School of Engineering

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Analog Electronics Lab Report 3

Student Name:

Sanzhar Askaruly

Name of Lecturer:

Alexander Ruderman

Personal Tutor:

Nazim Mir-Nasiri

Astana, 2014
Introduction
This lab session has a purpose of practical implementation of theoretical knowledge about
transistors. There are four parts in the work:

 NPN and PNP Transistors

 Transistors Biasing
 Q point stabilization

Apparatus
The following equipment was used during the lab:

 MCM3/EV board
 Power supply PSLC or PS1-PSU/EV
 Accessories

As in the previous lab, the whole lab work is done with the MCM/EV board. The oscilloscope
was used for the visualization of the waveforms. Screwdriver was used for the variable resistor
configuration.

Work process

5. NPN and PNP Transistors

Using jumpers the circuit shown in figure 1 was built.

Figure 1. Transistor circuit

Base Current, hFE

Collector Current, IC (mA)
IB (µA) hFE = Ic/Ib
20 8 400
40 13 325
60 19 317
80 25 313
100 27 270
Q1. What range does hFE lie in?
d) 100-400

Collector Current over Base

Current
26

Collector Current, Ic (mA)

23
20
17
14
11
8
20 40 60 80 100
Base Current, Ib, (µA)

As it can be seen from the graph, collector current steadily increases with the increase in base
current. Only when the base current exceeds 80 µA, the coefficient hFE starts to decrease.

6. Transistors Biasing

Next, with the help of jumpers the circuit shown in figure 2 was built.

Figure 2. Transistor Biasing Circuit

𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝑉𝐶𝐸𝑄 20 − 0
𝐼𝑐𝑠𝑎𝑡 = = = 42.68 𝑚𝐴
𝑅2 468.6 𝑚𝐴

The cut-off voltage was determined to be VCEM = 19.99 V

Q2. What is the voltage VCE in saturation condition?
e) 0.2 V
7. Q Point Stabilization

7.1. Stabilization circuit with RE

Further, the circuit shown in figure 3 was built.

Figure 3. Stabilization circuit with RE

Initially, VBE = 622 mV, IC = 11 mA and VO was found to be 598 mV.

During the experiment, we tried to increase the temperature by connecting power to the heating
resistor. As a result, transistor T5 was heated. As we noted, the following was observed:

Q3. When the temperature increases what happens to this voltage and current?
d) the current increases and the voltage drops

After the, heating resistor was removed. Connecting J11 jumper, we measured IB current using
ammeter. Collector current stays constant. As a result, IC = 10 mA and IB = 26 µA. Therefore,
current gain was calculated:
𝐼𝐶
ℎ𝐹𝐸 = = 385.
𝐼𝐵

Q4. What is the calculated current gain?

e) hFE > 150

Further, after disconnection of J10 and J11 jumpers, the resistance RBM was measured. The
equivalent base resistance is estimated using this formula:

RBM was measured to be 32.7 kOhm.

27.6 𝑘𝑂ℎ𝑚 × [(89.4 − 27.6)𝑘𝑂ℎ𝑚 + 32.7 𝑘𝑂ℎ𝑚]
𝑅𝐵𝑀 = = 21.34 𝑘𝑂ℎ𝑚
[89.4 + 32.7]𝑘𝑂ℎ𝑚
After that stability factor is found from:
Therefore,
1
𝑆𝑣 = − = −0.023
21.34 𝑘𝑂ℎ𝑚
385 + 100 𝑂ℎ𝑚

Q5. What is the stability factor Sv?

c) between -1 and 0

7.2. Stabilization circuit with collector-base resistance

Figure 4. Stabilization circuit with collector-base resistance

Initially, collector current was configured to 5mA.
Q6. The variations of IC are smaller when the feedback resistor R8 is inserted.
No Answer. I did not understand the meaning of question asked. I tried to simulate without R8
resistor and using R8 resistor. In both, cases the graph shows increasing pattern. However, there
is discrepancy after 6V is reached by Vcc.
The plot below provided below describes Vcc to Ic relation. When there is no resistor R8:
The same graph, but with feedback resistor R8 is place: