PRIMARY SOURCE #1

LETTER OF JOSÉ RIZAL TO ALFREDO HIDALGO

Dapitan, 20 December 1893.

To Master Alfredo Hidalgo.
My dear Alfredo : I was very glad to read your letter and see how
much progress you have made. I congratulate you for that and for your
excellent grade. I think I should call your attention to a slight mistake you
made in your letter, a mistake which many commit in society. One does not
say, “I and my brothers send our greetings,” but “my brothers and I send our
greetings.” You must always put yourself last; you must say: Emilio and I, you
and I, my friend and I, etc.
For the rest, your letter lacks nothing in clearness, conciseness, and
orthography. Go ahead, then; study, study and think well over what you have
studied; life is a very serious matter, and only those with intelligence and heart
go through it worthily. To live is to be among men, and to be among men is
to struggle. But this struggle is not a brutal, material struggle with other men
alone: it is a struggle with them but also with one’s self, with others’ passions
but also with one’s own, with errors and with preoccupations. It is an eternal
struggle, [which one must bear] with a smile on one’s lips and tears in one’s
heart. On this battlefield man has no better weapon than his intelligence, no
other force but his heart. Sharpen, perfect, and polish therefore your mind,
and fortify and educate your heart.
Enough for now. I wish you a Merry Christmas and a Good New Year.
Your uncle who loves you,
JOSÉ RIZAL.

Rizal, José. Letter to Alfredo Hidalgo, December 20, 1893.

PRIMARY SOURCE #2 Work Title: Three Filipinas in fancy dress
PHOTOGRAPH OF THREE FILIPINAS IN FANCY DRESS Source Collection: Tiffany Williams Photograph Collection
Source Date: 1895

Photo courtesy of the Philippine Photographs Digital Archive, Special Collections Research
Center, University of Michigan
https://quod.lib.umich.edu/s/sclphilimg/x-1885/phlg018

Note: In analyzing the content and context of a photograph or image, the analysis
template will still be applicable.
PRIMARY SOURCE #3
“FM DECLARES MARTIAL LAW”

Top half of the front page

Philippines Sunday Express, September 24, 1972.

Bottom half of the front page