Sistem saraf spinal

General Properties of Sensory

Systems
• Stimulus
– Internal
– External
• Receptors
– Sense organs
– Transducer
• Afferent pathway
• CNS integration
General Properties of Sensory
Systems

Figure 10-4: Sensory pathways

 Type of sensoris system
General sensoris Special sensoris
• temperature • smell
• pain
• touch • sight
• pressure • taste
• vibration
• proprioception • hearing
 Sensoris Receptor
interface between environment and the
body
translate stimulus into an AP

receptors distributed throughout the body

relatively simple
receptors send info to CNS :
• arriving info is called sensation
• our awareness of it is perception
 Receptor Potential
• Membrane potential of the receptor
• A change in the receptor potential is
associated with opening of ion (Na+) channels
• Above threshold as the receptor potential
becomes less negative the frequency of AP
into the CNS increases
 Adaptation
• reduction in sensitivity in the presence of
a constant stimulus

Pheriferal : change in receptor activity

Central : inhibition of nuclei in pathway
 • adaptation reduces the amount of
information reaching the cerebral cortex

about 1% of sensory information

coming in reaches our awareness
 Adaptation
• Slow-provide continuous information (tonic)-
relatively non adapting-respond to sustained
stimulus
– joint capsul
– muscle spindle
– Merkel’s discs
• punctate receptive fields
– Ruffini end organ’s (corpusles)
• activated by stretching the skin
 Adaptation
• Rapid (Fast) or phasic
• respond to vibration
– hair receptors 30-40 Hz
– Pacinian corpuscles 250 Hz
– Meissner’s corpuscles- 30-40 Hz
Sensory Receptor Types

Figure 10-1: Sensory receptors

 Somatic Pathways
• Receptor
– Threshold
– Action potential
• Sensory neurons
– Primary – medulla
– Secondary – thalamus
– Tertiary – cortex
• Integration
– Receptive field
– Multiple levels
Somatic Pathways

Figure 10-9: Sensory pathways cross the body’s midline

 Sensory Modality
• Location
– Lateral inhibition
– Receptive field
• Intensity
• Duration
• Tonic receptors
• Phasic receptors
• Adaptation
Sensory Modality

Figure 10-3: Two-point discrimination

Sensory Modality

Figure 10-6: Lateral inhibition

 Type sensoris receptor based on
nature stimulus
• Nociceptors : pain
• Thermoreceptors : heat flow
• Mechanoreceptors : physical distortion
• Chemoreceptors : chemical consentration
 Nocireseptor
• common in:
– skin
– joint capsules
– coverings of bones
– around blood vessel walls

•free nerve endings

•large receptive fields

• sensitive to:
–extreme temperature
–mechanical damage
–dissolved chemicals
• (like those release by damaged cells)
• two fiber types convey info
• type A
– fast pain (cut, etc.,)
– easy to localize
• type C
– slow pain (“burning, aching”)
– difficult to localize
• tonic receptors
no significant peripheral adaptation as long as
the stimulus is present, it will hurt. but central
adaptation can occur (perception of pain may
decrease)
• sensory neurons bringing in pain info use
glutamate and/or substance P as their
neurotransmitter

• pain can be reduced by endorphins and

enkephalins (inhibit activity in pathway)
 Pain vs. Nociception
• Nociception-reception of signals in CNS evoked by
stimulation of specialized sensory receptors
(nociceptors) that provide information about tissue
damage from external or internal sources
– Activated by mechanical, thermal, chemical
• Pain-perception of adversive or unpleasant sensation
that originates from a specific region of the body
– Sensations of pain
• Pricking, burning, aching stinging soreness
 Sensitization of Nociceptors
• Potassium from damaged cells-activation
• Serotonin from platelets- activation
• Bradykinin from plasma kininogen-activate
• Histamine from mast cells-activation
• Prostaglandins & leukotriens from
arachidonic acid-damaged cells-sensitize
• Substance P from the 1o afferent-sensitize
 Nociceptive pathways
• Spinothalamic-major
– neo- fast (A delta)
– paleo- slow (C fibers)
• Spinoreticular
• Spinomesencephalic
• Spinocervical (mostly tactile)
• Dorsal columns- (mostly tactile)
Pain and Itching

Figure 10-12: The gate control theory of pain modulation

 Thermoreceptor
free nerve endings in the dermis, skeletal
muscle, hypothalamus and liver
warm receptors or cold receptors
phasic receptors active when temperature is
changing, quickly adapting to stable
temperature
detect transfer of heat
heat loss from skin : cool
heat gain to skin : warm
 Mechanoreceptor
• contain mechanically regulated ion channels

3 type of mechanoreceptor:
• Tactil receptor : touch, pressure, vibration
• Baroreceptor : pressure changes
(gut, genitourinary)
• Propioreceptor : position of joints/muscles
Touch (pressure)

Figure 10-11: Touch-pressure receptors

 Mechanoreceptors in the Skin
• Rapidly adapting cutaneous
– Meissner’s corpuscles in glabrous (non hairy) skin-
(more superficial)
• signals edges
– Hair follicle receptors in hairy skin
– Pacinian corpuscles in subcutaneous tissue
(deeper)
 Mechanoreceptors in the Skin
• Slowly adapting cutaneous
– Merkel’s discs have punctate receptive fields
(superficial)
• senses curvature of an object’s surface
– Ruffini end organs activated by stretching the skin
(deep)
• even at some distance away from receptor
 Baroreceptor
• free nerve endings in the walls of organs
that stretch
–e.g., blood vessels
when pressure changes they expand or
contract
 Proprioreceptor
1. Type of proprioreceptor:
• Muscle spinde: stretch reflex
• Golgi tendon organ : monitor tendon tension
• Receptor in joints capsule : free nerve
endings in joints
2. no adaptation
3. continuously send info to CNS
4. most processed at subconscious level
 Somatosensory Cortex
• Two major pathways
– Dorsal column-medial lemniscal system
• Most aspects of touch, proprioception
– Anterolateral system
• Sensations of pain (nociception) and temperature
• Sexual sensations, tickle and itch
• Crude touch and pressure
• Conduction velocity 1/3 – ½ that of dorsal columns
 A spinal nerve

• A spinal nerve is a mixed nerve, which carries motor,

sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and
the body.
• In the human body there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, one on
each side of the vertebral column.
• These are grouped into the
corresponding cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal
regions of the spine.
• There are eight pairs of cervical nerves, twelve pairs
of thoracic nerves, five pairs of lumbar nerves, five pairs
of sacral nerves, and one pair of coccygeal nerves.
• The spinal nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system.
Spinal cord and spinal nerves. Tortora, G.J. and Derrickson, B.H.
Esentials of Anatomy and Physiology. 2013, Wiley. This material i
s reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc
 The cervical nerves

• The cervical nerves are the spinal nerves

from the cervical vertebrae in the cervical
segment of the spinal cord.
• Although there are seven cervical vertebrae
(C1-C7), there are eight cervical nerves C1–
C8.
• All cervical nerves except C8 emerge above
their corresponding vertebrae, while the C8
nerve emerges below the C7 vertebra.
• Elsewhere in the spine, the nerve emerges
below the vertebra with the same name.
• The posterior distribution includes
the suboccipital nerve (C1), the greater
occipital nerve (C2) and the third occipital
nerve (C3).
• The anterior distribution includes the cervical
plexus (C1-C4) and brachial plexus (C5-T1).
• The cervical nerves innervate
the sternohyoid, sternothyroid and omohyoid
muscles
 The thoracic nerves

• The thoracic nerves are the twelve spinal nerves emerging

from the thoracic vertebrae.
• Each thoracic nerve T1 -T12 originates from below each
corresponding thoracic vertebra.
• Branches also exit the spine and go directly to
the paravertebral ganglia of the autonomic nervous
system where they are involved in the functions of organs and
glands in the head, neck, thorax and abdomen.
• Anterior divisions: The intercostal nerves come from thoracic
nerves T1-T11, and run between the ribs.
• At T2 and T3, further branches form the intercostobrachial
nerve.
• The subcostal nerve comes from nerve T12, and runs below
the twelfth rib.
• Posterior divisions: The medial branches (ramus
medialis) of the posterior branches of the upper six
thoracic nerves run between the semispinalis dorsi
and multifidus, which they supply; they then pierce
the rhomboid and trapezius muscles, and reach
the skin by the sides of the spinous processes.
This sensitive branch is called the medial
cutaneous ramus.
• The medial branches of the lower six are
distributed chiefly to the multifidus and longissimus
dorsi, occasionally they give off filaments to the
skin near the middle line. This sensitive branch is
called the posterior cutaneous ramus
 The lumbar nerves

• The lumbar nerves are the five spinal

nerves emerging from the lumbar
vertebrae. They are divided into posterior
and anterior divisions.
 The sacral nerves

• The sacral nerves are the five pairs of

spinal nerves which exit the sacrum at the
lower end of the vertebral column.
• The roots of these nerves begin inside the
vertebral column at the level of the L1
vertebra, where the cauda equina begins,
and then descend into the sacrum.[2][3]
• The sacral nerves have both afferent and efferent
fibers, thus they are responsible for part of the sensory
perception and the movements of the lower
extremities of the human body.
• From the S2, S3 and S4 arise the pudendal nerve and
parasympathetic fibers whose electrical potential
supply the descending colon and rectum, urinary
bladder and genital organs.
• These pathways have both afferent and efferent fibers
and, this way, they are responsible for conduction of
sensory information from these pelvic organs to
the central nervous system (CNS) and motor impulses
from the CNS to the pelvis that control the movements
of these pelvic organs.
 Coccygeal nerve

• The coccygeal nerve is the 31st pair of

spinal nerves. It arises from the conus
medullaris, and its anterior root helps form
the coccygeal plexus. It does not divide
into a medial and lateral branch. It is
distributed to the skin over the back of
the coccyx.
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