PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

RESEARCH BASED ASSIGNMENT

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Introduction:

Management is the administration of an organization. The management

incorporates the setting of the strategy of an organization and planning the endeavors of
its workers or volunteers to achieve its targets. The quality of Organizational
Management is an important perspective to be investigated for the growth of an
organization. Management is one such principle which is existing from 2900 BC, where
the pyramids of Egypt were constructed to maintain the workplace (Kitana, 2016).
Centuries later, management is seen as an area that restructures or create the
organizations from which the work of the people can be made effective and efficient.
The responsibilities and functions of management are leading, planning, controlling, and
Organizing. The managers take on different roles and fall into three basic categories:
Informational roles consist of the disseminator role, monitor role, and the spokesperson
role, the second one is Interpersonal roles consists of the leader role, figurehead role,
and the liaison role and finally the decisional roles consists of various roles like the
disturbance handler role, entrepreneurial role, the resource allocator role and negotiator
role. There are also some major management theories Scientific/Modern management,
Motivational theory, Contingency theory and Decision theory which play an important
role. Mintzberg’s roles, Katz’s skills, and Fayol’s management functions are still
important for modern-day managers.

Literature review:

Managerial roles:

In the literature addressing managerial roles, there are different denominations to

classify studies concerning the topic of different role approach like interpersonal,
decisional and informational role. (Oliveira, Filho, Nagano, Ferraudo, & Ferraudo, 2015),
in their article, they have illustrated that the managerial roles in a machine and metal
manufacturing industry which is used in an effective manner to find the work of
owner-managers in small business. The main supporter of the approach of the role is
Mintzberg (1973), to study how the managers spend their work time in managing the
organization. In order to describe the work of the small business owner
manager all ten roles of the managerial roles approach are questioned. The result of the
experiment shows the different managerial roles used in the organization and it consists
of a quantitative and descriptive survey.
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 Figurehead (Participation in social affairs, Attention to visitors, and Promotion of

social events)
 Leader (Guidance in activities, implementation Relationship with subordinates.
and Exercise of authority)
 Liaison (Internal relationships, External networks, and Dissemination of internal
information)
 Monitor (Information gathering, monitoring of internal operations, and Monitoring of
external events)
 Disseminator (Information selection Information sharing Confirmation of
information reception)
 Spokesman (Preparation of reports, Communication in company’s name, and
Representation of sector)
 Entrepreneur (Promotion of improvements, Proposition of opportunities, and
Implementation of new projects)
 Disturbance handler (Solution of routine conflicts, Solution to sudden conflicts, and
Solution of impasses)
 Resource allocator (Scheduling of commitments, Evaluation of budgets, and
Allocation of resources)
 Negotiator (Negotiation of cooperation, Negotiation of agreements, and
Negotiation of transactions)

(Tovmasyan, 2017) For their studies, they took the managers and employees of the
organization for a sociological survey. A questionnaires survey was done by interview
method with open and closed questions. Two hundred people were questioned in this
survey, 60% of whom were workers. Besides the method, they used analysis and
synthesis in the survey. The survey was done mainly to find out whether the psychology
of managers influences the management process and how workers and managers think
about the role of managers in an organization. The most important skills, according to
their survey, are decision-making abilities, organizing, professional knowledge and
practice, and monitoring skills.

(Ruzgar & Kurt, 2013) in their study based Mintzberg classification, they investigated
the profile characteristics and also to define managerial roles of the managers from big
firms in the
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bursa. In this study, they planned to focus on actively carrying on business, and they
took the 120 firms and to introduce the profiles of top management. In their research,
they found that the leader and entrepreneurial roles were suitable managers of big firms
of Bursa.

Management Functions:

(Oliveira, Filho, Nagano, Ferraudo, & Ferraudo, 2015) in their article, they discovered
the functions of the managers. They concentrated on the main question which was
raised: what are the functions of all managers carried out in the organizations. The
articles use the different functions of the manager terms like Leading, Planning,
Organizing, and Controlling to indicate the process approach.

 Leadership (Decision on work implementation, Relationship with subordinates,

and Dealing with people)
 Planning (Preparation for the future, Establishment of goals, and Establishment of
courses of action and resources)
 Organization (Establishment of workflows, and Provision to personnel’s needs
Provision to needs regarding tangible and intangible resources)
 Control (Monitoring of activity implementation, and Analysis of divergence
Provision of information)

(Satu & Bjorklund, 2016) in their paper, they studied the managerial role and related
activities in the front-end of the development procedure of unpracticed task supervisors.
They talked with 15 understudy venture chiefs while they were locked in their particular
8-month activities of the front end stage and 757 meeting transcript portions arranged
dependent on the topical likeness of substance on their perceptions of managerial
functions. They found the 4 major managerial functions providing coordinating and
acting as a link, structural support, encouraging and providing social support, and
empowering the team. Out of these, traditional task-oriented managerial functions were
emphasized.

(Conkright, 2015) in their study, the main goal is to find how to sustain the model over
time and what is necessary to implement an engagement model within an organization.
The studies show how the four managerial roles are focused on employees for
sustaining employee engagement.
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 Planning is focused on identifying goals, Vision-casting, values, objectives, and

overall strategy
 Organizing mainly focus on functional impacts, Resource allocation, tactical
actions and multi-level factors.
 Leading focuses on Leadership competencies, motivational activities, and
strategic and tactical behaviors.
 Controlling focus on interpreting qualitative and quantitative data, responding to
feedback, and What and how to measure plans.

Managerial theories:

(Oliveira, Filho, Nagano, Ferraudo, & Ferraudo, 2015) in their study, they have
used two theories to find the manager’s functions (process approach) and roles (roles
approach) in small business owner-manager behavior studies. They have used
Mintzberg’s roles theory to find the different type of manager’s role and Fayol’s
management functions theory to find the different functions of management. The results
show that both the theory of functions and roles are useful to characterize the work of
small business owner-managers. (Ruzgar & Kurt, 2013) in this study, they have used an
old theory of Mintzberg classification on managerial roles to define managerial roles of
the managers from big firms in bursa.

(Badubi, 2017) in his study he explored many theories used in olden days to solve
modern problems of the organization. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory was directed on
the architects and records to decide the factor which causes a person to feel positive or
negative about their activity. Herzberg noted the five work features that tells about
satisfaction, namely achievement, recognition, the job itself, responsibility and
advancement.

The management roles, functions, and skills that are used in this modern world to
find the roles, functions and skills are found by the three management theorists in the
older historical period to find the three distinct categories of the managers in the
organization. Mintzberg’s roles, Fayol’s functions, and Katz’s skills are still used and
remains a relevant and important part of the modern
day manager to find the requirements in the management.
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Conclusion:

From the above research, we can come to a conclusion that the managerial roles
and managerial functions are important for all kinds of organizations as they help to
regulate business, make way for innovation, direct the subordinates, attend meetings as
a liaison, represent the organization, transmit information, analyze information, allocate
resources, negotiate resources, solve problems, develop new ideas and promote the
interest of the organizations. Also, management theories help organizations to
communicate, focus, and develop. Utilizing management hypothesis in the workplace
permits leadership to concentrate on their main objectives. Management theories
likewise permit us to all the more likely to communicate with individuals we work with,
which permits us to work all the more efficiently. By understanding management
theories, assumptions about management objectives and styles can be expected and
can spare time during daily meetings and interactions. There may be a situation when
one theory may work for one organization but not for others, and in such case, it is
essential to explore the alternative material course. While a few theories can stand the
trial of time, different theories may develop to be unimportant, and new theories will
create in their place.
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References:

1. Badubi, R. M. (2017). Theories of Motivation and Their Application in

Organizations: A Risk Analysis. International Journal of Innovation and Economic
Development.

2. Conkright, T. A. (2015). Using the Four functions of management for

sustainable employee engagement . Performance Improvement.

3. Kitana, D. A. (2016). Overview of the managerial thoughts and theories from the
history: classsical management theory to modern management theory. INDIAN
JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE (IJMS).

4. Oliveira, J. d., Filho, E. E., Nagano, M. S., Ferraudo, A. S., & Ferraudo, A. S.
(2015). What do small business owner-managers do? A managerial work
perspective. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research.

5. Ruzgar, N., & Kurt, M. (2013). Manager's role and profiles: Evidence from
Bursa. The International Strategic Management Conference.

6. Satu, R., & Bjorklund, T. (2016). Perceived Managerial Functions in the

Front-End of Innovation. International Journal of Managing Projects in
Business.

7. Tovmasyan, G. (2017). The Role of Managers in Organizations: Psychological

Aspects. Business Ethics and Leadership.