INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Presented by: Mr. JOMER V. MANALANG, RN,MAN

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
FIVE ACTIVITIES OF THE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
INGESTION (Taking of food into the body)

PERISTALSIS ( Movement/Pushing)
DIGESTION (Breakdown of food)

ABSORPTION (Distribution)
DEFECATION (Elimination)
 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The organs of digestion are divided into
two (2) main groups:

1. Gastrointestinal Tract or Alimentary Canal:

✓ from the mouth to the Anus (26-30 feet)
✓ Organ includes:

MOUTH, PHARYNX, ESOPHAGUS,

STOMACH, and the SMALL & LARGE
INTESTINE
2. Accessory Structures:
TEETH, TONGUE, SALIVARY GLANDS,
LIVER, GALLBLADDER, AND PANCREAS
COMMUNICALE DISEASES OF THE
GASTROINTESTINAL
HELMINTHS
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
HEPATITIS (A, B, C, D, E)
TYPHOID
CHOLERA
 HELMINTHS
 Helminths are worm-like parasites that survive by feeding on a
living host to gain nourishment and protection, resulting in illness of
the host.
 There are a variety of different helminths from the very large to the
microscopic.
• ‘Helminth’ is a general term meaning worm.
• All helminths are invertebrates with long, flat or round bodies.
• There are many different kinds of helminth ranging in length from less
than one millimeter to over one meter.
• Helminths infect a range of hosts, including humans, and animals.
• Their effects inside their host also vary, causing a wide spectrum of
diseases, from mild to potentially deadly.
• Helminths are one of the leading causes of morbidity in the
developing world with over two billion people affected.
• Infection can cause physical, nutritional and cognitive impairment in
young, developing children, and even adults.
 SKIN AND FEET
HELMINTHS ▪ HOOKWORM/ANCYLOSTOSOMIASIS
▪ THREADWORM/STRONGYLOIDIASIS

INGESTION
▪ PINWORM/ ENTEROBIASIS/SEATWORM
▪ ASCARIASIS/ GIANT ROUNDWORMS
▪ WHIPWORM/ TRICHIURIASIS
▪ Other ROUNDWORMS
▪ TAPEWORMS/ TAENIASIS
▪ FLATWORM/ PARAGONIMIASIS
 HELMINTHS
DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION:
▪ STOOL EXAM

TREATMENT/MANAGEMENT:
▪ ANTIHELMINTHS

✓ANTIOX/ MEBENDAZOLE
✓THIABENDAZOLE
(threadworm)
✓COMBANTRINE/ PYRANTEL
PAMOATE
 SCHISTOSOMIASIS
 Schistosomiasis, also known as Snail Fever and Bilharzia, is a disease caused by
parasitic flatworms called schistosomes. The urinary tract or the intestines may be
infected. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody stool, or blood in the
urine, Hepatosplenomegaly
 The parasites that cause schistosomiasis live in certain types of freshwater snails. The
infectious form of the parasite, known as cercariae, emerge from the snail into the
water.
 You can become infected when your skin comes in contact with contaminated
freshwater. Most human infections are caused by Schistosoma mansoni, S.
haematobium, or S. japonicum.
 I.P.: 2-6 Weeks
SWIMMER’S ITCH
Itchiness, redness, and pustule
formation at the point of entry of the
cercariae
Swimmer's itch, also called cercarial
dermatitis, appears as a
skin rash caused by an allergic
reaction to certain microscopic
parasites that infect human and
animals.
These parasites are released from
infected snails into fresh and salt water
(such as lakes, ponds, and oceans)
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
 COMPLICATION

Portal hypertension
Colorectal
malignancy
Liver fibrosis
 TREATMENT/MANAGEMENT

PRAZIQUANTEL
FUADIN
HEPATITIS
 Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. Inflammation is swelling that
happens when tissues of the body are injured or infected.
 HEPATITIS refers to an inflammatory condition of the liver. It’s
commonly caused by a viral infection, but there are other
possible causes of hepatitis such as autoimmune hepatitis and
hepatitis that occurs as a secondary result of medications,
drugs, toxins, and alcohol
 Hepatitis can be an acute (short-term) infection or a chronic
(long-term) infection
 Viral infections of the liver that are classified as hepatitis include
HEPATITIS A, B, C, D, AND E.
 A different virus is responsible for each type of virally transmitted
hepatitis.
 Hepatitis A is always an acute, short-term disease, while
hepatitis B, C, and D are most likely to become ongoing and
chronic. Hepatitis E is usually acute but can be particularly
dangerous in pregnant women
 TYPES OF VIRAL HEPATITIS
 HEPATITIS A
 Hepatitis A is caused by an infection with the hepatitis A virus (HAV). This type of hepatitis is most commonly
transmitted by consuming food or water contaminated by feces from a person infected with hepatitis A.
IP: 15-50 days (28-30 days)
 HEPATITIS B
 Hepatitis B is transmitted through contact with infectious body fluids, such as blood, vaginal secretions, or
semen, containing the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Injection drug use, having sex with an infected partner, or
sharing razors with an infected person increase your risk of getting hepatitis B. IP: 45-180 days (60-90 days)
 HEPATITIS C
 Hepatitis C comes from the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Hepatitis C is transmitted through direct contact with
infected body fluids, typically through injection drug use and sexual contact. IP: 2 weeks-6mos (6-9 weeks)
 HEPATITIS D
 Also called delta hepatitis, hepatitis D is a serious liver disease caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV). HDV is
contracted through direct contact with infected blood. Hepatitis D is a rare form of hepatitis that only occurs in
conjunction with hepatitis B infection. The hepatitis D virus can’t multiply without the presence of hepatitis B.
IP: 2-10 weeks
 HEPATITIS E
 Hepatitis E is a waterborne disease caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV). Hepatitis E is mainly found in areas
with poor sanitation and typically results from ingesting fecal matter that contaminates the water supply.
IP: 15-64 days (26-42 days)
 CLINICAL PRESENTATION
HEPATITIS ✓ Low grade fever
✓ Malaise
✓ Fatigue
✓ Dark-colored urine
✓ Fatigue
✓ Flu-like Symptoms
✓ Pale Stool
✓ Nausea and Vomiting
✓ Abdominal Pain
✓ Loss Of Appetite
✓ Unexplained Weight Loss
✓ Yellow Skin And Eyes, Which May Be Signs
Of Jaundice
DIAGNOSTIC/LABORATORY
PROCEDURES
History and physical exam
Liver function tests
Ultrasound:
Fluid in your abdomen
Liver damage or enlargement
Liver tumors
Abnormalities of your gallbladder
Liver biopsy
Taking a sample of tissue from your
liver
 MANAGEMENT FOR VIRAL HEPATITIS
 Hepatitis A usually doesn’t require treatment because it’s a short-term illness. Bed rest, hydration and nutrition,
hepatitis A vaccine is available to prevent this infection
 HEPATITIS B is treated with antiviral medications, can be prevented with vaccination, requires regular medical
evaluations and monitoring
 Antiviral medications are used to treat both acute and chronic forms of HEPATITIS C, Currently, there is no
vaccination for hepatitis C
 No antiviral medications exist for Hepatitis D, Hepatitis D can be prevented by getting the vaccination for
HEPATITIS B
 HEPATITIS E infection is often acute, it resolves on its own, get adequate rest, drink plenty of fluids, get enough
nutrients, and avoid alcohol
 Practicing good hygiene is one key way to avoid contracting HEPATITIS A AND E.
 If you’re traveling to a developing country, you should avoid:
 Local water, ice
 Raw or undercooked shellfish and oysters
 Raw fruit and vegetables
 HEPATITIS B, C, AND D contracted through contaminated blood can be prevented by:
 Not sharing drug needles
 Not sharing razors
 Not using someone else’s toothbrush
 Not touching spilled blood
 HEPATITIS B AND C can also be contracted through sexual intercourse and intimate sexual contact.
 Practicing safe sex by using condoms
TYPHOID FEVER (Enteric Fever, Typhus Abdominalis)
 Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection that can spread throughout
the body, affecting many organs. Without prompt treatment, it can
cause serious complications and can be fatal.
 It's caused by a bacterium called Salmonella typhi, which is
related to the bacteria that cause salmonella food poisoning.
 Typhoid fever is highly contagious. An infected person can pass
the bacteria out of their body in their stools or, less commonly, in
their urine
 If someone else eats food or drinks water that's been
contaminated with a small amount of infected stool or urine, they
can become infected with the bacteria and develop typhoid
fever.
 ETIOLOGIC AGENT: Salmonella typhi, Typhoid bacillus, Salmonella
typhosa
 SOURCE: Man, family contacts become carriers
 Characterized by ladder – like fever, involves ulceration of the
Peyer’s Patches
 Fecal-Oral contamination; Oral-anal
 INCUBATION PERIOD: 2 weeks
TYPHOID FEVER (Enteric Fever, Typhus Abdominalis)
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
Fever
Influenza like syndrome
Abdominal discomfort
Small rose colored macules
Leukopenia
Septic shock
Bowel perforation
 As the infection progresses, you may lose your
appetite, feel sick, and have an abdominal pain
and diarrhea. Some people may develop a rash.
DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION
 A diagnosis of typhoid fever can usually be confirmed
by analyzing samples of blood, stools or urine. These
will be examined under a microscope for the
Salmonella typhi bacteria that cause the condition.
The bacteria aren't always detected the first time, so
you may need to have a series of tests.
TYPHOID FEVER (Enteric Fever, Typhus Abdominalis)
MANAGEMENT/TREATMENT
Antibacterial Medications:
Ciprofloxacin
Cephalosporins (Ceftriaxone)
Intravenous therapy/Fluid
Bedrest
Enteric Precautions (Prevention of
direct or indirect contact with fecal
material)
Safe Food handling practices
Do not administer Aspirin
Heating pad on abdomen
(cramping)
 CHOLERA
(El Tor; Asiatic Cholera; Epidemic Cholera)
 Cholera is an infectious disease that causes severe watery
diarrhea, which can lead to dehydration and even death if
untreated.
 It is caused by eating food or drinking water contaminated with a
bacterium called VIBRIO CHOLERAE
 CA: Vibrio cholerae; Vibro comma
 MOT: Fecal – Oral
 IP: 2-3 days
 PC: 7-14 days
Etiologic Agent:

Vibrio Cholerae – a motile aerobic microbe

Vibrio El Tor – has the ability to hemolyze human RBC
 Source of Infection: Human are the only host aerobic and victims
CHOLERA came to prominence in the 19th century, when a
lethal outbreak occurred in India. There have since been
numerous outbreaks and seven global pandemics of cholera.
 Each year, cholera infects 1.3 to 4 million people around the
world, killing 21,000 to 143,000 people, according to the World
Health Organization (WHO)
 CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
 Rice watery stool
 Occasional vomiting
 Oliguria
CHOLERA
 COMPLICATIONS:
 Acidosis
 Circulatory collapse
 Dehydration
 DIAGNOSTIC TEST
 stool sample
 Rapid cholera dipstick tests
 MANAGEMENT AND MEDICATION
 Tetracycline
 Oral or intravenous hydration is the primary treatment for cholera. In
conjunction with hydration, treatment with antibiotics is
recommended for severely ill patients.
COMMUNICALE DISEASES OF THE
GASTROINTESTINAL
HELMINTHS
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
HEPATITIS (A, B, C, D, E)
TYPHOID
CHOLERA
THANK
YOU