When antifreeze boils inside the engine, which usually happens around the exhaust valves initially, the

vapor pushes coolant away from the metal surfaces. Because it’s no longer being cooled by liquid, the
temperature of the metal spikes. 

Antifreeze is a concentrated, glycol-based liquid that must be diluted with water before use – at which point
it is referred to as coolant. Alternatively, you can purchase pre-mixed engine coolant, a ready-to-
use solution of antifreeze and water.  

Water boils at 212 degrees Fahrenheit (100 degrees Celsius), right? Well, not always.
It depends on where you’re doing the boiling.
Boiling point - when the vapour pressure of the solution is equal to the atmospheric
pressure, then it is said to be boiling.
Vapour pressure - sometimes molecules escape the solution to convert into the gas phase,
also molecules in the gas phase combine to turn back into liquid phase. Hence there exists a
equilibrium between gas phase and liquid phase.
When you heat your tea kettle on a stovetop, you’re creating more water vapor; when the
water’s vapor pressure rises enough to exceed the surrounding air pressure, bubbles start
to form and the water boils.

The pressure exerted by this gas phase is called vapour pressure, and the vapour
pressure increases with temperature.
As atmospheric pressure decreases, water boils at lower temperatures. The reason is the
lower atmospheric pressure due to a thinner blanket of air above
Above 2,500 feet, the atmosphere becomes much drier. The air has less oxygen and
atmospheric pressure, so cooking takes longer. Moisture quickly evaporates from
everything.

High altitude areas are also prone to low humidity, which can cause the moisture in foods
to evaporate more quickly during cooking. Covering foods during cooking will help retain
moisture.
Boiling happens when water molecules have enough energy to spread out and to
form bubbles. These bubbles rise to the surface and they release the water vapor. Since the
water vapor contains these more energetic molecules releasing them into the air cools the
water. So here we have our beaker with the bubble if we increase the pressure the
molecules in the bubble will move closer together and eventually they'll change back into
liquid water alternatively if we decrease the pressure that makes it easier for those water
molecules to spread out and form a bubble and that is boiling.

We can see this with the syringe….. we push in the plunger we increase the pressure,
molecules move closer together and the bubble becomes smaller, when we pull the plunger
out we're decreasing the pressure that means those molecules can spread out more easily
and the bubble grows.
If we pull the plunger out and decrease the pressure enough water will start boiling.
Note that the temperature doesn't change. It doesn't get hotter when it boils it's just room
temperature or the water temperature.it is the low pressure the molecules can spread out
to form bubbles and that's what we see happening here.
Boiling is strongly influenced by the atmospheric pressure. On earth that pressure is created
by gravity, pulling air molecules down towards Earth. Those air molecules push on a liquid
and they can make it more difficult for boiling to take place.
Remove the pressure and it's easier for boiling to take place as more energetic molecules
spread out in form bubbles.
Note that we haven't talked about the pressure created by molecules of water escaping the
liquid that's
called vapor pressure.
We know that boiling is strongly influenced by atmospheric pressure. Pulled down by
gravity, the air above us creates pressure and that makes it difficult for bubbles to form and
boiling to take place.

We can think of atmospheric pressure as the collisions of air molecules against the surface
of the water that's the pressure. The more collisions the greater the pressure.

But water molecules can create pressure when they leave the liquid. As these faster moving
water molecules escape they collide with the molecules of air, this creates pressure and we
call it vapor pressure.
In a way the water molecules are pushing or colliding against the air molecules, this
reduces the amount of pressure felt by the water. back to boiling textbooks, which often
state that when the vapor pressure equals the atmospheric pressure, boiling takes place,
this is called the boiling point
Think of it this way, atmospheric pressure pushes down and that makes it difficult for the
water molecules to spread out and form a bubble. But when the vapor pressure increases
molecules from the liquid escape and they push against the air molecules and effectively
reduce some of the pressure this makes it easier for the liquid molecules to spread out
form a gas and arise to the surface that's boiling .
we can make boiling happen by either increasing the vapor pressure or decreasing the
atmospheric pressure. Either way once the vapor pressure and the atmospheric pressure
are equal we've reached the boiling point and boiling can begin.
Different substances have different vapor pressures and therefore they have different
boiling points.
This has to do with how strongly the molecules are attracted each other in the liquid the
more strongly they're attracted the less the vapor pressure and it's more difficult to boil
therefore the higher the boiling point.

1. Pressure Cap Operation

The radiator cap actually increases the boiling point of your coolant by about 45 F (25 C).
How does this simple cap do this? The same way a pressure cooker increases the boiling
temperature of water. The cap is actually a pressure release valve, and on cars it is usually
set to 15 psi. The boiling point of water increases when the water is placed under pressure.

When the fluid in the cooling system heats up, it expands, causing the pressure to build up.
The cap is the only place where this pressure can escape, so the setting of the spring on
the cap determines the maximum pressure in the cooling system. When the pressure
reaches 15 psi, the pressure pushes the valve open, allowing coolant to escape from the
cooling system. This coolant flows through the overflow tube into the bottom of the
overflow tank. This arrangement keeps air out of the system. When the radiator cools back
down, a vacuum is created in the cooling system that pulls open another spring loaded
valve, sucking water back in from the bottom of the overflow tank to replace the water that
was expelled.

radiator-cap-a.webp

Thermostat Operation

Hydraulic Tank

 The return line enters the reservoir from the side of the baffle plate, which is
opposite to the pump suction line.
 It should be below the fluid surface level all the time, in order to prevent foaming of
the fluid.
 The strainer or the foot valve should be located well below the normal fluid level in
the reservoir and at least 1 in. or 2.5 cms above the bottom of the reservoir.
 If the strainer is located too high, it will lead to the formation of a vortex or crater
that will permit ingress of air into the pump suction line