swelling and inflammation, spontaneous bleeding on probing / GI 3.
(Bellow. 2019. Small Animal Dental Equipment, Materials, and Techniques, 2nd Ed, Willey Blackwell)
Dental chart - scoring
Calculus Index (CI):
A B

Notes: A) no calculus, B) some supragingival calculus covering <1/3 buccal tooth surface / CI 1.
(Bellow. 2019. Small Animal Dental Equipment, Materials, and Techniques, 2nd Ed, Willey Blackwell)
Dental chart - scoring
Calculus index (CI):
C D

Notes: C) moderate calculus covering 1/3–2/3 buccal tooth surface with minimal subgingival deposit / CI 2.
D) heavy calculus covering >2/3 of buccal tooth surface and extending subgingivally / CI 3.
(Bellow. 2019. Small Animal Dental Equipment, Materials, and Techniques, 2nd Ed, Willey Blackwell)
Chlorhexidine lavage
Dental cleanings cause bacterial aerosolization and contamination of
the office environment when ultrasonic instruments are employed.
CHG: 0.12% - 0.2% ⇢ decrease
bacterial load (1 minute).

(Niemic. 2013. Veterinary periodontology. Willey Blackwell)

Dental probing
Sulcus vs pocket. A B C D

Normal:

0.5 – 1 mm.

1 – 3 mm.

Notes: A) normal, B) gingival enlargement / GE, C) suprabony / SB, D) infrabony / IB.

(Bellow. 2019. Small Animal Dental Equipment, Materials, and Techniques, 2nd Ed, Willey Blackwell)
Dental probing
Six spot around tooth:
Notes:
A B C A) Mesio-buccal
B) Buccal
C) Disto-buccal
D) Disto-palatal
E) Palatal
F) Mesio-palatal

D E F

(Bellow. 2019. Small Animal Dental Equipment, Materials, and Techniques, 2nd Ed, Willey Blackwell)
Scaling - supragingival
Removal of plaque and calculus ABOVE the gingival margin.
Procedure:

Gross dental deposit Supragingival dental Residual dental deposits

(extraction forceps) deposits (scaler) (ultrasonic scaler)
Scaling - supragingival
Gross dental deposit / heavy calculus (extraction forceps).
A B

Notes: A and B) remove gross dental deposit using extraction forceps.

(Bellow. 2019. Small Animal Dental Equipment, Materials, and Techniques, 2nd Ed, Willey Blackwell) (Blackwell’s. 2012. Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion, Small Animal Dentistry)
Scaling - supragingival
Supragingival dental deposits (scaler).
C D

Notes: remove supragingival dental deposit using C) hand scaler and D) ultrasonic scaler.
(Gorell, et al. 2013. Veterinary Dentistry for General Practitioner. Saunders, Elsevier)
Scaling - supragingival
Residual dental deposits (ultrasonic scaler).
Ensure there is adequate coolant through the working end of the scaler.
Ultrasonic scaler should kept in constant contact with tooth for no more than
10-15 seconds.
E F

Notes: E and F) fine spray of coolant fluid.

(Bellow. 2019. Small Animal Dental Equipment, Materials, and Techniques, 2nd Ed, Willey Blackwell)
Scaling - subgingival
Removal of plaque, calculus and other debris from the tooth surface
BELOW the gingival margin.
A B C

Notes: A) place above gingival margin, B) shank parallel to tooth, C) inserted to the pocket.

(Niemic. 2013. Veterinary periodontology. Willey Blackwell)

Check residual plaque and calculus
After scaling, it is recommended to check the teeth with an explorer.

A B

Notes: A and B) feel residual calculus using explorer.

(Gorell, et al. 2013. Veterinary Dentistry for General Practitioner. Saunders, Elsevier)
Polishing
Refine minor enamel defects and removes some of the plaque missed
during previous steps.

A B

Notes: A) prophy paste applied to the teeth prior to polishing, B) polishing the teeth.

(Gorell, et al. 2013. Veterinary Dentistry for General Practitioner. Saunders, Elsevier)
Polishing
Dental scaling (both mechanical and hand) will result in micro abrasion
and roughening of the tooth surface.

Notes: tooth after scaling (scanning electron microscope / SEM).

(Journal of Orthodontic Research)
Prevention - client education
4
Dental treat Chewing toys
3

5
Bones 2 Prescription diet

Brushing 1
6
Professional
 Thank You
Departemen Ilmu Bedah dan Radiologi FKH UGM Rumah Sakit Hewan Prof. Soeparwi FKH UGM
Jalan Fauna No.1, Karangmalang, Yogyakarta Jalan Fauna No.1, Karangmalang, Yogyakarta
0274 649 2088/ 560 - 862 0274 564 - 707 / 564 - 708
0821 - 3667 - 7105 0821 - 3667 - 7105
bedah.fkh.ugm.ac.id rsh.fkh.ugm.ac.id
ibr.fkh@ugm.ac.id rsh.fkh@ugm.ac.id
rshsoeparwi