TUGAS MANDIRI

PENGANTAR MANAJEMEN

Dosen Pengampu :
PAENO S.E,M.M

Disusun Oleh :
SHILLA FEBRIANTI
201010550547

FAKULTAS EKONOMI
PROGRAM STUDI MANAJEMEN
UNIVERSITAS PAMULANG
2021
 Pert 2 : Pronoun
1. A pronoun is defined as a word or
phrase that is used as a substitution for a
noun or noun phrase, which is known as
the pronoun's antecedent. Common
pronouns are he, she, you, me, I, we, us,
this, them, that.
2.-Subject pronouns: I, you, he/she/it, we,
you, they.
- Object pronouns: me, you, him/her/it, us,
you, them
- Possessive adjectives: my, your,
his/her/its, our, your, their
- possessive pronouns: mine, yours,
his/hers, ours, yours, theirs
- Reflexive Pronoun: myself,
yourself/yourselves, ourselves, themselves,
himself, herself, itself.
- Relative Pronoun: That, Whose, Which,
Who, Whom.
3.*Object Pronouns
-Listen to me.
-The teachers will be mad at us.
-I’m glad to see you.
* Subject Pronoun
Pert 3 : Present Tense
1. The present tense is a grammatical tense
used for verbs that describe an action
happening right now. It is considered easy
to use and exists in all languages. The
present tense is broken down into four
different categories: present simple,
present continuous, present continuous and
present perfect continuous.
Present Tense:
-Present simple
-Present continuous
-Present perfect
-Present perfect continuous
Sumber:https://preply.com/en/blog/present
-tense/#scroll-to-heading-0
2. - To form the simple present:
•Subject + base form of verb
•add “s” to third person singular
-I will go to the US next year.
-You are really talented
-She has the most beautiful round eyes.
*Possessive Adjective
-That tall man is my brother.
-Welcome to our home
-Hey Sandra, I think that’s your mother?.
* Possessive Pronoun
-The chicken noodle on the table is mine.
-See, these kittens are now ours.
-I believe that this money is yours.
*Reflexive pronoun
-I bought myself a new phone.
-Go find yourself a new pair of shoes.
-She cooks herself her favorite meal.
*Relative Pronoun
-She is the person who gave you a call last
night.
-The woman whom you met yesterday is
my mother.
-That is the girl whose boy stole my purse.
~Sumber :
https://www.thoughtco.com/subject-
object-possessive-pronouns-4176482
- To form the present progressive:
•Subject + am/is/are + present participle
(and “-ing” to end of the verb)
- To form the present perfect:
•Subject + has/had + past participle of verb
- To form the present perfect progressive:
• Subject + has/had + been + present
participle (and “-ing” to end of the verb)
Source : https://writingexplained.org/gram
mar-dictionary/present-tense
3.-Simple Present
The simple present tense is one of several
forms of present tense in English. It is used
to describe habits, unchanging situations,
general truths, and fixed arrangements.
The simple present tense is simple to form.
Just use the base form of the verb.
Example:
1. He drinks tea at breakfast.
2. We catch the bus every morning.
3. Water freezes at zero degrees.
4. The Earth revolves around the Sun.
5. Her mother is Peruvian.
-present continuous
As with all tenses in English, the speaker's
attitude is as important as the time of the
action or event. When someone uses the
present continuous, they are thinking about
something that is unfinished or incomplete.
The present continuous tense is used for
actions happening now or for an action
that is unfinished. This tense is also used
when the action is temporary.
Example:
1.I am singing at church today.
2. The boys are playing ball after school.
3. John's feeling much better now
4. She's having supper.
5. I'm seeing Anthony later
.-Present Perfect
Unspecified time, Repetition,Started in the
past and continues until the present, may
or may not continue into the future (there
just isn’t a short way to describe this
function)
Example;
1.I have lost my purse.
2.We have seen this movie already.
3. He has broken his leg.
4.There has been an accident.
5. She has watched that show three times
this week.
-Present Perfect Continuous
We use the present perfect continuous to
show that something started in the past and
has continued up until now. "For five
minutes," "for two weeks," and "since
Tuesday" are all durations which can be
used with the present perfect continuous.
Example:
1. She has been finding the dress since
morning.
2.He has been studying in the library for
three hours.
3. We have been shopping at this fair for
two hours.
4.We have been watching a movie in this
Cineplex for two hours.
5.You have been shopping in that market
for three hours.
Sumber : https://www.nurdiono.com/the-
function-of-simple-present-tense.html
Pert 4 : Past Tense
1).The past tense of verbs expresses events
or actions that already occurred. These
actions are finite in that they have both a
starting and a stopping point.
There are four past tenses:
-Simple Past
-Past Continuous
-Past Perfect
-Past Perfect Continuous
2)-Simple Past
*Subject + verb in the past form + . . . . . +
adverb of time + . . . . .
-Past Continuous
*Subject + was/were + verb + ing + . . . . .
a specific time
-Past Perfect
*Subject + had + past participle form of
the main verb + before + subject + simple
past tense . . . .
-Past Perfect Continuous
*Subject + had + been + verb+ing + . . . . .
+ for/since + . . . . .+ before + subject +
past simple tense
3) *Simple Past
The simple past is used to describe an
action, an event, or condition that occurred
in the past, sometime before the moment
of speaking or writing.
Example :
-I went to Jogjakarta with my friends last
week.
-Dion won the speech contest in his school
two days ago.
-Sinta and Sindi were at the school library
yesterday afternoon.
-He sent a letter to his friends last Sunday.
-My mother cooked fried rice for my
birthday party last month.
*Past Continuous:
The past progressive tense is used to
described actions ongoing in the past.
These actions often take place within a
specific time frame. While actions referred
to in the present progressive have some
connection to the present, actions referred
in the past progressive have no immediate
or obvious connection to the present.
Example:
-Was Ami going to the school by bus
when I met her yesterday?
-My father and mother were not watering
the plants while I was sweeping in the
garden.
-I was drinking a cup of coffee when it
began to rain.
-He was not washing his car when I came
to his house.
-Were Tio and Toni playing guitar while
Dimas was playing violin?
*Past Perfect
The past perfect expresses the idea that
something occurred before another action
in the past. It can also show that something
happened before a specific time in the past.
Examples:
- I had bought a box of Pizza before you
told me what you want for dinner last
night.
-Jensen had gone to the market when his
parents woke up this morning.
-Fira and Ardita had returned to their
office by the time Cassandra finished her
report.
-Lissa had practiced her speech before the
ceremony last night.
-Reita didn’t get a chance to meet her idol
because her idol had flown back to Korea.
*Past Perfect Continuous
past perfect tense used to show that an
action started in the past and continued up
to another point in the past.
Example:
-I had been watching TV all day.
-They had been smoking.
-They had been playing hide and seek for
an hour.
-She had been doing her homework since 5
o’clock when you called.
-Iwan had been painting his room for
hours before his father came home.
Sumber :
https://www.learngrammar.net/english-
grammar/past-tense
https://www.englishcafe.co.id/15-contoh-
kalimat-simple-past-tense-positif-negatif-
dan-interogatif/
https://www.englishcafe.co.id/20-contoh-
kalimat-past-continuous-tense-positif-
negatif-dan-interogatif/
https://www.bigbanktheories.com/50-
contoh-kalimat-past-perfect-tense-terbaru-
dan-variatif/
https://englishcoo.com/contoh-kalimat-
past-perfect-continuous-tense/
Pert 5 : Future Tense And Modals
1. Future Tense depicts an action that
happens in the future or is likely to happen
in the future. It may also express the
speaker’s attitude to a future event.
There are 4 forms of the future tense. They
Include :
1. Simple Future Tense
2. Future Perfect Tense
3. Future Continuous Tense
4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
3. ). The Future Tense
1). Simple Future
The simple future tense is composed of
two parts: will / shall + the infinitive
without to
2). Future Progressive Tense
"will be" + [present participle]
3). Future Perfect Tense
"will have" + [past participle]
4).Future Perfect Progressive Tense
"will have been" + [present participle]
Modal auxiliary
1). Can
SUBJECT+ CAN + VERB
2). Could
SUBJECT+ COULD+ VERB
3). May
SUBJECT + MAY + VERB/ADJECTIVE

4). Might
SUBJECT + MAY + VERB
5). Must
SUBJECT + MUST + VERB
6). Ought to
SUBJECT + OUGHT TO + VERB
7). Shall
SUBJECT + SHALL + VERB
8). Should
SUBJECT + SHOULD + VERB
9). Would
SUBJECT + WOULD + VERB
10). Will
SUBJECT + WILL + VERB
4. a. Simple Future
You can use the simple future to talk about
something (like an action or event) that
will happen any time in the future, and
also to talk about something that will
happen one time. In the simple future, we
use the base form of the verb with a modal
auxiliary, like will. So, the simple future
follows the form Subject + modal + Base
Verb.
- I will eat a cheeseburger for dinner.
- Jane might buy a new car tomorrow.
- You will look great in that dress!
- She should pass the exam, I’m not
worried.
b. Future Continuous
The future continuous tense talk about
things will be happening continuously in
the future. To show this, we use a modal,
the verb to be, and a verb ending in ing.
Sentences in the future continuous tense
follow the Subject + modal + Verb to be +
ing Verb model:
-Jane will be driving to work.
-They should be running the race at 6pm.
-The dogs could be barking loudly when
you arrive.
c. Future Perfect
The future perfect tense shows that an
event will have happened before another
thing in the future. It often expresses that
by the time one action or event happens,
another will have happened. To use the
future perfect, we need to place the modal
will and the auxiliary have before the past
form of the main verb (this shows that we
“will have done” an action). Using a past
verb in the future tense may seem
confusing, but remember, it’s to show that
something will have happened before
another thing, so we need it!
So, a sentence written in the future perfect
should follow the Subject + will + have +
Past form of main verb pattern:
-Jane will have traveled the world by the
time she turns 30.
-When you get home I will have eaten
dinner already, but we can go out for
dessert!
-They will have lived in 10 states once
they move to New York.
-He will have taken the exam already, so
he won’t need to study more.
d. Future Perfect Continuous
The future perfect continuous describes
events and/or actions that have been going
on continuously until a certain time in the
future. Often, it’s used to show cause and
effect; in other words, because one thing
will have been happening, another will
happen. To use it, we need to combine
have and been with the continuous form of
the verb (ending in ing), this shows that
the action or event “will have been”
happening.
A sentence in the future perfect continuous
follows Subject + modal + have been + ing
Verb:
-Jane will have been working for 12 hours,
so I don’t think she will want to cook.
-I should have been watering the plants
every day; I hope they won’t die.
-They will have been living in that house
for 10 years this March.
- He will have been driving since noon, so
he will need a rest.
* Modal Auxiliary Verbs
Modal auxiliary verbs, or modal
auxiliaries, are essential in the future tense.
First, they show how likely it is for
something to happen. Second (and more
importantly), without them, we can’t form
the future tense at all! The main modal
auxiliaries are:
-can
-could
-may
-might
-must
-shall
-should
-will
-would
Sumber :
https://www.learngrammar.net/englis
h-grammar/future-tense
https://englishsentences.com/future-
tense/
https://writingexplained.org/grammar-
dictionary/future-tense
Pert 7 : Prepositions
1. A preposition is a word used to link
nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words
within a sentence. They act to connect the
people, objects, time and locations of a
sentence. Prepositions are usually short
words, and they are normally placed
directly in front of nouns. In some cases,
you’ll find prepositions in front of gerund
verbs.
Types of prepositions :
- Preposition of Time
- Preposition of Place
- Preposition of Movement
- Preposition of Manner
- Preposition of Purpose
- Preposition of Quantity/Measure
2. 1) Preposition Of Time
- I was born on July 4th, 1982.
- I was born in 1982.
- I was born at exactly 2am.
- I was born two minutes before my twin
brother.
- I was born after the Great War ended.
2) Preposition Of Place
- The cat is on the table.
- The dogs are in the kennel.
- We can meet at the crossroads.
- The sculpture hangs on the wall.
- The images are on the page.
3)Preposition Of Movement
- He wants to travel around the world.
- I’m going to university away from home.
- She walked by me without speaking.
- We used to walk down the hill.
- Why did the people plunge into the
freezing cold water?
4) Preposition Of Manner
- We go to the market by motorcycle
- She goes to school by bus
- By using my handphone, you will learn
the technology
- Don’t make the decision in anger
- He does the task in a hurry
5) Preposition Of Purpose
- I’m studying English for my
examinations.
- I would like to go for a pizza.
- They needs car seats for babies.
- She bought coconut oil for massage.
- He left her desk for lunch.
6) Preposition of Quantity/Measure
- I just need to drive for ten miles to reach
my cousin’s house.
- She bought her computer for two
hundred dollars.
- You can buy our ropes by metre.
- They don’t sell bananas by the kilo.
- It is often sold by the milligram.
3. Functions of preposition is to describe
relations of nouns or pronouns to other
grammatical units in the given sentence.
What does preposition do? Prepositions
express relations of nouns or pronouns to
the rest of the sentence. Preposition+ noun
= object of preposition.
Sumber :
https://www.gingersoftware.com/cont
ent/grammar-rules/preposition/
www.dhgutte.com/functions-of-
preposition/
https://www.wordsmile.com/pengertia
n-contoh-kalimat-preposition-
quantity-measure
https://www.wordsmile.com/pengertia
n-contoh-kalimat-preposition-of-
purpose
https://www.kuliahbahasainggris.com/
pengertian-macam-dan-contoh-
preposition-of-manner-dalam-bahasa-
inggris/
https://www.wordsmile.com/prepositi
on-of-movement
Pert 8 : Main Idea
1. Main Idea. The main idea is the most
important thing the paragraph says about
the topic. The topic is what a paragraph is
all about.
Sumber :https://www.bing.com/search?
q=definisi+Main+Idea+&qs=n&form=QB
RE&sp=-
1&pq=definisi+main+idea+&sc=0-
19&sk=&cvid=003E211B8A8B4161A416
EF229DD22A58
- Types Of Main Idea :
1. Deductive Paragraph
Deductive paragraphs have a distinctive
characteristic in which the main idea will
be conveyed at the beginning of a
sentence.
2. Inductive Paragraph
Inductive paragraph, namely the core of
the paragraph which is located at the end
of the writing. This is because inductive
paragraphs have a writing flow from
general to specific.
3. Mixed Paragraphs
Mixed paragraph is a combination of main
ideas whose position is at the beginning
and end of a sentence.
4. Descriptive Paragraph
Deductive paragraphs allow the core of the
paragraph to be placed throughout the
paragraph.
Sumber : https://www.google.com/amp/s/
www.ruangguru.com/blog/5-langkah-
menemukan-ide-pokok-dalam-paragraf
%3Fhs_amp%3Dtrue
2. - A stated main idea is a sentence found
in the reading passage which states the
topic and the main point or points being
made about that topic.
Example :
Because the Internet exists in a world that
is already regulated with policies and laws,
government officials, upholders of current
laws and the voice of the people, should be
ultimately responsible for the regulation of
the Internet. With this responsibility comes
the enormous task of managing the
protection of First Amendment rights
along with honoring social and public
interests across the world. That being said,
the ultimate responsibility still rests in the
hands of Internet users who vote – they,
along with the officials elected to serve
them, make up the global community.
Voters have the ability to elect responsible
individuals to the appropriate posts, and
the elected officials have the responsibility
to act on the will of the people.
Sumber :https://www.thoughtco.com/how-
to-find-the-stated-main-idea-
3211740#:~:text=Stated%20Main%20Idea
%20Example%20Because%20the
%20Internet%20exists,ultimately
%20responsible%20for%20the
%20regulation%20of%20the%20Internet.
- Finding the unstated main idea is very
similar to finding the main idea, or topic
sentence, of a paragraph. The difference is
that the main idea is not a sentence that
you find in the paragraph or reading
selection; it is unstated or implied.
Example :
Carefully I pulled my jacket more tightly
around my body. Even the thick sweatshirt
I was wearing didn’t help. The tip of my
nose was cold, and my fingers felt too
frozen to type. I looked longingly at my
portable heater but didn’t want to use it
because I was afraid I’d leave it on by
accident. Sighing to myself, I began to
type but stopped when I could almost see
my breath in the air. “Enough for today,” I
said to myself. “I’m headed home.”
Sumber : https://human.libretexts.org/Boo
kshelves/Composition/Introductory_Comp
osition/Book
%3A_The_Roadrunners_Guide_to_Englis
h_(Crisp_et_al.)/1%3A_Reading_and_Wri
ting_Process/1.7%3A_Unstated_Main_Ide
a one answer is not. Your actual job is to
Pert 9 : Stated And Unstated Detail
Questions.
- STATED DETAIL QUESTIONS
A stated detail question asks about one
piece of information in the passage rather
than the passage as a whole. The answers
to these questions are generally given in
order in the passage, and the correct
answer is often a restatement of what is
given in the passage. This means that the
correct answer often expresses the same
idea as what is written in the passage, but
the words are not exactly the same.
If there are stated detail questions, students
should identify those questions. The
questions of stated detail questions are as
follow
~ How to identify the question.
- According to the passage…..
- It is stated in the passage ……..
- The passage indicates that ………
- Which of the following is true ……..
- Where to find the answer.
- The answer to these questions are found
in order in the passage.
~How to answer the question.
- Choose a key word in the question.
- Skim in the appropriate part of the
passage for the key word or idea.
- Read the sentence that contains the key
word or idea carefully.
- Eliminate the definitely wrong answers
and choose the best answer from the
remaining choices.
- UNSTATED” DETAIL QUESTIONS
While sometimes you will be asked in the
Reading Comprehension section of the
TOEFL test to find an answer that is not
stated or not mentioned or not true in the
passage. It is called unstated detail
question. This type of questions really
means that three of the answers are stated,
mentioned, or true in the passage, while
find the three correct answers and then
choose the letter of the one remaining
answer.
You should note that there are two kinds of
answers to this type of question: (1) there
are three true answers and one answer that
is not discussed in the passage, or (2) there
are three true answers and one that is false
according to the passage.
To answer the unstated detail question,
you may follow the same steps as to find
the stated detail question. But then you
have to come up with the untrue answer.
~How to identify the question
- Which of the following is not stated…?
- Which of the following is not
mentioned…?
- Which of the following is not
discussed…?
- All of the following are true except.
- Where to find the answer
- The answer to these questions are found
in order in the passage
~How to answer the question
- Choose a key word in the question.
- Scan the appropriate place in the passage
for key word (or related idea).
- Read the sentence that contains the key
word or idea carefully.
- Look for answers that are definitely true
according to the passage. Eliminate those
answer.
- Choose the answer that is not true or not
discussed in the passage.
Source: https://bahasainggrisfirst.wordpres
s.com/2014/09/07/answer-stated-and-
unstated-detail-question-correctly/
2. Passage 1
1. (C) Ice covers a large portion of the
Earth's surface.
2. (B) Two
3. (D) Substances from other areas
Passage 2
4. (D) force blood into the arteries
5. (A) As the heart beats
Passage 3
6. (C) The right atrium and ventricle
7. (C) was a period when most of U.S.
mass transportation was controlled by
the railroads
8. (B) Improved economy in the
transportation system
9. (D) before standardized track gauge was
established throughout the U.S.
Passage 4
10. (C) in the first half of the nineteenth
century
11. (A) should be paid by the sender
12. (D) It could be used to send a
lightweight letter.
13. (B) before Switzerland
14. (C) two different denominations of
postage stamps were introduced in
the United States
-Exercise 2: Unstated Detail Questions
Passage1
1. (A) it is a deeply colored liquid
2. (D) It is a clear, colorless liquid.
Passage 2
3. (D) drowned when he was young
4. (A) It was used extensively by the
Huron.
Passage 3
5. (D) are colorfully decorated
6. (C) live in the deepest part of the ocean
7. (A) overly sensitive to light
8. (D) change the ocean floor
9. (B) adapt their behavior
Passage 4
10. (C) the lime in the water evaporates
11. (A) enlarge cave ceilings
12. (D) what causes stalactites to disappear
13. (C) above stalactites
14. (D) are more durable than stalactites
and stalagmites
Pert 10 : Stated And Unstated Detail
Questions.
1. - A stated detail question asks about one
piece of information in the passage rather
than the passage as a whole. The answers
to these questions are generally given in
order in the passage, and the correct
answer is often a restatement of what is
given in the passage. This means that the
correct answer often expresses the same
idea as what is written in the passage, but
the words are not exactly the same.
If there are stated detail questions, students
should identify those questions. The
questions of stated detail questions are as
follow
~ How to identify the question.
According to the passage…..
It is stated in the passage ……..
The passage indicates that ………
Which of the following is true ……..
~ Where to find the answer.
The answer to these questions are found in
order in the passage.
~ How to answer the question.
Choose a key word in the question.
Skim in the appropriate part of the passage
for the key word or idea.
Read the sentence that contains the key
word or idea carefully.
Eliminate the definitely wrong answers
and choose the best answer from the
remaining choices.
EXAMPLE :
Finally, for a fear to truly be a phobia, it
must be recurring. That is, if the man on
the plane had flown before without
incident and continued to use planes after
this one panic attack without experiencing
further bouts of unreasonable fear, then he
would not be said to be suffering from a
phobia. A true aviophobic could never
contemplate flying in any form without
experiencing severe symptoms of acute
nervousness. In this case, the man’s single
onset of severe panic would most likely be
viewed as symptomatic of some other
mental disorder, perhaps brought on by
unrelated stresses in his life. Obviously,
the fact that phobias are recurring fears, or
rather, that they involve constant fear of
the object of the phobia, should not be
taken to mean that the fear can never be
overcome. A person who is suffering from
a phobia may, either through great effort of
will, or, more likely, through a course of
psychiatric treatment, conquer his phobia
and cease to be frightened of whatever it
was he was formerly afraid of.
Question:
1. According to the author, in paragraph 4,
what might be one cause of a single
instance of a phobic-like episode?
2. Seeing plane crashes on the news
3. Watching too much violent television
4. Possessing a desire for public attention
5. Having too much stress in one’s life
Analysis:
(D) is the correct answer. It is stated
directly in the text. (A) is incorrect. Seeing
plane crashes on the news is mentioned as
something that might cause non-phobic
nervousness in airline passengers. (B) and
(C) are not mentioned in the passage.
- UNSTATED” DETAIL QUESTIONS
While sometimes you will be asked in the
Reading Comprehension section of the
TOEFL test to find an answer that is not
stated or not mentioned or not true in the
passage. It is called unstated detail
question. This type of questions really
means that three of the answers are stated,
mentioned, or true in the passage, while
one answer is not. Your actual job is to
find the three correct answers and then
choose the letter of the one remaining
answer.
You should note that there are two kinds of
answers to this type of question: (1) there
are three true answers and one answer that
is not discussed in the passage, or (2) there
are three true answers and one that is false
according to the passage.
To answer the unstated detail question,
you may follow the same steps as to find
the stated detail question. But then you
have to come up with the untrue answer.
~ How to identify the question
Which of the following is not stated…?
Which of the following is not
mentioned…?
Which of the following is not discussed…?
All of the following are true except.
~ Where to find the answer
The answer to these questions are found in
order in the passage
~ How to answer the question
Choose a key word in the question.
Scan the appropriate place in the passage
for key word (or related idea).
Read the sentence that contains the key
word or idea carefully.
Look for answers that are definitely true
according to the passage. Eliminate those
answer.
Choose the answer that is not true or not
discussed in the passage.
EXAMPLE:
In English, there are many different kinds
of expressions that people use to give a
name to anything whose name is unknown
or momentarily forgotten. The word
gadget is one such word. It was first used
by British sailors in the 1850s and
probably came from the French word
gachette, which was a small hook. In
everyday use, the word has a more general
meaning. Other words are also used to give
a name to something unnamed or
unknown, and these words tend to be
somewhat imaginative. Some of the more
commonly used expressions are a what-
d’ye-call-it, a whatsis, a thingamabob, a
thingamajig, a doodad, or a doohickey.
Question:
1. Which of the following is NOT
mentioned in the passage as an expression
for something that is not known?
2. A what-is-it
3. A gadget
4. A thingamabob
5. A doohickey
Analysis
This question asks for the one answer that
is not mentioned, so three of the answers
are listed in the passage and one is not.
You should look for the three answers that
are mentioned. Since gadget, thingamabob,
and doohickey are listed in the passage, the
second, third, and fourth answers are
incorrect. A what-is-it is not listed in the
passage, so the first answer is the best
answer to this question.
Source : https://bahasainggrisfirst.wordpre
ss.com/2014/09/07/answer-stated-and-
unstated-detail-question-correctly/
2. -Exercise 1: Satated Detail Questions
(page 96-99)
Passage 1
1. (C) Ice covers a large portion of the
Earth's surface.
2. (B) Two
3. (D) Substances from other areas
Passage 2
4. (D) force blood into the arteries
5. (A) As the heart beats
Passage 3
6. (C) The right atrium and ventricle
7. (C) was a period when most of U.S.
mass transportation was controlled by
the railroads
8. (B) Improved economy in the
transportation system
9. (D) before standardized track gauge was
established throughout the U.S.
Passage 4
10. (C) in the first half of the nineteenth
century
11. (A) should be paid by the sender
12. (D) It could be used to send a
lightweight letter.
13. (B) before Switzerland
14. (C) two different denominations of
postage stamps were introduced in
the United States
-Exercise 2: Unstated Detail Questions
(page 100-104)
Passage 1
1. (A) it is a deeply colored liquid
2. (D) It is a clear, colorless liquid.
Passage 2
3. (D) drowned when he was young
4. (A) It was used extensively by the
Huron.
Passage 3
5. (D) are colorfully decorated
6. (C) live in the deepest part of the ocean
7. (A) overly sensitive to light
8. (D) change the ocean floor
9. (B) adapt their behavior
Passage 4
10. (C) the lime in the water evaporates
11. (A) enlarge cave ceilings
12. (D) what causes stalactites to disappear
13. (C) above stalactites
14. (D) are more durable than stalactites
and stalagmites.
Pert11 : Who, What, And Where
1. WH questions start with W or H (and
often Wh). So WH has become a
shorthand for speech therapists to refer to
them. WH questions start with:
- Who
- What
- Where
- Why
- When
- How
- WH Question Examples
CUE: Jane is riding her bike to the store to
get some milk.
Q: How is she getting to the store?
On a bike
At 5pm
To get milk
The answer is On a Bike.
But you don't need to have a narrative (the
Cue above). It's sufficient to have the
patient choose an answer that is
appropriate for the question. In fact, it can
help them focus more on the WH word.
- Answering WH Questions in speech
therapy is very difficult
WH words are harder to understand than
Nouns and Verbs, but I didn't know why.
(Pun intended!) In search of an answer, I
interviewed Dr. Rich Katz, a who
pioneered research into Aphasia therapy
software and particularly on WH
questions. He developed the first software
program to work on WH questions. It was
so long it ago it was on the Apple IIe, if
you remember that computer from the 70s!
Nouns are the easiest for those with
aphasia to retrieve and process. Verbs are a
little harder. WH questions are the much
harder because they are not as concrete
and it's easy to confuse them (Who for
What, etc.)
View more about why they are challenging
- How to teach WH Questions
Teaching WH Questions is more about the
feedback than the questions. The simplest
type of WH exercise is a question and
several choices, with one correct and
several foils (incorrect answers). To make
it particularly challenging, make the foils
answers to different WH questions.
Example of Hints for WHY questions:
Why is she going to the store?
On a bike (How)
At 5pm (When)
To get milk. (Why))
On a correct answer, just tell them they got
it right : Yes, she is going to the store to
get milk.
If they get it wrong, explain the question:
Why means a reason.
Source : https://www.bungalowsoftware.co
m/blog/WH-Questions/WH-questions-
examples.htm
2. - Who
~ Who’s gonna cook dinner today?
~ Who prepares the texts in the President’s
speech?
~ Who will participate in the competition
today?
~ Who can finish the meal?
~ Who will pick you up later?
- What
~ What is your name?
~ What? I can't hear you.
~ What is your option?
~ What are you doing?
~ What do you think about the movie?
- Where
~ Where do you live?
~ Where did she come from?
~ Where have you been?
~ Where will you go after this?
~ Where are you going?
Source : https://www.umiuma.net/2020/01
/contoh-kalimat-dengan-kata-tanya-dalam-
bahasa-inggris-8w-1h.html
Pert12 : Listening ; Negtives
1. - Negative sentences are declarative
statements. That is, they relay information
believed to be true. Negative sentences are
typically formed by adding the word "not"
after the helping verb. The most popular
helping verbs are a form of "to be,"
including "am," "is," "are," "was" and
"were."
- Double negative is a non-standard
sentence construction that uses two
negative forms. Double negatives are
created by adding a negation to the verb
and to the modifier of the noun (adjectives,
adverbs, etc.) or to the object of the verb. I
won't (will not) bake no cake. I can't
(cannot) go nowhere tonight.
- Almost negatives are negative words that
mean almost negative.
Source :
- https://examples.yourdictionary.com/neg
ative-sentence-examples.html
- https://www.grammarly.com/blog/3-
things-you-must-know-about-double-
negatives/#:~:text=2%20A%20double
%20negative%20is,will%20not)%20bake
%20no%20cake.&text=I%20can't
%20(cannot)%20go%20nowhere
%20tonight
- https://www.google.co.id/amp/s/amp.sed
eret.com/tutorial/sentence-negative-
sentence/
2. - Negative Sentence
• I am not your priority
• she is not my bestfriend
• you are not kind with me
• He is not my king
• I am not beautiful but I can understand
you
- Double Negative Sentence
• Rini said that she doesn’t want nothing.
• I didn’t do none of the doctor’s
suggestion.
• My father hasn’t no money to buy us new
clothes
• I haven’t no one to talk to
• He hasn’t never broken the school’s
Pert 13 : CONTRARY MEANINGS
1. Contrary; use contrary when two things
are exactly opposite or entirely different. If
something is contrary to something else, it
is opposed to or against it.
Definition of contrary (Entry 1 of 3)
1) : a fact or condition incompatible with
another : OPPOSITE —usually used with
the
2) : one of a pair of opposites
3) a : a proposition (see PROPOSITION
entry 1 sense 2a) so related to another that
though
both may be false they cannot both be true
— compare SUBCONTRARY
b : either of two terms (such as good and
evil) that cannot both be affirmed of the
same
subject
Source : contrary - Dictionary Definition :
Vocabulary.com
Contrary | Definition of Contrary by
Merriam-Webster
2. - Describe about IF-CONDITIONAL
Conditional Sentences are also known as
rules.
- Almost Negatives Sentence
• We are seldom go to school.
• We are rare to meet.
• They seldom come in a party.
• Anita rarely comes there with her friends.
• I nearly didn’t make it to work on time
today.
Source :
- https://www.ilmubahasainggris.com/kum
pulan-negative-sentence-dalam-bahasa-
inggris-beserta-artinya-lengkap/
- https://www.tutorialbahasainggris.com/p
engertian-dan-15-contoh-kalimat-double-
negatives.html
- https://www.yourenglishweb.com/english
-grammar-almost-nearly-hardly/
Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They
are used to express that the action in the
main clause (without if) can only take
place if a certain condition (in the clause
with if) is fulfilled. There are three types
of Conditional Sentences.
- Example and Formulas
a) Conditional Sentence type I :
if + simple present, simple future “will” /
imperative
Example : I will cook dinner tonight if you
clean the house.
b) Conditional Sentence type II :
if + simple past/were, would/could/might
+ bare infinitive.
Example : If I owned a zoo, I might let
people interact with the animals more.
c) Contidional sentence type III :
if + past perfect,
would/should/could/might + have + past
participle.
Example : If you had told me you needed a
ride, I would have left earlier
Source :
https://www.wallstreetenglish.co.id/englis
h-tips/conditional-sentence/