A PROJECT REPORT ON

PLANNING, ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF

A FOUR-STORED RESIDENTIAL BULDING
BY USING STAAD PRO.
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE
OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
BY
SAGNIK BANERJEE SUPRIYA BANERJEE
(09118013003) (09118013028)
SHASHANK SOURAV MIJANUR RAHAMAN MONDAL
(09118013058) (011801310064)
UTTAM KUMAR BARAI MANSUR HABIB CHOWDHURY
(09118013044) (9118013038)

UNDER THE ABLE GUIDANCE OF

DR. B.T.GHOSHAL
(PROFESSOR & HEAD)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
BIRBHUM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
SURI, BIRBHUM-731101
NOVEMBER 2012
 CONTENTS

ABSTRACT 2
CANDIDATE DECLARATION 3
CERTIFICATE 4
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 5
LIST OF FIGURES 6

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION 7
CHAPTER 2
LOADS CONSIDERED 8

2.1 DEAD LOAD

2.2 IMPOSED LOAD
2.3 WIND LOAD
2.4 SEISMIC LOAD
CHAPTER 3
WORKING WITH STAAD. Pro 12
3.1 INPUT GENERATION
3.2 TYPES OF STRUCTURE
3.3 GENERATION OF THE STRUCTURE
3.4 MATERIAL CONSTANTS
3.5 SUPPORTS
3.6 LOADS
3.7 SECTION TYPES FOR CONCRETE DESIGN
3.8 DESIGN PARAMETERS
3.9 BEAM DESIGN
3.10 COLUMN DESIGN
3.11 DESIGN OPERATIONS
3.12 GENERAL COMMENTS
3.13 POST PROCESSING FACILITIES
CHAPTER 4
ANALYSIS OF G+4 RCC FRAMED BUILDING 18
USING STAAD. Pro
4.1 PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF BUILDING
4.2 GENERATION OF MEMBER PROPERTY
4.3 SUPPORTS
4.4 MATERIALS FOR THE STRUCTURE
4.5 LOADING
CHAPTER 5
DESIGN OF G+4 RCC FRAMED BUILDING 30
USING STAAD.Pro
CHAPTER 6
STAAD.Pro INPUT COMMAND FILE 31
0
CHAPTER 7
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN RESULTS 45
CHAPTER 8
POST PROCESSING MODE 50
CHAPTER 9
FOOTING DESIGN USING EXCEL 53
9.1 ASSUMPTIONS
9.2 LOAD
9.3 SLAB DESIGN
9.4 DESIGN OF FOOTING
CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSION

1
 ABSTRACT

The principle objective of this project is to analyse and design a multi-storeyed

building [G +4 (3 dimensional frame)] using STAAD Pro. The design involves
load calculations manually and analysing the whole structure by STAAD Pro.
From model generation, analysis, and design to visualization and result
verification, it is the professional‟s choice. Initially we started with the analysis
of simple 2 dimensional frames and manually checked the accuracy of the
software with our results. The results proved to be very accurate. We analysed
and designed a G+ 4 storey building [2-D Frame] initially for all possible load
combinations [dead, live, wind and seismic loads]. STAAD.Pro has a very
interactive user interface which allows the users to draw the frame and input the
load values and dimensions. Then according to the specified criteria assigned it
analyses the structure and designs the members with reinforcement details for
RCC frames. We continued with our work with some more multi-storeyed 2-D
and 3-D frames under various load combinations. Our final work was the proper
analysis and design of a G +4 3-D RCC frame under various load combinations.
with the dimensions of 3m. The y-axis consisted of G +4 floors. The total
ground floor height was 1.5m had a .The structure was subjected to self-weight,
dead load, live load, wind load and seismic loads under the load case details of
STAAD.Pro. The wind load values were generated by STAAD.Pro considering
the given wind intensities at different heights and strictly abiding by the
specifications of IS 875. Seismic load calculations were done following IS
1893-2000. The materials were specified and cross-sections of the beam and
column members were assigned. The supports at the base of the structure were
also specified as fixed. The codes of practise to be followed were also specified
for design purpose with other important details. Then STAAD.Pro was used to
analyse the structure and design the members. In the post-processing mode,
after completion of the design, we can work on the structure and study the
bending moment and shear force values with the generated diagrams. We may
also check the deflection of various members under the given loading
combinations. The design of the building is dependent upon the minimum
requirements as prescribed in the Indian Standard Codes. The minimum
requirements pertaining to the structural safety of buildings are being covered
by way of laying down minimum design loads which have to be assumed for
dead loads, imposed loads, and other external loads, the structure would be
required to bear. Strict conformity to loading standards recommended in this
code, it is hoped, will ensure the structural safety of the buildings which are
being designed. The whole structure designed by LIMIT STATE method.

2
 CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the work which is being presented in this project entitled
“PLANNING ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF A FOUR-STORIED
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING USING STAAD Pro” in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of B.Tech. in civil engineering,
BIRBHUM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY, B.I.E.T. is an
authentic record of our own work carried out under the supervision of Dr.
B.T.Goshal, H.O.D of Civil Engineering Department, B.I.E.T. Suri, Birbhum.

The matter embodied in this project has not been submitted for the award of any
other degree or diploma.

SUPRIYA BANERJEE MIJANUR RAHAMAN MONDAL

(CE-43/09) (CE-D-02/10)

SAGNIK BANERJEE MANSUR HABIB CHOWDHURY

(CE-55/09) (CE-32/09)

SHASHANK SOURAV UTTAM KUMAR BARAI

(CE-22/09) (CE-08/09)

3
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “PLANNING ANALYSIS &

DESIGN OF A FOUR-STORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING USING
STAAD Pro” in partial fulfilment of the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in the field of Civil Engineering under WEST BENGAL
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOGY is the bonafied representation of the work
carried out by

SUPRIYA BANERJEE, SAGNIK BANERJEE, SHASHANK SOURAV,

MIJANUR RAHAMAN MONDAL, MANSUR HABIB
CHOWDHURY,UTTAM KUMAR BARAI.
Under the able guidance of Dr. B.T. GHOSHAL (PROFESSOR & HEAD),
Department of Civil Engineering, Birbhum Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Suri, Birbhum.

(Dr. B.T.Ghoshal ) ( Dr. Bhabes Bhattacharya )

Proferssor & H.O.D of Civil Engg. Dept. Director
Birbhum Institute of Engineering & Technology Birbhum Institute of Engineering & Technology
Suri, Birbhum Suri, Birbhum

4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to express our sincere regards & gratitude to Dr. B.T.Ghosal,Prof. &
H.O.D of Department of Civil Engineering department ,for his valuable
guidance and encouragement of this project.
We are thankful to Mr. Sanjay Sengupta Asst. Professor, Dept. of Civil
Engineering, Rahul Sinha, Asst. Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering and
Apurba Banerjee, Dept. of Civil Engineering for their guidance &
encouragement whole hearted co-operation and suggestion in preparation of this
project.
Last but in the not in list, we have no adequate words to express our deep sense
of gratitude to our parents & family members who have a constant source of
inspiration

SUPRIYA BANERJEE MIJANUR RAHAMAN MONDAL

(CE-43/09) (CE-D-02/10)

SAGNIK BANERJEE MANSUR HABIB CHOWDHURY

(CE-55/09) (CE-32/09)

SHASHANK SOURAV UTTAM KUMAR BARAI

(CE-22/09) (CE-08/09)

5
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No Title

3.1 STAAD input file

3.2 Generation of structure through GUI
3.3 Member load configuration
4.1 Plan of the G+4 storey building
4.2 Elevation of the G+4 storey building
4.3 Generation of member property
4.4 Fixing supports of the structure
4.5 Primary load cases
4.6 Input window of floor load generator
4.7 load distribution by trapezoidal method
4.8 The structure under DL from slab
4.9 The structure under live load
4.10 Defining wind load intensities
4.11 Wind load effect on structure elevation and plan
4.12 Seismic load definition
4.13 Structure under seismic load
4.14 Under combination with wind load
4.15 Under combination with seismic load
4.16 GUI showing the analysing window
5.1 Input window for design purpose
5.2 Design specifications in STAAD.Pro
7.1 Geometry of beam no. 265
7.2 Property of beam no. 265
7.3 Shear bending of beam no. 265
7.4 Deflection of beam no. 265
7.5 Concrete design of beam no. 265
7.6 Concrete design of column no. 3
8.1 Post processing mode in STAAD.Pro
8.2 Bending in Z
8.3 Shear stress at any section
8.4 Graph for shear force and bending moment for a beam
8.5 Graph for shear force and bending moment for a column

6
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Our project involves analysis and design of multi-storeyed [G + 4] using a very popular designing
software STAAD Pro. We have chosen STAAD Pro because of its following advantages:
 easy to use interface,
 conformation with the Indian Standard Codes,
 versatile nature of solving any type of problem,
 Accuracy of the solution.

STAAD.Pro features a state-of-the-art user interface, visualization tools, powerful analysis and
design engines with advanced finite element and dynamic analysis capabilities. From model
generation, analysis, and design to visualization and result verification, STAAD.Pro is the
professional‟s choice for steel, concrete, timber, aluminium and cold-formed steel design of low
and high-rise buildings, culverts, petrochemical plants, tunnels, bridges, piles and much more.

STAAD.Pro consists of the following:

The STAAD.Pro Graphical User Interface: It is used to generate the model, which can then be
analysed using the STAAD engine. After analysis and design is completed, the GUI can also be
used to view the results graphically. The STAAD analysis and design engine: It is a general-
purpose calculation engine for structural analysis and integrated Steel, Concrete, Timber and
Aluminium design. To start with we have solved some sample problems using STAAD Pro and
checked the accuracy of the results with manual calculations. The results were to satisfaction and
were accurate. In the initial phase of our project we have done calculations regarding loadings on
buildings and also considered seismic and wind loads. Structural analysis comprises the set of
physical laws and mathematics required to study and predicts the behaviour of structures.
Structural analysis can be viewed more abstractly as a method to drive the engineering design
process or prove the soundness of a design without a dependence on directly testing it. The aim of
design is the achievement of an acceptable probability that structures being designed will perform
satisfactorily during their intended life. With an appropriate degree of safety, they should sustain
all the loads and deformations of normal construction and use, have adequate durability and
adequate resistance to the effects of seismic, and wind. Structure and structural elements shall
normally be designed by Limit State Method. Account should be taken of accepted theories,
experiment and experience and the need to design for durability. Design, including design for
durability, construction, and use in service should be considered as a whole. The realization of
design objectives requires compliance with clearly defined standards for materials, production,
workmanship and also maintenance and use of structure in service. The design of the building is
dependent upon the minimum requirements as prescribed in the Indian Standard Codes. The
minimum requirements pertaining to the structural safety of buildings are being covered by way
of laying down minimum design loads which have to be assumed for dead loads, imposed loads,
and other external loads, the structure would be required to bear. Strict conformity to loading
standards recommended in this code, it is hoped, will not only ensure the structure safetly of the
building which are being designed.

7
 CHAPTER 2
LOAD CONSIDERED
2.1 DEAD LOADS

All permanent constructions of the structure form the dead loads. The dead load comprises of
the weights of walls, partitions floor finishes, false ceilings, false floors and the other
permanent constructions in the buildings. The dead load loads may be calculated from the
dimensions of various members and their unit weights. the unit weights of plain concrete and
reinforced concrete made with sand and gravel or crushed natural stone aggregate may be
taken as 24 kN/m” and 25 kN/m” respectively.

2.2 IMPOSED LOADS

Imposed load is produced by the intended use or occupancy of a building including the
weight of movable partitions, distributed and concentrated loads, load due to impact and
vibration and dust loads. Imposed loads do not include loads due to wind, seismic activity,
snow, and loads imposed due to temperature changes to which the structure will be subjected
to, creep and shrinkage of the structure, the differential settlements to which the structure
may undergo.

2.3 WIND LOAD

Wind is air in motion relative to the surface of the earth. The primary cause of wind is traced
to earth‟s rotation and differences in terrestrial radiation. The radiation effects are primarily
responsible for convection either upwards or downwards. The wind generally blows
horizontal to the ground at high wind speeds. Since vertical components of atmospheric
motion are relatively small, the term „wind‟ denotes almost exclusively the horizontal wind,
vertical winds are always identified as such. The wind speeds are assessed with the aid of
anemometers or anemographs which are installed at meteorological observatories at heights
generally varying from 10 to 30 metres above ground.

Design Wind Speed (V,)

The basic wind speed (V,) for any site shall be obtained from and shall be modified to include
the following effects to get design wind velocity at any height (V,) for the chosen structure:
a) Risk level;
b) Terrain roughness, height and size of structure; and
c) Local topography.
It can be mathematically expressed as follows:
Where:
V = Vb * kl * k2* k3
Vb = design wind speed at any height z in m/s;
kl = probability factor (risk coefficient)
k2 = terrain, height and structure size factor and
k3 = topography factor
Risk Coefficient (kI Factor) gives basic wind speeds for terrain Category 2 as applicable at
10 m above ground level based on 50 years mean return period. In the design of all buildings
and structures, a regional basic wind speed having a mean return period of 50 years shall be
used.

8
Terrain, Height and Structure Size Factor (k2 Factor)

Terrain - Selection of terrain categories shall be made with due regard to the effect of
obstructions which constitute the ground surface roughness. The terrain category used in the
design of a structure may vary depending on the direction of wind under consideration.
Wherever sufficient meteorological information is available about the nature of wind
direction, the orientation of any building or structure may be suitably planned.

Topography (ks Factor) - The basic wind speed Vb takes account of the general level of site
above sea level. This does not allow for local topographic features such as hills, valleys,
cliffs, escarpments, or ridges which can significantly affect wind speed in their vicinity. The
effect of topography is to accelerate wind near the summits of hills or crests of cliffs,
escarpments, or ridges and decelerate the wind in valleys or near the foot of cliff, steep
escarpments, or ridges.

WIND PRESSURES AND FORCES ON BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES:

The wind load on a building shall be calculated for:

a) The building as a whole,
b) Individual structural elements as roofs and walls, and
c) Individual cladding units including glazing and their fixings.

Pressure Coefficients - The pressure coefficients are always given for a particular surface or part
of the surface of a building. The wind load acting normal to a surface is obtained by multiplying
the area of that surface or its appropriate portion by the pressure coefficient (C,) and the design
wind pressure at the height of the surface from the ground. Then the wind load, F, acting in a
direction normal to the individual structural element or Cladding unit is:
F= (Cpe – Cpi) A Pd
Where,
Cpe = external pressure coefficient,
Cpi = internal pressure- coefficient,
A = surface area of structural or cladding unit, and
Pd = design wind pressure element

2.4 SEISMIC LOAD

Design Lateral Force

The design lateral force shall first be computed for the building as a whole. This design
lateral force shall then be distributed to the various floor levels. The overall design seismic
force thus obtained at each floor level shall then be distributed to individual lateral load
resisting elements depending on the floor diaphragm action.

9
Design Seismic Base Shear
The total design lateral force or design seismic base shear (Vb) along any principal direction
shall be determined by the following expression:
Vb = Ah W
Where,
Ah = horizontal acceleration spectrum
W = seismic weight of all the floors

Fundamental Natural Period

The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration (T,), in seconds, of a moment-
resisting frame building without brick in the panels may be estimated by the empirical
expression:
Ta=0.075 h0.75 for RC frame building
Ta=0.085 h0.75 for steel frame building
Where,
h = Height of building, in m. This excludes the basement storeys.
Ta= The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration (T,) in seconds.

Expression:
T=.09H/ D
Where,
h= Height of building
d= Base dimension of the building at the plinth level, in m, along the considered direction of
the lateral force.

Distribution of Design Force

Vertical Distribution of Base Shear to Different Floor Level

The design base shear (V) shall be distributed along the height of the building as per the
following expression:

Qi=Design lateral force at floor i,

Wi =Seismic weight of floor i,
Hi =Height of floor i measured from base, and
n=Number of storeys in the building is the number of levels at which the masses are located

10
Dynamic Analysis-
Dynamic analysis shall be performed to obtain the design seismic force, and its distribution to
different levels along the height of the building and to the various lateral load resisting
elements, for the following
Buildings:
a) Regular buildings -Those greater than 40 m in height in Zones IV and V and those Greater
than 90 m in height in Zones II and 111.
b) Irregular buildings – All framed buildings higher than 12m in Zones IV and V and those
greater than 40m in height in Zones 11 and III.
The analytical model for dynamic analysis of buildings with unusual configuration should be
such that it adequately models the types of irregularities present in the building configuration.
Buildings with plan irregularities cannot be modelled for dynamic analysis.
For irregular buildings, lesser than 40 m in height in Zones 11and III, dynamic analysis, even
though not mandatory, is recommended. Dynamic analysis may be performed either by the
Time History Method or by the Response Spectrum Method. However, in either method, the
design base shear (VB) shall be compared with a base shear (VB)

Time History Method-

Time history method of analysis shall be based on an appropriate ground motion and shall be
performed using accepted principles of dynamics.

Response Spectrum Method-

Response spectrum method of analysis shall be performed using the design spectrum
specified, or by a site-specific design spectrum mentioned.

11
 CHAPTER 3
WORKING WITH STAAD Pro.
3.1 Input Generation:
The GUI (or user) communicates with the STAAD analysis engine through the extension of
.std input file. That input file is a text file consisting of a series of commands which are
executed sequentially. The commands contain either instructions or data pertaining to
analysis and/or design. The STAAD input file can be created through a text editor or the GUI
Modeling facility. In general, any text editor may be utilized to edit/create the STD input file.
The GUI Modeling facility creates the input file through an interactive menu-driven graphics
oriented procedure.

Fig 3.1: STAAD input file

3.2 Types of Structures:

A STRUCTURE can be defined as an assemblage of elements. STAAD is capable of
analyzing and designing structures consisting of frame, plate/shell and solid elements. Almost
any type of structure can be analyzed by STAAD.
A SPACE structure, which is a three dimensional framed structure with loads applied in any
plane, is the most general.
A PLANE structure is bound by a global X-Y coordinate system with loads in the same
plane.
A TRUSS structure consists of truss members which can have only axial member forces and
no bending in the members.
A FLOOR structure is a two or three dimensional structure having no horizontal (global X or
Z) movement of the structure [FX, FZ & MY are restrained at every joint].
3.3 Generation of the structure:
The structure may be generated from the input file or mentioning the co-ordinates in the GUI.
The figure below shows the GUI generation method.

12
Fig 3.2: generation of structure through GUI

3.4 Material Constants:

The material constants are: modulus of elasticity (E); weight density (DEN); Poisson's ratio
(POISS); co-efficient of thermal expansion (ALPHA), Composite Damping Ratio, and beta
angle (BETA) or coordinates for any reference (REF) point. E value for members must be
provided or the analysis will not be performed. Weight density (DEN) is used only when self
weight of the structure is to be taken into account. Poisson's ratio (POISS) is used to calculate
the shear modulus (commonly known as G) by the formula,
G = 0.5 x E/ (1 + POISS)
If Poisson's ratio is not provided, STAAD will assume a value for this quantity based on the
value of E. Coefficient of thermal expansion (ALPHA) is used to calculate the expansion of
the members if temperature loads are applied. The temperature unit for temperature load and
ALPHA has to be the same.

3.5 Supports:
Supports are specified as PINNED, FIXED, or FIXED with different releases (known as
FIXED BUT).

3.6 Loads:
Loads in a structure can be specified as joint load, member load, temperature load and fixed-end
member load. STAAD can also generate the self-weight of the structure and use it as uniformly
distributed member loads in analysis. Any fraction of this self weight can also be applied in any
desired direction.
Joint loads:
Joint loads, both forces and moments, may be applied to any free joint of a structure. These
loads act in the global coordinate system of the structure. Positive forces act in the positive
coordinate directions. Any number of loads may be applied on a single joint, in which case
the loads will be additive on that joint.

13
Member load:
Three types of member loads may be applied directly to a member of a structure. These loads
are uniformly distributed loads, concentrated loads, and linearly varying loads (including
trapezoidal). Uniform loads act on the full or partial length of a member. Concentrated loads
act at any intermediate, specified point. Linearly varying loads act over the full length of a
member. Trapezoidal linearly varying loads act over the full or partial length of a member.

Area/floor load:
Many times a floor (bound by X-Z plane) is subjected to a uniformly distributed load. It
could require a lot of work to calculate the member load for individual members in that floor.
However, with the AREA or FLOOR LOAD command, the user can specify the area loads
(unit load per unit square area) for members. The program will calculate the tributary area for
these members and provide the proper member loads. The Area Load is used for one way
distributions and the Floor Load is used for two way distributions.
Fixed end member load:
Load effects on a member may also be specified in terms of its fixed end loads. These loads
are given in terms of the member coordinate system and the directions are opposite to the
actual load on the member. Each end of a member can have six forces: axial; shear y; shear z;
torsion; moment y, and moment z.

14
Load Generator – Moving load, Wind & Seismic:
Load generation is the process of taking a load causing unit such as wind pressure, ground
movement or a truck on a bridge, and converting it to a form such as member load or a joint
load which can be then be used in the analysis.
Moving Load Generator:
This feature enables the user to generate moving loads on members of a structure. Moving
load system(s) consisting of concentrated loads at fixed specified distances in both directions
on a plane can be defined by the user. A user specified number of primary load cases will be
subsequently generated by the program and taken into consideration in analysis.
Seismic Load Generator:
The STAAD seismic load generator follows the procedure of equivalent lateral load analysis.
It is assumed that the lateral loads will be exerted in X and Z directions and Y will be the
direction of the gravity loads. Thus, for a building model, Y axis will be perpendicular to the
floors and point upward (all Y joint coordinates positive). For load generation per the codes,
the user is required to provide seismic zone coefficients, importance factors, and soil
characteristic parameters
Wind Load Generator:
The STAAD Wind Load generator is capable of calculating wind loads on joints of a structure
from user specified wind intensities and exposure factors. Different wind intensities may be
specified for different height zones of the structure. Openings in the structure may be
modelled using exposure factors.

3.7 Section Types for Concrete Design:

The following types of cross sections for concrete members can be designed.
For Beams Prismatic (Rectangular & Square) & T-shape
For Columns Prismatic (Rectangular, Square and Circular)

3.8 Design Parameters:

The program contains a number of parameters that are needed to perform design as per IS
13920. It accepts all parameters that are needed to perform design as per IS: 456. Over and
above it has some other parameters that are required only when designed is performed as per
IS: 13920. Default parameter values have been selected such that they are frequently used
numbers for conventional design requirements. These values may be changed to suit the
particular design being performed by this manual contains a complete list of the available
parameters and their default values. It is necessary to declare length and force units as
Millimetre and Newton before performing the concrete design.

3.9 Beam Design:

Beams are designed for flexure, shear and torsion. If required the effect of the axial force may
be taken into consideration. For all these forces, all active beam loadings are pre-scanned to

15
identify the critical load cases at different sections of the beams. For design to be performed
as per IS: 13920 the width of the member shall not be less than 200mm. Also the member
shall preferably have a width-to depth ratio of more than 0.3.
Design for Shear:
The shear force to be resisted by vertical hoops is guided by the IS 13920:1993 revision.
Elastic sagging and hogging moments of resistance of the beam section at ends are
considered while calculating shear force. Plastic sagging and hogging moments of resistance
can also be considered for shear design if PLASTIC parameter is mentioned in the input file.
Shear reinforcement is calculated to resist both shear forces and torsional moments.

3.10 Column Design:

Columns are designed for axial forces and biaxial moments per IS 456:2000. Columns are
also designed for shear forces. All major criteria for selecting longitudinal and transverse
reinforcement as stipulated by IS: 456 have been taken care of in the column design of
STAAD. However following clauses have been satisfied to incorporate provisions of IS
13920:
1 The minimum grade of concrete shall preferably be M20
2. Steel reinforcements of grade Fe415 or less only shall be used.
3. The minimum dimension of column member shall not be less than 200 mm. For columns
having unsupported length exceeding 4m, the shortest dimension of column shall not be less
than 300 mm.
4. The ratio of the shortest cross-sectional dimension to the perpendicular dimension shall
preferably be not less than 0.
5. The spacing of hoops shall not exceed half the least lateral dimension of the column,
except where special confining reinforcement is provided.
6. Special confining reinforcement shall be provided over a length lo from each joint face,
towards mid span, and on either side of any section, where flexural yielding may occur. The
length lo shall not be less than a) larger lateral dimension of the member at the section where
yielding occurs, b) 1/6 of clear span of the member, and c) 450 mm.
7. The spacing of hoops used as special confining reinforcement shall not exceed ¼ of
minimum member dimension but need not be less than 75 mm nor more than 100 mm.

3.11 Design Operations:

STAAD contains a broad set of facilities for designing structural members as individual
components of an analyzed structure. The member design facilities provide the user with the
ability to carry out a number of different design operations. These facilities may design problem.
The operations to perform a design are:
• Specify the members and the load cases to be considered in the design.
• Specify whether to perform code checking or member selection.
• Specify design parameter values, if different from the default values.
• Specify whether to perform member selection by optimization.

16
These operations may be repeated by the user any number of times depending upon the design
requirements.
Earthquake motion often induces force large enough to cause inelastic deformations in the
structure. If the structure is brittle, sudden failure could occur. But if the structure is made to
behave ductile, it will be able to sustain the earthquake effects better with some deflection larger
than the yield deflection by absorption of energy. Therefore ductility is also required as an
essential element for safety from sudden collapse during severe shocks. STAAD has the
capabilities of performing concrete design as per IS 13920. While designing it satisfies all
provisions of IS 456 – 2000 and IS 13920 for beams and columns.

3.12 General Comments:

This section presents some general statements regarding the implementation of Indian
Standard code of practice (IS: 800-1984) for structural steel design in STAAD.

Allowable Stresses:
The member design and code checking in STAAD are based upon the allowable stress design
method as per IS: 800 (1984). It is a method for proportioning structural members using design
loads and forces, allowable stresses, and design limitations for the appropriate material under
service conditions.
Multiple Analyses:
Structural analysis/design may require multiple analyses in the same run. STAAD allows the user
to change input such as member properties, support conditions etc. in an input file to facilitate
multiple analyses in the same run. STAAD provides an INACTIVE facility for this type of
analysis.

3.13 Post Processing Facilities:

All output from the STAAD run may be utilized for further processing by the STAAD.Pro GUI.

Stability Requirements
Slenderness ratios are calculated for all members and checked against the appropriate
maximum values. IS:800 summarize the maximum slenderness ratios for different types of
members. In STAAD implementation of IS: 800, appropriate maximum slenderness ratio can
be provided for each member. If no maximum slenderness ratio is provided, compression
Deflection Check
This facility allows the user to consider deflection as criteria in the CODE CHECK and
MEMBER SELECTION processes. The deflection check may be controlled using three
parameters. Deflection is used in addition to other strength and stability related criteria. The
local deflection calculation is based on the latest analysis results.
Code Checking
The purpose of code checking is to verify whether the specified section is capable of
satisfying applicable design code requirements. The code checking is based on the IS: 800
(1984) requirements. Forces and moments at specified sections of the members are utilized
for the code checking calculations. Sections may be specified using the BEAM parameter or
the SECTION command. If no sections are specified, the code checking is based on forces
and moments at the member ends.

17
 CHAPTER 4
ANALYSIS OF G + 4 RCC FRAMED BUILDING USING
STAAD.Pro

Fig 4.1: plan of the G+4 storey building

All columns = 0.40 X 0.40 m

Outer beams = 0.4 X 0.25 m
All slabs = 0.20 m thick
Inner beam = 0.3 X 0.3

18
 Fig 4.2: elevation of the G+4 storey building

4.1 Physical parameters of building:

Length = 4 bays @4.6m + 2 bays@3.65 + 2.35 = 76.81m
Width = 4 bays @ 4.6 m =18.4m
Height = 1.5m + 4storeys @ 3.0m = 13.5m
Live load on the floors is 3kN/m2
Live load on the roof is 0.75kN/m2

Grade of concrete and steel used

Used M30 concrete and Fe 415 steel

19
4.2 Generation of member property:

Fig 4.3: Generation of member property

4.3 Supports:
The base supports of the structure were assigned as fixed. The supports were generated using the
STAAD.Pro support generator.

Fig 4.4: fixing supports of the structure

20
4.4 Materials for the structure:
The materials for the structure were specified as concrete with their various constants as per
standard IS code of practice.
4.5 Loading:
The loadings were calculated partially manually and rest was generated using STAAD.Pro load
generator. The loading cases were categorized as:
Self-weight
 Dead load from slab
 Live load
 Wind load
 Seismic load
 Load combinations

Fig 4.5: load cases

Self-weight

The self weight of the structure can be generated by STAAD.Pro itself with the self weight
command in the load case column.

Dead load from slab:

Dead load from slab can also be generated by STAAD.Pro by specifying the floor thickness and
the load on the floor per sq m.

21
Fig 4.6: input window of floor load generator

Fig 4.7: load distribution by trapezoidal method

22
 Fig. 4.8: the structure under DL
The live load considered in each floor was 2.5 KN/ m2 and for the terrace level it was
considered to be 0.75 KN/sq m. The live loads were generated in a similar manner as done in
the earlier case for dead load in each floor. This may be done from the member load button
from the load case column.

23
Fig 4.9: the structure under live load

Wind load:

The wind load values were generated by the software itself in accordance with IS 875. Under
the define load command section, in the wind load category, the definition of wind load was
24
supplied. The wind intensities at various heights were calculated manually and feed to the
software. Based on those values it generates the wind load at different floors.

Fig 4.10: defining wind load intensities

(a)

(b)

Fig 4.11(a)/(b): wind load effect on structure along X direction(plan/elevation)

25
Seismic load
The seismic load values were calculated as per IS 1893-2002. STAAD.Pro has a seismic load
generator in accordance with the IS code mentioned.
Description
The seismic load generator can be used to generate lateral loads in the X and Z directions only. Y
is the direction of gravity loads. This facility has not been developed for cases where the Z axis is
set to be the vertical direction using the “SET Z UP” command.
Methodology
The design base shear is computed by STAAD in accordance with the IS: 1893(Part 1)-2002.
V = A*h*W
Where, A*h = (Z*I*Sa)/ (2*R*g)

General format:
DEFINE 1893 LOAD
ZONE f1 1893-spec
SELFWEIGHT
JOINT WEIGHT
Joint-list WEIGHT w
1893-Spec= {RF f2, I f3, SS f4, (ST f5), DM f6, (PX f7),
(PZ f8), (DT f9)}
Where,
Zone f1 = Seismic zone coefficient.
RF f2 = Response reduction factor.
I f3 = Importance factor depending upon the functional use. of the structures, characterized by
hazardous consequences of its failure, post-earthquake functional needs, historical value, or
economic importance.
SS f4 = Rock or soil sites factor (=1 for hard soil, 2 for medium soil, 3 for soft soil).
Depending on type of soil, average response acceleration coefficient Sa/g is calculated
corresponding to 5% damping
ST f5 = Optional value for type of structure (=1 for RC frame building, 2 for Steel frame
building, 3 for all other buildings).
DM f6 = Damping ratio to obtain multiplying factor for calculating Sa/g for different
damping. If no damping is specified 5% damping (default value 0.05) will be considered
corresponding to which multiplying factor is 1.0.
PX f7 = Optional period of structure (in sec) in X direction. If this is defined this value will
be used to calculate Sa/g for generation of seismic load along X direction.
PZ f8 = Optional period of structure (in sec) in Z direction. If this is defined this value will be
used to calculate Sa/g for generation of seismic load along Z direction.
DT f9 = Depth of foundation below ground level.

26
 Fig 4.12: seismic load definition

Fig 4.13: structure under seismic load

27
Load combination:

The structure has been analysed for load combinations considering all the previous loads in
proper ratio. In the first case a combination of self-weight, dead load, live load and wind load
was taken in to consideration. In the second combination case instead of wind load seismic
load was taken into consideration.

Fig 4.14: under combination with wind load

Fig 4.15: under combination with seismic load

28
Fig 4.16: GUI showing the analyzing window
29
 CHAPTER 5
DESIGN OF G + 4 RCC FRAMED BUILDING USING
STAAD.Pro
The structure was designed for concrete in accordance with IS code. The parameters such as clear
cover, Fy, Fc, etc were specified. The window shown below is the input window for the design
purpose. Then it has to be specified which members are to be designed as beam and which
members are to be designed as columns.

Fig 5.1: input window for design purpose.

Fig 5.2: design specifications in STAAD.Pro

30
 CHAPTER 6

STAAD.Pro INPUT COMMAND FILE

The STAAD.Pro input command file for our particular G+21 storey building has been shown
below:
STAAD SPACE
START JOB INFORMATION
ENGINEER DATE 01-Jan-13
END JOB INFORMATION
INPUT WIDTH 79
UNIT METER KN
JOINT COORDINATES
1 0 0 0; 2 4.6 0 0; 3 9.2 0 0; 4 9.2 0 2.7; 5 12.85 0 2.7; 7 0 0 4.6;
8 4.6 0 4.6; 9 9.2 0 4.6; 10 12.85 0 4.6; 11 0 0 9.2; 12 4.6 0 9.2;
13 9.2 0 9.2; 14 12.85 0 9.2; 15 0 0 13.8; 16 4.6 0 13.8; 17 9.2 0 13.8;
18 12.85 0 13.8; 19 9.2 0 15.7; 20 12.85 0 15.7; 22 0 0 18.4; 23 4.6 0 18.4;
24 9.2 0 18.4; 25 28.05 0 0; 26 23.45 0 0; 27 18.85 0 0; 28 18.85 0 2.7;
29 15.2 0 2.7; 30 28.05 0 4.6; 31 23.45 0 4.6; 32 18.85 0 4.6; 33 15.2 0 4.6;
34 28.05 0 9.2; 35 23.45 0 9.2; 36 18.85 0 9.2; 37 15.2 0 9.2; 38 28.05 0 13.8;
39 23.45 0 13.8; 40 18.85 0 13.8; 41 15.2 0 13.8; 42 18.85 0 15.7;
43 15.2 0 15.7; 44 28.05 0 18.4; 45 23.45 0 18.4; 46 18.85 0 18.4; 47 0 1.5 0;
48 4.6 1.5 0; 49 9.2 1.5 0; 50 9.2 1.5 2.7; 51 12.85 1.5 2.7; 52 0 1.5 4.6;
53 4.6 1.5 4.6; 54 9.2 1.5 4.6; 55 12.85 1.5 4.6; 56 0 1.5 9.2; 57 4.6 1.5 9.2;
58 9.2 1.5 9.2; 59 12.85 1.5 9.2; 60 0 1.5 13.8; 61 4.6 1.5 13.8;
62 9.2 1.5 13.8; 63 12.85 1.5 13.8; 64 9.2 1.5 15.7; 65 12.85 1.5 15.7;
66 0 1.5 18.4; 67 4.6 1.5 18.4; 68 9.2 1.5 18.4; 69 28.05 1.5 0;
70 23.45 1.5 0; 71 18.85 1.5 0; 72 18.85 1.5 2.7; 73 15.2 1.5 2.7;
74 28.05 1.5 4.6; 75 23.45 1.5 4.6; 76 18.85 1.5 4.6; 77 15.2 1.5 4.6;
78 28.05 1.5 9.2; 79 23.45 1.5 9.2; 80 18.85 1.5 9.2; 81 15.2 1.5 9.2;
82 28.05 1.5 13.8; 83 23.45 1.5 13.8; 84 18.85 1.5 13.8; 85 15.2 1.5 13.8;
86 18.85 1.5 15.7; 87 15.2 1.5 15.7; 88 28.05 1.5 18.4; 89 23.45 1.5 18.4;

31
90 18.85 1.5 18.4; 91 0 4.5 0; 92 4.6 4.5 0; 93 9.2 4.5 0; 94 9.2 4.5 2.7;
95 12.85 4.5 2.7; 96 0 4.5 4.6; 97 4.6 4.5 4.6; 98 9.2 4.5 4.6;
99 12.85 4.5 4.6; 100 0 4.5 9.2; 101 4.6 4.5 9.2; 102 9.2 4.5 9.2;
103 12.85 4.5 9.2; 104 0 4.5 13.8; 105 4.6 4.5 13.8; 106 9.2 4.5 13.8;
107 12.85 4.5 13.8; 108 9.2 4.5 15.7; 109 12.85 4.5 15.7; 110 0 4.5 18.4;
111 4.6 4.5 18.4; 112 9.2 4.5 18.4; 113 28.05 4.5 0; 114 23.45 4.5 0;
115 18.85 4.5 0; 116 18.85 4.5 2.7; 117 15.2 4.5 2.7; 118 28.05 4.5 4.6;
119 23.45 4.5 4.6; 120 18.85 4.5 4.6; 121 15.2 4.5 4.6; 122 28.05 4.5 9.2;
123 23.45 4.5 9.2; 124 18.85 4.5 9.2; 125 15.2 4.5 9.2; 126 28.05 4.5 13.8;
127 23.45 4.5 13.8; 128 18.85 4.5 13.8; 129 15.2 4.5 13.8; 130 18.85 4.5 15.7;
131 15.2 4.5 15.7; 132 28.05 4.5 18.4; 133 23.45 4.5 18.4; 134 18.85 4.5 18.4;
135 0 7.5 0; 136 4.6 7.5 0; 137 9.2 7.5 0; 138 9.2 7.5 2.7; 139 12.85 7.5 2.7;
140 0 7.5 4.6; 141 4.6 7.5 4.6; 142 9.2 7.5 4.6; 143 12.85 7.5 4.6;
144 0 7.5 9.2; 145 4.6 7.5 9.2; 146 9.2 7.5 9.2; 147 12.85 7.5 9.2;
148 0 7.5 13.8; 149 4.6 7.5 13.8; 150 9.2 7.5 13.8; 151 12.85 7.5 13.8;
152 9.2 7.5 15.7; 153 12.85 7.5 15.7; 154 0 7.5 18.4; 155 4.6 7.5 18.4;
156 9.2 7.5 18.4; 157 28.05 7.5 0; 158 23.45 7.5 0; 159 18.85 7.5 0;
160 18.85 7.5 2.7; 161 15.2 7.5 2.7; 162 28.05 7.5 4.6; 163 23.45 7.5 4.6;
164 18.85 7.5 4.6; 165 15.2 7.5 4.6; 166 28.05 7.5 9.2; 167 23.45 7.5 9.2;
168 18.85 7.5 9.2; 169 15.2 7.5 9.2; 170 28.05 7.5 13.8; 171 23.45 7.5 13.8;
172 18.85 7.5 13.8; 173 15.2 7.5 13.8; 174 18.85 7.5 15.7; 175 15.2 7.5 15.7;
176 28.05 7.5 18.4; 177 23.45 7.5 18.4; 178 18.85 7.5 18.4; 179 0 10.5 0;
180 4.6 10.5 0; 181 9.2 10.5 0; 182 9.2 10.5 2.7; 183 12.85 10.5 2.7;
184 0 10.5 4.6; 185 4.6 10.5 4.6; 186 9.2 10.5 4.6; 187 12.85 10.5 4.6;
188 0 10.5 9.2; 189 4.6 10.5 9.2; 190 9.2 10.5 9.2; 191 12.85 10.5 9.2;
192 0 10.5 13.8; 193 4.6 10.5 13.8; 194 9.2 10.5 13.8; 195 12.85 10.5 13.8;
196 9.2 10.5 15.7; 197 12.85 10.5 15.7; 198 0 10.5 18.4; 199 4.6 10.5 18.4;
200 9.2 10.5 18.4; 201 28.05 10.5 0; 202 23.45 10.5 0; 203 18.85 10.5 0;
204 18.85 10.5 2.7; 205 15.2 10.5 2.7; 206 28.05 10.5 4.6; 207 23.45 10.5 4.6;
208 18.85 10.5 4.6; 209 15.2 10.5 4.6; 210 28.05 10.5 9.2; 211 23.45 10.5 9.2;
212 18.85 10.5 9.2; 213 15.2 10.5 9.2; 214 28.05 10.5 13.8;

32
215 23.45 10.5 13.8; 216 18.85 10.5 13.8; 217 15.2 10.5 13.8;
218 18.85 10.5 15.7; 219 15.2 10.5 15.7; 220 28.05 10.5 18.4;
221 23.45 10.5 18.4; 222 18.85 10.5 18.4; 223 0 13.5 0; 224 4.6 13.5 0;
225 9.2 13.5 0; 226 9.2 13.5 2.7; 227 12.85 13.5 2.7; 228 0 13.5 4.6;
229 4.6 13.5 4.6; 230 9.2 13.5 4.6; 231 12.85 13.5 4.6; 232 0 13.5 9.2;
233 4.6 13.5 9.2; 234 9.2 13.5 9.2; 235 12.85 13.5 9.2; 236 0 13.5 13.8;
237 4.6 13.5 13.8; 238 9.2 13.5 13.8; 239 12.85 13.5 13.8; 240 9.2 13.5 15.7;
241 12.85 13.5 15.7; 242 0 13.5 18.4; 243 4.6 13.5 18.4; 244 9.2 13.5 18.4;
245 28.05 13.5 0; 246 23.45 13.5 0; 247 18.85 13.5 0; 248 18.85 13.5 2.7;
249 15.2 13.5 2.7; 250 28.05 13.5 4.6; 251 23.45 13.5 4.6; 252 18.85 13.5 4.6;
253 15.2 13.5 4.6; 254 28.05 13.5 9.2; 255 23.45 13.5 9.2; 256 18.85 13.5 9.2;
257 15.2 13.5 9.2; 258 28.05 13.5 13.8; 259 23.45 13.5 13.8;
260 18.85 13.5 13.8; 261 15.2 13.5 13.8; 262 18.85 13.5 15.7;
263 15.2 13.5 15.7; 264 28.05 13.5 18.4; 265 23.45 13.5 18.4;
266 18.85 13.5 18.4; 267 0 16.5 0; 268 4.6 16.5 0; 269 9.2 16.5 0;
270 9.2 16.5 2.7; 271 12.85 16.5 2.7; 272 0 16.5 4.6; 273 4.6 16.5 4.6;
274 9.2 16.5 4.6; 275 12.85 16.5 4.6; 276 0 16.5 9.2; 277 4.6 16.5 9.2;
278 9.2 16.5 9.2; 279 12.85 16.5 9.2; 280 0 16.5 13.8; 281 4.6 16.5 13.8;
282 9.2 16.5 13.8; 283 12.85 16.5 13.8; 284 9.2 16.5 15.7; 285 12.85 16.5 15.7;
286 0 16.5 18.4; 287 4.6 16.5 18.4; 288 9.2 16.5 18.4; 289 28.05 16.5 0;
290 23.45 16.5 0; 291 18.85 16.5 0; 292 18.85 16.5 2.7; 293 15.2 16.5 2.7;
294 28.05 16.5 4.6; 295 23.45 16.5 4.6; 296 18.85 16.5 4.6; 297 15.2 16.5 4.6;
298 28.05 16.5 9.2; 299 23.45 16.5 9.2; 300 18.85 16.5 9.2; 301 15.2 16.5 9.2;
302 28.05 16.5 13.8; 303 23.45 16.5 13.8; 304 18.85 16.5 13.8;
305 15.2 16.5 13.8; 306 18.85 16.5 15.7; 307 15.2 16.5 15.7;
308 28.05 16.5 18.4; 309 23.45 16.5 18.4; 310 18.85 16.5 18.4;
311 4.6 4.5 1.625; 312 9.2 4.5 1.625; 313 18.85 4.5 1.625; 314 23.45 4.5 1.625;
315 2.525 4.5 4.6; 316 2.525 4.5 9.2; 317 2.525 4.5 13.8; 318 4.6 4.5 16.775;
319 9.2 4.5 16.775; 320 18.85 4.5 16.775; 321 23.45 4.5 16.775;
322 25.525 4.5 4.6; 323 25.525 4.5 9.2; 324 25.525 4.5 13.8; 325 2.525 7.5 4.6;
326 25.525 7.5 4.6; 327 2.525 7.5 9.2; 328 25.525 7.5 9.2; 329 2.525 7.5 13.8;

33
330 25.525 7.5 13.8; 331 4.6 7.5 1.625; 332 4.6 7.5 16.775; 333 9.2 7.5 1.625;
334 9.2 7.5 16.775; 335 18.85 7.5 1.625; 336 18.85 7.5 16.775;
337 23.45 7.5 1.625; 338 23.45 7.5 16.775; 339 2.525 10.5 4.6;
340 25.525 10.5 4.6; 341 2.525 10.5 9.2; 342 25.525 10.5 9.2;
343 2.525 10.5 13.8; 344 25.525 10.5 13.8; 345 4.6 10.5 1.625;
346 4.6 10.5 16.775; 347 9.2 10.5 1.625; 348 9.2 10.5 16.775;
349 18.85 10.5 1.625; 350 18.85 10.5 16.775; 351 23.45 10.5 1.625;
352 23.45 10.5 16.775; 353 2.525 13.5 4.6; 354 25.525 13.5 4.6;
355 2.525 13.5 9.2; 356 25.525 13.5 9.2; 357 2.525 13.5 13.8;
358 25.525 13.5 13.8; 359 4.6 13.5 1.625; 360 4.6 13.5 16.775;
361 9.2 13.5 1.625; 362 9.2 13.5 16.775; 363 18.85 13.5 1.625;
364 18.85 13.5 16.775; 365 23.45 13.5 1.625; 366 23.45 13.5 16.775;
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 47; 2 47 91; 3 91 135; 4 135 179; 5 179 223; 6 223 267; 7 2 48; 8 48 92;
9 92 136; 10 136 180; 11 180 224; 12 224 268; 13 3 49; 14 49 93; 15 93 137;
16 137 181; 17 181 225; 18 225 269; 19 27 71; 20 71 115; 21 115 159;
22 159 203; 23 203 247; 24 247 291; 25 26 70; 26 70 114; 27 114 158;
28 158 202; 29 202 246; 30 246 290; 31 25 69; 32 69 113; 33 113 157;
34 157 201; 35 201 245; 36 245 289; 37 4 50; 38 50 94; 39 94 138; 40 138 182;
41 182 226; 42 226 270; 43 5 51; 44 51 95; 45 95 139; 46 139 183; 47 183 227;
48 227 271; 49 29 73; 50 73 117; 51 117 161; 52 161 205; 53 205 249;
54 249 293; 55 28 72; 56 72 116; 57 116 160; 58 160 204; 59 204 248;
60 248 292; 61 7 52; 62 52 96; 63 96 140; 64 140 184; 65 184 228; 66 228 272;
67 8 53; 68 53 97; 69 97 141; 70 141 185; 71 185 229; 72 229 273; 73 9 54;
74 54 98; 75 98 142; 76 142 186; 77 186 230; 78 230 274; 79 10 55; 80 55 99;
81 99 143; 82 143 187; 83 187 231; 84 231 275; 85 33 77; 86 77 121; 87 121 165;
88 165 209; 89 209 253; 90 253 297; 91 32 76; 92 76 120; 93 120 164;
94 164 208; 95 208 252; 96 252 296; 97 31 75; 98 75 119; 99 119 163;
100 163 207; 101 207 251; 102 251 295; 103 30 74; 104 74 118; 105 118 162;
106 162 206; 107 206 250; 108 250 294; 109 11 56; 110 56 100; 111 100 144;
112 144 188; 113 188 232; 114 232 276; 115 12 57; 116 57 101; 117 101 145;

34
118 145 189; 119 189 233; 120 233 277; 121 13 58; 122 58 102; 123 102 146;
124 146 190; 125 190 234; 126 234 278; 127 14 59; 128 59 103; 129 103 147;
130 147 191; 131 191 235; 132 235 279; 133 37 81; 134 81 125; 135 125 169;
136 169 213; 137 213 257; 138 257 301; 139 36 80; 140 80 124; 141 124 168;
142 168 212; 143 212 256; 144 256 300; 145 35 79; 146 79 123; 147 123 167;
148 167 211; 149 211 255; 150 255 299; 151 34 78; 152 78 122; 153 122 166;
154 166 210; 155 210 254; 156 254 298; 157 15 60; 158 60 104; 159 104 148;
160 148 192; 161 192 236; 162 236 280; 163 16 61; 164 61 105; 165 105 149;
166 149 193; 167 193 237; 168 237 281; 169 17 62; 170 62 106; 171 106 150;
172 150 194; 173 194 238; 174 238 282; 175 18 63; 176 63 107; 177 107 151;
178 151 195; 179 195 239; 180 239 283; 181 41 85; 182 85 129; 183 129 173;
184 173 217; 185 217 261; 186 261 305; 187 40 84; 188 84 128; 189 128 172;
190 172 216; 191 216 260; 192 260 304; 193 39 83; 194 83 127; 195 127 171;
196 171 215; 197 215 259; 198 259 303; 199 38 82; 200 82 126; 201 126 170;
202 170 214; 203 214 258; 204 258 302; 205 19 64; 206 64 108; 207 108 152;
208 152 196; 209 196 240; 210 240 284; 211 20 65; 212 65 109; 213 109 153;
214 153 197; 215 197 241; 216 241 285; 217 43 87; 218 87 131; 219 131 175;
220 175 219; 221 219 263; 222 263 307; 223 42 86; 224 86 130; 225 130 174;
226 174 218; 227 218 262; 228 262 306; 229 22 66; 230 66 110; 231 110 154;
232 154 198; 233 198 242; 234 242 286; 235 23 67; 236 67 111; 237 111 155;
238 155 199; 239 199 243; 240 243 287; 241 24 68; 242 68 112; 243 112 156;
244 156 200; 245 200 244; 246 244 288; 247 46 90; 248 90 134; 249 134 178;
250 178 222; 251 222 266; 252 266 310; 253 45 89; 254 89 133; 255 133 177;
256 177 221; 257 221 265; 258 265 309; 259 44 88; 260 88 132; 261 132 176;
262 176 220; 263 220 264; 264 264 308; 265 47 48; 266 48 49; 267 71 70;
268 70 69; 269 50 51; 270 51 73; 271 73 72; 272 52 53; 273 53 54; 274 54 55;
275 55 77; 276 77 76; 277 76 75; 278 75 74; 279 56 57; 280 57 58; 281 58 59;
282 59 81; 283 81 80; 284 80 79; 285 79 78; 286 60 61; 287 61 62; 288 62 63;
289 63 85; 290 85 84; 291 84 83; 292 83 82; 293 64 65; 294 65 87; 295 87 86;
296 66 67; 297 67 68; 298 90 89; 299 89 88; 300 47 52; 301 52 56; 302 56 60;
303 60 66; 304 48 53; 305 53 57; 306 57 61; 307 61 67; 308 49 50; 309 50 54;

35
310 54 58; 311 58 62; 312 62 64; 313 64 68; 314 51 55; 315 55 59; 316 59 63;
317 63 65; 318 73 77; 319 77 81; 320 81 85; 321 85 87; 322 71 72; 323 72 76;
324 76 80; 325 80 84; 326 84 86; 327 86 90; 328 70 75; 329 75 79; 330 79 83;
331 83 89; 332 69 74; 333 74 78; 334 78 82; 335 82 88; 336 91 92; 337 92 93;
338 115 114; 339 114 113; 340 94 95; 341 95 117; 342 117 116; 343 96 315;
344 97 98; 345 98 99; 346 99 121; 347 121 120; 348 120 119; 349 119 322;
350 100 316; 351 101 102; 352 102 103; 353 103 125; 354 125 124; 355 124 123;
356 123 323; 357 104 317; 358 105 106; 359 106 107; 360 107 129; 361 129 128;
362 128 127; 363 127 324; 364 108 109; 365 109 131; 366 131 130; 367 110 111;
368 111 112; 369 134 133; 370 133 132; 371 91 96; 372 96 100; 373 100 104;
374 104 110; 375 92 311; 376 97 101; 377 101 105; 378 105 318; 379 93 312;
380 94 98; 381 98 102; 382 102 106; 383 106 108; 384 108 319; 385 95 99;
386 99 103; 387 103 107; 388 107 109; 389 117 121; 390 121 125; 391 125 129;
392 129 131; 393 115 313; 394 116 120; 395 120 124; 396 124 128; 397 128 130;
398 130 320; 399 114 314; 400 119 123; 401 123 127; 402 127 321; 403 113 118;
404 118 122; 405 122 126; 406 126 132; 407 311 97; 408 312 94; 409 313 116;
410 314 119; 411 315 97; 412 316 101; 413 317 105; 414 318 111; 415 319 112;
416 320 134; 417 321 133; 418 322 118; 419 323 122; 420 324 126; 421 311 312;
422 318 319; 423 315 316; 424 316 317; 425 322 323; 426 323 324; 427 313 314;
428 135 136; 429 136 137; 430 159 158; 431 158 157; 432 138 139; 433 139 161;
434 161 160; 435 140 325; 436 141 142; 437 142 143; 438 143 165; 439 165 164;
440 164 163; 441 163 326; 442 144 327; 443 145 146; 444 146 147; 445 147 169;
446 169 168; 447 168 167; 448 167 328; 449 148 329; 450 149 150; 451 150 151;
452 151 173; 453 173 172; 454 172 171; 455 171 330; 456 152 153; 457 153 175;
458 175 174; 459 154 155; 460 155 156; 461 178 177; 462 177 176; 463 135 140;
464 140 144; 465 144 148; 466 148 154; 467 136 331; 468 141 145; 469 145 149;
470 149 332; 471 137 333; 472 138 142; 473 142 146; 474 146 150; 475 150 152;
476 152 334; 477 139 143; 478 143 147; 479 147 151; 480 151 153; 481 161 165;
482 165 169; 483 169 173; 484 173 175; 485 159 335; 486 160 164; 487 164 168;
488 168 172; 489 172 174; 490 174 336; 491 158 337; 492 163 167; 493 167 171;
494 171 338; 495 157 162; 496 162 166; 497 166 170; 498 170 176; 499 331 141;

36
500 333 138; 501 335 160; 502 337 163; 503 325 141; 504 327 145; 505 329 149;
506 332 155; 507 334 156; 508 336 178; 509 338 177; 510 326 162; 511 328 166;
512 330 170; 513 331 333; 514 332 334; 515 325 327; 516 327 329; 517 326 328;
518 328 330; 519 335 337; 520 179 180; 521 180 181; 522 203 202; 523 202 201;
524 182 183; 525 183 205; 526 205 204; 527 184 339; 528 185 186; 529 186 187;
530 187 209; 531 209 208; 532 208 207; 533 207 340; 534 188 341; 535 189 190;
536 190 191; 537 191 213; 538 213 212; 539 212 211; 540 211 342; 541 192 343;
542 193 194; 543 194 195; 544 195 217; 545 217 216; 546 216 215; 547 215 344;
548 196 197; 549 197 219; 550 219 218; 551 198 199; 552 199 200; 553 222 221;
554 221 220; 555 179 184; 556 184 188; 557 188 192; 558 192 198; 559 180 345;
560 185 189; 561 189 193; 562 193 346; 563 181 347; 564 182 186; 565 186 190;
566 190 194; 567 194 196; 568 196 348; 569 183 187; 570 187 191; 571 191 195;
572 195 197; 573 205 209; 574 209 213; 575 213 217; 576 217 219; 577 203 349;
578 204 208; 579 208 212; 580 212 216; 581 216 218; 582 218 350; 583 202 351;
584 207 211; 585 211 215; 586 215 352; 587 201 206; 588 206 210; 589 210 214;
590 214 220; 591 345 185; 592 347 182; 593 349 204; 594 351 207; 595 339 185;
596 341 189; 597 343 193; 598 346 199; 599 348 200; 600 350 222; 601 352 221;
602 340 206; 603 342 210; 604 344 214; 605 345 347; 606 346 348; 607 339 341;
608 341 343; 609 340 342; 610 342 344; 611 349 351; 612 223 224; 613 224 225;
614 247 246; 615 246 245; 616 226 227; 617 227 249; 618 249 248; 619 228 353;
620 229 230; 621 230 231; 622 231 253; 623 253 252; 624 252 251; 625 251 354;
626 232 355; 627 233 234; 628 234 235; 629 235 257; 630 257 256; 631 256 255;
632 255 356; 633 236 357; 634 237 238; 635 238 239; 636 239 261; 637 261 260;
638 260 259; 639 259 358; 640 240 241; 641 241 263; 642 263 262; 643 242 243;
644 243 244; 645 266 265; 646 265 264; 647 223 228; 648 228 232; 649 232 236;
650 236 242; 651 224 359; 652 229 233; 653 233 237; 654 237 360; 655 225 361;
656 226 230; 657 230 234; 658 234 238; 659 238 240; 660 240 362; 661 227 231;
662 231 235; 663 235 239; 664 239 241; 665 249 253; 666 253 257; 667 257 261;
668 261 263; 669 247 363; 670 248 252; 671 252 256; 672 256 260; 673 260 262;
674 262 364; 675 246 365; 676 251 255; 677 255 259; 678 259 366; 679 245 250;
680 250 254; 681 254 258; 682 258 264; 683 359 229; 684 361 226; 685 363 248;

37
686 365 251; 687 353 229; 688 355 233; 689 357 237; 690 360 243; 691 362 244;
692 364 266; 693 366 265; 694 354 250; 695 356 254; 696 358 258; 697 359 361;
698 360 362; 699 353 355; 700 355 357; 701 354 356; 702 356 358; 703 363 365;
704 267 268; 705 268 269; 706 291 290; 707 290 289; 708 270 271; 709 271 293;
710 293 292; 711 272 273; 712 273 274; 713 274 275; 714 275 297; 715 297 296;
716 296 295; 717 295 294; 718 276 277; 719 277 278; 720 278 279; 721 279 301;
722 301 300; 723 300 299; 724 299 298; 725 280 281; 726 281 282; 727 282 283;
728 283 305; 729 305 304; 730 304 303; 731 303 302; 732 284 285; 733 285 307;
734 307 306; 735 286 287; 736 287 288; 737 310 309; 738 309 308; 739 267 272;
740 272 276; 741 276 280; 742 280 286; 743 268 273; 744 273 277; 745 277 281;
746 281 287; 747 269 270; 748 270 274; 749 274 278; 750 278 282; 751 282 284;
752 284 288; 753 271 275; 754 275 279; 755 279 283; 756 283 285; 757 293 297;
758 297 301; 759 301 305; 760 305 307; 761 291 292; 762 292 296; 763 296 300;
764 300 304; 765 304 306; 766 306 310; 767 290 295; 768 295 299; 769 299 303;
770 303 309; 771 289 294; 772 294 298; 773 298 302; 774 302 308; 775 320 321;
DEFINE MATERIAL START
ISOTROPIC CONCRETE
E 2.17185e+007
POISSON 0.17
DENSITY 23.5616
ALPHA 1e-005
DAMP 0.05
END DEFINE MATERIAL
MEMBER PROPERTY INDIAN
1 TO 192 199 TO 264 PRIS YD 0.4 ZD 0.4
265 TO 271 275 279 TO 285 289 293 TO 303 308 313 TO 322 327 331 TO 343 346 -
350 TO 356 360 364 TO 375 379 384 TO 393 398 399 402 TO 406 408 409 412 414 -
415 TO 420 428 TO 435 438 442 TO 448 452 456 TO 467 471 476 TO 485 490 491 -
494 TO 498 500 501 504 506 TO 512 520 TO 527 530 534 TO 540 544 548 TO 559 -
563 568 TO 577 582 583 586 TO 590 592 593 596 598 TO 604 612 TO 619 622 626 -
627 TO 632 636 640 TO 651 655 660 TO 669 674 675 678 TO 682 684 685 688 690 -

38
691 TO 696 704 TO 710 714 718 TO 724 728 732 TO 742 747 752 TO 761 766 771 -
772 TO 774 PRIS YD 0.4 ZD 0.25
193 TO 198 272 TO 274 276 TO 278 286 TO 288 290 TO 292 304 TO 307 309 TO 312 -
323 TO 326 328 TO 330 344 345 347 TO 349 357 TO 359 361 TO 363 376 TO 378 -
380 TO 383 394 TO 397 400 401 407 410 411 413 421 TO 427 436 437 439 TO 441 -
449 TO 451 453 TO 455 468 TO 470 472 TO 475 486 TO 489 492 493 499 502 503 -
505 513 TO 519 528 529 531 TO 533 541 TO 543 545 TO 547 560 TO 562 -
564 TO 567 578 TO 581 584 585 591 594 595 597 605 TO 611 620 621 623 TO 625 -
633 TO 635 637 TO 639 652 TO 654 656 TO 659 670 TO 673 676 677 683 686 687 -
689 697 TO 703 711 TO 713 715 TO 717 725 TO 727 729 TO 731 743 TO 746 748 -
749 TO 751 762 TO 765 767 TO 770 775 PRIS YD 0.3 ZD 0.3
CONSTANTS
MATERIAL CONCRETE ALL
**********************************
SUPPORTS
1 TO 5 7 TO 20 22 TO 46 FIXED
**********************************
MEMBER RELEASE
423 TO 426 515 TO 518 607 TO 610 699 TO 702 START MPX 0.1 MPY 0.1 MPZ 0.1
423 TO 426 515 TO 518 607 TO 610 699 TO 702 END MPX 0.1 MPY 0.1 MPZ 0.1
DEFINE 1893 LOAD
ZONE 0.16 RF 3 I 1 SS 1 DT 1.9
********************************
SELFWEIGHT 1
*******************************************
MEMBER WEIGHT
FLOOR WEIGHT
YRANGE 1 2 FLOAD 3.5 GY
YRANGE 4 5 FLOAD 3.5 GY
YRANGE 7 8 FLOAD 3.5 GY
YRANGE 10 11 FLOAD 3.5 GY

39
YRANGE 13 14 FLOAD 3.5 GY
YRANGE 16 17 FLOAD 3.5 GY
** 25% OF LIVE LOAD*********
FLOOR WEIGHT
YRANGE 1 2 FLOAD 0.75 GY
YRANGE 4 5 FLOAD 0.75 GY
YRANGE 7 8 FLOAD 0.75 GY
YRANGE 10 11 FLOAD 0.75 GY
YRANGE 13 14 FLOAD 0.75 GY
YRANGE 16 17 FLOAD 0.75 GY
******************************************
DEFINE WIND LOAD
TYPE 1
INT 1.5 1.65 HEIG 10 16
EXP 1 JOINT 1 TO 5 7 TO 20 22 TO 366
*************************************
LOAD 1 SL IN X
1893 LOAD X 1
*************************************
LOAD 2 SL IN Z
1893 LOAD Z 1
*************************************
LOAD 3 WIND LOAD X
WIND LOAD X 1 TYPE 1 XR 0 18.4 YR 0 17
**************************************
LOAD 4 WIND LOAD Z
WIND LOAD -Z 1 TYPE 1 YR 0 17 ZR 0 18.4
***************************************
LOAD 5 LOADTYPE Dead TITLE DEAD LOAD FROM SLAB
SELFWEIGHT Y -1
FLOOR LOAD

40
YRANGE 1 2 FLOAD -3.5 GY
YRANGE 4 5 FLOAD -3.5 GY
YRANGE 7 8 FLOAD -3.5 GY
YRANGE 10 11 FLOAD -3.5 GY
YRANGE 13 14 FLOAD -3.5 GY
YRANGE 16 17 FLOAD -3.5 GY
MEMBER LOAD
2 TO 5 8 TO 11 14 TO 17 20 TO 23 26 TO 29 32 TO 35 38 TO 41 44 TO 47 -
50 TO 53 56 TO 59 62 TO 65 68 TO 71 74 TO 77 80 TO 83 86 TO 89 92 TO 95 98 -
99 TO 101 104 TO 107 110 TO 113 116 TO 119 122 TO 125 128 TO 131 134 TO 137 -
140 TO 143 146 TO 149 152 TO 155 158 TO 161 164 TO 167 170 TO 173 -
176 TO 179 182 TO 185 188 TO 191 194 TO 197 200 TO 203 206 TO 209 -
212 TO 215 218 TO 221 224 TO 227 230 TO 233 236 TO 239 242 TO 245 -
248 TO 251 254 TO 257 260 TO 263 265 TO 703 775 UNI GY -18
***************************************
LOAD 6 LIVE LOAD
FLOOR LOAD
YRANGE 1 2 FLOAD -3 GY
YRANGE 4 5 FLOAD -3 GY
YRANGE 7 8 FLOAD -3 GY
YRANGE 10 11 FLOAD -3 GY
YRANGE 13 14 FLOAD -3 GY
*********************************************
********* DESIGN ******************************
LOAD COMB 101 1.5(DL+LL)
5 1.5 6 1.5
*
LOAD COMB 102 1.5(DL+WL IN +X)
5 1.5 3 1.5
*
LOAD COMB 103 1.5(DL+WL IN -X)

41
5 1.5 3 -1.5
*
LOAD COMB 104 1.5(DL+WL IN +Z)
5 1.5 4 1.5
*
LOAD COMB 105 1.5(DL+WL IN -Z)
5 1.5 4 -1.5
*
LOAD COMB 106 1.5(DL+SL IN +X)
5 1.5 1 1.5
*
LOAD COMB 107 1.5(DL+SL IN -X)
5 1.5 1 -1.5
*
LOAD COMB 108 1.5(DL+SL IN +Z)
5 1.5 2 1.5
*
LOAD COMB 109 1.5(DL+SL IN -Z)
5 1.5 2 -1.5
*
LOAD COMB 110 1.2(DL+LL+SL IN +X)
5 1.2 6 1.2 1 1.2
*
LOAD COMB 111 1.2(DL+LL+SL IN -X)
5 1.2 6 1.2 1 -1.2
*
LOAD COMB 112 1.2(DL+LL+SL IN +Z)
5 1.2 6 1.2 2 1.2
*
LOAD COMB 113 1.2(DL+LL+SL IN -Z)
5 1.2 6 1.2 2 -1.2

42
*****************************************
*********** SERVICIBILITY *********************************
LOAD COMB 201 1.0(DL+LL)
5 1.0 6 1.0
*
LOAD COMB 202 1.0(DL+WL IN +X)
5 1.0 3 1.0
*
LOAD COMB 203 1.0(DL+WL IN -X)
5 1.0 3 -1.0
*
LOAD COMB 204 1.0(DL+WL IN +Z)
5 1.0 4 1.0
*
LOAD COMB 205 1.0(DL+WL IN -Z)
5 1.0 4 -1.0
*
LOAD COMB 206 1.0(DL+SL IN +X)
5 1.0 1 1.0
*
LOAD COMB 207 1.0(DL+SL IN -X)
5 1.0 1 -1.0
*
LOAD COMB 208 1.0(DL+SL IN +Z)
5 1.0 2 1.0
*
LOAD COMB 209 1.0(DL+SL IN -Z)
5 1.0 2 -1.0
*
LOAD COMB 210 1.0(DL+LL+SL IN +X)
5 1.0 6 1.0 1 1.0

43
*
LOAD COMB 211 1.0(DL+LL+SL IN -X)
5 1.0 6 1.0 1 -1.0
*
LOAD COMB 212 1.0(DL+LL+SL IN +Z)
5 1.0 6 1.0 2 1.0
*
LOAD COMB 213 1.0(DL+LL+SL IN -Z)
5 1.0 6 1.0 2 -1.0
PERFORM ANALYSIS
********************************************
START CONCRETE DESIGN
CODE INDIAN
FC 25000 ALL
FYMAIN 500000 ALL
FYSEC 500000 ALL
DESIGN BEAM 265 TO 775
DESIGN COLUMN 1 TO 264
CONCRETE TAKE
END CONCRETE DESIGN
PRINT SUPPORT REACTION ALL
PRINT MEMBER FORCES ALL
PERFORM ANALYSIS
PRINT SECTION DISPL LIST 1 TO 775
PRINT SUPPORT REACTION ALL
FINISH

44
 CHAPTER 7
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN RESULTS

Some of the sample analysis and design results have been shown below for beam number 265
which is at the level of 1st floor.

B E A M N O. 265 D E S I G N R E S U L T S

M25 Fe500 (Main) Fe500 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 4600.0 mm SIZE: 250.0 mm X 400.0 mm COVER: 25.0 mm

SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA (Sq.mm)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION 0.0 mm 1150.0 mm 2300.0 mm 3450.0 mm 4600.0 mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 594.14 157.25 157.25 157.25 641.11
REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

BOTTOM 157.25 157.25 293.44 157.25 157.25

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION 0.0 mm 1150.0 mm 2300.0 mm 3450.0 mm 4600.0 mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 6-12í 3-12í 3-12í 3-12í 6-12í
REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

BOTTOM 3-10í 3-10í 4-10í 3-10í 3-10í

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

SHEAR 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í

REINF. @ 130 mm c/c @ 130 mm c/c @ 130 mm c/c @ 130 mm c/c @ 130 mm c/c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT DISTANCE d (EFFECTIVE DEPTH) FROM FACE OF
THE SUPPORT

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 565.0 mm AWAY FROM START SUPPORT

VY = 75.16 MX = -0.04 LD= 101
Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 130 mm c/c

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 565.0 mm AWAY FROM END SUPPORT

VY = -78.30 MX = -0.04 LD= 101
Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 130 mm c/c

45
Fig 7.1: Geometry of beam no. 265

Fig 7.2: Property of beam no. 265

46
Fig 7.3: Shear bending of beam no. 265

Fig 7.4: Deflection of beam no. 265

47
 Fig 7.5: Concrete design of beam no. 265
C O L U M N N O. 3 D E S I GN R E S U LT S
M25 Fe500 (Main) Fe500 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 3000.0 mm CROSS SECTION: 400.0 mm X 400.0 mm COVER: 40.0 mm

** GUIDING LOAD CASE: 1 END JOINT: 91 SHORT COLUMN

REQD. STEEL AREA : 1280.00 Sq.mm.

REQD. CONCRETE AREA: 158720.00 Sq.mm.
MAIN REINFORCEMENT : Provide 12 - 12 dia. (0.85%, 1357.17 Sq.mm.)
(Equally distributed)
TIE REINFORCEMENT : Provide 8 mm dia. rectangular ties @ 190 mm c/c

SECTION CAPACITY BASED ON REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED (KNS-MET)

----------------------------------------------------------
Puz : 2265.60 Muz1 : 85.17 Muy1 : 85.17

INTERACTION RATIO: 0.15 (as per Cl. 39.6, IS456:2000)

48
SECTION CAPACITY BASED ON REINFORCEMENT PROVIDED (KNS-MET)
----------------------------------------------------------
WORST LOAD CASE: 109
END JOINT: 135 Puz : 2293.67 Muz : 143.58 Muy : 143.58 IR: 0.45

Fig 7.6: Concrete design of column no. 3

49
 CHAPTER 8

POST PROCESSING MODE

Fig 8.1: post processing mode in STAAD.Pro

50
 Fig 8.2: bending in Z

Fig 8.3: shear stress at any section

51
 Fig 8.4: graph for shear force and bending moment for a beam

Fig 8.5: graph for shear force and bending moment for a column

Fig 8.5: graph for shear force and bending moment for a column

52
 CHAPTER 9
FOOTING DESIGN USING EXCEL

53
54
55
56
57
 CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSION
STAAD PRO has the capability to calculate the reinforcement needed for any concrete
section. The program contains a number of parameters which are designed as per IS:
456(2000). Beams are designed for flexure, shear, and torsion.
Design for Flexure:
Maximum sagging (creating tensile stress at the bottom face of the beam) and hogging
(creating tensile stress at the top face) moments are calculated for all active load cases at each
of the above mentioned sections. Each of these sections are designed to resist both of these
critical sagging and hogging moments. Where ever the rectangular section is inadequate as
singly reinforced section, doubly reinforced section is tried.
Design for Shear:
Shear reinforcement is calculated to resist both shear forces and torsional moments. Shear
capacity calculation at different sections without the shear reinforcement is based on the
actual tensile reinforcement provided by STAAD program. Two-legged stirrups are provided
to take care of the balance shear forces acting on these sections.
Beam Design Output:
The default design output of the beam contains flexural and shear reinforcement provided
along the length of the beam.
Column Design:
Columns are designed for axial forces and biaxial moments at the ends. All active load cases
are tested to calculate reinforcement. The loading which yield maximum reinforcement is
called the critical load. Column design is done for square section. Square columns are
designed with reinforcement distributed on each side equally for the sections under biaxial
moments and with reinforcement distributed equally in two faces for sections under uni-axial
moment. All major criteria for selecting longitudinal and transverse reinforcement as
stipulated by IS: 456 have been taken care of in the column design of STAAD.

58
 REFERENCES
1. Wang, C.K, “Indeterminate Structure” TATA McGrawhill, 2009

2. C.S Reddy, “Reinforced Concrete Design” Dhanpat Publishers,2007

3. A.K Jain, “Reinforced Concrete” khanna publisher,2007

4. Krishna Raju,N “Design Of Concrete Structures” New Age International

Publishers,2003

5. B.C Punmia “R.C.C.Designs” Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd., 2006

6. Handbook On Concrete Reinforcement & Detailing, Sp 36-1987.

7. Is 875-1997 - Bureau Of Indian Standards ,Manak Bhavan, New Delhi 110002

8. Is 456-2000 - Bureau Of Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan, New Delhi 110002

9. Sp16-Bureau Of Indian Standards ,Bhadur Shah Zafar Marg,New Delhi 110002

10. STAAD PRO V8i –Software

11. STAAD Pro Editor

59