“SOFT SKILLS”

SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

DEGREE OF MASTERS IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 2019-2018

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:

MR. YASHWANT KUMAR

SUBMITTED BY

Aditi Rustagi

PRN NO…………………

BHARATI VIDYAPEETH DEEMED UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

Academic Study Center-BVIMR,New Delhi

An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institute

NAAC Accredited Grade “A” University

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 STUDENT UNDERTAKING

I Aditi Rustagi (MBA 1 SEM) would like to declare that the Project report entitled
“SOFT SKILLS”

Submitted to Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University School of Distance

Education, Academic Study Centre-BVIMR, New Delhi in partial Fulfillment of
the requirement for the award of the degree.

It is an original work carried out by under the guidance of MR.YASHWANT

KUMAR. All respected guides, faculty member and other sources have been
properly acknowledged and the report contains no plagiarisms.

To the best of my knowledge and belief the matter embodies in this project is a
genuine work done by me and it has been neither submitted for assessment to the
university nor to any other University for the fulfillment of the requirement of the
course of study.

ADITI RUSTAGI

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

No task can be achieved alone, particularly while attempting to finish a project of

such magnitude. It took many special people to facilitate it and support it. Hence, I
would like to acknowledge of their valuable support and convey my humble
gratitude to them.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to MR.YASHWANT SIR for guiding

me on the project of “SOFT SKILLS”

I would like to thank him as he had always been open to discussion and frequently
enquired about the project and any problems faced etc. he has also given me
valuable guidance as to how to go about the project.

I have put my best effort to make this project as informative and understandable as
possible. I have done the best I could do and have been honest to the company, and
most importantly to myself.

Thank you SIR for supporting me in making this project.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3. CONCLUSIONS
4. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
5. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

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Soft skills are a combination of people skills, social skills, communication skills, character or
personality traits, attitudes, career attributes, social intelligence and emotional
intelligence quotients, among others, that enable people to navigate their environment, work well
with others, perform well, and achieve their goals with complementing hard skills. The Collins
English Dictionary defines the term "soft skills" as "desirable qualities for certain forms of
employment that do not depend on acquired knowledge: they include common sense, the ability
to deal with people, and a positive flexible attitude.

Soft skills are a cluster of productive personality traits that characterize one's relationships in a
milieu. These skills can include social graces, communication abilities, language skills, personal
habits, cognitive or emotional empathy, time management, teamwork and leadership traits. A
definition based on review literature explains soft skills as an umbrella term for skills under three
key functional elements: people skills, social skills, and personal career attributes. National
Business Education Association deems soft skills as critical for being industrious in today’s
workplace. Soft skills complement hard skills also known as technical skills, for productive
workplace performance and everyday life competencies (Arkansas Department of Education,
2007). Hard skills were the only skills necessary for career employment and were generally
quantifiable and measurable from an educational background, work experience or through
interview.

In the 21st century, soft skills are a major differentiator, a sine qua non for employability and
success in life. A study found that 80% of achievements in career are determined by soft skills
and only 20% by hard skills. Experts say soft skills training should begin for a person when they
are students, to perform efficiently in their academic environment as well as in their future
workplace.  A public interest study conducted by McDonald’s in UK predicted over half a
million people will be held back from job sectors by 2020 due to lack of soft skills.

“Soft Skill is utterly important for every individual to sustain and grow in any work place and in
life”

Soft Skills is a term used in the industry to denote a person’s EQ (Emotional Quotient) rather
than his technical or professional skills.

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They are skills relating to one’s personal attributes and soft skill encompasses of others,
personal, communication, social and self-management behaviours. They cover a wide spectrum
of personal traits and abilities including but not restricted to being reliable, trustworthiness,
adaptability, personal integrity, leadership, social grace, time management, awareness,
likeability, attitude, team building, influencing skills, etc. It talks about how a person reacts and
interacts in the work place, and in life and how effectively he deals with his managers, co-
workers, subordinates and others in general.

1.1Importance of Soft skills

A soft skill has been there for ages, since the advent of human interaction. People learn it on
their own or learn it by seeing other’s success. Even about a decade ago, soft skill was not
something that people explicitly would talk about. Though management people tell that ‘soft
skill’ is nice to have, they do not give it the respect or weight-age that it should be given. All
this has been changing slowly. People have started acknowledging the importance of soft skills.

Soft skills are as important as traditional hard skills regardless of industry. Soft skills do
complement hard skills and needs to be clearly understood. At the same time hard skills cannot
be replaced with soft skills. Soft skills play very important role in personal and professional life.
Companies observe that they get people with definite hard skills but fail to get people with good
soft skills.

Companies have started understanding and acknowledging the importance of Soft skills and are
investing in training its people on soft skills. At workplace, they want to see more people with
the various soft skill traits. It is very important that everyone learns and upgrade themselves on
soft skills. A key soft skill is something that people should follow as an ongoing process
throughout their life. Identifying soft skills that one has and enhancing them and upgrading on
the other soft skills will help one grow in life. Soft skills may be improved in various ways.
Some of the methods may include taking courses on specific skill set. Others would include
seeking help from peers and seniors or managers. Self training and reading books is another way
to improve on the soft skills. Soft skills should be practiced and improved on a regular basis. Soft

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skill is not something that can be taught but must be learnt by oneself with lots of practice. There
are courses which can guide us on soft skills.

1.2Attributes of soft skills

Employers are now looking for people who can do more than just perform a set of tasks.
Employers are increasingly searching for more than a qualification and highlighting soft skills
can put at a considerable advantage over similarly qualified candidates. In addition to key
competencies like strong analytical skills, reasoning skills and a proven ability to manage
complex information that employers are looking for desirable soft skills which include:

1.2.1 Interpersonal skills

Interpersonal skills of an individual are traits that include communication, confidence in
interacting with others, problem solving, decision making and personal stress management.
Strong interpersonal skill makes a person successful in personal and professional life. One
should be trustworthy and have pleasant manners and appealing to others. Dealing with other
people, be considerate of colleagues and others be able to settle disputes amicably, be a good
communicator, have great problem solving skill are some of the important interpersonal skill
traits. Judging people is one of the ‘should NOT have’ traits.

1.2.2 Communication Skills

Communication Skills are very important to everyone and it is the most important soft skill that
needs to be taken care of. It tells about how one sends and receives information, ideas, opinion
and how one conveys their own thought process. It is very important to communicate with
others so that they rightly understand what we are trying to tell them and also understand what
others want to say or communicate to us.

1.2.3 Writing skills

Writing skills varies on what is being written. It asks for a different style while writing research
proposal, business letters, memos, personal letter. While writing, one has to take care not to use
slangs, abbreviations or symbols. Written communication has a purpose which has to be
understood clearly by the recipient. A simple write-up with short sentences and easy to
understand words without use of jargon is always recommended.

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 1.2.4 Time Management
Time management play a crucial factor in any work environment also in life. A proper planning
helps in proper execution. Every individual should be self disciplined when it comes to time
management. Basic principles of time management may include preparing a charter of the work
that needs to be performed, direct the effort towards completing the work at hand in time,
reduction of time wastage. Some of the menace of ineffective time management includes poor
prioritization, failing to clarify what is required, underestimating the effort (time required to
complete the task. Etc. It is very important to manage time in one’s personal and professional
life. Upon managing time efficiently one would have enough or sufficient time to take up other
tasks. Time management involves planning, organization, implementing and controlling. A
proper time chart is a must to be followed to efficiently track and time. The task may be
organized properly keeping the time planed in mind to achieve or complete the task. Organizing
involves scheduling the time for the various tasks leading to the goal. Efficient time
management may include good planning, efficient time estimate prioritization of task.
Maintaining and abiding by calendar and using check list.

1.2.5 Team Work

A Team or group is essential to complete any task. Be it in a sports field or work place, a good
team with great teamwork can create wonders. They would succeed in many of the work taken
up. Like in a team sport wherein the bonding of the team and team work plays crucial part in
winning any game, the same applies to work place and also in personal life. A good team would
work in coordination towards a common 5 goal and help each other whenever required. One
member of the team would put in extra effort and help another team member when wanted. It is
an important trait expected in each one of us. One should have the ability to work in a team. The
members in a team should not have ego and should be ready to help one another when required
and expected. Each individual in a team should be aware of his/ her responsibility towards the
team, should be cooperative, able to understand the issues of other members of the team, value
their importance in the team. Soft skills are also categorised in the following manner.

They are:

Communication skills

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Interpersonal skills

Positive attitude

Values

Perception

Etiquette

Creativity

Problem solving

Decision-making

Coping with time

Coping with stress

Coping with emotions

Teamwork

1.3Exhibiting soft skills

The demonstration of key skills should be an ongoing process throughout the working career. It
is essential to demonstrate the strengths by finding an example of when certain skills are used
and to think about what, when, why and how of every situation and this should help to enhance
the credibility.

1.4Identifying soft skills

It is required to think about which soft skills are in use in day-to-day life. These personal traits
make a man unique. Asking friends, family or colleagues to write down the good and not-so-
good traits and have a look at consistencies in their responses will help identify the strengths and
allow working towards removing weaknesses. Looking into the skills and experiences that
would be required in the type of job a person is seeking / performing. It could be done this by
contacting a recruitment consultancy asking what the fundamental requirements are. Job

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postings and vacancy specifications would also give an idea of what personal qualities are
desirable.

1.5 Methods of improving soft skills

Having identified certain skills to improve and develop to match the job, a plan could be
developed. Identifying the goals and the steps needed to achieve it which are put in a time frame
will define how the things are known, when the goals are reached and how that goals are used to
measure the success.

1.6 Bibliometrics
The branch of library science concerned with the application of mathematical and statistical
analysis to bibliography; the statistical analysis of books, articles, or other publications. E.W
Hulme the pioneer of the study of statistical bibliography stated the purpose of bibliometrics as
"To shed light on the processes of written communication and of the nature and course of
development of a discipline. By means of counting and analyzing the various facts of written
communication Pritchard also interpreted its purpose in a slightly different version by Hulme.
Scharder (1981) says, "The objective of bibliometrics as a scientific study is to produce ideas
that is, theory about recorded discourse and its various important properties." O'connor and
Voos (1981) have pointed out: "The scope of bibliometrics includes studying the relationship
within a literature of describing a literature. Typically, these descriptions focus on consistent
patterns involving authors, monographs, journals or subject/language"

1.7 Bibliometrics :
Scope Bibliometric is the technical name for a range of analytical methods using information-
quo-information found organised in bibliographic description of reading materials such as
books, periodical article, reports, patents, software, designs, prototypes and blueprints to
develop descriptive statistics, multidimensional analyses ad graphical representations of the
output of science. Bibliometrics is often used to:

Clarify and assist in the analysis and formulation of science policy by highlighting the
networks of players or subjects that make up scientific research;

Provide strategic analysis of the relative position of research performers;

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 Sketch profiles of the activities and performance of individual centers;

Graphically present studies of strategic or innovative subjects;

Publication counts, involving counting of scientific publications published by a researcher or a

research group;

Citation counts, involving identifying the number of times a specific article is cited in other
scientific journal publications; these measures are considered to address questions of quality,
influence, and the transfer of knowledge;

Co-citation analysis, identifying pairs or groups of articles that are cited together in other
articles or publications; from these pairs or groups of articles a ‘cognitive structure’ can be
derived, providing information on the direction and flow of scientific thought;

Co-word analysis, involving assigning keywords to a paper or article by a professional reader;

papers which have the same keywords and sets of words are linked to each other via a clustering
techniques;

Scientific mapping, involving developing a visual model or ‘map’ of the realm of scientific
fields representing the structure of literature output of particular scientific fields”. Bibliometric
studies fall mainly into two broad groups

Those describing the characteristics or features of literature (descriptive studies), and

Those examining the relationships formed between components of literature (behavioural

studies, sometimes referred to as citations studies, but not restricted to them)

The descriptive studies are probably the most easily understood, and can be thought of as
resembling in many ways – population census. Both have to provide comprehensive and
accurate data about rapidly changing population in one case, of people and in other, of literature.
Literature descriptions are assembled from the bibliographic study those that provide data on the
condition or character of the literature as a whole. The present study falls under the category of
Descriptive Study since it is based on the mapping of the subjects.

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1.8Bibliometrics: Definitions
Alan Pritchard (1969)1 defines bibliometrics as, "the application of mathematical methods to
books and other media of communication." According to Fairthorne (1969)2 "Bibliometrics is
the quantitative treatment of properties of recorded discourse and behavior appertaining to it."
Potter (1981)3 defined bibliometrics as "the study and measurement of the publication pattern of
all forms of written communication and their authorship." Sengupta (1990)4 defines it as the
"organisation, classification and quantitative evaluation of publication patterns of all macro and
micro communications along with their authorships by mathematical and statistical calculus."

1.9Bibliometric Laws
Bibliometric Laws are statistical expressions which seek to describe the working of science by
mathematical means. The three basic laws in bibliometrics are: 1. Lotka's inverse square law of
'Scientific Productivity' 2. Bradford's 'Law of Scattering of Scientific Papers' 3. Zipf's 'Law of
Word Occurrence'

1.9.1 Lotka's Law

In 1926, Alfred J Lotka proposed his Inverse Square Law correlating contributors of scientific
papers to their number of contributions. His law provided fundamental theoretical base for
bibliometric studies invoking authorships. He was interested in determining "the part which men
of different calibre contribute to the progress of science". For this, he checked the decennial
index of 'Chemical Abstracts' 1907-1916 and counted the number of names against which
appeared 1, 2, 3 etc., entries. He tabulated the data for 6,891 names, beginning with letter 'A' and
‘B’ Similarly the data from the Auerbach's Geschietftafein der physik was also collected for the
1325 physicists. Lotka then plotted the graph on a logarithmic scale, the number of authors
against the number of contributions made by each author and he found that in each case the
points were closely scattered about a straight line, having a slope of approximately two to one.
On the basis of these data, Lotka decided a general equation, for the relation between the
frequency ‘y’ of persons making 'x' contributions as follows xn y = constant and for the special
case n=2, the constant is 0.6079. Further he summarized the results as follows: 11 "In the case
examined it is found that the number of persons making 2 contributions is about one fourth of
those making one contribution, the number making 'n' contributions is about 1/n2 of those

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making one and the proportion of all contributions about 60 percent". In other words, for every
100 authors contributing one article, 25 will contribute two articles, about 11 will contribute 3
articles and 6 will contribute 4 articles and so on. Though, the law was based on the study of
chemistry and physics literature later it has generated much interest and attracted the attention of
researchers and it has been applied and tested in many other fields.

1.9.2 Bradford's Law of Scattering

Samuel Clement Bradford, another pioneer of bibliometrics should be considered for his classic
paper “Source of Information on Specific Subjects", which is the first paper published on
observations on scattering. Bradford examined two bibliographies prepared in the Science
Library (Britain) on Applied Geophysics (192831) and lubrication (193132) and he prepared
lists of journals arranged by decreasing order of source items contributed by the journals to the
bibliographies. He noticed that in each subject there were a few very productive sources, large
number of sources of constantly diminishing productivity. The whole range of periodicals was
thus seen as "a family of successive generations of diminishing kinship, each generation being
greater in number than the preceding, and each constituent of generation producing inversely
according to its degree of remoteness". 12 In the list of periodicals ranked by diminishing
productivity, Bradford identified three groups of periodicals that produced approximately the
same number of articled on the subject, but the number of periodicals in these three
equiproductive zones increased by a constant factor. Based on this he stated his law as follows:
"If scientific periodicals are arranged in order of decreasing productivity of articles on a given
subject that may be divided into a nucleus of periodicals more particularly devoted to the subject
and several groups or zones containing the same number of articles as the nucleus when the
number of periodicals in the nucleus and succeeding zones will be as 1: n: n2 Bradford also
plotted graphs of the cumulative number of source items R(n) versus the logarithm of the
cumulative number of journals (log n). The resulting graphs for Applied Geophysics and
Lubrication were similar to the graph shown in figure. Such a graph is sometimes called as
Bradford bibliograph. The graph begins with a rising curve AP1 and then continues as a straight
line. The rising part of the graph represents the nucleus of highly productive journals. The points
P1 and P2 and P3 on the bibliography are the boundaries of three equiproductive zones in which
the same number of articles as the nucleus (represented by 0y1y2=y2y3) derived from an

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increasingly larger number of journals (represented by 0x1 ,x2 and x2,x3).The law attracted the
attention of many researchers in the field and has been the main topic of many articles in the
literature.

1.9.3 Zipfs Law of Word Occurance

G.K Zipf developed and extended an empirical law, as observed by Estoup, governing a relation
between the rank of a word and the frequency of its appearance 13 in a long text. If V is the rank
of a word and 'f is its frequency, then mathematically Zipfs law can be stated as follows:rf = c,
where 'c' is a constant. His law states that in a long textual matter if words are arranged in their
decreasing order of frequency, then the rank of any given word of the text will be inversely
proportional to the frequency of occurrence of the word. Thus, these three laws are respectively
based on (i) number of authors contributing in a discipline or other field (ii) distribution of
articles in a set of journals and (iii) ranking word frequency in a particular set of documents.

1.10 Need for Study

The need of soft skills depends very much on the context and one’s personal perception.
However, there is one property that immediately comes to most people’s mind when soft skills
are mentioned: those are the communication skills. Certainly, it is the talent of communication
skills, which is mostly lacking. When asking people what exactly they understand to be
communication skills, one will receive a wide range of answers, because communication skills
include a lot of different aspects. Since the researcharies a library professional have taken this
study by accepting the fact that there is a need to study the trends of various prominent facets
which are highly required for any manager.

1.11 Statement of Problem

Research in social science has resulted in enormous growth of reports, articles, conference
proceedings, technical reports, research notes, research reviews and monographs. A Statistical

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analysis of such literature produced in the different form is 14 required to quality to know the
nature of published literature, which is the sum of current knowledge. A bibliometric study is
one such approach which can be aid in doing so. Therefore, bibliometric analysis can be carried
out on any form of quantitative analysis relating to production, distribution and use of published
or semi published literature. In the present study an attempt has been made to know research
trend in soft skills by applying simple biliometric measurement. The researcher projected to
carry out as it was observed that there was no study in the literature about the publication
productivity of soft skills. The Research topic of the present study is on “Research Productivity
in Soft Skills: A Biliometric Study”. The main aim of the study is determine the growth of
literature, geographical and year wise distribution, authorship pattern, core journals, prolific
author, publication type etc. by the research publication of web of knowledge for the period of
1999 to 2012. The appropriate bibliometric laws has been analysed in this research.

1.12 Objectives of the study

The researcher has framed the following objectives by keeping the content and meaning of the
study:

1. To identify and analysis growth rate of soft skills;

2. To assess the forms of publications in which the soft skills is communicated;

3. To measure and calculate the relative growth rate and doubling time for publications and
pages using exponential growth model;

4. To analyse the type of co-authorship pattern and examine the extent of research collaboration
among soft skills;

5. To examine the continent-wise research performance of soft sills; 15

6. To identify the different subfields of soft skills;

7. To apprehend and test the applicability of various bibliometrics laws;

8. To compare the soft skills output of various continents with world output using Science
productivity index and Author productivity index;

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9. To identify the geographic distribution of journals from which the contributions of soft skills
got published;

10. To suggest a rational strategy for research and development in soft skills based on the
findings of the study;

1.13 Hypotheses

The following hypotheses were formulated and tested with appropriate statistical tools:

1. There is an inverse relationship in the number of authors and the number of papers published
in the field of soft skills.

2. There is variation in authorship pattern among the scholars of different geographical

locations.

3. There is distribution of research literature in the field of soft skills confined with the Bradford
Law.

4. There is an inverse relationship in the number of papers published and number of journals in
the field of soft skills.

5. The productivity of authors in soft skills research confined with Lotka Law.

6. There is a significant association between the most prolific authors and number of citations.

7. There is an association between the GDP and research productivity of the country.

1.14 Significance of the study

This study provides the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the progress of Soft Skills, as
reflected in its publications output reported in the mainstream of national and international
journals. The main objective of the present study is to examine the status of Soft Skills at the
global, its strong and weaker areas of research, quantity and quality of research output and
dynamics of research across institutions, sectors and geographical regions and subjects.

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Therefore, a clear understanding of the characteristics of the subject literature is one of the
prerequisites and has paramount importance in planning and designing of information systems
and services. Under these circumstances, the results of the study will add to the body of the
knowledge within information science, help and promote research within the studies of soft
skills and supply information providers such as librarians and information professionals with a
better understanding of the needs of the research expertise as they exercise bibliographic control
and plan for research and development. Such a study may prove useful for International Skills
planners and developments and policy-makers for gaining macro insights into the global
development of Soft Skills.

Also this study attempts to explain to emergence of research area in soft skills such as growth
rate, areas of research concentration, research performance of various institutions and author
productivity. The published literature in soft skills is taken as a yardstick to measure the
knowledge in a discipline. The growth rate analysis of publication could yield some useful
results regarding growth pattern of literature and scientific productivity of authors in the
discipline.

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 CHAPTER 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

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Methodological issues

The issue for Examine approach likewise needs will make managed for. The three prevailing
methodologies to Scrutinize are those situation study, those varied rundown judgment and the
survey, What's more these bring been utilized extensively done cross-national examination.
Those favorable circumstances Furthermore Hindrances of every methodology may be
acquainted domain (see, recently, McCarthy, 1994; Millward What's more Hawes, 1995). There
may be Additionally a solid custom of national and sectoral correlations utilizing additional
varied methods, if these here and there incorporate instance investigations. Such modern segment
investigations need aid based whichever on the idea that streamlined parts would internationally
interlaced alternately that considering modern division consistent will assistance to distinguish if
critical nation impacts work what's more entryway they could sway for associations.

Practical problems in international surveys of Human Management skills:

A way issue for review exploration will be getting a delegate examining. Clinched alongside
single country investigations the challenges about acquiring a proper inspecting outline would
various. The issues need aid exacerbated over cross-national Look into (Hidiroglou Furthermore
Srinth, 1993). The test outline needs should hold a delegate examining of the number
continuously examined. Cross-national tests must both a chance to be reliable for the investigate
means What's more tap under comparable specimens crosswise over national limits.

It need been pointed crazy that those accumulation of true information instead of slants not main
diminishes semantic Furthermore social 'infection' of the data, as well as lends itself that's only
the tip of the iceberg promptly of the examination from claiming patterns (McCarthy, 1994). In
turn more late examination venture which deliver hr issues may be the worldwide association
observatory one task. This is An investigation for an extensive variety of authoritative
atmosphere issues utilizing An consolidation about 'factual' Furthermore attitudinal inquiries.
This research might have been led over five countries, in spite of the fact that main and only the
questionnaire managed with human asset administration issues particularly. Thus, there need
customarily been an absence of similar information coating a thorough extend from claiming.

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Here are the 7 soft skills you need to be successful

1. Leadership Skills.

Companies want employees who can supervise and direct other workers. They want employees
who can cultivate relationships up, down, and across the organizational chain; assess, motivate,
encourage, and discipline workers; build teams, resolve conflicts, and help to create the desired
culture.

2. Teamwork.

Most employees are part of a team/department/division, and even those who are not on an
official team need to collaborate with other employees. You may prefer to work alone, but it’s
important to demonstrate that you understand and appreciate the value of joining forces and
working in partnership with others to accomplish the company’s goals.

3. Communication Skills.

Successful communication involves five components. Verbal communication refers to your

ability to speak clearly and concisely. Nonverbal communication includes the capacity to project
positive body language and facial expressions. Aural communication is the ability to listen to and
actually hear what others are saying. Written communication refers to your skillfulness in
composing text messages, reports, and other types of documents. And visual communication
involves your ability to relay information using pictures and other visual aids.

4. Problem Solving Skills.

Many people shirk from problems because they don’t understand that companies hire employees
to solve problems. Glitches, bumps in the road, and stumbling blocks are a part of the job. The
ability to use your knowledge to find answers to pressing problems and formulate workable
solutions will demonstrate that you can handle – and excel in – your job.

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5. Lexical reductions

Thus, these new trends in English language indeed address to the ‘principle of relevance.’ It lays
emphasis on conveying the message to the receiver as quickly as possible without much effort.
For this reason, hastiness in language serves a purpose. It helps to convey the message easily and
instantly which is prominent feature of all activities happening through electronic medium. It has
seeped into the human psyche and is evident in English usage also. Speed has become an integral
part of present day actions. One has to adhere to deadlines and complete time-bound tasks.

5. E-Communication

In addition to this, if we compare communicating via direct email writing or chatting and writing
done by using word-processor some remarkable similarities as well as differences crop-up. As
such, they are similar in the use of cohesive features. But differ in both length and content. In
writing by word-processor, the writers make an effort to provide background information on the
topic before actually discussing it. This style of writing also has affected length. While, in direct
email or chatting the writer tends to begin with the topic straight away. It is comparatively more
concise and to the point. It doesn’t offer any contextualized or additional information.
Consequently, its length is also less compared to word- processed text.

6. Formal Communication

In addition to this, formal communication has become less formal with the passage of time. The
tone appears to be less formal and straight forward. Emoticons have become a popular way to
express one’s feelings and frame of mind in e- communication; which was not used so
extensively in communicating through traditional modes. E-communication is basically speedier
than any other form of written communication. This element of speed, hastiness and immediacy
is also evident in the language used in it. Thus, with speed and facility to communicate
graphically (via emoticons etc.) English language has got scope to evolve in a new direction
which was not possible earlier. At the same time, language has been distorted to an extent (due to

22
the addition of the element of speed and hastiness), and it has become less refined. In this way,
both the act of communicating and content of English language have been transformed due to the
wide-spread use of e-medium.

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CHAPTER 3

CONCLUSION

24
Conclusions

To gain a complete understanding of soft skills which are necessary for Project
management, it is necessary to conduct a study that examines all the aspects of the
topic.This includes further common operational elements for leadership and power.
We will gain more of knowledge as far as quality of leader is concerned, the man
qualities, the fields of emotional intelligence and adjoining skills and its
advantages and disadvantages involved.

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CHAPTER 4

LIMITATIONS

26
Limitation of the Study

The study covers a period of fourteen years only spanned between 1999 and 2012, both years
inclusive. Records for the analysis of this investigation have been extracted from Web of
Knowledge. Database of records taken for analysis is exclusively from Web of Knowledge
which follows its own standard for the inclusion or exclusion of sources. Though the data may
exist outside Pure Science and allied subject are in ample, this investigation has not included any
from other sources or online database.

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 CHAPTER 5

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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