Professional Documents
Culture Documents
decision making
Decision making
0 What is Decision making?
0 identifying and choosing alternative solutions
that lead to a desired state of affairs
0 It the process of examining your possibilities,
options, comparing them and choosing a
course of action.
SAJNA FATHIMA,SMBS,MGU
Types
SAJNA FATHIMA,SMBS,MGU
Factors effecting decision
making
0 Perception – “know before you make.”
0 Priority – without knowing what you want there cant be
any decision made about.
0 Acceptability – accept whether its hard or easy if you
think your decision is correct.
0 Demands – make sure that no one gets hurt by your
decision.
0 Style – don’t be outdated.
0 Resources – make your way with what is available. don’t
ask for more in the region of scarcity.
0 Judgment – go on with the correct decision.
SAJNA FATHIMA,SMBS,MGU
SAJNA FATHIMA,SMBS,MGU
Garbage Can Model
0 In 1972, as a NSF-SSRC post-doctoral fellow at Stanford
University, Dr. Michael D. Cohen worked with James G.
March and visiting professor Johan Olsen from the University
of Bergen.
0 Together they published the paper; A Garbage Can Model of
Organizational Choice.
0 The paper, since frequently cited, describes a model which
disconnects problems, solutions and decision makers from
each other.
0 This was a novel approach compared to traditional decision
theory.
SAJNA FATHIMA,SMBS,MGU
Garbage Can Model
Solutions
Garbage Can Model - a theory that
contends that decisions in Problems
Choice
organizations are random and opportunities
unsystematic Participants
SAJNA FATHIMA,SMBS,MGU
Garbage Can Model
0 Three Causes
0 Problematic preferences
0 Unclear, poorly understood technology
0 Turnover
SAJNA FATHIMA,SMBS,MGU
Illustration of Independent Streams of Events in the
Garbage Can Model of Decision-Making
SAJNA FATHIMA,SMBS,MGU
Consequences of the
Garbage Can Model
1. Solutions may be proposed even when problems
do not exist
2. Choices are made without solving problems
3. Problems may persist without being solved
4. A few problems are solved
SAJNA FATHIMA,SMBS,MGU
leaders can make a difference
in the "garbage can" by:
0 carefully timing issue creation
0 being sensitive to shifting interests and
involvement of participants
0 recognizing the status and power implications
of choice situations
0 abandoning initiatives that get hopeless
entangled with others
0 realize the planning is largely symbolic and an
excuse for interaction
SAJNA FATHIMA,SMBS,MGU