COMS 5483

Neuronal Pathways of Communication

Session 4:
Sensory System; Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - 1 of 2

June Levitt, Ph.D., LDT, CCC-SLP

 Our plan for today
ü Know special and general senses.
ü Gain clear knowledge about sensory cortices.
ü Learn how the information our sensory organs
captured travel to enable our perception of the
sensory information.
ü Know the consequence of not perceiving pain.
ü Learn PNS and the position of CN in PNS.
ü Explore CN I, II, III, IV, and V and their roles.

2
 Topics
Ø TOPIC 1: Sensory System
Ø Sensory System Overview
Ø Somatic Sensation
Ø TOPIC 2: Peripheral Nervous System
Ø Peripheral Nervous System Overview
Ø Cranial Nerve Overview
Ø CN I
Ø CN II, III, IV, and VI
Ø CN V
Ø Summary
Ø In-Class Activity 4
3
 Sensory System
Classification by Stimulus Type

• Mechanoreceptors: respond to mechanical force

• Thermoreceptors: sensitive to temperature
changes
• Photoreceptors: respond to light energy
• Chemoreceptors: respond to
• Nociceptors: respond to potentially damaging
stimuli that result in pain
Marieb & Hoehn, 2012: p. 485
 Sensory System
Classification by Location (Sherrington’s Scheme)
• Exteroceptors: sensitive to stimuli
arising outside the body.

• Interoceptors (visceroceptors):
sensitive to stimuli within the
body.

• proprioceptors: respond to
information about the relative
positions of the body segments
and of the body in space.
Marieb & Hoehn, 2012: p. 486
 Sensory System
Classification by Structural Complexity
• Special Senses:
– Vision
– hearing
– Equilibrium (the state of being balanced)
– Smell
– Taste
• General senses: other senses than the
special senses
Marieb & Hoehn, 2012: p. 486
 Sensory Cortices
• Somatosensory cortex (areas 3, 1,
and 2 in the post central gyrus).

• Visual cortex (area 17 along the

calcarine fissure)

• Auditory cortex (areas 41 and 42 in

Heschl’s gyrus)
PIX: BodyParts3D/Anatomography
 Sensation
• Bodily sensation (general somatic sensory
pathways)
– Spinal cord
– Spinal nerves
• Sensation to the head and vocal mechanism
(larynx, pharynx, soft palate, and tongue):
– Cranial nerve pathways.
 Topics
Ø TOPIC 1: Sensory System
Ø Sensory System Overview
Ø Somatic Sensation
Ø TOPIC 2: Peripheral Nervous System
Ø Peripheral Nervous System Overview
Ø Cranial Nerve Overview
Ø CN I
Ø CN II, III, IV, and VI
Ø CN V
Ø Summary
Ø In-Class Activity 4
9
 Somatic sensation
• Bodily sensations of touch, pain,
temperature, vibration, and
proprioception.
• The process by which the nature and
meaning of tactile stimuli are recognized
and perceived by the brain.
 Somatosensory system:
4 major subclasses
• Pain sensation
• Thermal (temperature) sensation
• Touch: pressure and light touch
• Position sense (proprioception)
 https://www.google.com/search?q=spinothalamic+spinocerebellar+dorsal+columns&client
=safari&sxsrf=ALeKk02sYOUNQbYVmE_WPbSb-
https://loonylabs.org/2020/01/28/day162-365doa/
1rxkNm0vQ:1599354860305&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjTw8WSrdPrAh
UQ7qwKHSiHAWAQ_AUoAXoECA0QAw&biw=1601&bih=890#imgrc=szE_DDijFMKhXM
 Bodily Sensation
3 Major Pathways that carry sensory impulses
from trunk and extremities to the brain:
• Spinothalamic: spine to thalamus
– Lateral (pain and temperature; perhaps
itch, as well)
– Anterior (light touch, itch, and tickle)
• Spinocerebellar: spine to cerebellum
– Unconscious
proprioception/unconscious perception
of already-learned motor patterns.
• Dorsal Columns:
– Conscious proprioception (two-point
discrimination, form perception)
 Bodily Sensation
3 Major Pathways that carry sensory impulses
from trunk and extremities to the brain:
• Spinothalamic: spine to thalamus
– Lateral (pain and temperature; perhaps
itch, as well)
– Anterior (light touch, itch, and tickle)
• Spinocerebellar: spine to cerebellum
– Unconscious
proprioception/unconscious perception
of already-learned motor patterns.
• Dorsal Columns:
– Conscious proprioception (two-point
discrimination, form perception)
Lateral Spinothalamic pathway: overview
• 3 neuron pathway
q 1st-order neuron: dorsal root ganglion è to the
spinal cord over posterior rootlets, and angle
upward (afferent).
q 2nd-order neuron: at brain stem è ascend
toward thalamus (afferent).
q 3rd neuron: thalamus è travel to the primary
somatosensory cortex. Termination: primary
somatic area and diffuse widespread in the
cortical region.
• Axon collaterals of somatic sensory neurons
simultaneously carry into the cerebellum and other
areas.
n Lateral Spinothalamic Tract

Webb, 2017: p. 101

• Sensation received
by receptors in the
skin.
• Then, transmitted
by spinal nerves:
afferent direction.
Processing at the Receptor Level

Marieb & Hoehn, 2012: p. 489

• The sensory
information
carried by spinal
nerves enters to
the spinal cord
through the spinal
(dorsal root)
ganglion=1st order
neuron
• Then, the sensory
information enters
the dorsal root of
the spinal cord to
travel toward the
brain in Lissauer’s
tract.
• The travel ends in
the dorsal root of the
gray matter.
Processing at the circuit Level

Marieb & Hoehn, 2012: p. 489

 Overview
• The dorsal column
neuron (2nd order
neurons) in the brain
stem crosses
(decussates) the midline
of the spinal cord.
• The fibers enter the
lateral spinothalamic
tract (pain and
temperature) and
ascend to the Ventral
Posterior Lateral nucleus
in the thalamus.
 VPL = Ventral Posterior Lateral nucleus in
the thalamus

https://schoolworkhelper.net/the-thalamus-role-importance/
Processing at the Perceptual Level

Marieb & Hoehn, 2012: p. 489

• 3rd order neurons
located in the Ventral
Posterior Lateral
nucleus of the
Thalamus conduct
impulses to the
somatosensory cortex
of the cerebrum.

https://www.studyblue.com/notes/hh/primary-
sensory-area-cerebral-cortex/23547248768255344

https://schoolworkhelper.net/the-thalamus-role-importance/
 Primary somatosensory cortex

https://www.studyblue.com/notes/hh/primary-
sensory-area-cerebral-
cortex/23547248768255344
 Terms to know…
• Hyperalgesia: Increased sensitivity to pain or
enhanced intensity of pain sensation.
• Hypoalgesia: Decreased sensitivity to pain.
• Analgesia: A complete loss of the sensation of
pain.

http://www.myaspergerschild.com/2008/05/showing-love.html
More about Pain
 Nociceptor:
q Sensory neuron that responds to potentially
damaging stimuli by sending signals to the
spinal cord and brain.
q Causes the perception of pain. Pain receptors.
• Warning system
• Dysfunction of pain:
– “Congenital insensitivity to pain”
– Analgesia: loss of the sensation of pain.
• Painful stimuli
– Mechanical, thermal, electrical, chemical,
visceral…
 Bodily Sensation
3 Major Pathways that carry sensory impulses
from trunk and extremities to the brain:
• Spinothalamic: spine to thalamus
– Lateral (pain and temperature; perhaps
itch, as well)
– Anterior (light touch, itch, and tickle)
• Spinocerebellar: spine to cerebellum
– Unconscious
proprioception/unconscious perception
of already-learned motor patterns.
• Dorsal Columns:
– Conscious proprioception (two-point
discrimination, form perception)
 Spinothalamic Tract
• Anterior Spinothalamic Tract
–Carries sensory information of light or
crude touch, including light pressure,
to parietal lobe
• Travel contralaterally and ipsilaterally
 Bodily Sensation
3 Major Pathways that carry sensory impulses
from trunk and extremities to the brain:
• Spinothalamic: spine to thalamus
– Lateral (pain and temperature; perhaps
itch, as well)
– Anterior (light touch, itch, and tickle)
• Spinocerebellar: spine to cerebellum
– Unconscious
proprioception/unconscious perception
of already-learned motor patterns.
• Dorsal Columns:
– Conscious proprioception (two-point
discrimination, form perception)
Proprioception: Spinocerebellar Pathway

• Unconscious proprioception
• 2 tracts
–dorsal
–ventral
• ascend ipsilateral & contralateral
• destination cerebellum
Proprioception: Spinocerebellar Pathway
• Cerebellum
• Allow proprioceptive impulses from all
parts of the body to be integrated in the
cerebellum
• Proposed that the proprioceptive pathway
carries unconscious perception of already
learned motor patterns
• i.e., muscle memory
 Bodily Sensation
3 Major Pathways that carry sensory impulses
from trunk and extremities to the brain:
• Spinothalamic: spine to thalamus
– Lateral (pain and temperature; perhaps
itch, as well)
– Anterior (light touch, itch, and tickle)
• Spinocerebellar: spine to cerebellum
– Unconscious
proprioception/unconscious perception
of already-learned motor patterns.
• Dorsal Columns:
– Conscious proprioception (two-point
discrimination, form perception)
 Proprioception: Dorsal Columns
• Responsible for conscious proprioception
• Travels from the spine to the sensory cortex,
crossing over at the medulla
• Contralateral tract
• Damage above the medulla results in
proprioceptive loss on opposite side of
the body
n Dorsal Column Modalities

2 fiber bundles (fasciculi)

• Fasciculus Gracilis (Leg/lower
body è from sacral and lumbar
Dorsal root
regions)
ganglion
• Fasciculus Cuneatus (arm and
upper body è from thoracic
and cervical regions)

Webb, 2017: p. 102

n Dorsal Column Modalities

The second-order neuron axons

cross over to the other side of
the medulla, where they form a
bundle called the Medial
Lemniscus. Fibers of the
Medial Lemniscus ascend to the
third order neuron in the Ventral
Posterior Nucleus of the
Thalamus.
Webb, 2017: p. 102
n Dorsal Column Modalities

3rd order neuron in the

ventral posterior
nucleus of the
Thalamus send the
impulses to the
somatosensory cortex
in the parietal lobe.

Webb, 2017: p. 102

 Sensory Deficits
• Damage along the sensory pathways can produce
sensory disorders
• Agnosia
– “not to know”
• Prosopagnosia: A visual agnosia characterized by
the inability to recognize the faces or other people
or one’s own face in a mirror.
• Lesions of the primary somatosensory cortex
(areas 3, 1, 2)
– Paresthesia: partial sensory loss
– Anesthesia: complete sensory loss
Somatosensory system in different animals
 Terms to know…
• Hypoesthesia: Decreased tactile sensation
• Hyperesthesia: Abnormally increased tactile
sensation
• Atopognosis: Inability to localize touch.

http://www.myaspergerschild.com/2008/05/showing-love.html
 Topics
Ø TOPIC 1: Sensory System
Ø Sensory System Overview
Ø Somatic Sensation
Ø TOPIC 2: Peripheral Nervous System
Ø Peripheral Nervous System Overview
Ø Cranial Nerve Overview
Ø CN I
Ø CN II, III, IV, and VI
Ø CN V
Ø Summary
Ø In-Class Activity 4
44
Download for free at https://openstax.org/details/books/anatomy-and-physiology from pp. 504-505
Download for free at https://openstax.org/details/books/ psychology from p. 87
Summarized, Rearranged, and/or Supplemented
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The PNS serves as a

conduit for:
• Motor commands
(efferent) from the CNS
to the peripherals.

• Sensory information
(afferent) from the
body’s sensory
receptors to the CNS.
Peripheral Nervous System

• Cranial Nerves (12 pairs)

• Spinal (Peripheral) Nerves (31
pairs of spinal nerves + their
branches)
• Peripheral parts of the
Autonomic Nervous System
 Topics
Ø TOPIC 1: Sensory System
Ø Sensory System Overview
Ø Somatic Sensation
Ø TOPIC 2: Peripheral Nervous System
Ø Peripheral Nervous System Overview
Ø Cranial Nerve Overview
Ø CN I
Ø CN II, III, IV, and VI
Ø CN V
Ø Summary
Ø In-Class Activity 4
48
© 2015 Allen Institute for Brain Science. Allen Brain Atlas API. Available from: brain-map.org/api/index.html

Download for free at https://openstax.org/details/books/anatomy-and-physiology from p. 582: Summarized, Rearranged, and/or Supplemented
 Cranial Nerves
• 12 pairs of cranial nerves
– Identified with Roman
numerals
• All 12 are somewhat related to
speech production and hearing
– Exit brain stem to innervate
muscles of jaw, face,
pharynx, larynx, tongue and
neck
– Others involved with senses
such as vision and olfaction
Webb, 2017
 Cranial Nerves (CN)
• CN I and II: attach to the forebrain
• CN III through XII: attach to the brain
stem:
– 2 for the midbrain (CN III & IV)
– 4 for the pons (CN V - VIII)
– 4 for the medulla (CN IX - XII)
• CNs primarily serve head and neck
structures
– The vagus nerve (X) extends into
the abdomen
CN III through XII: Sagittal view

Case courtesy of Assoc Prof Frank Gaillard, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 35981

Afferent and Efferent
 S = Sensory; M = Motor; B = Both
Sensory cranial nerves:
I Olfactory
ⅠOlfactory nerve
II Optic
ⅡOptic nerve
ⅧIII Vestibulocochlear
Oculomotor nerve
IV Trochlear
Motor cranial nerves:
ⅢV Oculomotor
Trigeminalnerve
Ⅳ Trochlear nerve
VI Abducens
Ⅵ Abducent nerve
ⅪVIISpinal
FacialAccessory nerve
ⅫVIIIVestibulocochlear
Hypoglossal nerve
Mixed nerves:
IX Glossopharyngeal
Ⅴ Trigeminal nerve
X Vagus
Ⅶ Facial nerve
ⅨXI Glossopharyngeal
Spinal Accessory nerve
Download for free at https://openstax.org/details/books/anatomy-and-physiology ⅩXIIVagus
Hypoglossal
nerve
from p. 582: Summarized, Rearranged, and/or Supplemented
 S = Sensory; M = Motor; B = Both Sensory cranial nerves:
ⅠOlfactory nerve
ⅡOptic nerve
Ⅷ Vestibulocochlear nerve

Motor cranial nerves:

Ⅲ Oculomotor nerve
Ⅳ Trochlear nerve
Ⅵ Abducent nerve
Ⅺ Spinal Accessory nerve
Ⅻ Hypoglossal nerve

Mixed nerves:
Ⅴ Trigeminal nerve
Ⅶ Facial nerve
Ⅸ Glossopharyngeal nerve
Download for free at https://openstax.org/details/books/anatomy-and-physiology
from p. 582: Summarized, Rearranged, and/or Supplemented Ⅹ Vagus nerve
 S = Sensory; M = Motor; B = Both
I Olfactory
Cranial Nerves II Optic
• Cranial Nerve Mnemonics III Oculomotor
– Mnemonic for the cranial IV Trochlear
nerve order: V Trigeminal
Oh, oh, oh to touch and feel VI Abducens
very good velvet. Such VII Facial
heaven!
or VIIIVestibulocochlear
On Old Olympus Towering IX Glossopharyngeal
Tops A Finn And German X Vagus
Vended At Hops”
XI Spinal Accessory
XII Hypoglossal
 S = Sensory; M = Motor; B = Both
I Olfactory
Cranial Nerves II Optic
III Oculomotor
IV Trochlear
• Cranial Nerve Mnemonics V Trigeminal
– Mnemonic for the cranial VI Abducens
nerve functions: VII Facial
VIIIVestibulocochlear
Some say marry money but
IX Glossopharyngeal
my brother says big brains
matter more. X Vagus
XI Spinal Accessory
XII Hypoglossal
 Cranial Nerves
• Cranial nerves are important to the
speech-Language Pathologist (SLPs),
because all the cranial nerves have some
relation to speech, language, and hearing
processes.
• SEVEN of the 12 nerves are directly related
to speech production, swallowing, and
hearing.
 Topics
Ø TOPIC 1: Sensory System
Ø Sensory System Overview
Ø Somatic Sensation
Ø TOPIC 2: Peripheral Nervous System
Ø Peripheral Nervous System Overview
Ø Cranial Nerve Overview
Ø CN I
Ø CN II, III, IV, and VI
Ø CN V
Ø Summary
Ø In-Class Activity 4
60
 smell
CN I: Olfactory
 CN I: Olfactory
• A sensory nerve.
• These axons conduct impulses for olfaction, or
the sense of smell, from the nasal cavity to the
brain.
• The olfactory nerve consists of neurons with
one end in direct contact with the external
world and the other in direct contact with the
brain.
 CN I: Olfactory
The olfactory nerve consists of neurons with one end in direct contact
with the external world and the other in direct contact with the brain.

Marieb & Hoehn, 2012: p. 495

 Damage
CN to theDamage
I: Olfactory CN I

• Trauma to the nasal region can result in the

loss of the proper flow of the CSF, which could
cause infection.
• The consequence is anosmia (loss of sense of
smell and taste).
• The most common trauma resulting in
anosmia is an injury involving frontal impact.
 Topics
Ø TOPIC 1: Sensory System
Ø Sensory System Overview
Ø Somatic Sensation
Ø TOPIC 2: Peripheral Nervous System
Ø Peripheral Nervous System Overview
Ø Cranial Nerve Overview
Ø CN I
Ø CN II, III, IV, and VI
Ø CN V
Ø Summary
Ø In-Class Activity 4
65
Vision/eye movements

CN II: optic

CN III: Oculomotor

CN IV: trochlear

CN VI: abducens
Visual system
 Eye
a sheet of cells at the back of the eye
Neural Retina a particular focused part
of the retina
Macula

cornea

Fovea
The very center of
macula

https://www.clivemaxfield.com/diycalculator/popup-m-cvision.shtml
https://schoolworkhelper.net/the-thalamus-role-importance/
• 1&2
Lateral=Geniculate
magnocellular nucleus (LGN)
depth, motion
• 3-6 parvo cellular =
color, edge
• Layers, 1, 4, and 6
for cross
• Layers, 2, 3, and 5
for ipsilateral.

Monocular region
 Visual System
• Primary visual cortex initially perceives the image
• Association cortices
– Analyze motion, color, form
– Respond to specific objects
– Integrate the image with past experiences
– Associate it with language
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_visual_pathway.svg
 CN II: optic
• A sensory nerve
• Axons conduct impulses for vision from the
retina of the eye to the brain
• About ½ inch from the eyeball, the two optic
nerves merge to form the optic chiasm; within
the chiasm, axons from the medial half of
each eye cross over to the opposite side.
 CN II: optic

Download for free at https://openstax.org/details/books/anatomy-and-physiology

from p. 507: Summarized, Rearranged, and/or Supplemented
Vision/eye movements

CN II: optic

CN III: Oculomotor

CN IV: trochlear

CN VI: abducens
 Extrinsic Eye Muscles
• Superior oblique: CN IV: Trochlear
• Superior rectus: CN III: Oculomotor
• Inferior oblique: CN III: Oculomotor
• Inferior rectus: CN III: Oculomotor
• Medial rectus: CN III: Oculomotor
• Lateral rectus: CN VI: Abducens

• CNs III, IV, and VI are often examined collectively.

https://www.google.com/search?q=cranial+nerve+coloring+sheet&espv=2&biw=1935&bih=1187&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjDp8vE0rjSAhXCKWMKHQ_cBdEQ_AUIBigB&dpr=1.1#tbm=isch&q=extrinsic+muscles+of+eyes+and+cranial+nerve+ennervation&*&imgrc=bWr-cuNbgKvx6M:
Vision/eye movements

CN II: optic

CN III: Oculomotor

CN IV: trochlear

CN VI: abducens
CN III: Oculomotor
 CN III: Oculomotor
• Functions: 2 components.
o Eye and eye lid movements.

Levator palpebrae superioris: CN III: Oculomotor

o A visceral component responsible for pupil

constriction.
Ciliary muscle: CN III: Oculomotor
Sphincter pupillae: CN III: Oculomotor
 CN III: Oculomotor
CN III Eye movement Summary
Eye and Eye lid Movements Summary

Medial rectus muscle

• adducts the eye, "looking towards your nose"

Superior rectus muscle

• rotates the eyeball backward, "looking up”
Inferior oblique muscle
• rotates the eyeball backward when the eye is adducted

Inferior rectus muscle

• rotates the eyeball forward, "looking down"

Levator palpebrae superioris

• raises the upper eyelid
 CN III: Oculomotor
Levator Superior
Medial palpebrae
superioris Rectus
Rectus

Inferior Inferior
oblique rectus

https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/_/viewer.aspx?path=MosbyMD&name=oculomotor-nerve.jpg&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmedical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com%2FOcculomotor
CN III (right eye) nerve paralysis
and
CN III (left eye)

Look at the pupil!!

Ma and Liao, 2017

Vision/eye movements

CN II: optic

CN III: Oculomotor

CN IV: trochlear

CN VI: abducens
 Fig. 14.rochlear03d

CN IV: trochlear
 CN IV: trochlear

• The smallest of the cranial nerves

• Nucleus is in the midbrain
• Moves eye down and (slightly) outward.
 CN IV: trochlear

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 CN IV: trochlear damage
Diplopia -- Double vision
• Vertical diplopia

• Torsional diplopia
Vision/eye movements

CN II: optic

CN III: Oculomotor

CN IV: trochlear

CN VI: abducens
CN VI: abducens
 CN VI: abducens

• Abduction of eye. As the name implies, the

CN VI abducens is an abductor.
• It arises from the abducens nucleus of the
pons, which is embedded in the wall of the 4th
ventricle and emerges from the brain stem at
the junction of the pons and medulla.
 CN VI: abducens

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

CN VI (left eye) nerve paralysis
adduction
 Topics
Ø TOPIC 1: Sensory System
Ø Sensory System Overview
Ø Somatic Sensation
Ø TOPIC 2: Peripheral Nervous System
Ø Peripheral Nervous System Overview
Ø Cranial Nerve Overview
Ø CN I
Ø CN II, III, IV, and VI
Ø CN V
Ø Summary
Ø In-Class Activity 4
95
 Speech and hearing

CN V: trigeminal
CN VII: facial
CN VIII: vestibulocochlear
CN IX: glossopharyngeal
CN X: vagus
CN XI: spinal accessory
CN XII: hypoglossal
CN V: trigeminal
 CN V: trigeminal
Chewing and sensation to face, teeth, & anterior tongue

• Mixed functions (motor and sensory).

• CN V is composed of three large branches.

Ophthalmic
branch V1 ophthalmic (sensory),

Maxillary
branch V2 maxillary (sensory), and

Mandibular
branch V3 mandibular (motor and sensory)
 CN V: trigeminal
Trigeminal Nerve:– 33 branches
branches
Ophthalmic Maxillary Mandibular
branch branch branch
 TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA
CN V:(Tic
trigeminal damage
Douloureux)

• Atrophy and weakness on the affected side.

• When the patient closes his/her mouth, the
jaw will deviate toward the side of the lesion.
 TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA
CN V: trigeminal
Sensory(Tic Douloureux)
component damage
• Sensation of the forehead, upper face, and nose
region could be lost with ophthalmic branch
lesion.
• Damage to the mandibular branch will affect
sensation from the side of the face down to the
mandible.
• Loss of tactile sensation for the anterior 2/3 of
the tongue.
• Also Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux) may
arise.
 CN V: trigeminal damage
IMPACT TO SPEECH
• Severe bilateral damage can result in the inability to
move jaw to produce speech and cause reduction
of rate of speech.
IMPACT TO SWALLOWING
• Sensory deficits: Makes it difficult to feel the bolus
adequately.
• Motor deficits: (1) affects bolus manipulation; (2)
could impact airway protection.
NOTE: bolus = mass of chewed food
 Topics
Ø TOPIC 1: Sensory System
Ø Sensory System Overview
Ø Somatic Sensation
Ø TOPIC 2: Peripheral Nervous System
Ø Peripheral Nervous System Overview
Ø Cranial Nerve Overview
Ø CN I
Ø CN II, III, IV, and VI
Ø CN V
Ø Summary
Ø In-Class Activity 4
103
 Now you know…

• Classes of sensory receptors

• Special senses
• Sensory cortices
• 3 major pathways of the bodily sensation
• Sensory Deficits
• Peripheral Nervous System and its role
• Cranial Nerves I, II, III, IV, V, and VI
HO: Sensation/Perception via Spinothalamic Tract