Title of Micro-Project

Annexure – I
Micro-Project Proposal
(Format for Micro-Project Proposal about 1-2 pages)

Title of Micro-Project

1.0 Aims/Benefits of the Micro-Project (minimum 30-50 words)

The objective in this project is to develop and compare in term of method or topology of
single phase to three phase conversion system which more efficient and able to solve the
nonlinear problem with optimum way. Pulse width modulation (PWM) rectifiers and active
power filter (APF) will be used in this project. The APF topology is unique because the
configuration is more reliable. A boost topology used here for power factor correction

2.0 Course Outcomes Addressed

c) Troubleshoot Problem related to three phase AC circuit

3.0 Proposed Methodology (Procedure in brief that will be followed to do the micro-project
in about 100 to 200 words).

This Project work proposes conversion system which fulfils the availability of three
phase supply, thereby reducing the initial investment and also increasing the lifetime of the
system significantly. Figure 3.2 presents the proposed system.

230V, AC/DC DC/DC PWM 3-ϕ

50Hz BOOST
CONVER TOPOL INVERT
I.
Suppl TER OGY ER
M.
y

CURRE PWM
NT CONTROL
CONTR WITH
OL CONSTAN
MODE T V/F
TOPOLOG
Y
Fig. 3.2 Proposed System and Block Diagram

Here, schematic arrangement of proposed technique can be divided into two parts such
as source of AC link to DC link conversion and DC link to AC link conversion. So Part 1
composed of an input supply along with line filter to reduce input harmonics and to make
superior input current waveform, a single-phase uncontrolled diode rectifier is used here to
convert AC link into DC link, to increase output of AC/DC converter dual boost topology is

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used with an active power factor correction stage using the principle of current control mode
technique to maintain power factor up to unity.

Also Part 2 consisting Sinusoidal PWM inverter to convert DC into AC three phase links
along with constant V/F topology to control speed of three phase induction motor using V/F
speed control technique

4.0 Action Plan (Sequence and time required for major activity)

Planned Name of
S. Planned
Details of activity Finish Responsible Team
No. Start date
date Members
1 Collection of bulbs. 20/07/2019 22/07/2019 Avinash Marathe.
2 Collection of Sockets, Switch. 23/07/2019 25/07/2019 Jayesh Jadhav
3 Collection wooden board. 26/07/2019 28/07/2019 Sangharsh Ingle.
4 Collection of Insulation tape. 29/07/2019 31/07/2019 Avinash Marathe.
5 Collection of Holder. 01/08/2019 03/08/2019 Jayesh Jadhav.
6
7
8

5.0 Resources Required (major resources such as raw material, some machining facility,
software etc.)

S. No. Name of Resource/material Specifications Qty. Remarks

1 Bulb,s. 220v,100w. 3 Working.

2 Switch. 6A, one way. 3 Full Charged.

3 Holder. Batten Type,6A. 3 Working.

Name of Team Members with Enrollment Nos.

1) ________________________________________________________________
2) ________________________________________________________________
3) ________________________________________________________________
4) ________________________________________________________________
5) ________________________________________________________________

(To be approved by the concerned teacher)

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Annexure – II
Micro-Project Report
Format for Micro-Project Report (Minimum 4 pages)

Title of Micro-Project

1.0 Rationale (Importance of the project, in about 30 to 50 words. This is a modified version
of the earlier one written after the work)
Traditionally, conversion of single phase to three phase system conversion has been done
by various ways of switching processes with the help of power electronics devices. It is
somewhat common to have only a single phase power grid in domestic, commercial,
manufacturing, and mainly in urban regions; however the variable speed drives may entreaty a
three phase power grid. Single-phase to three-phase AC to DC to AC conversion usually
employs a full bridge topology, which implicates many power switches, such a converter is
represented here as conventional topology. As conversion system includes various stages of
conversion processes that defines distortion and generate harmonics on source line and load in
system hence the input power factor become poor [1]. Now development in technologies causes
various power factor improvement techniques are employed to overcome these power quality
problems some of which the boost converter topology has been extensively used in various
conversion applications [2]. Such that now a days AC to DC power supplies with power-factor
correction (PFC) techniques is almost entirely implemented with boost topology, usually boost
topology does not provide permissible value of higher power factor. So to overcome this
problem, Dual Boost converter technique can be employed to overcome the performance of
input characteristic of current and used to improve input power factor and reduces distortion in
input current waveform. [3]. In this paper, a single-phase to three-phase drive system composed
of single-phase rectifiers along with dual boost converter to give boost output to three phase
inverter to drive three phase induction motor along with speed control by using V/F method is
proposed. The proposed system is perceived to operate where the single-phase utility grid is the
unique option available. As Compared to the conventional topology, the proposed system
permits to reduce distortion in input currents and the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the
system to increase fault tolerance of the system

2.0 Aims/Benefits of the Micro-Project: (minimum 30-50 words)

The objective in this project is to develop and compare in term of method or topology of single
phase to three phase conversion system which more efficient and able to solve the nonlinear
problem with optimum way. Pulse width modulation (PWM) rectifiers and active power filter

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(APF) will be used in this project. The APF topology is unique because the configuration is
more reliable. A boost topology used here for power factor correction

3.0 Course Outcomes Achieved (Add to the earlier list if more COs are addressed)
c) Troubleshoot Problem related to three phase AC circuit

4.0 Literature Review

This chapter presents a review on the various topologies done on single phase to three
phase conversion system. A single phase to three phase conversion system has certain inherent
advantages over a three phase system. In this chapter discusses the nature of single phase to
three phase conversion system and reports the different components of conversion system such
as Power factor & THD, Converter, dual Boost converter, PWM inverter and I.M. Drive. In such
way topologies are discussed and various strengths and weakness highlighted in this chapter
4.1 Power, Power Factor and THD

Fig. 4.1.1 AC source and Load

Let us consider a periodic voltage source, Vg(t) at a frequency, ω supplying a load which
is consuming a finite amount of power. Let the current drawn from the source be Ig(t). The
voltage and the current can be expressed using Fourier series as shown below,

() ∑ ( ) (2.1)

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() ∑ ( ) (2.2)

Where, n is the harmonic number, ϕn is the phase of the nth harmonic component of input
voltage i.e. Vg and µn is the phase of the nth harmonic component of input current i.e. Ig. The
average power consumed by the load can be found by integrating the instantaneous power over
one cycle as shown below

∫ () () (2.3)

Substituting for Vg(t) and Ig(t) from eqn. 2.1 and eqn. 2.2 respectively in eqn. 2.3 and on further
equation it can be shown that

∫ ( ) ( ) * (2.4)
( )

Therefore the average power transmitted by the source to the load is given by

∑ ( ) (2.5)

Power is transmitted from the source to the load by the voltage and current components
which are at the same frequency. For example, the interaction of 5th harmonic component of
voltage and 7th harmonic component of current does not result in net power transfer. A practical
implication of this is given below. The electric utility supplies voltage at 110/230V and 50/60
Hz. Magnitude of other harmonic components besides the fundamental in the supply voltage is
negligibly small and can be neglected. Let us consider a load connected to the utility, which
draws current at the fundamental frequency and other harmonic frequencies (e.g. Diode bridge
rectifier. Let the current be phase-shifted from the input voltage. For such a load, based on the
expression in eqn. 2.5, the power is transferred only at the fundamental frequency and the
harmonic currents only increase the Root Mean Square (rms) current without increasing the
amount of power transferred. This leads us to the definition of power factor. The rms value of
any periodic waveform is as shown below [4]

√ ∑ (2.6)

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The presence of harmonics in the input current increases the rms value of the current
without increasing the amount of power transferred. Higher rms current results in higher I2R
losses.

4.1.1 Power Factor

Power Factor (PF) is a figure of merit that measures how efficiently energy is
transmitted between a source and load network. It is defined as,

(2.7)

Power Factor has a value between 0 and 1. Unity Power Factor (UPF) occurs for a load
that obeys Ohms law. In such a case, the voltage and current have the same wave shape, have
the same harmonic spectra and are in phase.

Let us consider a utility interface which has only fundamental frequency voltage
excitation. The average power consumed by a load which is purely resistive in nature would be

(2.8)

Where, Vg1 and Ig1 are the fundamental component of voltage and current respectively. The rms
voltage and rms current are both equal to the fundamental component of the voltage and current
respectively. The power factor in this case is Unity. For a load which draws harmonics also
along with the fundamental, the rms current is given by eqn. 1.6. Since harmonic components
are absent in the voltage the rms value of the voltage is the same as the fundamental. For this
load, the Power Factor is

⁄
√

( ) (2.9)
√ ∑

When the voltage contains no harmonics, the power factor can be written as the product
of two terms. The first term is the Distortion power factor and the second term the Displacement
power factor. Distortion power factor accounts for the harmonic components in the current.
Displacement power factor accounts for the phase difference between the fundamental voltage
and current. [1], [2], [3]
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4.1.2 Total Harmonic Distortion

Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is defined as the ratio of the r.m.s value of the
waveform excluding the fundamental component, to the r.m.s fundamental magnitude. When no
DC component is present, this can be mathematically written as

√∑
(2.10)

4.2 Diode Bridge Rectifier

In the conventional design practice, the utility interface of a single phase AC-DC converter is a
diode bridge rectifier feeding a bulky capacitor. This circuit is used at low power levels.
Generally conventional bridge rectifier classified on the basis of nature of supply such as a)
Single Phase Diode Rectifier b) Three Phase Diode Rectifier [4]

4.2.1 Single Phase Diode Rectifier

There are two types of single-phase diode rectifier that convert a single-phase ac supply into a
dc voltage, namely, single-phase half-wave rectifiers and single-phase full-wave rectifiers. In
the following subsections, the operations of these rectifier circuits are examined and their
performances are analysed and compared in tabular form. For the sake of simplicity the diodes
are considered to be ideal, that is, they have zero forward voltage drop and reverse recovery
time. This assumption is generally valid for the case of diode rectifiers that use the mains, a low-
frequency source, as the input, and when the forward voltage drop is small compared with the
peak voltage of the mains. Furthermore, it is assumed that the load is purely resistive such that
load voltage and load current have similar waveforms. [4]

4.2.2 Single phase half wave rectifier

The simplest single-phase diode rectifier is the single-phase half-wave rectifier. A single-phase
half-wave rectifier with resistive load is shown in Fig. 2.3.1.1(a). The circuit consists of only
one diode that is usually fed with a transformer secondary as shown. During the positive half-
cycle of the transformer secondary voltage, diode D conducts. During the negative half-cycle,
diode D stops conducting.

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Fig. 4.2.2 A single phase half wave rectifier with resistive

load

Assuming that the transformer has zero internal impedance and provides perfect sinusoidal
voltage on its secondary winding, the voltage and current waveforms of resistive load R and the
voltage waveform of diode D are shown in Fig. 2.3.1.1(b). By observing the voltage waveform
of diode D in Fig. 2.3.1.1(b),

Fig. 4.2.3 Voltage and current waveforms of the half-wave

rectifier with resistive load

it is clear that the peak inverse voltage (PIV) of diode D is equal to Vm during the
negative half-cycle of the transformer secondary voltage. Hence the Peak Repetitive Reverse

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Voltage (VRRM) rating of diode D must be chosen to be higher than Vm to avoid reverse
breakdown. In the positive half-cycle of the transformer secondary voltage, diode D has a
forward current which is equal to the load current and, therefore, the Peak Repetitive Forward
Current (IFRM) rating of diode D must be chosen to be higher than the peak load current
Vm=R, in practice. In addition, the transformer has to carry a dc current that may result in a dc
saturation problem of the transformer core [4]

4.2.2 Single phase full wave rectifier

There are two types of single-phase full-wave rectifier, namely, full-wave rectifiers with
centre-tapped transformer and bridge rectifiers. A full-wave rectifier with a centre-tapped
transformer is shown in Fig. 2.3.1.2(a). It is clear that each diode, together with the associated
half of the transformer, acts as a half-wave rectifier. The outputs of the two half-wave rectifiers
are combined to produce full-wave rectification in the load.

Fig. 4.2.2 (a) A single phase half wave rectifier with

resistive load

As far as the transformer is concerned, the dc currents of the two half-wave rectifiers are
equal and opposite, such that there is no dc current for creating a transformer core saturation
problem. The voltage and current waveforms of the full-wave rectifier are shown in Fig.
2.3.1.2(b). By observing diode Voltage waveforms VD1 and VD2 in Fig. 2.3.1.2(b), it is clear that
the peak inverse voltage (PIV) of the diodes is equal to 2Vm during their blocking state. Hence
the Peak Repetitive Reverse Voltage (VRRM) rating of the diodes must be chosen to be higher
than 2Vm to avoid reverse breakdown. (Note that, compared with the half-wave rectifier shown
in Fig. 2.3.1.1(b), the full-wave rectifier has twice the dc output voltage. [4]

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Fig. 4.2.2 (b) Voltage and current waveforms of the full-wave

rectifier with centre tapped transformer

During its conducting state, each diode has a forward current that is equal to the load current
and, therefore, the Peak Repetitive Forward Current (IFRM) rating of these diodes must be
chosen to be higher than the peak load current Vm=R in practice.

Employing four diodes instead of two, a bridge rectifier as shown in Fig. 2.3.1.2(c) can
provide full-wave rectification without using a center-tapped transformer.[4]

Fig. 4.2.2 (c) single phase full-wave bridge rectifier

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During the positive half cycle of the transformer secondary voltage, the current flows to
the load through diodes D1 and D2. During the negative half cycle, D3 and D4 conduct. The
voltage and current waveforms of the bridge rectifier are shown in Fig. 2.3.1.2(d), As with the
full-wave rectifier with center-tapped transformer, the Peak Repetitive Forward Current (IFRM)
rating of the employed diodes must be chosen to be higher than the peak load current Vm=R.

Fig. 4.2.3 (d) Voltage and current waveforms of the full-wave Bridge
rectifier

However, the peak inverse voltage (PIV) of the diodes is reduced from 2Vm to Vm during their
blocking state.

4.3 Three-Phase Diode Rectifiers

Single phase diode rectifiers require a rather high transformer VA rating for a given dc
output power. Therefore, these rectifiers are suitable only for low to medium power
applications. For power output higher than 15kW, three-phase or polyphase diode rectifiers

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should be employed. There are two types of three-phase diode rectifier that convert a three-
phase ac supply into a dc voltage, star rectifiers and bridge rectifiers. In the following, the
operations of these rectifiers are examined and their performances are analysed. For the sake of
simplicity, the diodes and transformers are considered to be ideal, that is, the diodes have zero
forward voltage drop and reverse current, and the transformers do not possess either resistance
or leakage inductance. Furthermore, it is assumed that the load is purely resistive, such that the
load voltage and the load current have similar waveforms.

5.0 Actual Methodology Followed (Write step wise work done, data collected and its
analysis (if any). The contribution of individual member may also be noted.)
Step 1: We collected all the components required for our project. Such as bulb’s, conductors,
Switch, Holders, etc
Step 2: Then we took a small container made 4 holes.
Step 3: Then we connected 2 bulbs .Connected them in Parallel with Each other by using
Batten older.
Step 4: Then we took 2 switch and connected this both in parallel with that of the bulbs.
Step 5: After completion we connected a Two pin sockets across the Each bulb’s.
Step 6: And further On these arranement ws fixed in a container which we had tooked earlier
and made Switches and Sockets fixed in to the holes which was made earlier.
Step 7: And thus in these way we had made the simple Single Phase AC Parallel Circuit.

6.0 Actual Resources Used: (Mention the actual resources used)

S. No. Name of Resource/material Specifications Qty. Remarks

1 Bulb’s 220V,100W,AC only. 2 Working.

2 Holders Batten,6A. 2 Full Charged.

3 Sockets. 2Pin, 6A. 2 Working.

4 Conductors. Multi Stand ,1mm^2. 20meters Working.

5 Switch . One Way,6A, AC only. 2 Working.

7.0 Outputs of the Micro-Projects (Drawings of the prototype, drawings of survey,

presentation of collected data, findings etc.)

The proposed scheme involves simulation of Single Phase To Three Phase System
Using Dual Boost Converter To Drive Induction Motor Along With Active Power Factor
Correction Technique circuits and the analysis of the current and voltage waveforms is as
shown in figure 4.2.1. It starts with simple circuits at which input voltage of 230V single phase
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supply is given with a gradual increase in complexity by initialization of new constituents and
their consequent effect on the current and voltage waveforms can be observed.

Fig. 7.1.1 Waveform of input voltage and current

Here, it is seen that due to use of dual boost topology along with principle of current control
technique the input current waveform comes to sinusoidal which result in improvement of
system power factor is observed that as shown in figure 4.2.2.

Fig. 7.1.2 Waveform of power factor (P.F = 0.992)

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Due to use of dual boost converter along with principle of current control technique the
waveform of input current shaped into sinusoidal way because of that power factor of proposed
system come closer to unity i.e. 0.992 and THD of system also found in acceptable manner. The
THD of proposed system using dual boost converter is 8.91% as shown in figure 4.2.3

7.2 Actual Model of Parallel Circuit:

Following is the output model pictorial view

Fig. 7.2 Actual Model of Parallel Circuit

It consisting of bulb along with switches

7.3 Circuit Diagram:

Following is the output model circuit diagram

Fig. 7.3 Circuit Diagram

Here, it is seen that due to use of dual boost topology along with principle of current control
technique the input current waveform comes to sinusoidal which result in improvement of
system power factor is observed that as shown in figure

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8.0 Skill Developed / Learning outcomes of this Micro-Project

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9.0 Applications of this Micro-Project

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(To be evaluated by the concerned teacher)

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