GROUP PROJECT

DESIGN OF A 3-STOREY FRAME

LECTURER’S NAME : PROF. MADYA Dr. MOHD HILTON BIN AHMAD

COURSE NAME : STEEL AND TIMBER STRUCTURE DESIGN

COURSE CODE : BFC 43003

SECTION :2

GROUP : 10

NO. NAME MATRIC NO

1 ARINAH RAIDAH BINTI AHMAD AZAN AF170119

2 INTAN SHAFIQAH BINTI AZMI AF170211
3 NUR FARAH IZATY BINTI ROHAIZAT AF170212
4 SITI HAJAR BINTI CHE MOD NASIR AF170050
5 SITI NASIHAH BINTI RAMDZAN AF170035

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 28 JANUARY 2021

MARKS
 TABLE OF CONTENT
NO CONTENT PAGES

1 Introduction 1
➢ Frame Geometry 2
➢ Structural Plan 3
2 Loading 4-8

3 Beams
➢ Beam design procedure 9
➢ Fully restrained beam (B1 and B3) 10 – 12
➢ Beam restrained at load point (B2 and B4) 13 – 16
4 Column
➢ Column design procedure 17
➢ Column C1 and C2 18 - 22
5 Connections
➢ Connection design procedure 23 - 25
➢ Beam to beam connection (B1-B2) – detailing 26 – 27
of connection
➢ Beam to column connection (B1-C1 or C2) – 38 - 31
detailing of connection
6 Roof Truss 32
➢ Truss design procedure 33
➢ Truss geometry, loading and analysis 34
➢ Purlin 35
➢ Top Chord 36 – 37
➢ Bottom Chord 38 – 39
➢ Diagonal Brace members 40 – 43
➢ Vertical Brace members 44 – 47
➢ Design of connection between members 48 – 52
➢ Detailing of Truss 53
7 Summary 54
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1.1 INTRODUCTION

The construction industry is an important element of the economy but has a huge impact on the
environment. Various structures used in construction. The choice of structure system should
be selected according to the height of the building to meet the strength and stiffness
requirements. Structural systems must be adequate to withstand side loads and gravity that
cause horizontal shear. The most widely used structure in modern construction is the steel
structure.

Most single-storey buildings in industrial and commercial were using steel. This is
related to the cost to be used in the construction. Architects and engineers use steel to achieve
a number of other aspects are low structural weight, minimal construction dimensions, short
construction time, sustainable material utilization and sustainable solutions.

Structural steel is a material used for the construction of steel, which is formed by
specific shapes according to specific chemical composition and strength standards. This
material has been widely used in many constructions around the world due to its unique features
that are very suitable for construction. Steel is a durable structure and can be well-formed to
give the desired shape by providing a basic overview of the structure.

In building framing, steel offers the best framing materials for pre-fabrication. A simple
framework for a structural system where beams and column are pinned connected and systems
that cannot withstand lateral loads. Therefore, the entire structure must be provided by
attaching a simple frame to some form of brace. The lateral load is opposed by the bracing
system and the gravity load is opposed by the simple frame and bracing system.

In most cases, the lateral load response of the bracing system is small enough that the
effect of the secondary arrangement may be neglected for frame design. However, in other
words the simple frame that is braced on the bracing system may be called a non-shaking frame.
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1.1 Frame Geometry

Figure 1.1 : Geometry of building

Figure 1.2 : Geometry of building

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1.2 Structural Pelan

Figure 1.3 : Isotropic View Figure 1.4 : Side View

Figure 1.5 : Front View Figure 1.6 : Plan View

2.5 m
1.84 m 1.84 m
1.84 m 1.84 m
1.73mm
1.2
1.84 m 0.9 m 2.02 m 2.02 m 0.9 m 1.84 m
0.6 m 1.91 m 1.91 m 0.6 m
1.84 m 0.3 m 1.84 m 1.84 m 0.3 m 1.84 m
0.608 1.81 m 1.81 m 1.81 m 0.563 m 1.25 m 1.25 m 1.25 m 0.563 m 1.81 m 1.81 m 1.81 m
2.5mm 2.5 m 2.5 m 2.5 0.608
m m

Figure 1.7 : Dimension of truss

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2.1 Loading

To complete the design requirements, a load combination must be prescribed to account for the
fact that variable loads occur simultaneously. In this project, it is cover the design of a storey
steel-framed building. Steel is an alloy made by combining iron and other elements. All
structure has been design of by following the regulations, standard and code of practice
(Eurocode 3 and National Annex). EC3 covers steel grade of S235 to S450. This project is
using steel Grade S275, is most commonly used in structural applications. S means structural
steel and 275 indicates the yield strength in N/mm2. The Young’s modulus of steel, E should
be taken as 210 000 N/mm2.

The main purpose of a structure is to transfer load from one point to another such as
slab to beam, beam to column, column to foundation, foundation to soil, so that the design
begins with an assessment of the load/actions need to be carried. Evaluation on the magnitude
of any actions must determine consider the most severe combinations of loads for which the
structure must be designed. Other specification is shown as follow:

Loading:
Variable action, qk= 0.75 kN/m2
Ceiling and finishes = 1.0 kN/m2
Wind load= 0.75 kN/m2
Roof sheet and purlins (on slope) = 0.60 kN/m2
Insulation= 0.05 kN/m2
Spacing between truss= 5.0 m / 2 = 3.5 m

Top Chord: Bottom Chord:

Gk= 0.6+0.05= 0.65 kN/m2 Gk= 1.0 kN/m2
Qk= 0.75 kN/m2
Wk=0.75 kN/m2
Top Chord: Bottom Chord:
Gk= 0.65 x 3.05 =1.98 kN/m2 Gk= 1.0 x 3.05= 3.05 kN/m2
Qk= 0.75 x 3.05 = 2.28 kN/m2
Wk=0.75 x 3.05 = 2.30 kN/m2
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Structural Member Specification:

Universal Beam, UB (Main)= 610 x 229 x 125, S275
Universal Beam, UB (Secondary)= 610 x 178 x 92, S275
Universal Beam, UB (Main)= 254 x 254 x 73, S275
Universal Beam, UB (Secondary)= 203 x 203 x 60, S275

Truss Specification:
Top and Bottom = 120 x 60 x6.3 Internal= 70 x 70 x 6.3

Design Parameters

By referring to EC3 and teaching staff during StaadPro classes, the parameters
determined;

National Annex= Malaysia

Ultimate tensile strength of steel, FU= 407800 kN/m2

Yield strength of steel, PY= 253200 kN/m2

Steel Grade, SGR= S275

Maximum allowable local deflection, DFF= 200 mm

General section for truss, GST= Tube-section

Value CMM of 1.0 for the pin ended member with uniform loading

Permissible ratio of applied loading to section capacity= 1

Combination Load
Ultimate limit state (ULS)
1.35Gk + 1.50Qk
1.35Gk + 1.50Wk
1.35Gk + 1.50Qk + 0.75Wk
1.35Gk + 0.75Qk + 1.50Wk
Serviceability limit state (SLS)
1.00Gk + 1.00Qk
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1.00Gk + 1.00Wk
1.00Gk + 1.00Qk + 0.50Wk
1.00Gk + 0.50Qk + 1.00Wk

Load Distribution
Load distribution of permanent load, variable load and wind load.

Figure 6: Permanent Load, Gk (Top chord)

Figure 7: Permanent Load, Gk (Bottom chord)

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Figure 8: Deflection in 10mm per m

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Specific Use Slab Number gk qk Category

Office First and Second Floor: Slab selfweight 2.5 kN/m2 B1
1,2,3,4,5,9,10,12, 0.15m x 25kN/m3
13, and 14 = 3.75kN/m2
Cement mortar
= 0.05 x 20
= 1.0kN/m2
Ceramic Tile
= 1.0kN/m2
Services
= 0.30 kN/m2
Carpet
= 0.05kN/m2
Total = 6.1kN/m2

Washroom Ground, First and Slab selfweight 2.0 kN/m2 A3

Second Floor: = 3.75kN/m2
7 and 8 Cement mortar
= 1.0kN/m2
Ceramic Tile
= 1.0kN/m2
Services
= 0.30 kN/m2
Total = 6.05kN/m2
Pantry First and Second Floor: Slab selfweight 2.0 kN/m2 C11
6 = 3.75kN/m2
Cement mortar
= 1.0kN/m2
Ceramic Tile
= 1.0kN/m2
Services
= 0.30 kN/m2
Total = 6.05kN/m2

Hall Ground Floor: Slab selfweight 5.0 kN/m2 C51

(Showroom) 1,2,3,4,5,9,10,12, = 3.75kN/m2
13, and 14 Cement mortar
= 1.0kN/m2
Ceramic Tile
= 1.0kN/m2
Services
= 0.30 kN/m2
Total = 6.05kN/m2
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3.0 BEAMS

3.1 Beam Design Procedure

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3.2 Fully Restrained Beam (B1 and B3)

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3.3 Beam Restrained at Load Point (B2 and B4)

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4.0 COLUMN

4.1 Column Design Procedure

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4.2 Column C1 and C2

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5.0 CONNECTIONS

5.1 Connection Design Procedure

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5.2 Beam To Beam Connection (B1-B2)-Detailing Of Connection

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5.3 Beam To Column Connection (B2-C1) And (B3-C2)- Detailing Of Connection

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6.0 ROOF TRUSS

One of the keys to construction is truss. Truss is an integral part in human’s shelter that possess
crucial functions such as to stabilise the roof and enable the building or structure to withstand
the wind load, snow load and the changes in the loading. Truss can be defined as a member or
bars arrangement that are connected at the joints. It is also a structure that possess the triangle
geometric stability to distribute the loading and the changes in compression stresses and tension
stresses. The assigned load will be transferred safely to the load-bearing beams, walls and then,
to the ground in order to ensure the stability and safety of the structure. Figure 6.1 shows the
load transfer from the truss to the foundation of the structure and Figure 6.2 shows the
components of the truss.

Figure 6.1: Load travels in the structural members

Figure 6.2: Components of a truss

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6.1 Truss Design Procedure

Initially, the construction of truss must be done by following the procedure in order to ensure
the capability of the truss to withstand the external load such as rain and snow are abiding with
the local standard and providing the safety and comfort towards the occupant of the structure.
The general procedures of the truss design are shown in the Figure 6.1.

Start

Loading Identification

Analysing by assuming that all the nodes are pin-jointed

and all loadings on the nodes to produce the output of:
1. Compressive stress that arev experienced by the members
of top chord and vertical internal members.
2. Tensile stress that are experienced by the members
of bottom chord and sloped internal members.

Load bearing member analysis such as rafters as a continuous

beam loaded by the purlins and supported at the nodes.
The moment for rafter will be calculated by
𝑤𝐿2 /6 for uncertain load position cases.
• w indicates the total load per unit length
applied to perpendicular to the rafter.
• L indicates the node-to-node of the rafter’s length.

Stresses due to connection’s eccentricity will be

assessed if the purlins are not centroid.

Assess the effect of the joint

deflection and rigidity

End

Figure 6.2: General procedure for truss design

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6.2 Truss Geometry, Loading and Analysis (Analysis using Software)

Figure 6.3: Truss geometry and dimension in Staad Pro

Figure 6.4: Simplified truss geometry and dimension

Figure 6.5: Loading acting on truss

Figure 6.6: Beam analysis based on each beam in Staad Pro

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6.3 Purlin
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6.4 Top Chord

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6.5 Bottom Chord

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The proposed size is adequate

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6.6 Diagonal Brace Members

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6.7 Vertical Brace Members

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6.8 Design of Connection Between Members

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6.9 Detailing of Truss

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7.0 Summary

The objective of this project that is to design of a 3-storey steel-framed building that is the
development of 2-storey office constructed over a showroom. The project covers the design
for all element structures such as an beams, columns, connections and roof truss. The
geometrical frame of the building and structural layout plan have been prepared through the
Staad Pro Analysis Software. The critical sections of the elements were selected to be
analysed through manual calculation and some data were taken from Staad Pro such as the
maximum axial force, NEd . Then, the types of loads acting on steel structure can be broadly
classified as vertical loads and horizontal loads. There has a parameter need to be considered
in selection loads such as using ultimate tensile strength of steel, Fu, Max. allowable local
deflection, steel grade, rolled section, and yield strength. For loading selection, variable
action, qk= 0.75 kN/m2, ceiling and finishes = 1.0 kN/m2, wind load= 0.75 kN/m2, roof sheet
and purlins (on slope)= 0.60 kN/m2, and insulation= 0.05 kN/m2 and the truss spacing of 3.5
m. The selection Structure Member Specification for Universal Column, UC= 254 x 254 x
167, S275 and Universal Beam, UB= 610 x 178 x 92, S275 for fully restrained beam (B1
and B3) and UB= 610 x 229 x 125 (B2 and B4) for beam restrained at load point. For the
purlins, the size 60 x 30 x 5.0 of unequal angle will be used and for the top chord and bottom
chord, the size that will be used is 160 x 60 x 6.3 of rectangle hollow sections, and for
vertical and diagonal brace members, the size that will be used is 120 x 120 x 10 of internal
angle. All the structure members are connected by suitable types of connection. The
connections act as the medium of load transmission from the roof to the column. As for the
connections, the welded connection is used for the truss to column and beam to column
connections.

In conclusion, by performing this project, our group has been able to design the steel
structure for three-storey-building. We have also been able to use different ways of learning
which are finding information from books, surfing the internet to get extra information and
also have discussions with our group members. Not only that, in designing the steel structure
for the three-storey-building, but we also exposed to the real engineering situation in the
industry as an engineer. As structural engineers, we must have the ability to determine and
identify all the problems related to the engineering structure. We also could determine all
the specifications of the structure by using the Eurocode design.