ASSIGNMENT NO: 01

COURSE TITLE: Macro Economics

SUBMITTED TO: MS. Aisha Ismail

DATED: 08/10/2020

CLASS: BBA 3-B

GROUP MEMBERS

UZAIR IFTIKHAR (FA19-BBA-091)

NAVEED AHMED (FA19-BBA-064
NATIONAL INCOME:
The National Income is the total amount of income accruing to a country from economic
activities in a year time. It includes payments made to all resources either in the form of wages,
interest, rent, and profits. The progress of a country can be determined by the growth of the
national income of the country.

CONCEPTS OF NATIONAL INCOME:

There are different concepts of National Income that includes:

1. GDP Gross Domestic Product (GDP),

2. Net Domestic Product (NDP)
3. Gross National Product (GNP),
4. Net National Product (NNP),
5. Personal Income (PI),
6. Disposable Income (DI), and
7. Per Capita Income (PCI).
They all explain the facts of economic activities.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP):

 Gross domestic product is the money value of all final goods and services produced by
the factors of production within the domestic territory / borders of a country during an
accounting year.
 GDP is geographically focused; It includes only output produced within a nation’s
borders regardless of whose factors are used. Thus factors of production (labor, capital,
land, management, entrepreneurship) may be owned by any one (citizens or
foreigners).
There are three different ways to measure GDP :
 Product Method,

 Income Method
 Expenditure Method.

 These three methods of calculating GDP yield the same result because National

Product = National Income = National Expenditure.

1. The Product Method:

In this method, the value of all goods and services produced in

different industries during the year is added up. This is also known as the value added

method to GDP or GDP at factor cost by industry of origin. The following items are

included in India in this: agriculture and allied services; mining; manufacturing,

construction, electricity, gas and water supply; transport, communication and trade;

banking and insurance, real estates and ownership of dwellings and business services;

and public administration and defense and other services (or government services). In

other words, it is the sum of gross value added.

2. The Income Method:

The people of a country who produce GDP during a year receive

incomes from their work. Thus GDP by income method is the sum of all factor incomes:
Wages and Salaries (compensation of employees) + Rent + Interest + Profit .

3. Expenditure Method:
This method focuses on goods and services produced within the

country during one year.

GDP by expenditure method includes:
(1) Consumer expenditure on services and durable and non-durable goods (C),

(2) Investment in fixed capital such as residential and non-residential building,

machinery, and inventories (I),

(3) Government expenditure on final goods and services (G),

(4) Export of goods and services produced by the people of country (X),

(5) Less imports (M). That part of consumption, investment and government

expenditure which is spent on imports is subtracted from GDP. Similarly, any imported

component, such as raw materials, which is used in the manufacture of export goods, is

also excluded.

Thus GDP by expenditure method at market prices = C+ I + G + (X – M), where (X-M)

is net export which can be positive or negative.

 Net Domestic Product (NDP):

 While calculating GDP no provision is made for depreciation allowance (also called
capital consumption allowance). In such a situation GDP will not reveal complete flow of
goods and services through various sectors.
 When depreciation allowance is subtracted from NDP we get Net Domestic Product.

N D P = G D P – depreciation

Gross National Product (GNP)

 GNP refers to all final goods and services produced by the nationals/citizens of a country
regardless of where they produce it. Thus Output produced by a nation’s factors of
production no matter where it takes place.
  GNP includes the economic activities of all the citizens of a nation whether operating
within the country or outside it.
 GNP is estimated by summing GDP and Net Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA).
 NFIA is the aggregate income that a country’s citizens and companies earn abroad, less
the aggregate income that foreign citizens and overseas companies earn in that country.
It is also known as Net foreign factor income (NFFI).

G N P = G D P + N F IA

GNP includes four types of final goods and

services:
(1) Consumers’ goods and services to satisfy the immediate wants of the people;

(2) Gross private domestic investment in capital goods consisting of fixed capital

formation, residential construction and inventories of finished and unfinished goods;

(3) Goods and services produced by the government; and

(4) Net exports of goods and services, i.e., the difference between value of exports and

imports of goods and services, known as net income from abroad.

Three Approaches to GNP:

After having studied the fundamental constituents of GNP, it is essential to
know how it is estimated. Three approaches are employed for this purpose. One, the

income method to GNP; two, the expenditure method to GNP and three, the value

added method to GNP. Since gross income equals gross expenditure, GNP estimated by

all these methods would be the same with appropriate adjustments.

Income Method to GNP:

The income method to GNP consists of the remuneration paid in terms of money to the factors

of production annually in a country

Thus GNP is the sum total of the following items:

(1) Wages and salaries:

Under this head are included all forms of wages and salaries earned

through productive activities by workers and entrepreneurs. It includes all sums

received or deposited during a year by way of all types of contributions like overtime,

commission, provident fund, etc.

2. Expenditure Method to GNP:

From the expenditure view point, GNP is the sum total of expenditure
incurred on goods and services during one year in a country.

3. Value Added Method to GNP:

Another method of measuring GNP is by value added. In calculating GNP,

the money value of final goods and services produced at current prices during a year is taken

into account. This is one of the ways to avoid double counting. But it is difficult to distinguish

properly between a final product and an intermediate product .

Net National Product (NNP):

 NNP is the market value of all final goods and services after allowing for depreciation and/or
replacement). It is also called National Income at market price. When charges for
depreciation are deducted from the GNP, NNP is obtained. Thus,
 NNP = G N P - Depreciation
 It can also be found out by adding the net factor income from abroad to the net domestic
product.

NNP =NDP + N F IA

 If NFIA is positive then NNP will be more than NDP.

 If the NFIA is negative then NNP will be less than NDP.
 However, if NFIA is zero NNP and NDP would be equal.

Personal  Income  (PI):

 PI is the total income which is actually received by individuals or households in a

Country during the year from all sources (such as salaries, wages, and bonuses received
from employment or self-employment; dividends and distributions received from
investments; rental receipts from real estate investments; profit-sharing from a
business, transfer payment and etc.) before direct taxes.
 It is the sum of all the incomes actually received by all the individuals or households of a
country from all possible sources during a given period before direct taxes. PI is
generally computed on a pre-tax basis.

DISPOSABLE PERSONAL INCOME (DI)

 The whole of personal income is not available for consumption as personal direct taxes have
to be paid. Income left after payment of personal direct taxes (including property taxes,
insurance payments) from personal income is call disposable personal income.

DPI = Personal income – personal direct tax

 The disposable personal income may be spent fully or save. Thus, it is not the entire DPI
spent on consumption. A part of it may be saved. Therefore disposable income is equal to
consumption and savings.

D P I = consumption + savings

Per Capita  Income  (PCI):

Per capita income of a country is derived by dividing the national income of the country by the
total population of a country.

PCI = national income / total national population