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According to the inductive approach, tude places the substance and meth-
a research question is usually based ton odology of his work in line with the
on a concrete description of a practi- traditions of both the Stuttgart School
cal task, which can then be pared of Building Design and the Stuttgart
down to its essential theoretical com- School of Architecture.
ponents. Conversely, comprehensive It is an integrated approach
underlying theoretical knowledge al- which combines technical innovation
lows research or calculation results to with design considerations, and inter-
be interpreted and different designs
Jörg Schlaich weaves the two with overarching so-
assessed. was particu- cial responsibility. The implications
larly successful in combining the sci- for both teaching and practice are
entific inductive and deductive ap- that the design process must be re-
proaches very effectively, and eradi- corded in all its complexity. A con-
cating apparent contradictions. The vide. struction cannot claim to be the cor-
reasons for this can be traced back to rect solution in and of itself, but must
his studies at TU Berlin; this training instead be considered as the result of
was influenced by Franz Dischinger an iterative design process and as a
(1887–1953) and his fundamental de- major contribution to the formal ex-
ductive approach. pression of the edifice as a whole.
Jörg Schlaich contributed par-
ticular impetus to the Stuttgart School Engineers and social responsibility
of Construction Engineering during
the last quarter of the 20th century. Given this integrated approach, the
As Fritz Leonhard’s direct successor engineer’s responsibility for many pro-
and especially as his pupil, Schlaich
was naturally imbued with his meth- in
odology. Fritz Leonhardt took as the -
basis for his work questions arising in
practice, developing a wide variety of -
constructions, including cable-stayed -
and prestressed concrete bridges and
reinforced concrete television towers.
In the same way, Jörg Schlaich be stiffened using a spoked wheel con- The Stuttgart School of Building Design
combines design engineering activity struction, as follows: it is a question of
with teaching and research. Hence he preventing the open edge from being The Stuttgart School of Building De-
not only made close connections be- deformed. This is usually achieved us- sign positioned itself both in close
tween research and practice, but also – ing a bulkhead, which acts as a closed contact with the Stuttgart School of
in the tradition of the Stuttgart schools, surface to absorb transverse forces. It Architecture and in competition with
both of architecture and engineering – will not be possible to explain purely other engineering faculties. It is possi-
between teaching and practice. Other by observing the equilibrium of forces ble to pick out the developments
close contacts Jörg Schlaich cultivated in the undeformed state why the thin which shaped the School by focusing
were with the city of Stuttgart, as part spokes of the wheel construction, on three particular people associated
of realising his design ideas which in- which can only take a tensile load, with what have certainly been its three
cluded various pedestrian bridges, and should counteract deformation. Yet all most creative phases: Emil Mörsch
his construction innovations such as becomes clear when Schlaich demon-
jointless and integral abutment bridges strates how the circular cross-section
or the use of cast nodes in road bridges. of the tube becomes deformed and is
In particular, the combination of restrained by the normal action of the
deductive and inductive thinking al- spokes.
ready described is characteristic of his
working methods in science, teaching Design and construction
and research. Through his teaching,
Schlaich imparted the idea that theo- Design and construction are not al-
ries do not exist for their own sake ways considered to be a self-evident
and equally that practical issues can part of everyday engineering work.
reliably be traced back to their basic All too often, the focus is on calculat-
theoretical elements. ing and measuring the construction as
A search for the best, often new a load-bearing framework. Schlaich
types of structural solution has always has warned in many publications that
been at the forefront of Schlaich’s this approach is inadequate, in par- Fig. 2. Studs on the Second Hooghly
work. This synthetic aspect of his ticular with the striking words “archi- Bridge, Calcutta (photo: schlaich berger
work is illustrated by the description tecture cannot be divided”. This atti- mann und partner)
counteract tension due to expected gravity loads (e.g., self-weight, superimposed dead loads such as
deck weight, barrier weight, overlay, and live loads). To achieve this, precast girders employ prestressing
strands that are stressed before the concrete hardens. Pretensioning requires the use of a stressing bed,
often several hundred feet long for efficient casting of a series of members in a long line using abutments,
stressing stands, jacks, and hold downs/hold ups to produce the desired prestressing profile. The transfer
of strand force to the pretensioned members by bond between concrete and prestressing steel is typically
evident by the upward deflection (camber) of members when the strands are detensioned (cut or burned)
at the member ends. Steam curing of members allows for a rapid turnover of forms (typically one-day
cycle or less) and cost efficiency. Control in fabrication of precast girders also permits the use of quality
materials and many benefits such as higher-strength materials and high modulus of elasticity, as well as
reduced creep, shrinkage, and permeability.
It should be noted that using bridge depth-to-span ratios to decide girder depth is approximate, but it
is a reasonable starting point for initial design and cost estimates. Normally, girder spacing is approxi-
mately 1.5–2.0 times the bridge superstructure depth. When shallow girder depth is required, girder
spacing may have to be reduced to satisfy all design criteria; however, this may result in increased cost.
N/A
+ + =
T C C C
(Mg/s) (P/A) (Pe/S) Temporary
self-weight prestress prestress condition
(a)
T C C
N/A
+ =
C T C
Temporary (Ms/S)
condition slab DL
(b)
C C C
C C
New
N/A
+ =
FIGURE 1.3 Concrete flexural stress distribution at section near midspan—at transfer, deck pour, and service.
(a) At transfer (noncomposite section). (b) At deck pour (noncomposite section). (c) At service under dead and live
loads (composite section).
the live load act on the composite girder. This stage is checked using the AASHTO LRFD Service I and
III load combination. Flexural strength is provided to satisfy all factored loads. Figure 1.3 illustrates the
different concrete flexural stress distributions at transfer, deck pour, and full service loading.
Annette Bögle
Karl-Eugen Kurrer
The Stuttgart School was the first movement to combine the style of and training in ar- a creative engineering approach can
chitecture, taught and supported at the Stuttgart College of Technology. The Stuttgart be built.
School of Building Design is losing visibility just as the profile of architects in society is
rising. However, a thoroughgoing analysis of its particular qualities is overdue, especially Practice and science
in the context of creative construction engineering. For example, Bill Baker (*1953), a
Structural and Civil Engineering Partner at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP (SOM), Chi- One special feature of the Stuttgart
cago, USA and winner of the 2009 Fritz Leonhardt prize, has described the creative ap- School of Building Design is the con-
proach as a key element in (civil engineering) training at the University of Stuttgart. To- nection between practice and science,
wards the end of the 20th century, the Stuttgart School of Building Design was greatly in- which can be represented as a trinity
fluenced by Jörg Schlaich (*17th October 1934), whose working, teaching and research with industry and management on
methods also helped inspire the creative approach praised above. one side, and science on the other.
Irrigation Canals
BANK BANK
D Free Board
BERM BERM AGR. LAND
WATER LEVEL
t:1 Side
BED
Slope
Water Disposal
Agricultural Drains
BANK BANK
2:1
AGR. LAND BERM BERM AGR. LAND
a a
Str
eam
Precepitation
m
rea
St
b
b
R
Lake
Precepitation Ri
River ve
r
Str
R
eam
b
Section b-b
Groundwater : (Phreatic and Confined Aquifers)
Patm
Shallow W ell
Aquifer B
Sea
Water Table
Leakage
Aquifer A
Interface
Aquifer B
Leakage Sea
Water
Interface
Aquifer C
2210 HEGGADE
science to the level of structural art”. In addition, these days term “concepts” were being used loosely. Almost three
the sustainability aspects need to be incorporated in the decades ago, Billington7 introduced the terms effi-
conceptual design for the sake of posterity. ciency, economy ,and elegance as a theme of approach
to bridge design and promoted it as a conceptual
design approach to the numerous anonymous, too fre-
3 | PROCESS OF CONCEPTUAL quent ugly utility structures based on mere technical
DESIGN and economic criteria.
Thus, there was a longstanding concern by profes-
3.1 | History of conceptual design sionals to address the issue of conceptual design. An
Though the symposium was a great success with The fib has constituted a task group TG 10.1 for the
some of the renowned designers of the time, could not preparation of model code 2020 and the work is in pro-
come to a conclusion as to the definition of conceptual gress. In the task group meetings held in Tokyo on 13 to
design. 14th December 2019, Dr Hugo Corres and Dr Akio
Under the Design chapter, a section was introduced Kasuga made presentations proposing improvisation in
in fib model code for concrete structures 2010 on concep- the methodology flow chart for conceptual design imbib-
tual design. In the background paper Sound engineering ing some of the conclusions of fib symposium at Madrid
through conceptual design according to the fib Model including sustainability aspects.
Code 2010 by H. Corres-Peiretti, published in fib journal 8
• Accelerated construction
FIGURE 4 Methodological flow chart for conceptual design • Low environmental impact
(Source: fib model code 2010) • Minimum cost
Irrigation Water Delivery System: (Distribution System)
al Lake
Can
d ary
e con
or S
Br.
Escape Regulator
P.S. or Pumping Station
Series of
falls, culvert, Main Drain
and P.S.
Syphon
Tail Escape Escape Aqueduct & Intermediate Escape
Main canal
- Dams
Roadw
ay
- Barrages/regulators
Culvert e
Culvert Bridge Bridg
Bridge
Village
- Culvert
t men
Embank
- Aqueduct
al
h Can
in
Levee or
h Dra
al
h Can
Branc
- Syphon
Branc
Branc
d
Heaulator
Reg
- Tail escape
canal
Barrage Main
& Lock Head
Regulator - P.S.
Dam and Spillway
Reservoir
Lake
CANAL CANAL
DRAIN