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Using the tables for evaluating the areas
∑(x−μ)2 ∑(x−x̅)2
1. Standard Deviation: σ = √ (Population), s = √ (Sample)
N n−1
x−μ ∑𝑥
2. 𝑍 = (For population) , x̅ = (𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛)
σ 𝑛
σ (𝑥−𝜇)
3. Standard Error: σx̅ = , Z= σ (For samples)
√𝐧
√𝐧
𝐐𝟑 − 𝐐𝟏
4. Variance = σ2 OR s 2 , 𝑆𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 =
𝟐
∑ 𝑍𝑥 𝑍𝑦 ∑ 𝑑2
7. Spearman’s: 𝑟 = & Spearman’s: 𝜌 = 1 −
𝑛 𝑛3 −𝑛