C2 Ergonomics

MMV140003 INDUSTRIAL AND SYSTEM ENGINEERING| SEM 2 20182019
CHAPTER 3: Ts. Mohd Fairuz Bin Marian

ERGONOMICS
OBJECTIVE
§ERGONOMICS: (6 hours)
Definition and importance.
Historical Background.
Human Machine Systems – interfaces.
Anthropometry: Need, Important Body Dimensions, Data Collection, Statistical
Analysis, Percentile. Applied Anthropometry and Work Space Design &
Seating, ergonomics and safety
© FAIRUZM@UTHM.EDU.MY | 2019 2
DEFINITION
§Simply known as “study of work”. Its science of designing the job to fit the worker not
the way around. Adapting tasks, work stations, tools and equipment to fit the worker.
§A number of factors play a role in Ergonomics; these include body posture and
movement (sitting, standing, lifting, pulling and pushing), and environmental factors
(noise, lighting, temperature, humidity). (Dul et al 1993).
IMPORTANCE
§Why?
Protect workers
Improves productivity
Saves money
IMPORTANCE…
As a result , jobs today can involve:
§Frequent lifting, carrying, and pushing or pulling loads without help from other
workers or devices;
§Increasing specialization that requires the worker to perform only one function or
movement for a long period of time or day after day;
§Working more than 8 hours a day;
§Working at a quicker pace of work, such as faster assembly line speeds; and
§Having tighter grips when using tools.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDS
§Ergonomics applied a long back on early civilization or human being. The
archaeological records of the early Egyptians Dynasties made tools, household
equipment among others that illustrated ergonomic principles.
§Term it self is derived from the Greek words mean ergon [work] and nomos [natural
laws and enter modern word when Wojciech Jastrzębowski publish an article about
ergonomji in 1857.
§Later in 19th century F.W Taylor pioneer “Scientific Management” >> proposed a
way to find the optimum method for carrying out given task.
§Followed by L. Gilberth develop “Time and Motion Study”
§World War 2, Alphonse Chapanis study of “Pilot Error”
§Decades after The Space Age created a bunch of study related with space work.
ERGONOMICS RISK FACTORS
§An ergonomics risk factor is any attribute, characteristic or exposure that may cause to
musculoskeletal injury.
§In general, two or more risk factors may be present at one time, thereby increasing the risk of
injury.
§Below are the primary ergonomic risk factors:
1. Awkward Postures – refers of the body while performing work activities that abnormal
significantly from the neutral position (twisting, bending, over-reaching/squeezing etc).
2. Forceful and Sustained Exertions – involves the use of high level force while handling,
transporting or supporting load including lifting, lowering, pulling, carrying and moving.
Use of hands or through the application of bodily force.
3. Repetitive Motion – involves repeated movements of the same group of joints and muscles
too frequent, too quickly and over a long period.
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS (MSD)
§MSDs, or MSDs, or musculoskeletal disorders, are injuries and disorders of the soft
tissues (muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, and cartilage)and nervous system.
§They can affect nearly all tissues, including the nerves and tendon sheaths, and most
frequently involve the arms and back.
§MSDs can cause a number of conditions, including pain, numbness, tingling, stiff joints,
muscle loss, difficulty moving and severely to paralysis.
§These disorders include carpal tunnel syndrome, tendinitis, sciatica, herniated discs,
and low back pain.
§But need to bear in mind, MSDs do not include injuries resulting from slips, trips, falls,
or similar accidents.
ERGONOMIC METHODS FOR ASSESING
There are several types of assessment method use for ergonomics study, three main
methods are listed below:
Self-reports - gained from workers to collect data on workplace exposure, that include
worker log, interviews and questionnaires. Refer to Table 1.
Observational methods - more systematic method developed for systematically
recording workplace exposure done by an observer. Table 2 & 3 for simpler method
and Table 4 for advanced method.
Direct measurements – related and developed that rely on sensors that are attached
directly to the subject for measurement of exposure variables at work. Refer to Table
5.
SELF-REPORTS METHOD
SIMPLER OBSERVATIONAL METHODS
ADVANCED OBSERVATIONAL METHODS
DIRECT MEASUREMENTS
ERGONOMICS PRINCIPLES
HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE (HMI)
Accidents involving machines or vehicles are often attributed to human error.
BASIC ERGONOMICS IN HMI COVERS:
Physical (body, posture, body movements, physical strength and mental abilities)
Cognitive (attention, perception, memory and reasoning, and motor response)
DESIGN STRATEGIES IN HMI COVERS:

§Control actuators and displays;
§Software design and dialogue principles, including:
Suitability for the task
Self –descriptiveness
Controllability
Conformity with user expectations
Error tolerance
Suitability for individualization
HMI DEFINITIONS
§“Although it can refer to any type of interface device, the term HMI usually refers to the
display, computer, and software that serve as the operator’s interface to a controller or
control system.” Tutherow in Lipták (2002);
§“Part of an electronic machine or device which serves for the information exchange
between the operator/user and the machine/device.” Baumann and Lanz (1998);
§HMI consists of three parts which are:
Operating elements (transfer information from the user to the machine via buttons, switches etc)
Displays (show and transfer information about the machine to the user)
Inner structure (hardware and software includes electronic circuit and computer programs)
IMPORTANCE OF HMI TO OSH
Greater automation can have the following consequences for workers’ health and safety:
§Psychosocial and musculoskeletal problems caused by reduced physical activity, more static
postures and higher mental work load (e.g. when monitoring and controlling); less privacy at
work (as technology allows closer and more intrusive supervision); and more decision-making
problems.
§Increased risk of accidents resulting from human errors; usually affecting the user, but –
especially in the case of high-risk industries - having the potential for serious consequences
beyond the operator to include fellow workers, the wider community and environment.
For more info please read conclusion in document attached:
Literature review - The human-machine interface as an emerging risk

C2 Ergonomics

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MMV140003 INDUSTRIAL AND SYSTEM ENGINEERING| SEM 2 20182019

CHAPTER 3: Ts. Mohd Fairuz Bin Marian

DESIGN STRATEGIES IN HMI COVERS:

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