This module is intended as a reference guide for students, technicians and professionals in NDT. An overview of each discontinuity provides the following information: Description Location in part Characteristics/appearance Metallurgical analysis Depending on the availability of information, one or more of the following items are subsequently presented in terms of radiographic testing per discontinuity: Appearance — describing the outcome of a typical test result Rationale — explaining why the method is preferred Advantage(s) — highlighting the strong points of the method Limitation(s) - detailing any drawbacks associated with the application of the method Acknowledgments Preface. uve Table of Contents. Table of Contents Primary Processing Discontinuities.25 Convolution Cracks... 26 Concave Root Surface 28 Recommendation(s) — providing procedural tips for a successful outcome Precaution(s) — advising what safeguards to take when conducting a test Please note that this module is intended as a supplement only. It should not take the place of specific codes, procedures or standards applicable to a specific test. POODDDO0D DODO Ooo References... Figure Sources... Drop- Through... "30 SI Derived Units 58 Radiographic Principles end Inclusions (Welding) wwconeenne-32 Conversions to SI Units wnnnnnn59 Image Sharpness. Radiography of Welded ‘Traditional Units Converted Exposure Principles... 4 Flat Plates 35 to SI Units. 60 Advantages of RT. 5 Incomplete Fusion... 36 Gamma Ray Sources... 61 Limitations of RT... 5 Lack of Penetration .. "740 X-Ray Energy Thickness Limits .....-62 Precautions with RT.. 6 Radiography of Welded Radiographic Equivalent Factors .nn-63 Relevant Discontinuiti ‘Comer Joints Porosity (Gas) Using Shim Stock with Welds...47 Inherent Discontinuities Unconsumed Insert... ae Cold Shuts... Undercut 50 Hot Tears Inclusions, Service Discontinuities 52 Pipe Porosity Shrinkage (Micros! Shrinkage Cracks Shrinkage). Intergranular Corrosion Cracking..52 Radiography of Semiconductors.