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Question: 3. Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) and
Reinforcement Learning (RL) (a) Consider the following Ma...

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Ans) Situated in between supervised learning and unsupervised learning, the paradigm of reinforcement
learning deals with learning in sequential decision making problems in which there is limited feedback.
This text introduces the intuitions and concepts behind Markov decision processes and two classes of
algorithms for computing optimal behaviors: reinforcement learning and dynamic programming. First the
formal framework of Markov decision process is de ned, accompanied by the de nition of value functions
and policies. The main part of this text deals with introducing foundational classes of algorithms for
learning optimal behaviors, based on various de nitions of optimality with respect to the goal of learning
sequential decisions. Additionally, it surveys efficient extensions of the foundational algorithms, differing
mainly in the way feedback given by the environment is used to speed up learning, and in the way they
concentrate on relevant parts of the problem. For both model-based and model-free settings these
efficient extensions have shown useful in scaling up to larger problems.

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