Renewable Energy – A global

overview of commercially viable

Renewable Energy technologies
CapREG
www.renac.de
Agenda
1. Renewable Energy: Definition, status and market development

AGENDA
2. Renewable Electricity: Technology and market overview

Solar

Wind

Hydro

Biomass

Geothermal
3. Other Renewable Energy sources: Tidal, wave, experimental
Renewable Energy sources
4. www.renac.de
External costs
5. Outlook
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 Renewable Energy: Definition, status and
1 market development
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3
Definitions for Renewable Energy

Many synonyms for renewables:

Green power / electricity

Clean energy

Low-carbon energy

Zero-emission energy

Emission free / emission neutral energy

Carbon-free energy

Alternative energy

Sustainable energy
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Source: EU-COM 2009, UNSTAT 2007
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 UNSTAT / IAEA definitions for Renewable Energy

Renewable Energy sources are types of natural energy flux useful for
human ends regularly occurring on or near Earth’s surface and,
additionally, useful natural energy stores that are replenished by natural
flux within the timeframe of conceivable human use.

All known Renewable Energy sources originate in, or are close
derivatives of

electromagnetic radiation of our sun,

the earth’s and moon’s gravitational fields and

heat radiating from earth’s interior.

Renewable Energy sources are practically inexhaustible though some
sources such as geothermal and ocean thermal energy conversion may
become locally depleted by human use at a rate that exceeds
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replenishment by natural flux.
Source: EU-COM 2009, UNSTAT 2007
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World primary energy consumption (in Mtoe)
Renewables
Data and shares for 2013:
3826 Mtoe = 30.1%
279 Mtoe = 2.2 %
856 Mtoe = 6.7 %
563 Mtoe = 4.4 %
3020 Mtoe = 23.7 %
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4185 Mtoe = 32.9 %
Total: 12730 Mtoe (Million
ton of oil equivalents)
Source: BP 2014: Statistical Review of World Energy
 Estimated Renewable Energy share of global final
energy consumption, 2012
Fossil fuels Heat (bio, Hydro-
78.4% geotherm., power
solar) 3.8%
4.2%
Modern 1.2% 0.8%
renewables
All 10.0%
Renew-
ables Traditional Power (wind, Biofuels
19.0% biomass solar, biomass,
2.6% geothermal)
9.0%
www.renac.de 2.6%
Nuclear power
Source: REN21 2014: Renewables 2014 Global Status Report
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Estimated Renewable Energy share of global electricity
production, end-2013
Fossil fuels and nuclear
77.9% Wind 2.9%
Hydropower
16.4%
Bio-power 1.8%
Renewable
Solar PV 0.7%
electricity
22.1% Geothermal, CSP
and ocean 0.4%
20.9% end of 2012
www.renac.de 20.1% end of 2011
20.0% end of 2010
19.7% end of 2009
19.0% end of 2008
Source: REN21 2014: Renewables 2014 Global Status Report
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 Renewable power capacities worldwide (in GW)
Electricity
Added in 2013 Existing at end
production in
(in GW) 2013 (in GW)
2013 (in TWh)
Hydropower 40 <1000 3782
Wind power 35 318 640
Solar PV 39 139 125
Bio-power 5 88 481
Geothermal
0,5 12 2
power, other
CSP 0.9 3.4 2
Ocean power 0 0.5 1
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Total 120 1560 5018
Source: REN21 2014: Renewables 2014 Global Status Report
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Renewable power capacities worldwide (in GW)
CSP and ocean power
GW Geothermal power
600 560 Bio-power
GW
Solar PV
500 140 Wind power
118
120
400
100 93
100
300 78
80
235
200 60
162
40 32 31
100 27
100
20
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0 0
Total World EU-28 BRICS
Source: REN21 2014: Renewables 2014 Global Status Report
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 Net power capacities added in the EU- 2000-2013 (in GW)
Installed
Decommissioned

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Renewables Fossil fuels PV
Source: EPIA 2014
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Renewable Electricity: Technology and market
2 overview
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Technology overview: Solar energy in general

PV = Photovoltaic energy (electricity)

Electricity from photovoltaic cells

Different cell types (silicon, thin film, CPV, organic cells)

CSP = Concentrated Solar Power (electricity)

Solar thermal-electric plants (steam generation) Different types of collectors
(Fresnel, parabolic trough, dish, solar tower…)

Solar thermal energy (heat, hot water)

Solar energy exploited for hot water production

Different types of collectors for domestic hot water production (flat plate, vacuum
tube collectors or thermo syphon type, for the seasonal heating of swimming pools)

Passive solar energy (heat, energy efficiency)
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Direct heating, cooling and lighting of dwellings or other buildings
Source: BSW – Solar 2013, Solar Millenium
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PV: Global market development – annual installation

38,352
45000
40000

30,133

30,011
35000
30000 RoW
MEA
25000

17,151
China
MW

20000 Americas
15000 APAC

6,661

7,340
Europe
10000

2,524
1,547
5000
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0
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Source: EPIA 2014: Evolution of global PV cumulative installed capacity 2000-2013
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Technology overview: CSP

Solar thermal-electric power plants

Electric energy generation via (steam) turbines

Different types of collectors

Parabolic trough

Dish collector

Fresnel

Solar tower

Trend towards plants with storage systems
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Source: BSW – Solar 2013, Solar Millenium
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CSP: Global market development
Concentrating solar thermal power (CSP) global capacity
and additions, 2013 (in MW)
Total end Added Total end
Country
2012 2013 2013
Spain 1950 350 2300
United States 507 375 882
United Arab Emirates 0 100 100
India 0 50 50
Algeria 25 0 25
Egypt 20 0 20
Morocco 20 0 20
Australia 12 0 12
China
www.renac.de 0 10 10
Thailand 5 0 5
World Total 2539 885 3424
REN21 Global Status Report 2014, EurObserv‘ER 2014- CSP Barometer
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Technology overview: Wind energy

Onshore wind

Largest turbine: 7 MW (Belgium)

Global installed capacity 2013: 318 GW (73
GW in 2006)

Offshore wind

Global installed offshore capacity 2013: 7.35
GW (6.95 GW thereof in Europe)

Small-scale wind

Different turbine types up to 100 kW

577,000 systems installed in China,
155,000 in United States
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Source: GWEC 2014, WWEA 2014
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Wind: Global annual installation 2006 -2013 (in MW)

45,169
50000

40,636
39,059
45000 38,467

35,289
40000
35000 26,872
30000
25000 20,285
MW

14,703
20000
15000
10000
5000
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0
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Source: GWEC 2014
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 Wind: Regional market development
Global wind power capacity and added capacity during 2013
Top 10 Countries 2013 (in GW)
Country Total end 2012 Added 2013 Total end 2013
China 75.3 16.1 91.4
United States 60 1,1 61.1
Germany 31.3 3.2 34.3
Spain 22.8 0,2 23.0
India 18.4 1.7 20.2
United Kingdom 8.6 1.9 10.5
Italy 8.1 0,4 8.6
France 7.6 0,6 8.3
Canada 6.2 1.6 7.8
Denmark 4.2 0,7 4.8
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Rest of the world 41 7 48
World Total 283.5 34.5 318.0
Source: Global Annua Installed Wind Capacity 1996 – 2013. Source GWEC 2014
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Wind: Global offshore market 2013
MW

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Source: GWEC 2014 :Global Cumulative Offshore intsalled capacity 2013 (in GW)
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 Wind: Global small wind market 2013 (installed units)
600000 570,000
500000
Installed Units

400000
155,000

300000
200000
23,500

10,000
11,000

9,494

8,500

7,020

100000
0
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Source: WWEA 2014: Number of installed units worldwide up to 100 kW
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Technology overview: Hydropower

Small-scale hydro:

up to 10 MW

up to 50 MW

Definition varies

Large hydro (> 10 MW)

Pumped storage

Global installed capacity 2013: < 1000 GW
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Source: Andritz Hydro, BMWI 2013
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 Hydropower: Global market development (in GW)
Added in 2013
300
+ 29 GW 2012 total
250 100
100
+ 1.5
90
200 80
70
GW

60
150 + 0.7
50 + 0.8
40
100
30 + 2.9
20 + 1.3
50
10
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0
0 Turkey Brazil Vietnam India Russia
China
Source: REN 21 Global Status Report 2014: Hydropower Capacity and additions for top six countries
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Hydropower: Regional market development
Hydropower global capacity and added capacity during 2013
(in TWh), Top 6 countries
Country Net added 2013 (in GW) Total end 2013 (in GW)
China 28.7 260
Brazil 1.5 86
United States 0.2 78
Canada 0.5 76
Russia 0.7 47
India 0.8 44
World Total
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40 < 1000
Source :Observer2012, REN 21 Global Status Report 2014
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Technology overview: Bioenergy

Biomass (heat, power, CHP)

solid biomass wood, wood residues, energy crops, pellets

straw, chips, bark, residues, saw dust

Biogas (heat and power, CHP)

agricultural plants, biodegradables wastes

sewage gas, landfill gas, mine gas

Biofuels (for transport, power)

Biodiesel

Bioethanol

Vegetable oil
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Algae based, and „third generation“ biofuels (advanced / synthetic
biofuels)
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Bioenergy: Regional market 2011
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Breakdown of biomass source power production by region – 2011. Source: Observer 2012
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Technology overview: Geothermal

Geothermal energy is the energy available as heat emitted from within the
earth’s crust, usually in the form of hot water or steam, exploited at suitable
sites“

Deep geothermal (power, heat)

Electricity generation: using dry stream or high enthalpy brine after
flashing

Heat generation: Direct use of heat for district heating, agriculture, etc.

Shallow geothermal (heat pumps)

Different types of (geothermal) heat pumps (see section on heat below)
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Geothermal: Global market development
4000
+ 84 Added in 2013
3500
3000
2012 total
2500
2000 + 20
1500 +0
+ 10 +1
1000 + 196 +6
+0
+0
500 + 112 + 36
0
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Geothermal Power capacity Additions, Top 10 countries and Rest of the World. Source: REN21- Global Status Report 2014
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 Other Renewable Energy sources: Tidal, wave,
3 experimental Renewable Energy sources
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Solart thermal: Regional market development
Solar water heating collectors global capacity,
Top 8 countries, 2012
Country Total end-2012 Total end-2013
China 44.7 180.4
United States 0.7 16.2
Germany 0.8 11.8
Turkey 1.1 10.8
Brazil 0.8 5.8
Australia 0.6 5.1
India 1.0 4.5
Austria 0.1 3.4
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World Total 55 281
Global capacity of Solar Water heating collectors 2000-2013: Source: REN21 Global Status Report 2014
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Geothermal heat / heat pumps: Technology overview

Ground source HPs (GSHP): the term applies to the various
technologies that use the ground’s energy, i.e. all ground-water and
ground-air HPs. They can also be described by their operating mode
and the fluid they use, being referred to as brine water HPs, direct
expansion or direct expansion-water HPs.

Hydrothermal HPs: heat pumps that use water as their heat source;
namely water-to-water HPs and water-air HPs. In their case, the water
is pumped directly from the water table or from rivers to a heat
exchanger, then returned to source (counted as GHSPs).

Air source HPs (ASHP): the term applies to technologies that use air
as the heat source. They are said to be air-air, air-water, exhaust air-
air and exhaust air-water. The latter two technologies use the exhaust
air (indoor air) of dwellings whereas the first two use ambient air
(outside the building).
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Source: EurObserv‘ER 2013: Heat Pump Barometer
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Biofuels: Technology overview

Biofuel is a liquid or gaseous fuel used for transport and produced
from biomass. Three types of biofuel are generally distinguished:

First-generation biofuel “conventional”: Includes bioethanol and
biodiesel outputs from the conversion of food crops (rapeseed, soy,
beets, cereals …). The category also includes the production of
vegetable oil that can be used pure and directly by specific engines.

Second-generation biofuel: Based on feestsocks that do not rely
on agri-food crops (raw materials range from straw, green waste
(tree cuttings, etc.) or even fast-growing energy plants such as
miscanthus. They enable alcohol to be produced and thus
bioethanol. Additionally some of the processes produce biodiesel.

Third-generation biofuel: Includes biofuel produced from algae
(also known as algofuel) that present the advantage of not
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competing with food or energy crops (plants and forestry). Recovery
is through an oil sector and thus produces biodiesel.
Source: EurObserv‘ER 2014: Biofuel Barometer
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 Other other renewables

Solar cooling

Wave / Tidal / Ocean current:

0.5 GW installed capacity worldwide

Tidal plants in Normandy (France) and Canada

Experimental wind technologies (kites)

Wind availability for operation approx. 90%

Operational costs below that fossil fuels

Demo installation in Germany (NTS)

Solar Chimney (upwind system)

only pilot project in Spain (abandoned)
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Osmosis power plant

500 kW demo-plant in Norway
Source: NTS 2013, Statkraft. Wikipedia
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4 Costs and external costs of energy generation
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 Euro /kW

conventional power plants in Germany, 2013

LCOE of Renewable Energy technologies and

Investment costs for power plants (Germany 2013)

1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
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LCOE € /MWh

0
100

150

200

250
50
0

Investment low
Investment high
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35

Source: FRAUNHOFER INSTITUT FOR SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS ISE: “LEVELIZED COST OF
Source: FRAUNHOFER INSTITUT FOR SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS ISE: “LEVELIZED COST OF ELECTRICITY RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES”, STUDY, NOVEMBER 2013
ELECTRICITY RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES”, STUDY, NOVEMBER 2013
External cost theory

Economic externalities represent the impact of production and
consumption on other entities other than those entities actual
producing and consuming, which are not reflected in prices

Externalities taken into account in an Ecofys-study (from 2014)
for the European Union are:

Human health damages

Ecosystems and biodiversity

Resources and depletion, primarily water, metals and fuels
but also including crops, buildings and other assets

Ecofys assessed external costs using the External-E tool. This
calculation tool integrates life cycle assessment (LCA), actual
power production data and monetisation methodologies to
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estimate and value total environmental impacts

The following charts show the results:
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External costs of energy - monetary values for climate
change for (EU28 average, in €2012/MWhe)
The blue bars indicate the
range of external costs found in
the sensitivity analysis; the green
line indicates the results for the
central assumption of 50
€2012/tCO2e.
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Source: Ecofys “Subsidies and costs of EU energy”, An interim report, 10 October 2014, Project number: DESNL14583
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 External costs per technology for electricity
technologies (EU28 weighted averages, in €2012/MWhe).
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Source: Ecofys “Subsidies and costs of EU energy”, An interim report, 10 October 2014, Project number: DESNL14583
4 Outlook and projections
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 Scenario for share of primary energy sources in world
energy demand until 2050

Scenario published in Sustainable Energy Outlook by Greenpeace, Global Wind

Energy Council (GWEC) and European Renewable Energy Council (EREC), 2012

Assumptions:

Population 9.3 billion

Average economic growth of
3.1% p.a.

Decline in energy intensity
(final energy demand per unit
of GDP) 70%

Crude oil cost of US$ 152 /
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barrel, a coal price of US$ 206
per tonne, and a carbon price
of US$ 75 per tonne
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IEA global renewable electricity production projection,
new policy scenario (in TWh)
2020 2035
Electricity production technology
(TWh) (TWh)
Hydropower 4,550 5,827
Wind energy 1,326 2,774
Biomass, geothermal, other 762 1,477
Solar PV 379 951
CSP 43 245
Ocean / tidal energy 3 39
Total 7,196 11,612
Share of global electricity
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generation
Source: IEA - International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2013 (New Policies Scenario)
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Outlook and projections: LCOE of PV, wind, biogas,
coal and gas for Germany until 2030
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Source: Fraunhofer ISE 2013
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Thank you!
Mr. Lars Koerner
Renewables Academy (RENAC)
Schönhauser Allee 10-11
D-10119 Berlin
Tel: +49 30 52 689 58-71
Fax: +49 30 52 689 58-99
info@renac.de