Theory of Internal Shoe Brake

Figure represents an internal expanding shoe brake. With respect to the direction of rotation
of drum, the right hand side shoe is the leading shoe and the left-hand side the trailing one. The
forces keeping them in equilibrium are shown in the figure except those acting at the pivot.

Internal expanding shoe layout.

Wl and Wt are the actuating forces for leading and trailing shoes respectively. Pl and Pt are the
normal forces between the shoe and the drum for leading and trailing shoes respectively arising
due to actuating forces and act at an angle, 0, to the vertical. Pl and Pt produce frictional forces µfPl
and µfPt respectively on the shoes. These forces act perpendicular to the normal forces and at a
radius k called the effective radius. In practice, the effective radius k is found to be greater than
the drum radius a. µf stands for the coefficient of friction between the drum and shoe. Considering
leading shoe in equilibrium, the moments of all forces about the pivot give,
 Internal expanding shoes and drum.

The above equations are evaluated to get the required result after taking suitable assumption for
the value of pl and pt. Two assumptions generally adopted are

(a) The intensity of pressure is constant over the surface of the lining; and

(b) The shoe is rigid and the deformed lining is elastic in compression. This assumption gives that
the intensity of pressure proportional to sin θ.
It should be noted that the magnitude of frictional torque on the drum depends upon the value of
µf. The practical limit to the value of the µf is reached on the leading shoe when the moment of the
frictional drag together with that of actuating force about the pivot becomes greater than due to the
radial thrust. The shoe then locks to the drum, which is known as ‘sprag’.

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (𝑊𝑊𝐵𝐵 ) = 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 (𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵 ) = 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇

𝑓𝑓
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 (𝜇𝜇) =
𝑔𝑔
Where,
W – Weight of the vehicle in N
r – Radius of road wheels in m
µf – Coefficient of friction for the lining
µ – Coefficient of adhesion for the road
f – Deceleration of the vehicle in m/s2
g – Acceleration due to gravity in m/s2
In a shoe-brake with leading and trailing shoes, the total actuating force of 471 N acts at a
distance of 0.15 m from the pivot of the shoes, which is 0.075 m from the axis of the drum of
radius 0.09 m. The shoes have symmetrical lining with coefficient of friction 0.45. If the
effective radius of the friction force is 0.1 m, calculate the total braking torque, when (a) the
actuating mechanism gives equal forces to the shoes, (b) when the actuating mechanism gives
the shoes equal displacement.
Calculation of Mean Lining Pressure and Heat Generation during Braking Operation

Figure is referred for the forces acting between shoes and drum, and the following assumptions
are made for simplifying calculations:
(i) The linings are symmetrical.
(ii) Forces Pi and p. Pi act in the lining contact centre point of leading shoe.
(iii) Forces Pt and p. Pt act in the lining contact centre point of trailing shoe.
(iv) Forces Pt and Pi are equal.
(v) The value of u/is independent of pressure and velocity.

Now, if the speed of the vehicle is brought down from U km/hr to V km/hr in a distance of S meter,
then retardation,
A passenger car of all up-weight 14322.6 N is fitted with four wheel brakes and slowed
uniformly from 86.5 km/hr to 48 km/hr in a distance of 152.5 m while running down an
incline of 1 in 15. Calculate the amount of heat generated in kJ during this operation and
mention the methods employed to transfer this heat to the atmosphere. If the front wheels
share 55% of the braking forces, calculate the mean lining pressure in N/m2 on the front
wheel brakes from the following data:
Brake lining width = 0.05 m
Effective wheel diameter = 0.686 m
Brake drum diameter = 0.318 m
Lining area per drum = 0.0321 m2
Coefficient of friction between drum and lining = 0.35
What is the lining contact angle is each drum?