INTRODUCTION

 Digital storage oscilloscope commonly known as DSO is not only the

displaying device but it also store the waveform.
 Rather than processing the signals in an analog fashion, the DSO converts them
into a digital format using an analog to digital convertor (ADC).
 Since the waveform is stored in a digital format,the data can be processed either
within the oscilloscope itself,or even by a PC connected to it.

THEORY

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In 1985, the Walter was first person to introduced the first digital oscilloscope, a
computerized version of the analog machine which process the signal digitally. Digital
oscilloscopes in the 21st century uses a memory and digital processing technique to
represent voltages in the manner easy to understand.
 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DSO

FRONT PANEL OF DSO

CONTROLS
Vertical controls:
 CH 1, CH 2, CH 3 & CH 4 MENU: Displays the vertical menu selections
which move the waveform vertically.
 VOLTS/DIV (CH 1, CH 2, CH 3 & CH 4): Selects vertical scale factors.

Horizontal controls:
 POSITION: Adjust the horizontal position of waveform. The resolution
of horizontal control is a time function.
 HORIZ MENU: Sets the horizontal position to zero.
 SEC/DIV: Selects the horizontal time/div(scale factor) which set the horizontal
gain

Trigger controls:
The trigger determines at what time should Oscilloscope starts to acquire data and to a
display a waveform. The trigger must set properly other wise the wave form display is
not stable and some times the screen goes blank due to synchronization of trigger
pulse.

INPUT CONNECTORS
CH1, CH2, CH3 & CH4: Input connectors for waveform display.

RUN AND STOP BUTTON

RUN BUTTON: With the help run and stop button the experimenter can stop the
wave which enhance the accuracy of fluctuating wave. 
AUTO SCALE KEY:This button is used to automatic adjustment of waveform on
display panel of DSO.
 

MEASURE CONTROLS
Digital storage oscilloscope is employed to measure:
 Voltage of the applied signal,
 Frequency of the applied signal,
 Time period of applied signal,
 Amplitude of applied signal,
 Average RMS value of applied signal, &
 Duty cycle of applied signal.

CURSORS KNOB- Push this knob select cursors from the menu, rotates the knob to
adjust the
selected cursor position.
(Cursors) key- Press this key to open a menu that make experimenter to select the
cursors mode and
source.
(Meas) key- Press this key to access a set of predefined measurements
MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE
 The objective of observing a signal on the oscilloscope screen is to make
voltage and time measurements.
 These measurements may be helpful in understanding the behavior of a circuit
component, or the circuit itself, depending on what has to be measure.
 The oscilloscope screen consist of the grids which can be external or internal to
the screen of CRO, which divides both the horizontal axis (voltage) and the
vertical axis (time) into divisions which will be helpful in making the
measurements.
 These values are determined by two variables namely the time/div and the
volt/div both of which can be adjusted from the relevant buttons available on the
front panel of the oscilloscope.
Measurement of A.C. voltage:

 Measurement of peak-to-peak voltage and peak voltage:

1. To measure the ac. voltage of sinusoidal waveform. The input ac. signal is
applied from the signal generator to a channel of CRO. The voltage/div switch (Y-
plates) and time base switch (X-plates) are adjusted such that a steady picture of
the waveform is obtained on the screen.
2. The vertical height (l) that is peak-to-peak height is measured. When this peak-
to-peak height (L) is multiplied by the voltage/div (voltage deflection sensitivity
‘n’) we get the peak-to-peak voltage (2Vo). From this we get the peak voltage
(Vo). The rms voltage Vrms is equal to Vo/ 2. This rms voltage Vrms is verified
with rms voltage value, measured by the multimeter.
Measurement of D.C. voltage:
The trace(horizontal line) is adjusted such that it lie on the X-axis of the screen. The
dc input voltage to be measure is then fed to the input channel of the CRO in the dc
mode. The shift of trace from the horizontal line occurs which gives the measure of
the magnitude of the dc voltage.
Measurement of frequency:
 Using time-period:
Suppose that the time period of the input signal is T. As we know frequency is the
reciprocal of time period.
Then, the frequency of the signal =1/T

 Using Lissajous figure:

1. When two signals having some frequency are applied to input terminal of CRO
and get superimposed perpendicularly (when A/B or B/A is pressed), then a
pattern of closed figure is obtained which is known as LISSAJOUS FIGURE.
2. This is easily done on an oscilloscope in XY mode.
3. The signal whose frequency to be measured is given on vertical plate and signal
whose frequency is given to horizontal plate.
Now the known frequency is adjusted such that a Lissajous pattern can be
obtained, which depends on the ratio of the two frequencies.
Let f  be the frequency of unknown signal (applied at vertical plate) and f  be the
y x

frequency of known signal (applied at horizontal plate).

Then tangents are drawn on horizontal and vertical side of the Lissajous pattern,
which gives the measure of:
Measurement of phase difference:
If two or more signals are being monitored simultaneously, a time delay may occur
between the signals (that is one signal may lead the other or vice-verse), called as
phase difference. Two waves that have the same frequency, have a phase difference
that is constant (independent of t).
When the phase difference is zero, the waves are said to be in phase with each other.
Otherwise, they are out of phase with each other.
If the phase difference is 180º (radians), then the two signals are said to be in anti-
phase. If the peak amplitudes of two anti-phase waves are equal, their sum is zero at
all values of time, t.

The phase difference is expressed in terms of radians or degrees. In Dual Mode, the
phase difference can be calculated as follows it depicting the two signals having the
same frequency:
The phase difference between the signals can also be determined in XY mode of the
dual slope oscilloscope. In the XY mode, the x-axis data is taken on one channel, y-
axis data is taken on the other. In that way, Channel I is related with Channel II which
is presented by means of graph, so that the variation of a signal with respect to another
can be observed. In XY mode, the two signals having a constant phase difference.
EXPERIMENTS BASED ON CRO
 The wave shapes analysis, measurement of frequency and voltage values (peak
to peak and RMS) at different ac. inputs.
 Measurement of phase difference between two signals using dual beam CRO.
 Measurement of frequency using Lissajous figures.
 To study the series and parallel LCR circuit and plot the resonance curve at the
constantfrequency.
Measurement of frequency using Lissajous figure.
Aim: To determine the frequency of an unknown signal using Lissajous figure.
Requirements: CRO, two function generator, CRO Probes, etc.
Formula used:

Theory:
Lissajous figure:
When two signals having some frequency are applied to input terminal of CRO and
get superimposed perpendicularly (when A/B or B/A is pressed), then a pattern of
closed figure is obtained which is known as LISSAJOUS FIGURE.
Two sinusoidal inputs are applied to the oscilloscope in X-Y mode and the
relationship between the signals is obtained as a Lissajous figure. To generate a
Lissajous pattern two different signals are applied to the vertical and horizontal inputs
of the CRO. Earlier this technique used to measure frequencies before the frequency
meter were discover. A signal generally sine wave of unknown frequency was applied
to horizontal input and a frequency whose value is known applied to the vertical input
of CRO. The pattern observed was depend on the ratio of the two frequencies applied
to the vertical and horizontal inputs.
PROCEDURE
 Two signal generators was used, consider the first generator as the standard
frequency source where as frequency from the second function generator is
consider as unknown.
 Set the frequency of generator one to 1 kHz, vary the frequency of second
function generator until a stable Lissajous pattern is displayed to the screen of
CRO.
 Trace the pattern, record the number of horizontal and vertical tangents and
frequency of second function generator.
 Repeat the procedure for 4-5 unknown frequencies it will give different
Lissajous pattern.

Observation table:
Result:
When the signals generally sine wave are of equal frequency and are in phase with each
other, Lissajous figure obtain will diagonal line which is display on the screen.

When the signals generally sine wave are of equal frequency and 180° out of phase with
each other Lissajous figure obtained will a diagonal line which is more towards left
which is display on the screen

When the signals generally sine wave are of equal frequency and 90° out of phase with
each other a Lissajous figure obtained will a circle.

GLOSSARY
 Digital storage oscilloscope commonly known as DSO is not only the
displaying device but it also store the waveform.
 Since the waveform is stored in a digital format, the data can be processed
either within the oscilloscope itself, or even by a PC connected to it.
 In 1985, Walter was the first person to introduced first digital oscilloscope.
 Digital storage oscilloscope is employed to measure: Voltage of the applied
signal, Frequency of the applied signal, Time period of applied signal, Amplitude
of applied signal, Average RMS value of applied signal, &Duty cycle of applied
signal.
 The oscilloscope screen consist of the grids which can be external or internal to
the screen of DSO, which divides both the horizontal axis (voltage) and the
vertical axis (time) into divisions which will be helpful in making the
measurements.
 To measure the ac. voltage of sinusoidal waveform. The input ac. signal is
applied from the signal generator to a channel of DSO. The voltage/div switch (Y-
plates) and time base switch (X-plates) are adjusted such that a steady picture of
the waveform is obtained on the screen.
 The shift of trace from the horizontal line occurs which gives the measure of
the magnitude of the dc voltage.
 When two signals having some frequency get superimposed perpendicularly
then a pattern of closed figure is obtained, which is known as LISSAJOUS
FIGURE.
ASSIGNMENT
1. Define DIGITAL STORAGE OSCILLOSCOPE?
2. Who discover DSO?
3. The analog signal is converted to the digital signal by _________.
4. What is the principle of operation of digital storage oscilloscope?
5. State whether the statement is true or false “the signal in DSO can used even after
the original circuitry is not available” justify your answer?
6. Define memory and explain how it can store the digital data?
7. The data acquiring is stopped by pressing ________ button in DSO?
8. Before the signal displayed on DSO screen which converter is used:
a. analog to digital convertor. b. digital to analog convertor.
9. Which oscilloscope is more user friendly:
a. analog oscilloscope. b. digital oscilloscope.
10. To vary the time period of the signal which control panel is used?
11. In DSO the signals are displayed on __________ screen.
12. Differentiate between analog type oscilloscope and digital oscilloscope which one
is preferable
and why?
13. Which of the following about DSO is incorrect:
a. process signal digitally b. signals are displayed on CRT.
c. cannot display analog signals d. more costly then analog oscilloscope.
14. Which button has to press for auto adjustment of signal in DSO?
15. When the dc button is pressed the signal either goes up or down what it is
indicating and in
what case it goes up and in what case it goes down?
16. Define Lissajous figure and explain how the pattern used to measure unknown
frequency?
17. How Lissajous pattern is obtained?