THE 19TH CENTURY WORLD OF JOSE RIZAL

To fully comprehend the role of Dr. Rizal played in

the shaping of the Filipino nationalism, there is a
need for us to look into the developments in the
19th century.

This is essential in understanding his ideology and

outlook as an individual.
Important developments during the said century
are as follows: (Capino et al, 1977)
 growth and development of nationalism
 rise and gradual spread of liberalism and
democracy
 industrial revolution
 the upsurge of western imperialism
 triumph of science and technology
 optimism and confidence in progress
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
OF NATIONALISM

Nationalism - sense of loyalty or psychological

attachment members of a nation share, based
on a common language, history, culture, and
desire for independence (Jackson & Jackson,
2000)
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
OF NATIONALISM
Nationalism
- it is a feeling that drives a people together
as a nation.
-it is a love of country expressed in devotion
to and advocacy of national interest and
independence.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF
NATIONALISM
Two major revolutions of the earlier century:
1. The American Revolution of 1776
2. The French Revolution of 1789
Both revolutions gave birth to the idea that an
individual's loyalty has to be to his nation not
the king.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF
NATIONALISM
The American Revolution gave birth to the U.S.A.

The French Revolution led to the overthrowing of

the absolute rule of Bourbon Dynasty and the
abolition of feudal system.
 American Revolution (1775-1783)

Independence from Great Britain

French Revolution (1779-1789)

Overthrowing of absolutism
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF
NATIONALISM
The ideology of the French Revolution:
 Liberty
 Fraternity
 Equality

• - had influenced subject peoples to cast off the

yoke of colonialism by means of armed uprising
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF
NATIONALISM
Owing to the nationalistic spirit, Italy became a
united kingdom under King Victor Emmanuel II
after the Italians under Guiseppe Garibaldi drove
out the Austrians occupying the northern part of the
country and weakened the influence of the pope.

The separate kingdoms of Italy united as one

nation.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF
NATIONALISM

Ten years later, Germany through the vigorous

campaign by the Prussians under Otto von Bismarck
united the various kingdoms and dukedoms of
German nation and became one empire under
Emperor William I.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF
NATIONALISM
Nationalism
- one of the radical ideas in the years after 1815,
which influenced the modern world tremendously.
Three points that stand out in this complex
ideology (McKay et al, 1995)
1. Nationalism has evolved from a real or imagined
cultural unity, manifesting itself in a common
language, history and territory.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF
NATIONALISM
Three points that stand out in this complex
ideology (McKay et al, 1995)

2. Nationalists have usually sought to turn this

cultural unity into political reality so that the
territory of each people coincides with its state
boundaries.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF
NATIONALISM
Three points that stand out in this complex
ideology (McKay et al, 1995)

3. Nationalists believed that every nation has the

right to exist in freedom and develop its character
and spirit.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF
NATIONALISM
*While nationalism can foster national unity,
progress and independence, it also has its negative
side.
*The ideas of national superiority and national
mission can lead to aggressive crusades and
counter-crusades.
*Nationalism can also stress differences among
people.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF
NATIONALISM
*The development of nationalism in the
Philippines, however, was very slow.
*Loyalty to the nation began only after the unjust
execution of Fathers Gomez, Burgos and Zamora
on Feb. 17, 1872.
RISE AND GRADUAL SPREAD OF LIBERALISM
AND DEMOCRACY
*The rise and spread of liberalism and democracy
was actually a consequence of the growth and
development of nationalism. (Black, 1999)

*The principal ideas of liberalism

- liberty and equality - were first realized
successfully in the American Revolution and then
achieved in part in the French Revolution
RISE AND GRADUAL SPREAD OF LIBERALISM
AND DEMOCRACY
*This political and social philosophy challenged
conservatism in the European continent.

*Liberalism demanded representative government

as opposed to autocratic monarchy, equality before
the law as opposed to legally separate classes.
RISE AND GRADUAL SPREAD OF LIBERALISM
AND DEMOCRACY
*The idea of liberty also meant specific individual
freedoms:
- freedom of the press
- freedom of speech
- freedom of assembly; and
- freedom from arbitrary arrest
RISE AND GRADUAL SPREAD OF LIBERALISM
AND DEMOCRACY

*Democracy became a way of life in many

European countries, like Britain, Belgium, and
Switzerland.
RISE AND GRADUAL SPREAD OF LIBERALISM
AND DEMOCRACY
*Democracy was gradually established thru the
following means:
 promulgation of laws that advance democracy
 undertaking of reforms thru legislation
 abolition of slavery
 adoption of a liberal constitution
RISE AND GRADUAL SPREAD OF LIBERALISM
AND DEMOCRACY
*Democracy was gradually established thru the
following means:
 providing the citizens the opportunity to
propose laws
 adoption of manhood suffrage and
 granting of political, economic and social rights
to the people
RISE AND GRADUAL SPREAD OF LIBERALISM
AND DEMOCRACY
*Democracy was non-existent in the Philippines in
the 19th century.
*The Philippines was denied representation in the
Spanish Cortes since 1833.
*The ecclesiastical and civil authorities then were
not inclined to grant basic human rights to the
Filipinos, as it will be detrimental to Spain's colonial
administration of the Philippines.
RISE AND GRADUAL SPREAD OF LIBERALISM
AND DEMOCRACY
*Democracy was non-existent in the Philippines
in the 19th century.
*They believed that if the Filipinos will enjoy basic
human rights and freedom, they would be
motivated to work for independence and topple
down the Regime.
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

*One of the most crucial developments in the 19th

century was the Industrial Revolution (Stearns et al,
1991)
Industrial Revolution
- refers to the transformation of manufacturing
brought about by the invention and use of
machines
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

*This development started in England and later on

spread into Belgium, France, Germany and even the
United States.

*The invention of machines and their use in

manufacturing brought about significant changes in
people's lives.
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

*Some of the positive effects brought about by this

development:
 The rise of the factory system;
 Mass production of essential and non-essential
goods;
 Improvement of people's standard of living;
 Greater urbanization of society;
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

*Some of the positive effects brought about by

this development:
 Beginnings of specialization or division of labor;
 Invention of labor-saving devices;
 The beginnings of industrial capitalism
 Fostering of liberalism and nationalism; and
 Encouragement of people's mobility.
BEGAN IN ENGLAND IN 1760

Manufacturing

 Spinning jenny
 Spinning frame
 Spinning shuttle
 Cotton gin
 Sewing machine
Transportation

 Steam boats
 Steam locomotives
 Airplanes
 Automobiles
 Balloons
Communication

 Telephone
 Telegraph
 Wireless telegraphy
 Cable
 Postal service
 Newspapers
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

*On the other hand, there were negative effects of

Industrial Revolution to people.
 Widening of the gap between the rich and the
poor;
 Unending economic warfare between labor and
capital;
 Pollution and other environmental problems;
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

*On the other hand, there were negative effects of

Industrial Revolution to people.
 Beginning of child and women labor; and
 Intensification of imperialistic rivalry between
and among industrialized countries.
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

*In the Philippines, it caused the displacement of

the farmers from their land.

*To solve the evils created by the industrial system,

different measures were proposed by concerned
sectors of world society (Doreen, 1991)
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

*LIBERALS
laissez-faire policy or government's non-
interference in the conduct of trade and business
has to be sustained for the continuous expansion of
the conomy.
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

SOCIALIST
*The socialists assert that the government has to
control vital industries and resources. This is
necessary in promoting equality of opportunity and
people's welfare in society.
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

*The communists, on the other hand, suggest that

all factors of production be owned and controlled
by the government. Equality in society can be
achieved if social classes are destroyed and
dictatorship of the proletariat is established.
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

*Conversely, the Catholic Church calls for humane

treatment of workers, respect for workers' rights,
and social justice for the poor.
*It also enjoined the government to regulate the
use of private property and provide humane and
favorable working conditions for the proletariat.
THE ADVANCE OF SCIENCE

*The rapid expansion of scientific knowledge

profoundly influenced Western thought in the 19th
century (Hunt et al, 1995)

*Breakthroughs in industrial technology

enormously stimulated basic scientific inquiry.
THE ADVANCE OF SCIENCE

*The result was an explosive growth of

fundamental scientific discoveries from 1830s
onward.
*These theoretical discoveries were increasingly
transformed into material improvements for the
population.
THE ADVANCE OF SCIENCE

*The translation of better scientific knowledge into

practical benefits was evident in biology, medical
sciences, physics and chemistry.
*In the 19th century, search for knowledge and
truth could be explained by a rational and empirical
approach.
THE ADVANCE OF SCIENCE

*This was a result of the Age of Enlightenment

during the 18th century, when blind belief and
dogma were challenged by the principle that
everything could be explained by reason.
*This resulted in the development of the scientific
method, where knowledge needs to be proven by a
systematic and rational approach, which in effect,
resulted in advances in the sciences.
THE ADVANCE OF SCIENCE

*The triumph of science and technology had at

least three significant consequences:

1. Everyday experience and innumerable scientists

impressed the importance of science on the mind of
ordinary citizens.
THE ADVANCE OF SCIENCE

*The triumph of science and technology had at least three

significant consequences:
2. As science became more prominent in popular
thinking, the philosophical implications of science
spread to broad sections of the population.
Technical advances led the people to develop
optimistic faith in man's capability to achieve
progress.
THE ADVANCE OF SCIENCE

*The triumph of science and technology had at

least three significant consequences:

3. The methods of science acquired unrivaled

prestige after 1850.
For many, the union of careful experiment and
abstract theory was the only route to truth and
objective reality.
THE ADVANCE OF SCIENCE

*The effects of the scientific revolution spilled to

the challenging of traditional beliefs in religion and
politics.
*A belief emerged that the Church is not the sole
source of knowledged but everyone can be
capable of achieving knowledge and challenging
the old established belief as long as this could be
scientifically explained, replicated and validated.
THE ADVANCE OF SCIENCE

*The scientific revolution gained headway in

Western European countries like Germany, France
and England, which became centers of learning in
the 19th century.
*Its universities and society became free market
places of ideas, characterized by a large degree of
intellectual freedom that is unhampered by
religious dogma and superstition.
THE ADVANCE OF SCIENCE

*German, French, and English scientists were at the

forefront of this revolution and abroad, the explorers,
archaelogists, and anthropologists scoured all parts of
the world for new discoveries.
* Unfortunately, however, Spain was at the backwater
of this scientific upheaval and this was felt by Rizal
himself when he left the Philippines, feeling that his
education in the colony was inadequate.
THE ADVANCE OF SCIENCE

*He eventually, left Spain for more advanced

studies in Germany and France to improve his
competencies as a physician.
THE RESURGENCE OF WESTERN IMPERIALISM

*In the 19th century, the industrializing West

entered the third and most dynamic phase of its
centuries-old expansion into non-Western lands.
*In so doing, these Western nations profitably
subordinated those lands to their economic
interests, sent forth millions of immigrants, and
political influence in Asia and vast political empires
in Africa.
THE RESURGENCE OF WESTERN IMPERIALISM

*The reasons for this culminating surge were many,

but the economic thrust of robust industrial
capitalism, an ever-growing lead in technology, and
the competetive pressures of European nationalism
were particularly important.
THE RESURGENCE OF WESTERN IMPERIALISM
*Western expansion had far-reaching
consequences.

*For the first time in human history, the world

became in many ways a single unit.

*Moreover, European expansion diffused ideas and

techniques of a highly dveloped civilization.
THE RESURGENCE OF WESTERN IMPERIALISM

*Yet the West relied on force to conquer and rule,

and treated non-Western peoples as racial inferiors.

*Thus, non-Western elites, armed with Western

doctrines, gradually responded to Western
challenge.
THE RESURGENCE OF WESTERN IMPERIALISM

*They launched a national, anti-imperialist struggle

for dignity, genuine independence, and
modernization.
*Colonized peoples, therefore, started to assert
their right to self-determination or the right to
choose the kind of government under which they
would live.
OPTIMISM AND CONFIDENCE IN PROGRESS

*Optimism or faith in society and man's ability to

progress was brought about by the advancement of
science, the coming of steam-powered industry,
and the spread of liberalism and socialism
(Chodorow et al, 1994).
OPTIMISM AND CONFIDENCE IN PROGRESS

*The optimism of the century was summed by

Marquis de Condorcet in his work, Sketch for a
Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human
Mind.

*He saw that “the strongest reasons for believing

that nature has set no limit to the realization of
our hopes”
OPTIMISM AND CONFIDENCE IN PROGRESS
*He foresaw the following:
1. The abolition of inequality between nations;
2. The progress of equality between nations;
3. The true perfection of humanity

*Progress was now independent of any power that

might wish to halt it and will never be reversed.
OPTIMISM AND CONFIDENCE IN PROGRESS
*Optimism and confidence in progress can be
gleaned from the achievements of men in the 19th
century.
*Notable among these were the following
(Capino,1977)
1. Extension of human rights to many people;
2. Promotion of higher education for men and
women;
OPTIMISM AND CONFIDENCE IN PROGRESS
*Notable among these were the following
(Capino,1977)
3. Education for nationalism in schools;
4. Investment in science to serve mankind;
5. Improvement of public health thru the
establishment of numerous hospitals; and
6. Emergence of realistic literature, depicting the
life of the time.
TO SUMMARIZE:
 growth and development of nationalism
 rise and gradual spread of liberalism and
democracy
 industrial revolution
 the upsurge of western imperialism
 triumph of science and technology
 optimism and confidence in progress
NEXT TOPIC:
*SPAIN AND THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH CENTURY
- SPAIN IN THE 19TH CENTURY
-ABANDONMENT OF MERCANTILISM (COMMERCIALISM)
- THE PHILIPPINES DURING RIZAL'S TIME
-ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION
-THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF FILIPINO SOCIETY
-EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM & ECONOMIC SITUATION