Volume-10, Issue-9, September 2020

Evaluating the Effects of Flexure Cracking

Behaviour of Beam Reinforced with Steel
Fibres from Environment Affect
1
Jawad Ahmad, 2 Rayeh Nasr Salam Al-Dala'ien, 1 Aneel Manan,
1
Osama Zaid, 3,* Mushtaq Ahmad
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Swedish College of Engineering and Technology,
Wah Cantt, 47040, Pakistan.
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Al-Balqa Applied University, Jordan.
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Tenaga Nasional University Malaysia, Putrajaya
Campus Kajang, Malaysia.

Abstract

Concrete is among the most rapidly consuming material on earth and has
huge impact on the environment directly in term of utilization of natural
occurring materials and leading cause for green gases emission. Concrete is
brittle material and weak in tension combine with brittle performance of
concrete end in abrupt tensile failure with no warning. This is not acceptable
for any material used in construction. Thus, concrete need some type of
tensile reinforcement to balance its fragile performance & enhance its tensile
strength. The basic objective of this study is to increase the ductility of
concrete to offset its undesirable brittle nature and also to find the
characteristics of concrete by using steel fibre in proportion 0%,1%, 2%, 3%,
and 4% for 1:2:4 concrete with w/c 0.5.Slump, Compressive, split tensile
strength and flexure tests were performed after 7 days & 28 days of curing.
Load-deflection relations, cracks number, maximum crack width, & First
cracking load load-deflection inter-relations were studied to determine the
flexural cracking performance of concrete beams. From results it has been
concluded that, strength was increased up to 2% addition of steel fiber and
then decrease gradually. Moreover, the flexural crack width was considerably
decreased with adding of steel fibers. The outcome also displayed that the
maximum load & first cracking load are raised with adding of SFs.

Journal of Green Engineering, Vol. 10_9, 4998–5016.

© 2020 Alpha Publishers.All rights reserved
4999 Jawad Ahmad et.al

Key words: Slump; Compressive Strength; Ductility; split tensile Strength;

Steel fiber; First Crack Load; Maximum Crack Width; Load Deflection;
Flexure Strength.

1 Introduction

In construction industries, concrete has high compressive strength that is

why it is most widely used construction material, but concrete tensile
capacity is very low which causes in brittle failure in concrete elements.
Several types of fibres are used in concrete to raise the concrete tensile
strength under tensile load. Majorly Steel fibre reinforced
concrete（SFRC） has the ability of excellent resistance of shock, tensile
strength, ductility, flexural strength, Crack arrest, fatigue resistance. It has
used in different industries of architecture, irrigation works, & construction.
Concrete which contain steel fibers have displayed to have essentially
enhanced opposition to greater ductility and impact of failing in torsion,
flexure, & compression. It is used comprehensively in different structures of
civil engineering. In 1910, Porter first proposed the used of steel fibers in
concrete [1].The 1st research on (RFC)reinforced fiber concrete in the
United States was executed in 1963 [2]. A general inspection is that thin
fibers are more effective to reduce width of plastic shrinkage cracks than
thick fibers as reported in ACI 544.5R-10 [3]. The certain implication of
steel fibers in concrete depends on many factors such as length, shape,
strength cross section, type, steel fiber bond strength, mix design[4].
Between these high-performing concretes, for the benefits of easy to
fabricate, improvements in performance, low cost, (SFRC) steel fiber
reinforced concrete is used extensively in the present-day engineering areas
[5, 6]. Research displayed that irregular adding of steel fiber would affect
the uniformity & concrete fluidity in mixing & also cause fiber bonding,
which ultimately affects the reinforcement mechanical properties [7–9].
Steel fibers proficiently assists the slab load on ground carrying
capability & makes the structural behavior more ductile; volume portion of
steel fibers more than 0.38% slightly improve the ultimate load but
unexpectedly enhances the slab ductility[10].Research displayed that unequal
adding of SF will affect the concrete uniformity and fluidity in mixing &
even result in bonding of fiber, which ultimately enacts the reinforcement
effect of mechanical performances [11]. steel fibers at 1.0% by volume
causes a considerable improvement in early as well as long term compressive
strength of concrete [12]. Steel fibers behave as crack stoppers and not as
cracks prevention. Steel fibers are known to enhance tensile capacity of post-
cracking behavior [13]. Steel fibers have showed more significant effects on
flexural tensile strength [14]. Tests display that raise in fiber quantity will
result to improve ductility, toughness, & strength [15, 16].
Evaluating the Effects of Flexure Cracking Behaviour of Beam Reinforced with Steel
Fibres from Environment Affect 5000

Modulus of elasticity of SFRC is noticed to increase with raise in the

fiber volume portion [17]. adding of SFs in concrete enhance not only the
strength attributes but also the ductility[18].Adding of SFs in concrete
enhance not only the strength attributes but also the ductility[18]. Curvature
ductility index of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) beam enhances with raise
in high strength concrete HSC, but up to a certain level of concrete strength
about 90 MPa &reduces with an increase of steel reinforcement ratio & FRP
fiber reinforce polymer stiffness[19]. The outcomes displayed that the fibers
exceptionally increased the concrete post-cracking behaviors in terms of
obtaining residual strength, higher ductility and toughness under tension The
results showed that the fibers remarkably enhanced the concrete post-
cracking behaviors in terms of achieving higher ductility, residual strength,
and toughness under compression and tension [20]. The results indicated the
increase of steel fiber dosage resulted in the decrease of the workability, but
the continuous improvement of mechanical and fracture performance of
concrete [21]. They realized that raising in fiber implanting length highly
increased (2 to 3 times) the peak pull-out load & pullout work [22].SFs can
enhance the tensile strength of concrete to almost 40% [23].The decrease of
concrete electrical resistivity with the raise in the percentage of SFs because
of the conductivity of the fibers [24].steel fibers shows somewhat more
compressive strength than normal concrete [25].
Steel fibers have been used globally to increase concrete properties but
still have not yet gained popularity in Pakistan. An experimental study was
performed to examine the mechanical properties of steel fiber reinforced
concrete (SFRC) that will approve for use in Pakistan. In this paper,
characteristics of concrete by using steel fiber in proportion 0%, 1%, 2%,
3%, and 4% were conducted. Load-deflection relations, cracks number,
maximum crack width, first cracking load and load-deflection inter-relations
were studied to determine the flexural cracking performance of concrete
beams. From results it has been concluded that, strength was increased up to
2% addition of steel fiber and then decrease gradually. Moreover, the flexural
crack width was considerably decreased with adding of steel fibers. The
outcome also displayed that the maximum load & first cracking load are
raised with adding of SFs.

2 Materials and Experimental Program

2.1 Materials

2.1.1 Cement

Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) type-1 in accordance with American

Standard of Testing Materials ASTM C150 was used in the making of
concrete blends. Its chemical & physical aspects are displayed in Table 1.
 5001 Jawad Ahmad et.al

Table 1 Physical and chemical property of OPC

Percentage
Chemical Property Physical Property Results
(%)
Ca0 63.7 Size ≤ 75µ
SiO2 24.9 Fineness 91%
Normal
Al2O3
6.4 Consistency 29%
Initial
Fe2O3
3.7 Stetting Time 33min
Final
MgO
4.5 Stetting Time 411min

SO3 Specific surface

0.9 322 m2 /kg
K2O 1.4 Soundness 0.60%
28-days compressive
Na2O 1.2 42Mpa
Strength

Table 2: Physical property of steel fibers

Coarse
Physical Property Fine aggregate
Aggregate
Particle Size 4.75mm to 0.075mm 25mm to 4.75
Fineness Modulus 2.73 5.7
Absorption Capacity 4.28% 2.18%
Moisture Content 2.8% 0.45%
Bulk density
1626 15100
(kg/m3)

2.1.2 Steel Fibers (SFs)

Steel fibers were obtained by cutting binding wire of diameter 0.55mm

into 35 mm long length. Its properties are given in Table 2.

2.1.3 Aggregate

Ordinary sand was used as a fine aggregate FA in every blend in SSD

(saturated surface dry) condition which was obtained from local market
Risalpur Pakistan. Normal weight coarse aggregate (crush stone) in saturated
dry condition (SSD) was obtained from local market Risalpur Pakistan.
 Evaluating the Effects of Flexure Cracking Behaviour of Beam Reinforced with Steel
Fibres from Environment Affect 5002

Different tests were performed on aggregate (coarse and fine) to

evaluate its physical property as shown in Table 3. Standard ASTM C33 [26]
was used for particle size distribution (gradation curve) for fine and coarse
aggregate which were shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2 respectively.

Table 3: Physical property of fine and coarse aggregate

Physical Property Fine aggregate Coarse Aggregate

Particle Size 4.75mm to 0.075mm 25mm to

4.75

Fineness Modulus 2.73 5.7

Absorption Capacity 4.28% 2.18%

Moisture Content 2.8% 0.45%

Bulk density
1626 15100
(kg/m3)

Figure 1: Gradation curve of fine aggregate

5003 Jawad Ahmad et.al

Figure 2: Gradation curve of coarse aggregate

2.2 Super Plasticizer

Chemrite-530 used as super plasticizer because it is high range water

reducing admixture and non-toxic and non-hazardous under relevant health
and safety issue. Chemrite-530 is a very capable super plasticizer with a set
retarding effect for production of free-flowing concrete in hot weathers. The
super plasticizer meets the requirements of EN 934-2 T 3.1/3 [27]and ASTM
C-494 Type F [28] . Typical properties of the super plasticizer are given as
under Table 4.
Table 4: Physical property of superplasticizer
Property Result
Colour Brown
Relative density 1.48 at 25°C
Chloride content < 0.1%
Physical state Liquid

2.3 Size of Specimen

ASTM C39/C39M [29]Cylinder of standard size (6x12in) will be used to

measure the compressive strength at 7 days & 28 days. Similar cylinders of
standard size (6 x12in) will be cast & tested to find their tensile strength.
Beam of size (6x6x18inch) will be casted and tested to find their flexure
strength. Three specimens are tested for each test at 7&28 days and the mean
value of the specimens is considered as strength.
 Evaluating the Effects of Flexure Cracking Behaviour of Beam Reinforced with Steel
Fibres from Environment Affect 5004

2.4 Sample Preparation Method

Table 5: Quantification of materials

Materials Mix 1 Mix 2 Mix 3 Mix 4 Mix 5

Cement 1 1 1 `1 1

Sand/F. A 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

Coarse Aggregate 3 3 3 3 3

W/C 0.50 0.50 0.45 0.50 0.50

Superplasticizer 1% 1% 1% 1% 1%

Steel fiber 0% 1% 2% 3% 4%

ASTM C-31[30] method was followed for the preparation of the

specimens and compaction was done manually by Roding in three layers
having 25 blows per layer. A total of 60 samples having a standard size will
be cast & then will be tested. To investigate the effect of SF (steel fiber) on
the behaviour of hard and fresh concrete, five mixes are prepared. Details of
the mixes are provided in the following Table 5.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Fresh Property

3.1.1 Slump

Workability, is defined by ACI 116, is the extent of how smoothly the

concrete can be mixed, placed, compacted and then be finished [31].
Concrete workability decreased as the percentage of steel fiber increased.
Slump value of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% steel fiber added to concrete were
53mm, 42mm, 34mm, 30mm and28mm which were 20%, 35%, 43%and
47% lower than from reference concrete as shown in Figure 3. This is due to
fact, that the amount of steel fibers in a concrete mix will increased the
surface area. In addition to the coarse aggregate, the mortar must also coat
the fibers. Which means more paste is required to coat the extra surface area
of fibres, therefore workability of concrete reduced as the percentage of steel
fibres raised. Similar finding has been also reported that concrete workability
reduced as the steel fibres percentage increased [32, 33].
5005 Jawad Ahmad et.al

Figure 3: Slump test results

3.2 Harden Property

3.2.1 Compressive Strength

Compressive strength is the measure of greatest compressive loading

concrete can withstand. The compressive strength test is performed under the
standard procedure of ASTM as ASTM C39/C39M [29] for cylindrical
specimen having standard dimensions as 150mm diameter and 300mm length
as shown in Figure 4. Based on experimental test outcomes compressive
strength increased as the percentage of SFs raised up to 2% and then
decreased as displayed in Figure 5. It has been noted, the compressive
strength enhanced to 2% addition of SF [34]. After curing of 28 days of,
highest compressive strength was obtained at 2% dosage of SFs which was
30% higher than from reference concrete. However, beyond 2% dosage the
strength was reduced. The positive effect on compressive strength is because
of the confinement of the fiber reinforcement on the specimen. Compression
produces an expansion laterally, and with it, a tension and shear. The tension
and shear are resisted by the fibers. Therefore, compression is increased.
When % of fibers is high this confinement can reduce transversal
deformation of specimen and increase its compressive strength. When
increasing the steel fiber percent specially of higher dosage the process of
compaction will be difficult and then the compressive strength will be
reduced. With the adding up to 1.5 percent of steel fibers by volume raises
the compressive strength from 0 percent to 15% [35]. Steel fibres at 1.0%
by volume produce a considerable increase in early & long-term compressive
strength of concrete. The highest increase in 28-days strength was recognized
to be 29.15% [12].For this reason, there is an optimum limit for the usage of
Evaluating the Effects of Flexure Cracking Behaviour of Beam Reinforced with Stee l
Fibres from Environment Affect 5006

SF. Test observation of the optimum dosage of SFs which produce better
strength is 2% steel fiber.

Figure 4: Compressive strength test set

Figure 5: Compressive strength results

3.2.2 Split Tensile Strength

Tensile strength for concrete samples is called the tensile stresses

generated due to applying of the compressive load at which the concrete
sample may fail. According to ASTM C496-71[36], split cylinder test was
performed out on cylindrical samples of 150 mm diameter & 300 mm height
at the ages of 7, and 28 days. Figure 6 shows (a) Split tensile test setup; (b)
Tensile cracking result.
5007 Jawad Ahmad et.al

Figure 6: (a) Split tensile test setup; (b) Tensile cracking result

Figure 7: Split Tensile Test Result

Based on experimental test results split tensile strength raised as the

percentage of SFs raised up to 2% & then diminished as displayed in Figure
7.After curing of 28 days, highest split tensile strength was obtained at 2%
dosage of SFs which was 45% higher than from reference concrete. Adding
of 2% by volume of SFs can enhance the tensile strength of concrete to
almost 40% [23]. However, beyond 2% dosage the strength was reduced.
Steel fibers are mixed in concrete to increase the flexibility of concrete by
halting the onset of tension cracks or preventing the generation of cracks in
such manner that tensile strength of (SFRC) steel fiber reinforced concrete
displays better conduct than normal concrete. Steel fibers behave as crack
Evaluating the Effects of Flexure Cracking Behaviour of Beam Reinforced with Steel
Fibres from Environment Affect 5008

stoppers and not as cracks prevention. SFs are known to enhance tensile
capacity of post-cracking behaviour[13].SFs have displayed more
considerable effects on flexural tensile strength at 0.5 percent to 2.0 percent
volume fractions used in this research [14].

3.2.3 Flexure Strength of Beam

Figure 8: Flexure strength results

Flexural strength, which is also called bending strength, or transverse

rupture strength , or modulus of rupture is a material characteristic, defined
as the stress in a material right before it fails in a flexure test [37].Flexure test
was carried out on beam specimens of 6x6x18 inch as show in Figure 8 at the
ages of 7, 28 days curing.

(a) (b)

Figure 9: (a) Cross section of the beam (b) flexure test setup
5009 Jawad Ahmad et.al

Based on work results, Flexure strength of all mixes at all ages were
shown in Figure 9(a) and (b). It is observed that flexure strength gradually
increased up to 2% addition of steel fiber and then gradually decreased had
maximum flexure strength at all ages as compared to other mixes. So, steel
fiber had maximum flexure strength when steel fiber was 2% percent by
weight of cement. Maximum flexure strength obtained was 20Mpa while
flexure strength of normal concrete was 13Mpa at 28 days curing.
As steel fiber enhances ductility, which block the propagation of cracks
and hence strength was improved, as per previous study [13].So, flexure
strength was almost 53% more than that of normal concrete as shown in
Figure 9. It is worth to mention here that steel fibers more significantly affect
flexure strength than compressive strength. It has been also reported that
steel fibers have displayed more considerable results on flexural tensile
strength at 0.5 percent to 2.0 percent volume ratios used in this investigation
[14].

3.2.3.1 Load Deflection Curve of Beam

Curve Load deflection is a graphical relation of deflection against the

corresponding load. Comparison of load-deflection curves for both normal
and steel fiber beams is illustrated 10. The result indicated that all the SF
beams have higher values of ultimate load as compare to control. Beam
having 2.0% SFs shows highest toughness (area under curve) which is
because of the SF which delays the generation of micro-cracks. It is reported
that increase in fiber quantity will result to improve ductility, toughness, &
strength [15]. Adding of SFs in concrete enhance not only the strength
attributes but also the ductility [18].Thus, steel fiber is viable solution to raise
the performance of PCC beam both in terms of load and deflection.

Figure 10: Load deflection curve

 Evaluating the Effects of Flexure Cracking Behaviour of Beam Reinforced with Steel
Fibres from Environment Affect 5010

3.2.3.2 Ductility Index

Ductility is a degree of a material's ability to sustain considerable plastic

deformation before failure, which may be articulate as percent elongation or
percent area decrease from a tensile test. In order to measure the ductility of
the beams, As per ACI 363, [38] the ductility factor was introduced, which
is the ratio between the deflection at the yield point and to the deflection at
failure. As concrete is brittle material which does not give any warning or
deformation before failure which is not appealing for any construction
material. Ductility index of all mix were show in Table 6. From Table 6, it
has been concluded that addition of SF increased the ductile behaviour of
PCC beam having maximum ductility at 2% of SF addition which was
almost 35% higher than from reference concrete. Also reported that raise in
fiber quantity will result to improve ductility, & strength [15]. Adding of SFs
in concrete enhance not only the strength attributes but also the ductility [18].
Table 6: Ductility index

Steel Fiber Deflection at yield Deflection at ultimate

Ductility index
% point (mm) point(mm)

0 1.6 7.8 4.87

1 1.5 8.6 5.37

2 1.8 11.9 6.61

3 1.4 9.2 6.57

4 1.3 8.3 6.38

3.2.3.3 Crack Patterns

The patterns of cracks were almost similar in all beam samples, the first
crack developed at different levels of load with varying dosage of steel fiber.
As the load is increase, vertical flexural cracks advance horizontally to the
support from the mid-span as shown in Figure 11(b). It can be also notice
that flexure cracks reduced as the percentage of steel fibers was increased. It
is due to the fact that steel acts cracks stopper which increased the tensile
capacity of beam. However, at a point of higher load, some additional cracks
began to generate across the length of the sample, proliferating upward.
Before failure, compressive cracks began to form at the top surface of the
concrete beams. Such a compressive cracks increased with incorporation of
steel fiber. Similar cracking behaviour of beam with addition steel fibers was
observed by [39].
5011 Jawad Ahmad et.al

(a) (b)
Figure 11: (a)crack development under the load (b)Crack horizontal pattern

3.2.3.4 First Crack Load

It is that load where the first signs of yielding form on the side of the test
sample which can be observed visually during test. Loads at first cracking
from the experimental outcome were displayed in Figure 13. Findings
indicated that the strength at the first crack is raised with adding of steel fiber
as in comparison to control concrete beam. Beam which contains 2% steel
fiber displayed raise by 80% as in comparison to control. This may be
associated to the improvement in the concrete fraction bond element because
of steel fibers & thus the consequent notable expansion of cracks. The strain
capacity of concrete is increased due to addition steel fiber percentage, which
causes higher load absorption of concrete capacity. Hence first crack load is
increased. However, beyond 2% addition of steel fiber, compaction process
become more difficult due decreased workability as discuss above which
results porous concrete, leading decreased first crack load.

E
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
n
g

t
h
e

E
f
f
e Figure 12 Crack width Figure 13 First crack load
c
Evaluating the Effects of Flexure Cracking Behaviour of Beam Reinforced with Steel
Fibres from Environment Affect 5012

3.2.3.5 Maximum Crack Width

Figure 12 shows the results of maximum cracks width with varying

percentage of steel fibers. Maximum crack widths of fiber reinforced
concrete beams which were calculated at the same level of load (50kN).
Addition of steel fiber causes effectively reduces the cracks width in fiber
reinforced concrete (FRC) beams as in comparison to blank/control concrete
beam. When 2.0% fiber portion was added, the maximum crack width was
decreased by about 64%, as compared to control. This is because of the
improvement in the bond of concrete element when steel fibers were present
in the matrix. The fibers delay the generation of micro-cracks, since fibers
bridge these cracks and restrain their widening, thus improve the post-peak
ductility and energy absorption capacity [40].

4 Conclusions

The effects of various steel fibers dosage by weight of cement (0%,

1%SF, 2%SF, 3%SF and 4%SF) was added and the performance of concrete
was study. Based on experimental results following conclusions have been
drawn. Workability of concrete is reduced due to incorporation of steel fibers
due to increasing surface area of fibers. In addition to the coarse aggregate,
the mortar must also coat the fibers. If the mix's mortar fraction is
insufficient to coat coarse aggregate and steel fiber in the result slump will
decreased. Highest strength (Compressive, split tensile strength and flexure
strength) was obtained at 2% dosage of steel fiber. However, beyond 2%
dosage the strength was reduced. Tension and shear are resisted by the fibers.
Therefore, strength of steel fiber modified concrete increased. Excessive
addition of steel fiber made harder to compact the concrete in the result
workability and strength of the concrete reduced. Incorporation of steel fiber
in concrete has significantly improved the load-deflection relations, cracks
number, maximum crack width and first cracking load. Tensile strain
capacity of concrete increased in the result maximum load absorption
capacity of concrete increased. Technically, Study has concluded that steel
fiber concrete considerably increased the strength of the concrete.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

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Biographies

Jawad Ahmad , Pakistan Lecture at swedish College of Engineering, has

completed Bsc Civil Engineering from the University Technology Peshawer,
(UET), Master in Structure Engineering.

Rayah N Dala'ien is a lecturer of civil engineering at Al-Balqa Applied

University, Jordan. She received her BS from Mutah University in 2011 and
MS from the University of Jordan in 2014. Currently, Author is PhD student.
Her research interests include green material of concrete, seismic and impact
response of reinforced concrete structures, nanotechnology in structures and
finite element analysis.
Evaluating the Effects of Flexure Cracking Behaviour of Beam Reinforced with Steel
Fibres from Environment Affect 5016

Aneel Manan,MS Structural Engineering from CECOS University (2015-

2017),BSc Civil Engineering from University of Wah (2010-2014)

Engineer Osama Zaid, Pakistan Bachelor in civil Engineering from SCET

Wah 2017. Master in Structure Engineering from Military College of
Engineering NUST 2020

Mushtaq Ahmad is Research assistant in IKRAM Pavement Engineering,

completed BSc civil Engineering in 2008 from the CECOS Engineering
University Peshawer Pakistan. Start career as a engineering job in Peshawer,
Pakistan and lead for 3-Years before proceed for specialization in pavement
Engineering materials, recycling polymer materials, especially HDPE, PP,
PE, PET replacement with Binding materials. Currently perusing PhD in
Energy harvesting from asphalt pavement