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Lec16 Ofdm
Lec16 Ofdm
OFDM Introduction
EE225C
Introduction to OFDM
l Basic idea
» Using a large number of parallel narrow-band sub-
carriers instead of a single wide-band carrier to
transport information
l Advantages
» Very easy and efficient in dealing with multi-path
» Robust again narrow-band interference
l Disadvantages
» Sensitive to frequency offset and phase noise
» Peak-to-average problem reduces the power
efficiency of RF amplifier at the transmitter
l Adopted for various standards
– DSL, 802.11a, DAB, DVB
1
Multipath can be described in two domains:
time and frequency
Time domain: Impulse response
time time
time
Impulse response
time time
time f time
Modulation techniques:
monocarrier vs. multicarrier
Channel
Channelization N carriers
Similar to
Guard bands
FDM technique
B B
Pulse length ~1/B Pulse length ~ N/B
– Data are transmited over only one carrier – Data are shared among several carriers
and simultaneously transmitted
Drawbacks Advantages
Furthermore
– Selective Fading – Flat Fading per carrier
– It is easy to exploit
– Very short pulses – N long pulses Frequency diversity
– ISI is compartively long – ISI is comparatively short – It allows to deploy
2D coding techniques
– EQs are then very long – N short EQs needed
– Dynamic signalling
– Poor spectral efficiency – Poor spectral efficiency
because of band guards because of band guards
2
Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation
N carriers
Symbol: 2 periods of f0
Transmit
f
+
Symbol: 4 periods of f0
f
B
Symbol: 8 periods of f0
Channel frequency
Data coded in frequency domain Transformation to time domain: response
each frequency is a sine wave
in time, all added up.
N carriers
Frequency
B Carrier
f0
B
One OFDM symbol
T=1/f0
Features Time
– No intercarrier guard bands
Intercarrier Separation =
– Controlled overlapping of bands
– Maximum spectral efficiency (Nyquist rate) 1/(symbol duration)
– Easy implementation using IFFTs
– Very sensitive to freq. synchronization
Modulation technique
A user utilizes all carriers to transmit its data as coded quantity at each
frequency carrier, which can be quadrature-amplitude modulated (QAM).
3
OFDM Modulation and Demodulation
using FFTs
d0
b0
d1 P/S
b1 IFFT
d2 d0, d1, d2, …., dN-1
b2 Inverse fast d3 Parallel to
. Fourier transform . serial converter
.
f . . Transmit time-domain
. samples of one symbol
.
.
bN-1 time
dN-1
Data coded in
frequency domain: Data in time domain:
one symbol at a time one symbol at a time
T (1 − exp(− j2πδ ))
I m (δ ) = ∫ exp( jk2πt / T ) exp(− j(k + m + δ )2πt / T )dt =
T
Interference between
channels k and k+m 0
j 2π(m + δ )
N −1
T sin πδ 1 23
I m (δ) =
π m+δ
Summing up
∀m ∑I 2
m (δ ) ≈ (Tδ)2 ∑
m2
≈ (Tδ )2
14
for N >> 1 (N > 5 Is enough )
m m =1
-15 δ =0.05
-20 -20
δ =0.02
m=3
m=5 -25
-30 m=7 -30 δ =0.01
ICI in dB
4
Loss of orthogonality (time)
− T /2+ τ T/ 2 2 consecutive
Let us assume Xi = c 0 ∫ ψ k (t )ψ l (t − τ )dt + c 1 ∫ ψ k (t )ψ l (t − τ )dt
* *
τ
senmπ
2 T T , c ≠c τ
Then Xi = mπ
0 1
Or approximately, Xi 2mπ T τ independent
≈ =2
when τ<<T T mπ T on m
if m=k-l 0, c0 = c1
τ
X 2 ICI ≈ 20log 2 , τ << T
τ 1 τ
2 2
In average, the interfering 1 T
power in any carrier is
E i2 = 4 T 2 + 0 2 = 2 T
T Per carrier
-15 35
τ assumed an Uniform r.v.
-20
ICI in dB
m=5 30
-25
-30 m=10 25 N=8 Max. practical limit
-35 20
-40 N=64
15
-45
-50 10
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
Relative misadjustment τ Typical deviation for the relative misadjustment
Zone of interest
co p y
Furthemore it converts Linear conv. = Cyclic conv.
CP
τ T (Method: overlap-save)
Tc
Ψi(t)
Ψi(t)
≠Ψ i(t)
Ψ j(t) Ψj (t)
Symbol: 4 periods of fi
Symbol: 4 periods of fi
CP functions:
– It acomodates the decaying transient of the previous symbol
– It avoids the initial transient reachs the current symbol
5
Cyclic Prefix
Tg T
Multi-path components
τmax
Tx Sampling start T
6
Frequency diversity using coding
Random errors: primarily introduced by thermal and circuit noise.
Frequency
B
Bad carriers
f0
f Time
Frequency response T=1/f0
Spectrum Mask
Power Spectral Density
-20 dB
-28 dB
-40 dB
7
Adjacent Channel and
Alternate Channel Rejection
Date M inimum Adjacent Channel Alternate
rate Sensibility Rejection Channel rejection
6 Mbps -82 d B m 16 dB 32 dB
12Mbps -79 d B m 13 dB 29 dB
24Mbps -74 d B m 8 dB 24 dB
36Mbps -70 d B m 4 dB 20 dB
54Mbps -65 d B m 0 dB 15 dB
32 dB blocker
16 dB blocker
Signal Frequency
8
OFDM System Block Diagram
Synchronization
l Frame detection
Tg T
Frame start
l Sampling error
» Usually less 100ppm and can be ignored
– 100ppm = off 1% of a sample every 100 samples
9
System Pilot Structure
Signal Detection, AGC, Channel & Fine Freq. Rate, Length Data Data
Diversity Selection Offset Estimation
Coarse Freq. Offset
Est.,Timing Sync.
10
Short & Long Preambles
1+j
-20
-24 -12
-16 f
-1-j
Short Preamble
+1 Period = 16 Chips
-24
-26
-16 -12
f
-1
Long Preamble
Period = 64 Chips
Correlation
Fine Timing
Auto-
Correlation
Coarse Timing
11
Synchronization
From AGC
16Td Td Td Td ... T d
* * *
... * Σ
Moving Auto-
Corr. Unit
Td Td Td ... Td
From AGC
Td Td Td ... T d
* * *
... * Σ
Moving SP
Corr. Unit ...
Short Preamble (LUT)
Tc
2T 0 0
0 T
T 2T
3T t T t
t 4T c
0 T
T 2T
2T 3T t t
3T t 4T
4T 5T
0 0 0
T T
2T 2T
T t 3T t 3T t
c 4T 4T
5T 5T
Auto-Correlation w/
Ch. Impulse
Multi-Path Channel
Response
Response.
12
Impairments: Frequency Offset
0
T
2T
3T t
4T
0
T
2T
3T t
4T
0
T
2T
3T t
4T
Accumulator
Complex
Multiplier
Sync. Signal
13
Coarse-Fine Joint Estimation &
Decision Alignment Error Correction
0
π Average over
π
3 2
π 64 chips
0 4 1
0 π B A
5 8 C D 0
Average over π 6 7 −π
16 chips
π
0
Decision
Alignment
Channel
Joint Coarse-
Fine Est.
Offset Corr.
14
Performance Summary
Parameters Metrics
Number of sub-carriers 48 data +4 pilot
OFDM symbol freq. 4 µs
Modulation Scheme BPSK up to 64-QAM
Sampling clock freq. 20 MHz
Sync. Frame Start Accuracy ≤ 8 chips (CP = 16
chips)
Freq. Offset Est. Range ± 5π = ± 100ppm @ 5.8 GHz
Freq. Offset Est. Accuracy 1% (@ 15dB SNR)
Critical path delay 12.7 ns
Silicon area 397,080 µm2
Total power consumption 3.4 mW @ 20 MHz
15