CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter includes the ideas, finished thesis, generalization and

conclusions, methodologies and others. Those that were included in this chapter

helps in familiarizing information that are relevant and similar to the present study.

2.1 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1.1 Poultry Farming

Poultry Farming is the raising of domesticated birds such as chickens for the

purpose of farming meat or eggs for food. Poultry are farmed in great numbers with

chickens being the most numerous and branch of animal husbandry concerned with

the raising of domestic fowl. Poultry are raised primarily for eggs and meat. Poultry

production requires regular control of excrement, and in many parts of the world,

production operations, especially larger operations, need to comply with

environmental regulations and protections. Different from mammalian excrement, in

poultry urine and feces are excreted as a combined manure, and the result is both

wetter and higher in concentrated nitrogen.

2.1.2 Slicing Machine

Slicing machines include many different models and it may be difficult to

choose the right one at first glance. If you want to gain the sharpest result when

slicing food, you should take into account every single detail of the machine you are

about to purchase. Slicing machine are used constantly in delis and grocery stores,

but cafeterias, buffets, catering businesses, and other foodservice establishments

also use them. You can slice and chip meats, cheeses, and produce with your
machine, making it extremely versatile. Since slicers are used so often for a variety

of foods, it's important to understand how to clean them. Eventually, your slicer will

wear out and you'll need to replace it with a new one.

2.1.3 Philippines Meat Consumption

The Philippines is one of the fastest growing in the world as meat eaters. It

includes the statistics on the top 10 of the fastest growing meat consuming nations,

of which the Philippines has one of the highest continuing growth rates. Compound

manual growth rate from 2011 to 2021 was predicted to be over 30 percent a year

for pork, chicken and beef.

Historically, the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) statistics of UN,

1986, per capita consumption of meat was less than 15 kilograms per person per

year. Now it’s 35 kg per person per year, and it’s continuing to grow. Where does

this put the Philippines internationally? In the United Kingdom it’s over 80 kg per

person per year, in the United States, you’re looking at something like 115 kg per

person per year. But consider that even 35 kg is half a pig, or 23 chickens. It’s a lot

of animals per person in that respect.

2.2 REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

2.2.1 Materials

The chickens used in the experiment were No. 10 Korean chickens (950–1,050 g)

that were divided into right and left sides from the center after removing wings, feet,

and neck as shown in Figure 1. Chicken cutting processing companies regularly

perform pre-processing that cuts wings, feet, and neck from the chicken and divides

the body into two from the center before cutting the chicken into further pieces. After
this, workers put 20 to 25 chicken pieces in a pack, to make the total weight of the

chicken pieces constant, and distribute them to chicken franchises.

Figure 1.Chicken used in experiment

2.2.2 Meat Consumption

and
According to Duk Gam Woo1,Yeong Jin Kim, Hack kyu Lim, Tae Han Kim

(2018), chicken is one of the most popular meats consumed by humans and its

consumption in Korea has increased by 4% annually on average. This increase is

due to the global trend of replacing beef and pork consumption with chicken, which is

leaner and lower in fat than other meats.

2.2.3 Slicing Machine

Regarding previous studies on chicken cutting device developments, Heck

(2006) proposed a chicken cutting device for boneless chicken breast by image

processing using a digital speech interpolation scanner according to the meat use

purpose and cutting the breast to a preferred thickness and shape using a water jet.

However, their study is for the cutting processing of boneless chickens, which is
different from the present study that aims to cut chicken meat with bones.Regarding

studies on cutting process devices for chicken with bones, chicken cutting devices

can be found that use blades, a press, and a band saw. In the blade method,

chickens that are fed in the transverse direction are cut by a blade. However, since

chickens are not fixed during cutting, the cutting performance and processing work

efficiency are degraded and uniform cutting is difficult (Kang, 2002).

2.2.4 Drive motor selection

The torque measurement results during cutting are shown in Figure 2, in which the

maximum torque value was 1.322 kgf·m when the transverse blade rotating speed

was 18.8 m/s and the tray feed speed was 0.050 m/s, and the minimum torque value

was 0.813 kgf·m when the transverse blade rotating speed was 28.9 m/s and the

tray feed speed is 0.022 m/s. Thus, the maximum power required for cutting was 3.5

PS. This study selected a 5 PS DC motor (HSX1004261, Hysoung, Korea) as the

power supply source considering the measurement error, overload, and safety

factor.

Figure 2.Cutting torque comparison in accordance with change of the transverse

blade speed and the tray feed speed

2.2.5 Work efficiency

In the press method, chickens are damaged by the press during the cutting

processing, and cutting performance is unsatisfactory (Kang, 2011). In the band-saw

cutting devices, there is a work safety risk and cutting chickens with bones is difficult

(Kang, 2013). However, commercialized chicken cutting devices are not readily

available. Thus, this study develops an automatic chicken cutting device that cuts

chicken into the desired number of cuts. In addition, the cutting performance and

work efficiency of the developed device and weight uniformity of the cut pieces are

analyzed to evaluate the device performance.

As a result, the optimal cutting conditions with the smallest chicken loss rate were

0.05 m/s feed speed and 18.8 m/s and 16.4 m/s for the traverse and longitudinal

blades, respectively. The processing ran at 55.3 chickens per hour and the chicken

pieces were more uniform when using the device than for hand-work processed

pieces.

2.3 SYNTHESIS

The demand of chicken eat is gradually increasing from all over the world.

Philippines ranked 10 in the fastest growing meat consuming nation specially the

chicken. To meet the demand, we propose to have a chicken slicing machine to help

chicken vendor to do their work easily compare to handwork and to lessen the risk of

accident when slicing the chicken into different part. For others, it is not necessary to

develop a chicken slicing machine because the conventional way is not that hard

and not time consuming. Having an automated machine can slice chicken without
doing so much effort can increase the production rate because rendered work and

time are consumed by the worker.

Based from the past researches about slicing machine, most of them are

unsatisfied. Winston (2009) affirmed the value of having a slicing machine “certain

processes such as; cutting, slicing, mincing and pulping has being utilized to ensure

the size reduction of these products. The slicing process from time immemorial has

involved the use of knives, but with the invent of time, technology advances had

being seen to be on an increase hence efforts were being made to cradicate the

inefficiencies posed by the use of knives which are evident in the time wastage and

injuries incurred during its use. The increased consumption of chicken meat either

domestically or commercially has greatly influenced the variations in the slicing

technology, with the basic principle of the action of shearing by blades and other

type of cutters remaining the same.” He emphasized the importance of slicing

machine to increase the efficiency and production rate in cutting process.

The problem about worker’s safety, the unhygienic method of cutting, and

quality of the chicken meat may be solved by developing a chicken slicing machine.

The health and safety of the chicken vendor, the quality of chicken and safety of the

costumer are better compared to conventional way of cutting. The slicing is more

efficient compare to the conventional way of cutting. Thus, this proves that the

development of an automated chicken slicing machine is necessary for domestic and

commercial use.
SOURCES:

https://business.inquirer.net/211357/ph-among-worlds-fastest-growing-meat-

consumers-say-experts

https://www.webstaurantstore.com/article/157/how-to-clean-a-meat-slicer.html

https://www.longdom.org/scholarly/poultryfarming-journals-articles-ppts-list-666.html

https://www.scribd.com/document/351878773/Design-and-Fabrication-of-Vegetable-

Slicing-Machine-Chapter-1-5

http://www.jbengksam.org/articles/xml/my4q/