MIROS Road Safety Audit Report

MRSA 01/2012

Road Safety Audit

Stage 5 Post Audit of T-Junction in Seksyen 26

Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6–Jalan Ijuk 26/5–
Jalan TP 7/9, Off Jalan Batu Tiga Lama,
Shah Alam Selangor

Ramizam Noor Zaman

Alvin Poi Wai Hoong
Jamilah Mohd Marjan, PhD
Muhammad Marizwan Abdul Manan, P Eng
Saidatul Amanina Ariffin
Road Safety Audit

Stage 5 Post Audit of T-Junction in Seksyen 26

Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6–Jalan Ijuk 26/5–
Jalan TP 7/9, Off Jalan Batu Tiga Lama,
Shah Alam Selangor

Ramizam Noor Zaman

Alvin Poi Wai Hong
Jamilah Mohd Marjan, PhD
Muhammad Marizwan Abdul Manan, P Eng
Saidatul Amanina Ariffin
MIROS © 2012 All Rights Reserved

Published by:

Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research (MIROS)

Lot 125-135, Jalan TKS 1, Taman Kajang Sentral,
43000 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.

For citation purposes

Ramizam NZ, Alvin Poi WH, Jamilah MM, Muhammad Marizwan AM & Saidatul AA (2012), Road Safety Audit:
Stage 5 Post Audit of T-Junction in Seksyen 26, Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6–Jalan Ijuk 26/5–Jalan TP 7/9, Off
Jalan Batu Tiga Lama, Shah Alam, Selangor, MRSA 01/2012, Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Institute of Road
Safety Research.

Printed by: Publications unit, MIROS

Typeface : Verdana
Size : 10 pt / 15 pt

DISCLAIMER
None of the materials provided in this report may be used, reproduced or transmitted, in any form or
by any means, electronic or mechanical, including recording or the use of any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from MIROS. Any conclusion and opinions in this report
may be subject to reevaluation in the event of any forthcoming additional information or investigations.
 Road Safety Audit

Contents
Page

List of Tables, Figures and Plates iv

Acknowledgement v
Abstract vii

1.0 Introduction 1

2.0 Objectives 1

3.0 Methodology 2

4.0 Data Collection 3

5.0 Discussion 6
5.1 Encroach Area 6
5.2 Roadside Features 9
5.3 Landscaping 11
5.4 Signage 12
5.5 Road Markings 15

6.0 Conclusion 18

References 19

iii
Road Safety Audit

List of Tables
Page

Table 1 Pre-audit data result 3

Table 2 Post-audit data result 4
Table 3 List of defective items, recommendations and rectifications 6
Table 4 Rectification work safety benefit 18

List of Figures

Figure 1 Vehicle directional flow 4

Figure 2 Improved layout and turning radius 5
Figure 3 Potential conflict between traffic from Jalan TP 7/9 and
Jalan Ijuk 26/5 and also from Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6
and Jalan Ijuk 26/5 has been eliminated 8
Figure 4 (a) Before – No warning sign installed 13
Figure 4 (b) After – Location of warning signs installed at the approach of
the junction 14
Figure 5 (a) Before – Poor visibility of road marking 16
Figure 5 (b) After – Improved road marking 17

List of Plates

Plate 1 Better and safer manoeuving space for vehicles 7

Plate 2 Plate (a) shows that the line of sight is obstructed and this has
been improved in Plate (b) 10
Plate 3 Kerbs were installed to properly segregate pedestrian from
motorised traffic 10
Plate 4 Trees permanently removed from the junction 11

iv
 Road Safety Audit

Acknowledgement

The author would like to take this opportunity to convey the highest gratitude
to the many people who assisted the production of this report such as the
former Director General of MIROS, Prof Dr. Ahmad Farhan Bin Mohd Sadullah
and the Director of Road Engineering and Environmental Research Centre of
MIROS, Dr Jamilah Binti Mohd Marjan and MIROS’ staff for the support and
guidance in publishing this report. Last but not least, the authors would like
to acknowledge the Shah Alam City Council (MBSA), Subang Jaya Municipal
Council (MPSJ), and other relevant parties which were involved in rectifying the
junction based on MIROS recommendation in the effort to make the junction
safer to road users. It is hoped that this modest endeavor will continue to
become a success in future collaborations between the relevant authorities in
contributing to a safer road and road environment.

v
 Road Safety Audit

Abstract

A pre-audit was performed on 6 August 2008 and a report was sent to the
relevant authorities. Recommendations were given to increase the safety
level of the junction. A post-audit was then carried out on 4 October 2009
during the off-peak hours at daytime to evaluate the rectification works made
at the junction. In the post-audit, the parameters observed and measured
were junction layout, roadside features, landscaping, road marking and
signage. The 85th percentile speed was determined for 100 vehicles samples
and an hour’s worth of video recording was conducted for traffic count and
traffic characteristic determination purposes. The objective of this report is to
present the immediate safety benefit resulting in from the rectification made
by the relevant authorities to the junction, based on the recommendations
given in the pre-audit report. The rectification safety benefits are presented
in the discussion chapter. The safety implications of each element that were
recommended in the pre-audit report are discussed in this report in terms of
the comparison of its condition before and after the upgrading works, together
with relevant photos and sketches as evidence to the claims made. This audit
found out that traffic flow through the junction has generally increased with
heavy vehicles being the major contributor. Conflicts are reduced and visibility
issues at the junction have been eliminated by layout improvement and the
removal of landscape. The installation of road signage and road kerb together
with improvements on road markings have made the junction more visible
and have assisted in better segregating pedestrians and motorised road users.
It can be concluded that the relevant authorities have done the rectification
based on the recommendations given in the pre-audit report and the junction
has been observed to be safer to road users.

vii
 Road Safety Audit

1.0 Introduction

A Stage 5 Road Safety Audit was carried out on 6 August 2008 and a report
has been published and sent to MBSA and MBSJ for their further actions (Refer
to MRSA 01/2009). In the report, recommendations were given to the relevant
parties for the purpose of increasing the safety of the junction to road users.
The recommendations are as follows:

i. the encroached area to be removed permanently,

ii. warning and speed signs to be installed appropriately,
iii. landscaping, especially trees to be maintained regularly,
iv. TNB feeder pillar and street lamps at the encroached area to be
relocated, and
v. pavement markings to be maintained properly at all times.

In response to the pre-audit report, the relevant road authority has carried
out rectifying works on the junction. In order to assess the immediate safety
benefit of the rectification work, a visit to the site was conducted on 4 October
2009 to conduct a post-audit of the site.

The team member has made an effort to collect the data for the rectified
junction. The data collected at the site are the new junction layout, traffic
volume and speed during a weekday so as to compare it to the data collected
in the pre-audit. The same approach used in the pre-audit has been taken. The
apparatus that were used are a video camcoder, measuring wheel, measuring
tape and laser speed gun.

2.0 Objectives

In general, the execution of this safety audit is in line and in accordance with
Stage 5 Road Safety Audit (RSA). All procedures involved in the road audit
were carried out based on the “Road Safety Audit Guidelines for Safety Audit of
Roads and Road Projects in Malaysia” as published by Public Works Department
(PWD) and Road Engineering Association of Malaysia (REAM). The objectives

1
Road Safety Audit

of this report are to present the immediate safety benefit resulting in from
the rectification by reviewing the impacts on traffic movements and geometric
layouts.

3.0 Methodology

• Geometrical layout
• Traffic flow
Site observation • In situ road marking
• Pedestrian facilities

Site measurement • Geometric features

• Cross section

• Spot speed
Data collection • Traffic count
• Traffic characteristics

• Traffic flow and control

Discussion • Geometrical layout
• Road sign and markings

Conclusion and • Safety benefit resulting

recommendation from rectification

Site observation was conducted during 4 October 2009 site visit. The elements
observed were the change in geometrical layout, traffic flow pattern, visibility of
in situ road marking and pedestrian facilities provided since there is a housing
area located in the vicinity. The junction layout was sketched to include road
markings and other roadside features introduced after the rectification work.
Digital photos were taken as evidence of the claims made in the report.

The junction geometrics and cross section were measured. The site measurement
taken will be incorporated in the junction sketch made earlier in the observation
process. The measurement taken may assist in the discussion later.

Data collection was carried out at a similar time of the day so as to come up
with a fair comparison between the pre- and the post-audit study. Vehicle spot

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 Road Safety Audit

speed for both direction from Jalan Ijuk 26/6 and Jalan TP 7/9 were taken for
100 samples. Traffic flow was recorded for an hour at the site, traffic count was
conducted and traffic characteristics were determined in the office lab.

The benefits of the rectification work are presented in the discussion chapter.
The discussion will look at the impact to the safety of the traffic flow and how
the junction geometrical layout, signage, road markings and road side features
provide a safer environment to road users at the junction.

Finally a conclusion will be drawn based on the discussion. The percentage of

the rectification work done to the site as per the recommendation made in the
pre-audit will also be evaluated.

4.0 Data Collection

The traffic count reveals that there is an increase of 30% in the traffic volume
passing through the junction. Data in Table 2 shows a significant change in terms
of the traffic composition whereby the volume of two-axle lorries increased by
50% and the three-axle lorry volume has doubled from the previous audit.

Table 1 Pre-audit data result

Traffic composition Traffic count / hour by direction (0900–1000)

1 2 3 4 5 6 Total
Car 171 0 165 9 12 9 366
Motorcycle 57 0 66 9 3 3 138
Lorry (2-axle) 51 0 54 6 6 0 117
Lorry (3-axle) 6 0 3 0 0 0 9
Van 3 0 18 3 0 0 24
Bus 0 0 3 0 0 0 3
Total 288 0 309 27 21 12 657

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Road Safety Audit

Table 2 Post-audit data result

Traffic composition Traffic count / hour by direction (0900–1000)

1 2 3 4 5 6 Total
Car 147 9 210 0 9 6 381
Motorcycle 60 3 66 6 6 0 141
Lorry (2-axle) 42 6 102 6 6 9 171
Lorry (3-axle) 3 0 3 0 3 9 18
Van 39 0 93 0 0 0 132
Bus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 291 18 474 12 24 24 843

FACTORY

Street
Lighting

Street
Lighting

a
m
La
Street iga
atuT
Lighting nB
Jala

Street
Street Lighting
Fire Hydrant
Lighting
Feeder
Pillar FACTORY
TNB

Housing
Area

Figure 1 Vehicle directional flow

4
 Road Safety Audit

The geometric features of the junction have changed significantly. Figure 2

(a) shows the situation before the improvements while Figure 2 (b) shows the
change in the layout that took place. The turning radius has been increased,
providing more space for vehicles from Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6 turning into Jalan
Ijuk 26/5 as shown in the Figures 2 (a) and (b) below.

Border
Street

JALAN HULU TINGGI 26/6

Factory
Lighting

Street
Lighting

Street
MA

Lighting LA
GA
U TI
Fire Hydrant JALAN BAT

JALAN TP 7/9
Street JALAN IJUK 26/5
Lighting
Feeder
Pillar
Street
Fire Hydrant Lighting
TNB
PPU
FACTORY

Housing
Area

(a) Before
FACTORY

Street
Lighting

Street
Lighting

a
m
La
iga
Street tu T
n Ba
Lighting Jala

Street
Street Fire Hydrant Lighting
Lighting
Feeder FACTORY
Pillar TNB

Housing
Area

(b) After
Figure 2 Improved layout and turning radius

5
Road Safety Audit

5.0 Discussion

In this section the before and after effects to the road users will be discussed. In
the previous report recommendations that are believed to increase the safety
level of road users at the junction were made. In order to evaluate the before
and after safety effects of the rectification work to road users, it is necessary
to compare the number of work perform to the recommendations made in the
pre-audit. Tabulated below is the recommendations made in the earlier report
and the rectifying work performed on the junction.

Table 3 List of defective items, recommendations and rectifications

No Item Recommendations Rectifications

1 Junction geometrical layout Encroached area to be removed Encroached area removed
2 Roadside features Feeder pillar and street lamps to be Feeder pillar and street lamps
relocated relocated, barrier road kerb
installed
3 Landscaping Trees at the junction to be removed Trees at the junction removed
and trimmed so as to not obstruct and landscaping is now well-
driver’s view maintained
4 Road signage Warning and speed signage to be ‘Awas’, Warning and ‘Give Way’
placed at appropriate locations signs installed
5 Road marking Visible pavement markings to be Arrows, edge line, lane line, stop
better maintained and made more line and flush island are clearly
visible marked

The safety benefits to road users due to the junction improvements are
explained below.

5.1 Encroach Area

Based on the previous audit, drivers of heavy vehicles may not feel safe driving
through the junction as can be seen in Plate 1(a). The limited space due to the
encroachment area somewhat forces them to make an inconvenient lateral
movement. The fact that there is not enough space for vehicles to travel abreast
past the encroached area also worsens the problem.

6
 Road Safety Audit

There are also additional conflicts between vehicles at the junction. This is
due to the encroachment area which resulted in an additional two new conflict
points at the T-junction as shown in Figure 2 (a). A normal T-junction normally
only has six conflicts points whereas this junction has eight conflicts points;
increasing the risk of collisions between the vehicles.

With the removal of the encroached area, the passageway now allows safe
movement of the two opposing traffic directions. This is proven by the increase
in the traffic count after the rectification. This may give an indication that
the removal of the encroachment area has allowed for better and safer
manoeuvring through the junction for heavy vehicles (Plate 1). This is true
as there is also an evidence of a slight increase in the traffic volume for other
vehicles, since the junction now provides better alignment for all vehicles from
different approaches.

The potential conflict points shown in Figure 3(a) have been eliminated due to
the improvements. Removal of the encroachment area has straightened the
traffic flow path and therefore it can be seen from Figure 3(b) that potential
conflict points for vehicles coming from Jalan Ijuk 26/6 and Jalan TP 7/9; and
also for left-turning vehicles from Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/5 and Jalan Ijuk 26/6
have totally been eliminated. The risk of head-on and side-swipe collisions
which could result from these conflict points has been reduced; improving the
safety of the junction for road users.

(a) Before (b) After

Plate 1 Better and safer manoeuvring space for vehicles

7
Road Safety Audit

Border
Street

JALAN HULU TINGGI 26/6

Factory
Lighting

Street
Lighting

a
am
Street L
Lighting iga
uT
Jalan Bat
Fire Hydrant

JALAN TP 7/9
Street JALAN IJUK 26/5
Lighting Feeder
Pillar

Street
Fire Hydrant Lighting
TNB
PPU
FACTORY

Housing
Area

(a) Before Factory

Street
Lighting

Street
Lighting

a
am
Street aL
Tig
atu
Lighting Jalan B

Street
Street Fire Hydrant Lighting
Lighting
Feeder FACTORY
Pillar TNB

Housing
Area

(b) After
Figure 3 Potential conflict between traffic from Jalan TP 7/9 and Jalan Ijuk 26/5 and also from Jalan
Hulu Tinggi 26/6 and Jalan Ijuk 26/5 has been eliminated

8
 Road Safety Audit

5.2 Roadside Features

The initial layout of the junction causes the driver line of sight to be obstructed.
Plate 2 (a) shows the condition before the junction is rectified. Previously, the
line of sight for both sides of the traffic is obstructed due to the presence of a
TNB (Tenaga Nasional Berhad) feeder pillar and a street lamp at the encroached
area. Therefore vehicles travelling from Jalan Ijuk 26/5 to Jalan TP 7/9 and vice
versa face difficulties in anticipating oncoming vehicles from Jalan Ijuk 26/5 or
Jalan TP 7/9 which are making a turn into Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6.

There is an absence of pedestrian walkway that segregates pedestrians from

motorised vehicles (Plate 3 (a)). Pedestrians from the residential area along
Jalan TP 7/9 are forced to walk on the road since there is no segregating
feature that separates them from the vehicles. This environment increases the
risk of a collision between pedestrians and the motorised traffic.

The visibility around the junction is poor. Plate 3 (a) shows that the road kerb
has not been maintained properly; as proven by the faded paint on its surface.
This leads to an unclear separation of the road edge from the road side for
vehicles approaching the junction; especially during night time.

After the road features have been improved, the line of sight has improved
for vehicles from Jalan Ijuk 26/5 to Jalan TP 7/9 or vice versa. A clear line of
sight is important at this junction for drivers from Jalan TP 7/9 to anticipate
oncoming traffic from Jalan Ijuk 26/5 which are making a turn into Jalan Hulu
Tinggi 26/6. Smaller vehicle such as motorcycles can be blocked from view by
obstructions before the improvements. However, there is a clear view of the
turning traffic at this junction after the improvements have been made. The
removal of the encroachment area and the relocation of the feeder pillar and
street lamp has improved the line of sight of the traffic as can be observed in
Plate 2 (b).

A roadside kerb has been installed at the approach of the junction (Plate 3 (b)).
The safety of pedestrians in the vicinity of the junction especially along Jalan TP
7/9 has improved with the use of the kerbs where proper segregation between
the motorised traffic and pedestrian exists.

9
Road Safety Audit

The visibility at the junction has also been increased. The newly-constructed
and painted road kerb clearly marks the roadside at the approach of the junction
and improves its delineation. Therefore this increases the safety of the vehicles
entering and exiting the junction.

(a) Before (b) After

Plate 2 Plate (a) shows that the line of sight is obstructed and this has been improved in Plate (b)

(a) Before (b) After

Plate 3 Kerbs were installed to properly segregate pedestrian from the motorised traffic

10
 Road Safety Audit

5.3 Landscaping

The junction sight distance is blocked by trees planted by the junction as can
be seen in Plate 4 (a) below. Drivers from Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6 may not have
a clear view of the traffic from Jalan Ijuk 26/5 and Jalan TP7/9 when trying to
manoeuvre into Jalan TP 7/9 and Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6.

Prior to the improvements, the presence of trees near the street lights has
reduced the amount of light at the junction. Therefore the junction visibility will
be affected especially at night due to the light being blocked by the umbrageous
trees.

Further to improvement made to the trees, sight distance for drivers coming
from Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6 has improved due to the junction modifications. It
can be seen in Plate 4 (b) that the trees have been removed permanently from
the junction, giving a clear view of the main traffic. This verifies that the new
junction layout has improved the sight distance for vehicles entering from Jalan
Hulu Tinggi 26/6.

The removal of the trees at the junction has a positive impact on the amount of
lighting at the junction at night. The visibility of the junction has also improved
and the safety of road users has been increased.

(a) Before (b) After

Plate 4 Trees permanently removed from the junction

11
Road Safety Audit

5.4 Signage

There were no warning signs installed. Figure 4 (a) shows that no signs have
been installed at the approach of the junction to caution drivers of the junction
and the encroachment area. Drivers may not notice the junction and could end
up in single or head on collision.

Warning signage has been installed before the approach of the junction after the
improvement was made. Signs such as AWAS, warning and give way signs were
installed as shown in Figure 4 (b). These signs provide important information
to the drivers so that they become aware of the junction ahead and are able
to take precautionary measures upon approaching the junction. The presence
of these signs are also meant to inform the drivers of the right of way priority.

12
 Border
Street
Lighting

Factory

JALAN HULU TINGGI 26/6

Street
Lighting

MA
LA
A
Street
TIG
Lighting ATU
Fire Hydrant JALAN B

JALAN TP 7/9
Street
Lighting JALAN IJUK 26/5
Feeder

13
Pillar

Fire Hydrant Street

Lighting
TNB
PPU
FACTORY

Housing
Area

Figure 4 (a) Before – No warning sign installed

Road Safety Audit
 FACTORY
Street
Lighting
Road Safety Audit

Street
Lighting

a
am
aL
Tig
Street Batu
Lighting n
Jala

14
Street
Street Fire Hydrant
Lighting
Lighting
Feeder
FACTORY
Pillar
TNB

Housing
Area

Figure 4 (b) After – Location of warning signs installed at the approach of the junction
 Road Safety Audit

5.5 Road Markings

The previous audit shows that road marking at the junction is poorly maintained.
The visibility of road marking at the junction can be described as poor, as can
be seen in Figure 5 (a). There is no lane marking that could be used by drivers
to maintain their lane discipline and there is also no arrow marking to direct
vehicles travelling through the junction. The absence of a stop line marking for
turning vehicles from Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6 into Jalan TP 7/9 and from Jalan
Ijuk 26/5 into Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6 also makes it worse.

After the improvement work, it was observed that arrows, edge lines, lane
lines, stop lines and the flush island have been clearly marked as can be seen
in Figure 5 (b) and Figure 5 (a) shows the condition before the improvements
were made. Due to better markings, lane discipline of the drivers at the junction
has improved. Left-turning vehicles from Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6 and Jalan TP
7/9 now have proper channelisation due to the establishment of the flush island
at the junction. Right-turning vehicles from Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6 are able to
stop safely on the marked stop line as compared to the previous condition when
there was no stop line marked on the road. In addition, quality road markings
has improve the visibility at the junction especially during the night and wet
days.

15
 JALAN HULU TINGGI 26/6
Road Safety Audit

JALAN TP 7/9 Street

Lighting JALAN IJUK 26/5

Factory

16
a
am
Street

aL
Lighting ig
uT
Jalan Bat

Street
Lighting
Feeder
Pillar

Fire Hydrant
TNB
PPU

Housing
Area

Figure 5 (a) Before – Poor visibility of road marking

 JALAN HULU TINGGI 26/6

Street

Factory
Lighting
JALAN TP 7/9 JALAN IJUK 26/5

17
Street
Lighting
a
am
aL
u Tig
Bat
Jalan

Street Fire Hydrant

Lighting
Feeder
Pillar

TNB

Figure 5 (b) After – Improved road marking

Road Safety Audit
Road Safety Audit

6.0 Conclusion

This audit reveals that there definitely are improvements made to the junction
which resulted in better safety to the road users. This eventually creates a
better and safer junction environment for traffic operation. It can be concluded
that the rectification work has been done based on the overall recommendations
given in the pre-audit report. The safety benefits with regard to the rectification
work done are tabulated below.

Table 4 Rectification work safety benefit

No Rectification work done
1 Relocation of feeder pillar and street lamp
2 Removal of trees at the junction
3 Removal of encroach area
4 Installation of AWAS, warning and give way signs
5 Pavement marking made visible
Safety benefit
Improved line of sight
Improved entering sight distance
Elimination of conflict points
Vehicles priority at the junction
Better lane discipline and delineation

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 Road Safety Audit

References

Jabatan Kerja Raya (2006), Arahan teknik 8/86, Kuala Lumpur: Public Works
Department (Malaysia).

Ramizam NZ, Alvin Poi WH & Muhammad Marizwan AM (2009), Road safety
audit: t-junction in Seksyen 26, Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6 – Jalan Ijuk 26/5
– Jalan TP 7/9, Off Jalan Batu Tiga Lama, Shah Alam, Selangor, Kuala
Lumpur: Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research.

REAM (2002), REAM-GL2/2002: A guide on geometric design of roads, Shah

Alam: The Road Engineering Association of Malaysia.

Public Works Department (1997), Guidelines for the safety audit of roads and
projects in Malaysia, Road Safety Audit, Road Branch, Kuala Lumpur: Public
Works Department (Malaysia).

19
Road Safety Audit
Stage 5 Post Audit of T-Junction in Seksyen 26
Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6–Jalan Ijuk 26/5–
Jalan TP 7/9, Off Jalan Batu Tiga Lama,
Shah Alam Selangor

Designed by : Publications Unit, MIROS

Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research

Lot 125-135, Jalan TKS 1, Taman Kajang Sentral
43000 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan
Tel +603 8924 9200 Fax + 603 8733 2005
Website www.miros.gov.my Email dg@miros.gov.my