Lecture No.

7
Traffic Stream Characteristics-II

Chro Haider Ahmed

Ph.D. In Rail Transit System Planning and
Design

1
UOS-College of Engineering Civil Eng. Dept Traffic Eng.

1. Microscopic Parameters

13/12/2020
Although flow. speed, and density descriptors for the entire traffic
stream, they can be related to microscopic parameters that describe
individual vehicles within the traffic stream or specific pairs of
vehicles within the traffic stream.
As explained in previous lecture microscopic parameters include:
(a) The speed of individual vehicles,

Dr. Chro H. Ahmed

.

(b) headway, and

(c ) spacing .

2
UOS-College of Engineering Civil Eng. Dept Traffic Eng.

2. Spacing

13/12/2020
Spacing is defined as the distance between successive vehicles in a
traffic lane, measured from some common reference point on the
vehicles, such as the front bumper or front wheels.

Dr. Chro H. Ahmed

The average spacing in a traffic lane can be directly related to the
density of the lane:
5280
𝐷=
𝑑𝑎
Where:
D = density, veh/mile/lane 3
𝑑𝑎= average spacing between vehicles in the lane, ft
UOS-College of Engineering Civil Eng. Dept Traffic Eng.

3. Headway
Headway is defined as the time interval between successive vehicles as

13/12/2020
they pass a point along the lane, measured between common reference
points on the vehicles.

Dr. Chro H. Ahmed

The average headway in a lane is directly related to the rate of flow:

3600
𝑣=
ℎ𝑎
Where:
v= rate of flow, veh/h/lane
4
ℎ𝑎 = average headway in the lane, second
UOS-College of Engineering Civil Eng. Dept Traffic Eng.

3. Use of Microscopic Measures

13/12/2020
• Microscopic measures are useful for many traffic analysis purposes.
Because a spacing and/or a headway may be obtained for every pair of
vehicles, the amount of data that can be collected in a short period of
time is relatively large. A traffic stream with a volume of 1,000
vehicles over a 15-minute time period results in a single value of rate

Dr. Chro H. Ahmed

of flow. space mean speed, and density when observed. There would
be, however, 1,000 headway and spacing measurements. assuming that
all vehicle pairs were observed.
• Use of microscopic measures also allows various vehicle types to be
isolated in the traffic stream. Passenger car flows and densities, for
example, could be derived from isolating spacing and headway for
pairs of passenger cars following each other. Heavy vehicles could be
similarly isolated and studied for their specific characteristics.

5
UOS-College of Engineering Civil Eng. Dept Traffic Eng.

Average speed can also be computed from headway and

13/12/2020
spacing measurements as:
𝑑𝑎 Τℎ𝑎
𝑆= 1.47
= 0.68 𝑑𝑎 Τℎ𝑎

Where:
S= average speed, mile/h

Dr. Chro H. Ahmed

Example: Traffic in a congested multilane highway lane is observed To
have an average spacing of 200 ft and an average of 3.8 seconds.
Estimate the rate of flow, density, and speed of traffic in this lane.
Solution:
3600
𝑣= = 94 veh/hr/lane
3.8
5280
𝐷 = = 26.4 veh/mile/lane
200
6
𝑆 = 0.68 200Τ3.8 =35.8 mil/hr
UOS-College of Engineering Civil Eng. Dept Traffic Eng.

4. Relationships among Flow Rate, Speed, and Density

13/12/2020
The three macroscopic measures of the state of a given traffic stream-
flow, speed, and density-are related as follows:
𝑣 =𝑆×𝐷
where: v = rate of flow, veh/h or veh/h/ln;
S=space mean speed, mi/h; D = density, veh/mi or veh/mi/ln

Dr. Chro H. Ahmed

Space mean speed and density are measures that refer to a specific
section of a lane or highway, whereas flow rate is a point measure. The
space mean speed and density measures must apply to the same defined
section of roadway.
Under stable flow conditions (i.e., the flow entering and leaving the
section are the same; no queues are forming within the section), the rate
of flow computed by the above equation applies to point within the
section.
Where unstable operations exist (a queue is forming within the section), 7
the computed flow rate represents an average for all points within the
section.
UOS-College of Engineering Civil Eng. Dept Traffic Eng.

• If a freeway lane were observed to have a space mean speed of 55

13/12/2020
mile/h and a density of 25 veh/mile/lane, the flow rate in the lane
could be estimated as:
𝑣 = 𝑆 × 𝐷 = 55 × 25 = 1375 veh/h/lane

• consider a freeway lane with a measured space mean speed of 60

Dr. Chro H. Ahmed

mile/h and a flow rate of 1000 veh/h/lane. The density could be
estimated as:
𝑣 1000
𝐷= = =`6.7 veh/mile/lane
𝑆 60

8
UOS-College of Engineering Civil Eng. Dept Traffic Eng.

4. Fundamental Diagrams of Traffic Flow

13/12/2020
The relation between flow and density, density and speed, speed and
flow, can be represented with the help of some curves. They are
referred to as the fundamental diagrams of traffic flow.

Dr. Chro H. Ahmed

9

Fundamental diagram of traffic flow

UOS-College of Engineering Civil Eng. Dept Traffic Eng.

Note that a flow rate of 0 veh/h occurs under two very different

13/12/2020
conditions:
1. When there are no vehicles on the highway, density is 0 veh/mile
and no vehicles can be observed passing a point. Under this
condition, speed is unmeasurable and is referred to as free-flow
speed.
2. A flow of 0 veh/h also occurs when there are so many vehicles on

Dr. Chro H. Ahmed

the road that all motion stops. This occurs at a very high density,
called the ‘jam density’, and no flow is observed because no vehicle
can pass a point to be counted when all vehicles are stopped.

10
UOS-College of Engineering Civil Eng. Dept Traffic Eng.

• Between these two extreme points on the relationships, there is a

13/12/2020
peaking characteristic. The peak of the flow-speed and flow-density
curves is the maximum rate of flow (capacity of the roadway)
• The dashed portion of the curves represents unstable or forced flow.
This effectively represents flow within a queue that has formed
behind a breakdown location (a breakdown will occur at any point
where the arriving flow rate exceeds the downstream capacity of the

Dr. Chro H. Ahmed

facility).
• The solid line portion of the curves represents stable flow (i.e.,
moving traffic streams that can be maintained over a period of time)

11
UOS-College of Engineering Civil Eng. Dept Traffic Eng.

Except for capacity flow, any flow rate may exist under two
conditions:

13/12/2020
1. A condition of relatively high speed and low density (on the stable
portion of flow relationships)
2. A condition of relatively low speed and high density (on the
unstable portion of flow relationships).

Example: A volume of 1,200 veh/h is observed at an intersection

Dr. Chro H. Ahmed

approach. Find the peak rate of flow within the hour for
the following peak-hour factors: 1.00, 0.90, 0.80, 0.70. comment on the
results.
𝑉
Solution: 𝑃𝐻𝐹 =
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
PHF 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
V
1200 1714 1500 1333 1200
12

Therefor, if PHF increases the max rate of flow will decrease.

UOS-College of Engineering Civil Eng. Dept Traffic Eng.

Example: A traffic stream displays average vehicle headways of 2.2 s

13/12/2020
at 50 mi/h. Compute the density and rate of flow for this traffic
stream.

Solution:

ha=2.4 sec, S=50 mile/hr

Dr. Chro H. Ahmed

𝑆 = 0.68 𝑑𝑎 Τℎ𝑎 → 50 =0.68 (𝑑𝑎 /2.2)→ 𝑑𝑎 = 161.8 𝑓𝑡

5280 5280
𝐷= = 161.8 =33veh/mile/lane
𝑑𝑎

3600 3600
𝑣= = = 1636 veh/hr/lane
ℎ𝑎 2.2

13

Speed –Density Curve

UOS-College of Engineering Civil Eng. Dept Traffic Eng.

H.W1: The following counts were taken on a major arterial during the
evening peak period:

13/12/2020
From this data, determine:
a) The peak hour.
b) The peak hour volume.
c) The peak flow rate within the peak hour.

Dr. Chro H. Ahmed

d) The peak hour factor (PHF).

H.W2: A lane on a freeway displays the following characteristics: the

average headway between vehicles is 2.8 s, and the average spacing
between vehicles is 235 ft. What is the rate of flow for the lane? What is
the average speed (in mi/h)?

14
Thank you

15