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OTTO CYCLE

3
 Four stroke engine cycle is
known as the Otto cycle – named
after a German scientists by the
P
name Nikolaus Otto
 The Otto cycle is the ideal air
standard cycle that depicts the 4
real cycle quite accurately
 Before we starts to analyse the
Otto cycle, there are several 2
assumptions that must be made 1
to simplify the analysis v
Fig. 3-19 Otto Cycle

 The assumptions involved:

 The working fluid is completely air
 Mass flow rate is constant, neglecting the fuel mass flow rate
 All processes are reversible without fluid or mechanical friction
 Air is a perfect gas and fulfilled the gas law Pv=RT
 Fig. 3-19 shows Otto cycle with changes of cylinder pressure &
cylinder specific volume ~ known as P-v diagram
 This diagram is very important in the analysis of an Otto cycle
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Processes involved are as follows:

 Process 1-2 is isentropic compression process (adiabatic &
reversible)
 There is a volume change that is given by the compression ratio
(v1/v2)
 During this process the pressure was increased from pressure P1
to P2
 Process 2-3 - heat addition process, QS
 This process occurs at constant volume
 At this point piston is at TDC & heat is added from surroundings
to the system
 This action increases press and temp of gas to maximum value for
cycle & this is shown by point 3 on the diagram

 Process 3-4 - isentropic expansion

 Here, high press & temp gas pushed down the piston to its BDC
 During this time, work is being done by the system onto
surroundings by using the internal energy of the air
 This will return the air to its original volume
 Process 4-1 is the heat rejection process at constant volume, QR
 The heat is rejected until the cycle is completed fully
 At this time the pressure returns to its original pressure P1

The efficiency of the Otto cycle can be expressed as follow:

net work output Wnet
  (3.1)
heat added QS
 Wnet can also be expressed as QS - QR, following the First Law of
Thermodynamics
 Thus, Q Q Q
 S R
1 R

QS QS (3.2)

 But QS and QR can be written as follow:

QS = cv (T3 - T2 )
 and
QR = cv (T4 - T1 )
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cv T4  T1 
 Thus,  1
cv T3  T2 

  1
T4  T1 
T3
 T2 
(3.3)

 Usually we expressed the air standard cycle efficiency in

terms of compression ratio or volume ratio
 Thus, compression ratio is defined by:
v
rv  1
v
2
where v1 = cylinder volume at BDC, cycle maximum volume
v2 = cylinder volume at TDC, cycle minimum volume

 Since compression process from 1 – 2 is isentropic, thus:

k1
T v 
2  1   rvk1
T v 
1  2
 where k = specific heat ratio
 The same goes for expansion process from 3 – 4 which is also
isentropic, thus: k1
T v 
3  4   rvk 1
T v 
4  3
 Thus,
1
  1
rvk-1 (3.4)

 From eqn (3.4) it can be concluded that Otto cycle efficiency

depends solely on the compression ratio, rv.
 Another parameter of important for Otto cycle is mean effective
pressure (m.e.p.) that can be defined as the pressure, if acted on
the piston along the whole stroke length, will give same work as
that done by the working fluid for the complete cycle or in term
of eqn:
P  v diagram area W (3.5)
m.e.p.  
displacement volume v  v
1 2
 Indicated horse power for Otto cycle is another important
parameter
 It is actual power that is transferred to propeller shaft for driving
the engine
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 It can be defined as:

Indicated horse power, P1 = PLAN (3.6)
where
P = mean effective pressure,
L = length of the stroke,
A = piston cross sectional area, and
N = numbers of power stroke/sec
 Numbers of power stroke/sec = r.p.m./2 and multiply by the
number of cylinders

Example
Consider an Otto cycle with the given parameters:
rv = 6, P1 = 101.3 kN/m2 , T1 = 300K
and heating value E = 2970 kJ/kg fresh air
Determine
 P, v, and T at all points in the cycle and the values of QS , QR , W
and 
 Calculate m.e.p.
 Determine the value of P1 if:
Number of cylinder = 4
Rotational speed, N = 1200 r.p.m
Bore = 10 cm
Stroke = 10 cm.

Solution:
RT 287300
(a) v  1  0.85 m3 / kg
1 P 101,300
1
v 0.85
v2  1   0.14166 m 3 / kg
rv 6
P2  P1rvk  101.36   1244.58 kPa
1.4

T2  T1rvk-1  3006   614.3 K

0.4

v1  v2 0.85  0.14166
QS  E 2970  2475 kJ/kg
v1 0.85
QS  cv T3  T2 
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QS 2475
Thus, T3  T2   614.3   4051.8 K
cv 0.72

v3 = v2 = 0.14166
Then, T 4051.8
P3  P2 3  1244.58  8209 kPa
T2 614.3
v4 = 0.84
P4 = P3 (1/rv)k = 8209 (1/6)1.4= 668.16 kPa
T4 = T3 (1/rv)k-1 = 4051.8/(6)1.4 = 1978.7 K

W 1266.3
(b) m.e.p.    1787.9 kPa
v1  v2 0.85  0.144166

QR = cv (T4 – T1)
= 0.72 (1978.7 - 300) = 1208.7 kJ/kg
W = QS - QR = 2475 - 1208.7
= 1266.3 kJ/kg
 = 1 - QR /QS = 1 - [1208.7/2475]
= 0.5116 = 51.15%
 = 1 - (1/rv)k-1 = 1 - (1/6)0.4 = 0.5116
 Thus the two equations for efficiency gives the same values
 This indicates that the Otto cycle efficiency depends solely on
the compression ratio regardless of the engine rotational speed
and other related parameter

(c) To get P1 ,
n = 1200 r.p.m. = 20 r.p.s (revolution per second)
N = 0.5  20  4 = 40 power stroke/sec
L = 10 cm = 0.1 m
D = 10 cm = 0.1 m
A = D2 /4 = (0.1)2 4 = 0.007854 m2

P1 = PLAN = 1787.9 (0.1)  0.007854  40

= 56.167 kN-m/s
= 56.167 kWatt
= 75.3 horse power
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Exercise 1

Solution
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