Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani

Work-Integrated Learning Programmes Division

2020-2021 Mid-Semester

Course Title : Wireless and Mobile Communications

Nature of Exam : Open Book
Weightage : 30%
Duration : 2 hours 30 mins
Date of Exam : 30 May 2021

Note:
1. Please follow all the Instructions to Candidates given on the cover page of the answer book.
2. All parts of a question should be answered consecutively. Each answer should start from a fresh page.
3. Assumptions made if any, should be stated clearly at the beginning of your answer.

1
a. Explain in detail Co-channel interference and Adjacent-channel interference in mobile
communications (2 marks)
b. Calculate the number of times the cluster of size 4 has to be replicated in order to
approximately cover the entire service area of 1569 km2 with the adequate number of uniform-
sized cells of 7 km2 each. (3 marks)
2
a. Pune city has an area of 1,500 square miles and is covered by a cellular system using a seven-
cell reuse pattern. Each cell has a radius of four miles and the city is allocated 50 MHz of
spectrum with a full duplex channel band- width of 80 kHz. Assume a GOS of 2% for an Erlang
B system is specified. If the offered traffic per user is 0.03 Erlangs,
Compute
i the number of cells in the service area,
ii the number of channels per cell,
(4 marks)

b. State whether the following statement is true or false with appropriate reason

Higher the cluster size , higher is the system capacity given a constant cell size for a given geographic
area ( 1 mark)

3a. Explain in detail

i. MAHO-Mobile assisted handoff
ii. Intersystem handoff
iii. Prioritizing handoff and Guard channel concept (3 marks)
b. If a mobile receiver is moving towards a transmitter and the carrier frequency of transmitter is
f c =850 Mhz, the receiver velocity is 70 miles per hour, and the angle of the received wave is
θ=100. Find the Doppler shift f d . (2 marks)

a. If a transmitter produces 50 watts of power and is applied to a unity gain antenna(maximum

dimension is 2m) with a 900 MHz carrier frequency. Consider system loss factor of unity.

i. Can we use Fris free space equation at a distance of 5m? Elaborate the answer with proper reason.

ii. Calculate the Power received (in dBm) by a receiver antenna which is at a distance of 10km.
(1+2 = 3
marks)

b. What is coherence time? How it affects the signal fading 2 marks

5

a) For the channel exhibiting multipath intensity profile (2marks)

RMS delay spread, στ=8.33US

Calculate the Coherence Bandwidth

b) In a WSSUS channel: (3 Marks)

Multipath delay spread Tm = 3s,

Doppler spread Bd = 0.04Hz,

Channel bandwidth Ws = 8Hz,

Symbol duration Ts = 20s.

i Determine the coherence bandwidth and the coherence time.

ii Does this channel exhibit frequency selective fading? Explain.

iii Does this channel exhibit slow or fast fading? Explain

6. a.Calculate the mean excess delay, rms delay spread, and the maximum excess delay (10 dB)
for the multipath profile given in the figure below. Estimate the 50% coherence bandwidth of the
channel. (3 marks)

b. List the factors that influence small-scale fading. Explain each factor in details. (2 marks)

--- -- -

Answer Key-

1.a Explain in detail Co-channel interference and Adjacent-channel interference in mobile

communications (2 marks)
Ans.
Interference in mobile communications is of two types:
• Co-channel interference
• Adjacent-channel interference
The co-channel interference (CCI) is crosstalk from two different radio transmitters using
the same frequency. In cellular mobile communications frequency spectrum is a valuable
resource which is divided into non-overlapping spectrum bands that are assigned to
different cells. The CCI arises in the cellular mobile networks due to the phenomenon of
frequency reuse. Thus, besides the intended signal from the cell, signals at the same
frequencies (co-channel signals) arrive at the receiver from undesired transmitters located
(far away) in some other cells and lead to deterioration in the receiver performance.
…………………………………………………………………………..1 Mark
The adjacent-channel interference (ACI), also known as inter-channel interference, is the
interference caused by extraneous power from a signal in an adjacent channel. An ACI
may be caused by inadequate filtering, such as incomplete filtering of unwanted
modulation products in frequency modulation (FM) systems, improper tuning, or poor
frequency control, in either the reference channel or the interfering channel, or in both.
 The problem can be particularly serious if an adjacent channel user is transmitting in a
very close range to a subscriber’s receiver, while the receiver attempts to receive a base
station on the desired channel. This is referred to as the near-far effect, where a nearby
transmitter (which may or may not be of the same type as that used by the cellular
system) captures the receiver of the subscriber. Alternatively, the near-far effect occurs
when a mobile close to a base station transmits on a channel close to one being used by a
weak mobile. The base station may have difficulty in discriminating the desired mobile
user from the “bleed over” caused by the close adjacent-channel mobile.
…………………………………………………………………………..1 Mark

1.b.

Calculate the number of times the cluster of size 4 has to be replicated in order to
approximately cover the entire service area of 1569 km2 with the adequate number of
uniform-sized cells of 7 km2 each. [3]
Ans.
Given,
Size of cluster, K = 4
Area of a cell, Acell = 7 km2
Total service area, Asystem = 1569 km2
To determine area of the cluster
Area of a cluster, Acluster = K x Acell
= 4 x 7 = 28 km2

…………………………………………………………………………..1.5 Mark

To determine number of clusters in the service area

Number of clusters in a service area = Asystem / Acluster
= 1569 / 28 = 56
Hence, the number of times the cluster of size 4 has to be replicated is 56.
…………………………………………………………………………..1.5 Mark

Q2 a a. Pune city has an area of 1,500 square miles and is covered by a cellular system using a
seven-cell reuse pattern. Each cell has a radius of four miles and the city is allocated 50 MHz of
spectrum with a full duplex channel band- width of 80 kHz. Assume a GOS of 2% for an Erlang
B system is specified. If the offered traffic per user is 0.03 Erlangs,
Compute
i the number of cells in the service area,
ii the number of channels per cell, (2 +2 = 4 marks)

Ans i.Total area : 1500 Sq Miles Cell radius:4 miles 

The area of a cell = 3√3÷3 × R2
=2.5981R2
Each cell covers r = 2.5981(4)2 = 41.57 Sq Miles
 Find number of cells in service area
 
Hence total number of cells N = 1500÷41.57

N = 36
ii. Find number of channels per cell
 
Total number of channels/Cell
 
C = Allocated spectrum/channel band with *Frequency reuse factor
 
= 50 * 106 / 80*103 × 7 = 89.28

C = 89 channels per cell

b. False – With the same cell size , more cluster size means less number of repetitions of the
clusters hence lesser system capacity

3a . Explain in detail

i. MAHO-Mobile assisted handoff

ii. Intersystem handoff
iii. Prioritizing handoff and Guard channel concept (3 marks)

Ans a) any second generation systems, handoff decisions are mobile assisted. In mobile
Assisted handoff (MAHO), every mobile station measures the received power from surrounding
base stations and continually reports the results of these measurements to the serving base
station. The MAHO method enables the call to be handed over between base stations at a much
faster rate than in first generation analog systems since the handoff measurements are made by
each mobile, and the MSC no longer constantly monitors signal strengths. MAHO is particularly
suited for microcellular environments where handoffs are more frequent.
b) During the course of a call, if a mobile moves from one cellular system to a different
cellular system controlled by a different MSC, an intersystem handoff becomes
necessary. An MSC engages in an intersystem handoff when a mobile signal becomes
weak in a given cell and the MSC cannot find another cell within its system to which it
can transfer the call in progress.
c) To improve the quality of service as perceived by the users, various methods have
been devised to prioritize handoff requests over call initiation requests when allocating
voice channels. One method for giving priority to handoffs is called the guard channel
concept, whereby a fraction of the total available channels in a cell is reserved
 exclusively for handoff requests from ongoing calls which may be handed off into the
cell. This method has the disadvantage of reducing the total carried traffic, as fewer
channels are allocated to originating calls.

3b If a mobile receiver is moving towards a transmitter and the carrier frequency of transmitter
is f c =850 Mhz, the receiver velocity is 70 miles per hour, and the angle of the received wave is
θ=100. Find the Doppler shift f d .

Ans

Wavelength = 3*10^8/850*10^6 = 0.353 m

Velocity of the receiver = 70 miles per hour = 70*1.609 km / hr =112.6km/hr

= 112.6*1000/60*60= 31.29 m/s

Doppler Shift , fd = 31.29/.353=88Hz

4. a

If a transmitter produces 50 watts of power and is applied to a unity gain antenna(maximum dimension
is 2m) with a 900 MHz carrier frequency. Consider system loss factor of unity.

i. Can we use Fris free space equation at a distance of 5m? Elaborate the answer with proper reason.
(2
marks)
ii Calculate the Power received (in dBm) by a receiver antenna which is at a distance of 10km.
(3
marks)
Ans - 4.. i) can't be used because far field distance is 24m;(2D 2/wavelength)

ii) Pr(10km)=-64.5 dBm.

Rx power = Pr(d) = Pt Gt Gr 2 / (4)2 d2 L
Wavelength = 0.3333333
GT=Gr = 1
D=100 meter
L=1
Pr(100 meter) = 3.52167E-06 watt = 3.5*10-3 milliwatts
= 10log (3.5*10-3 ) = -24.5 dBm
Pr(10*1000 meters) = 3.5*10-3 /104 = 3.5*10-7 miliwatt

Pr(100 meter) = 3.52167E-06 watt = 3.5*10-3 milliwatts

= 10log (3.5*10-3 ) = -24.5 dBm
Pr(10Km)= Pr(100)+ 20Log [100/10000]= -24.5 dBm- 40 db= -64.5dBm
b. b. What is coherence time? How it affects the signal fading

Ans –
Coherence tine is a statistical measure of the time duration over which the channel
impulse response is essentially invariant, and quantifies the similarity of the channel
response at different times.

If the coherence time is defined as the time over which the time correlation function is
above 0.5, then

5. a) For the channel exhibiting the above multipath intensity profile (2marks)

RMS delay spread, στ=8.33US

Calculate the Coherence Bandwidth

b) Consider a WSSUS channel: (3 Marks)

Multipath delay spread Tm = 3s,

Doppler spread Bd = 0.04Hz,

Channel bandwidth Ws = 8Hz,

Symbol duration Ts = 20s.

i. Determine the coherence bandwidth and the coherence time.

 ii Does this channel exhibit frequency selective fading? Explain.

iii. Does this channel exhibit slow or fast fading? Explain

Ans 5

a) Ans: 1/8.33=120KHZ

b) Coherence Bandwidth=1/Multipath time spread=1/3=.33 hz

Coherence Time=1/Dopplerspread=1/0.04hz=25s

Symbol duration Ts=20 s greater than Multipath time spread of Tm=3s then it is flat fading
Coherence Time=25 s greater than Ts symbol duration of 20 s then it is fast fading

6. a.
Calculate the mean excess delay, rms delay spread, and the maximum excess delay (10
dB) for the multipath profile given in the figure below. Estimate the 50% coherence
bandwidth of the channel. [3]

Ans.
Given,
Convert
0 dB = 1, -10 dB =0.1 , -20 dB =0.01,
For 50% coherence BW, Bc = 1 / 5στ where στ = √ τ´ – (τ́ )
2 2

Now τ́ = (0x0.01 + 1x0.1 + 2x0.1 + 5x1) / (0.01 + 0.1 + 0.1 +1) = 4.38 µs
…………………………………………………………………………..1 Mark

τ´2 = (0 x0.01 + 1 x0.1 + 2 x0.1 + 5 x1) / (0.01 + 0.1 + 0.1 +1) = 21.07 µs
2 2 2 2 2

στ = √ τ´ – (τ́ )
2 2
= √ 21.07−(4.38)2 = 1.37 µs

…………………………………………………………………………..1 Mark

50% coherence BW
Bc = 1 / 5στ = 1 / (5 x 1.37 x 10-6) = 146 KHz
…………………………………………………………………………..1 Mark

Q.6. (B)
List the factors that influence small-scale fading. Explain each factor in details. [2]
Ans.
The various factors that influence small scale fading include:
Multipath propagation: multiple versions of the signal to arrive at the receiver with different
amplitudes and time delays. The total signal at the receiver tends to fade or distort.
…………………………………………………………………………..1/2 Mark

Speed of the mobile: causes Doppler shift at each multipath component, causes random
frequency modulation, Doppler shift will be positive or negative depending on whether the
mobile is moving towards or away from the base station.
…………………………………………………………………………..1/2 Mark
Speed of the surrounding objects: causes time varying Doppler shift in the multipath
components if the surrounding objects move at a greater rate than the mobile. This effect
dominates the small scale fading if the surrounding objects move at a much slower rate than the
mobile, then their effect on the small scale fading can be ignored. The term coherence time
determines how static the channel is
…………………………………………………………………………..1/2 Mark
The transmission bandwidth of the signal
The transmitted radio signal bandwidth and the bandwidth of the multiple channel decide two
things.
To what extent does the amplitude fluctuate
to what extent does the signal distort.
The channel bandwidth can be quantified by a term called coherence bandwidth.
the coherence bandwidth is a measure of the maximum frequency difference for which signal s
are still strongly correlated in amplitude.
…………………………………………………………………………..1/2 Mark